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{{short description|President of India since 2017}}
{{Short description|President of India from 2017 to 2022}}
{{Redirect|Kovind|his wife|Savita Kovind|text=}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Ram Nath Kovind
| name                = Ram Nath Kovind
| image              = Ram Nath Kovind official portrait.jpg
| alt                = He is wearing a blue suit jacket.
| order              = 14th
| order              = 14th
| office              = President of India
| office              = President of India
| image              = Ram Nath Kovind official portrait.jpg
| term_start          = 25 July 2017
| caption            = Official portrait, 2017
| term_end            = 25 July 2022
| alt                = Head shot of Kovind smiling. He is wearing a blue suit jacket.
| primeminister      = [[Narendra Modi]]
| vicepresident      = {{ubl|[[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]]|[[Venkaiah Naidu|M. Venkaiah Naidu]]}}
| predecessor        = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| predecessor        = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| primeminister      = [[Narendra Modi]]
| successor          = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| vicepresident      =  
| order1              = 26th
*[[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]]
| office1            = Governor of Bihar
*[[M. Venkaiah Naidu]]
| term_start1        = 16 August 2015
| term_end1          = 21 June 2017
| 1blankname1        = Chief Minister
| 1blankname1        = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1          = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| 1namedata1          = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| order1              = 26th
| office1            = Governor of Bihar
| predecessor1        = [[Keshari Nath Tripathi]]
| predecessor1        = [[Keshari Nath Tripathi]]
| successor1          = Keshari Nath Tripathi
| successor1          = Keshari Nath Tripathi
Line 26: Line 29:
| predecessor2        = [[Subramanian Swamy]]
| predecessor2        = [[Subramanian Swamy]]
| successor2          = [[Vinay Katiyar]]
| successor2          = [[Vinay Katiyar]]
| signature          = Kovind signature.png
| signature          = Ram Nath Kovind Signature.png
| birth_date          = {{birth date and age|1945|10|1|df=yes}}
| birth_date          = {{birth date and age|1945|10|1|df=yes}}
| birth_place        = [[Kanpur Dehat district|Paraunkh]], [[United Provinces (1937–50)|United Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| birth_place        = [[Kanpur Dehat district|Paraunkh]], [[United Provinces (1937–50)|United Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]] <br /> (present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]])
| spouse              = {{marriage|[[Savita Kovind]]|1974}}
| spouse              = {{marriage|[[Savita Kovind]]|1974}}
| residence          = [[Rashtrapati Bhawan]], [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]]
| father              = Maikulal
| mother              = Kalawati
| residence          = 12 [[Janpath]], [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], [[India]]<ref>{{cite news |title=A post-Presidential life: Sprawling 12 Janpath bungalow, pension of Rs 1.5 lakh and free travel for life awaits Ram Nath Kovind |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/a-post-presidential-life-sprawling-12-janpath-bungalow-pension-of-rs-1-5-lakh-and-free-travel-for-life-awaits-ram-nath-kovind-10952121.html |access-date=25 July 2022 |work=Firstpost |date=25 July 2022}}</ref>
| children            = 2
| children            = 2
| nationality        = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| nationality        =  
| occupation          = {{hlist|[[Politician]]|[[lawyer]]}}
| occupation          = {{hlist|Politician|lawyer}}
| alma_mater          = [[Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University|Kanpur University]]
| alma_mater          = [[Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University|Kanpur University]] ([[B.Com.]], [[LL.B.]])
| education          = [[B.Com.]], [[LL.B.]]
| term_start          = 25 July 2017
| term_end            =
| term_start1        = 16 August 2015
| term_end1          = 20 June 2017
| party              = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| party              = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| caption            = Official portrait, 2017
}}
}}


'''Ram Nath Kovind''' ({{Audio|राम नाथ कोविन्द.ogg|pronunciation}}; born 1 October 1945) is an Indian politician serving as the 14th and current [[President of India]] since 25 July 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/watch-full-text-of-ram-nath-kovinds-speech-on-his-assumption-of-office-as-president-of-india-3853643.html|title=Ram Nath Kovind takes oath: In inaugural speech, president outlines vision for India as world leader|date=25 July 2017|work=Firstpost|access-date=2 August 2017|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802214357/http://www.firstpost.com/india/watch-full-text-of-ram-nath-kovinds-speech-on-his-assumption-of-office-as-president-of-india-3853643.html|archive-date=2 August 2017}}</ref> He is also the first person from [[Uttar Pradesh]] to serve as [[President of India]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/president-kovind-to-visit-native-village-by-special-train/article34936997.ece |title=President revisits native village in Uttar Pradesh|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 June 2021|archive-date=27 June 2021 }}</ref> Prior to his presidency, he served as the [[List of Governors of Bihar|26th]] [[governor of Bihar]] from 2015 to 2017<ref>{{cite web |url=http://presidentofindia.nic.in/press-release-detail.htm?2993 |title=Press Releases Detail&nbsp;– The President of India |website=presidentofindia.nic.in |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827223422/http://www.cgkhabar.com/ramnath-kovind-and-muslim-20170620/ |archive-date=27 August 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Ram Nath Kovind resigns as Bihar Governor|title=Ram Nath Kovind resigns as Bihar Governor|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ram-nath-kovind-resigns-as-bihar-governor/article19108472.ece?homepage=true|access-date=20 June 2017|agency=The Hindu|date=20 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008160043/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ram-nath-kovind-resigns-as-bihar-governor/article19108472.ece?homepage=true|archive-date=8 October 2017}}</ref> and as a [[member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] from 1994 to 2006. Before entering politics, he was a lawyer for 16 years and practiced in the [[Delhi High Court]] and the [[Supreme Court of India]] until 1993.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bihar Governor Ram Nath Kovind is NDA nominee for President|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ram-nath-kovind-bihar-governor-is-bjps-nominee-for-president/article19102980.ece|access-date=23 July 2017|agency=The Hindu|work=The Hindu|date=19 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624084504/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ram-nath-kovind-bihar-governor-is-bjps-nominee-for-president/article19102980.ece|archive-date=24 June 2017}}</ref>
'''Ram Nath Kovind''' ({{Audio|राम नाथ कोविन्द.ogg|pronunciation}}; born 1 October 1945) is an Indian politician and lawyer who served as the 14th [[president of India]] from 2017 to 2022. He is the first person from [[Uttar Pradesh]] to serve as [[President of India]]. He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. Prior to his presidency, he served as the [[List of Governors of Bihar|26th]] [[Governor of Bihar]] from 2015 to 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://presidentofindia.nic.in/press-release-detail.htm?2993 |title=Press Releases Detail&nbsp;– The President of India |website=presidentofindia.nic.in |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827223422/http://www.cgkhabar.com/ramnath-kovind-and-muslim-20170620/ |archive-date=27 August 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Ram Nath Kovind resigns as Bihar Governor|title=Ram Nath Kovind resigns as Bihar Governor|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ram-nath-kovind-resigns-as-bihar-governor/article19108472.ece?homepage=true|access-date=20 June 2017|agency=The Hindu|date=20 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008160043/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ram-nath-kovind-resigns-as-bihar-governor/article19108472.ece?homepage=true|archive-date=8 October 2017}}</ref> He also served as a [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of Rajya Sabha]] from 1994 to 2006. Before entering politics, he was a lawyer for 16 years and practiced in the [[Delhi High Court]] and the [[Supreme Court of India]] until 1993.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bihar Governor Ram Nath Kovind is NDA nominee for President|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ram-nath-kovind-bihar-governor-is-bjps-nominee-for-president/article19102980.ece|access-date=23 July 2017|agency=The Hindu|work=The Hindu|date=19 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624084504/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ram-nath-kovind-bihar-governor-is-bjps-nominee-for-president/article19102980.ece|archive-date=24 June 2017}}</ref>


== Early life and education ==
== Early life and education ==
Ram Nath Kovind was born in the [[Koli people|Koli]] family of Maiku Lal and Kalawati during the [[British Raj]] on 1 October 1945, in Paraunkh village in the [[Kanpur Dehat district|Kanpur Dehat]] district of [[Uttar Pradesh]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Profile of the President |url=https://presidentofindia.nic.in/profile.htm |website=presidentofindia.nic.in |access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kovind: A choice thrown up by Dalit Hindutva interface|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/jun/21/kovind-a-choice-thrown-up-by-dalit-hindutva-interface-1619013.html|access-date=13 December 2021|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> as the youngest of five brothers and two sisters.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rashid |first1=Omar |title=Ram Nath Kovind, Paraukh and the road to Raisina Hill |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ram-nath-kovind-paraukhs-celebrated-son/article19110041.ece |access-date=1 March 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=20 June 2017 |language=en-IN}}</ref> His father ran a shop and was also a farmer and a local [[vaidya]]. His mother was a homemaker. Kovind was born in a mud hut, which eventually collapsed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/india/president-election-2017-ground-report-celebration-at-ramnath-kovinds-house-1727150|title=कानपुर से ग्राउंड रिपोर्ट : रामनाथ कोविंद के गांव में जश्न, लोग गा रहे हैं- मेरे बाबा की भई सरकार|access-date=24 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721050114/https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/india/president-election-2017-ground-report-celebration-at-ramnath-kovinds-house-1727150|archive-date=21 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Hebbar|first=Nistula|date=20 July 2017|title=Ram Nath Kovind's long journey to Raisina Hill|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ram-nath-kovind-from-a-low-profile-political-career-to-the-highest-office/article19318301.ece|access-date=11 September 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Mohan|first=Archis|date=21 July 2017|title=Ram Nath Kovind's journey from mud house to Rashtrapati Bhavan|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/ram-nath-kovind-s-journey-from-mud-house-to-rashtrapati-bhavan-117072100079_1.html|access-date=11 September 2020}}</ref> He was only five when his mother died of burns when their thatched dwelling caught fire. Kovind later donated the land to the community.<ref>{{Cite news|date=20 July 2017|title=Ram Nath Kovind's journey from a leaking mud-house to the palatial Rashtrapati Bhavan|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/president-elect-ram-nath-kovind-emotional-1025425-2017-07-20|access-date=11 September 2020|work=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
Ram Nath Kovind was born in the [[Koli people|Koli]] family of Maiku Lal and Kalawati during the [[British Raj]] on 1 October 1945, in Paraunkh village in the [[Kanpur Dehat district|Kanpur Dehat]] district of [[Uttar Pradesh]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Profile of the President |url=https://presidentofindia.nic.in/profile.htm |website=presidentofindia.nic.in |access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kovind: A choice thrown up by Dalit Hindutva interface |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/jun/21/kovind-a-choice-thrown-up-by-dalit-hindutva-interface-1619013.html |access-date=13 December 2021 |website=The New Indian Express |page=Ram Nath Kovind is a [[Koli people|Koli]] Dalit from [[Uttar Pradesh|UP]] and a lawyer by training. He signifies the aspirational non-[[Jatav]] Dalit middle class that was not too enamoured nor overwhelmed by the anti-Hindutva Ambedkarite outlook seen in the Hindi heartland in the mid-1980s}}</ref> as the youngest of five brothers and two sisters.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rashid |first1=Omar |title=Ram Nath Kovind, Paraukh and the road to Raisina Hill |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ram-nath-kovind-paraukhs-celebrated-son/article19110041.ece |access-date=1 March 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=20 June 2017 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/president-ram-nath-kovind-is-simple-and-soft-spoken-in-personal-life-2349065/|title=President Ram Nath Kovind is Simple And Soft-spoken in Personal Life|publisher=India.com|date=25 July 2017|access-date=26 November 2022}}</ref> His father Maikulal ran a shop and was also a farmer and a local [[vaidya]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailyo.in/politics/ram-nath-kovind-president-of-india-dalit-paraunkh-modi-meira-kumar-18488|title=From farmer's son to President, Ram Nath Kovind's story is a case of Dalit empowerment|publisher=dailyo|date=20 July 2017|access-date=26 November 2022}}</ref> His mother Kalawati was a homemaker.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/ram-nath-kovind-biography-1643093196-1|title=Ram Nath Kovind Biography|publisher=jagranjosh|date=25 January 2022|access-date=26 November 2022}}</ref> Kovind was born in a mud hut, which eventually collapsed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/india/president-election-2017-ground-report-celebration-at-ramnath-kovinds-house-1727150|title=कानपुर से ग्राउंड रिपोर्ट : रामनाथ कोविंद के गांव में जश्न, लोग गा रहे हैं- मेरे बाबा की भई सरकार|access-date=24 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721050114/https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/india/president-election-2017-ground-report-celebration-at-ramnath-kovinds-house-1727150|archive-date=21 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Hebbar|first=Nistula|date=20 July 2017|title=Ram Nath Kovind's long journey to Raisina Hill|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ram-nath-kovind-from-a-low-profile-political-career-to-the-highest-office/article19318301.ece|access-date=11 September 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Mohan|first=Archis|date=21 July 2017|title=Ram Nath Kovind's journey from mud house to Rashtrapati Bhavan|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/ram-nath-kovind-s-journey-from-mud-house-to-rashtrapati-bhavan-117072100079_1.html|access-date=11 September 2020}}</ref> He was only five when his mother died of burns when their thatched dwelling caught fire. Kovind later donated the land to the community.<ref>{{Cite news|date=20 July 2017|title=Ram Nath Kovind's journey from a leaking mud-house to the palatial Rashtrapati Bhavan|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/president-elect-ram-nath-kovind-emotional-1025425-2017-07-20|access-date=11 September 2020|work=India Today|language=en}}</ref>


After his elementary school education, he had to walk each day to Kanpur village, {{Convert|8|km|abbr=on}} away, to attend junior school, as nobody in the village had a bicycle.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.india.com/news/india/nda-presidential-nominee-ram-nath-kovind-would-walk-8-km-daily-for-school-2252102/|title=NDA Presidential nominee Ram Nath Kovind would walk 8&nbsp;km daily for school|last=Tiwari|first=Vaibhav|date=20 June 2017|work=India.com|access-date=25 July 2017|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730004336/http://www.india.com/news/india/nda-presidential-nominee-ram-nath-kovind-would-walk-8-km-daily-for-school-2252102/|archive-date=30 July 2017}}</ref> He holds a [[Bachelor's degree|bachelor's]] degree in [[commerce]] and an [[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]] from [[DAV College, Kanpur|DAV College]] (affiliated with [[Kanpur University]]).<ref name=":et">{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ram-nath-kovind-a-crusader-for-the-rights-of-weaker-sections/articleshow/59218717.cms|title=Ram Nath Kovind: A crusader for the rights of weaker sections|last=PTI|date=19 June 2017|work=The Economic Times|access-date=19 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827223422/http://www.cgkhabar.com/ramnath-kovind-and-muslim-20170620/|archive-date=27 August 2017}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bihar-governor-ram-nath-kovind-10-facts-about-ndas-presidential-nominee/articleshow/59216836.cms|title=Bihar governor Ram Nath Kovind: 10 facts about NDA's Presidential nominee&nbsp;– Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=19 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827223422/http://www.cgkhabar.com/ramnath-kovind-and-muslim-20170620/|archive-date=27 August 2017}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://governor.bih.nic.in/Governor.htm|title=Governor of Bihar|website=governor.bih.nic.in|access-date=20 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703104500/http://governor.bih.nic.in/Governor.htm|archive-date=3 July 2017}}</ref>
After his elementary school education, he needed to walk each day to Kanpur village, {{Convert|8|km|abbr=on}} away, to attend junior school, as nobody in the village had a bicycle.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.india.com/news/india/nda-presidential-nominee-ram-nath-kovind-would-walk-8-km-daily-for-school-2252102/|title=NDA Presidential nominee Ram Nath Kovind would walk 8&nbsp;km daily for school|last=Tiwari|first=Vaibhav|date=20 June 2017|work=India.com|access-date=25 July 2017|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730004336/http://www.india.com/news/india/nda-presidential-nominee-ram-nath-kovind-would-walk-8-km-daily-for-school-2252102/|archive-date=30 July 2017}}</ref> He holds a [[Bachelor's degree|bachelor's]] degree in [[commerce]] and an [[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]] from [[DAV College, Kanpur|DAV College]] (affiliated with [[Kanpur University]]).<ref name=":et">{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ram-nath-kovind-a-crusader-for-the-rights-of-weaker-sections/articleshow/59218717.cms|title=Ram Nath Kovind: A crusader for the rights of weaker sections|last=PTI|date=19 June 2017|work=The Economic Times|access-date=19 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827223422/http://www.cgkhabar.com/ramnath-kovind-and-muslim-20170620/|archive-date=27 August 2017}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bihar-governor-ram-nath-kovind-10-facts-about-ndas-presidential-nominee/articleshow/59216836.cms|title=Bihar governor Ram Nath Kovind: 10 facts about NDA's Presidential nominee&nbsp;– Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=19 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827223422/http://www.cgkhabar.com/ramnath-kovind-and-muslim-20170620/|archive-date=27 August 2017}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://governor.bih.nic.in/Governor.htm|title=Governor of Bihar|website=governor.bih.nic.in|access-date=20 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703104500/http://governor.bih.nic.in/Governor.htm|archive-date=3 July 2017}}</ref>


== Early career ==
== Early career ==
[[File:Prime Minister Narendra Modi unveils plaques for railway bridges in Bihar.jpg|thumb|Former MP Kovind at a function with Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] opening a bridge in [[Bihar]], 2016.]]
{{BLP sources section|date=July 2022}}
[[File:Prime Minister Narendra Modi unveils plaques for railway bridges in Bihar.jpg|thumb|Former MP Kovind at a function with Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] opening a bridge in [[Bihar]], 2016]]


=== Advocate ===
=== Advocate ===
After graduating in law from [[DAV College, Kanpur]], Kovind went to [[Delhi]] to prepare for the civil services examination. He passed this exam on his third attempt, He scored high enough to work in an allied service rather than in [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] and thus started practising law.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/know-about-bjps-presidential-candidate-ram-nath-kovind-in-10-points/articleshow/59217524.cms|title=What you should know about BJP's presidential candidate Ram Nath Kovind|last=PTI|date=19 June 2017|via=The Economic Times|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170718010346/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/know-about-bjps-presidential-candidate-ram-nath-kovind-in-10-points/articleshow/59217524.cms|archive-date=18 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
After graduating in law from [[DAV College, Kanpur]], Kovind went to [[Delhi]] to prepare for the civil services examination. He passed this exam on his third attempt, He scored high enough to work in an allied service rather than in [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] and thus started practising law.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/know-about-bjps-presidential-candidate-ram-nath-kovind-in-10-points/articleshow/59217524.cms|title=What you should know about BJP's presidential candidate Ram Nath Kovind|last=PTI|date=19 June 2017|via=The Economic Times|archive-url=https://archive.today/2017.07.18-010346/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/know-about-bjps-presidential-candidate-ram-nath-kovind-in-10-points/articleshow/59217524.cms|archive-date=18 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>


Kovind enrolled as an advocate in 1971 with the bar council of [[Delhi]]. He was Central Government Advocate in the Delhi High Court from 1977 to 1979. Between 1977 and 1978, he also served as the personal assistant of [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Morarji Desai]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ram-nath-kovind-a-lawyer-who-cracked-civils-but-lost-2-elections/articleshow/59226467.cms|title=Ram Nath Kovind, a lawyer who cracked civils but lost 2 elections&nbsp;– Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=20 June 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170718010835/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ram-nath-kovind-a-lawyer-who-cracked-civils-but-lost-2-elections/articleshow/59226467.cms|archive-date=18 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1978, he became an advocate-on-record of the [[Supreme Court of India]] and served as a standing counsel for the [[Central Government|central government]] in the [[Supreme Court of India]] from 1980 to 1993. He practised in the [[Delhi High Court]] and Supreme Court until 1993. As an advocate, he provided [[pro-bono]] aid to weaker sections of society, women and the poor under the Free Legal Aid Society of [[New Delhi]].<ref name=":et" />
Kovind enrolled as an advocate in 1971 with the bar council of [[Delhi]]. He was Central Government Advocate in the Delhi High Court from 1977 to 1979. Between 1977 and 1978, he also served as the personal assistant of [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Morarji Desai]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ram-nath-kovind-a-lawyer-who-cracked-civils-but-lost-2-elections/articleshow/59226467.cms|title=Ram Nath Kovind, a lawyer who cracked civils but lost 2 elections&nbsp;– Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=20 June 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/2017.07.18-010835/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ram-nath-kovind-a-lawyer-who-cracked-civils-but-lost-2-elections/articleshow/59226467.cms|archive-date=18 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1978, he became an advocate-on-record of the [[Supreme Court of India]] and served as a standing counsel for the [[Central Government|central government]] in the [[Supreme Court of India]] from 1980 to 1993. He practised in the [[Delhi High Court]] and Supreme Court until 1993. As an advocate, he provided [[pro-bono]] aid to weaker sections of society, women and the poor under the Free Legal Aid Society of [[New Delhi]].<ref name=":et" />


=== Start of political career ===
=== Start of political career ===
He joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bhartiya Janata Party]] (BJP) in 1991.<ref name=":3" /> He was the president of the BJP Dalit Morcha between 1998 and 2002 and the president of the All-India Koli Samaj.{{when|date=July 2017}} He also served as the national spokesperson of the party.{{When|date=July 2021}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://hindu.com/2003/01/19/stories/2003011901650400.htm|title=Enact tougher laws to prevent crimes against dalits|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004221814/http://hindu.com/2003/01/19/stories/2003011901650400.htm|archive-date=4 October 2011|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 January 2003}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=July 2021}} He donated his ancestral home in Paraunkh to the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]].<ref name=":3" /> Soon after joining the BJP, he contested [[Ghatampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghatampur]] assembly constituency, but lost and later contested [[Bhognipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhognipur]] in 2007 elections (both in [[Uttar Pradesh]]) assembly constituency on the BJP ticket but lost again.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ram Nath Kovind, a lawyer who cracked civils but lost 2 elections|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ram-nath-kovind-a-lawyer-who-cracked-civils-but-lost-2-elections/articleshow/59226467.cms|access-date=24 July 2017|publisher=Times of India|date=20 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170718010835/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ram-nath-kovind-a-lawyer-who-cracked-civils-but-lost-2-elections/articleshow/59226467.cms|archive-date=18 July 2017}}</ref>
He joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bhartiya Janata Party]] (BJP) in 1991.<ref name=":3" /> He was the president of the BJP Dalit Morcha between 1998 and 2002 and the president of the All-India Koli Samaj.{{when|date=July 2017}} He also served as the national spokesperson of the party.{{When|date=July 2021}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://hindu.com/2003/01/19/stories/2003011901650400.htm|title=Enact tougher laws to prevent crimes against dalits|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004221814/http://hindu.com/2003/01/19/stories/2003011901650400.htm|archive-date=4 October 2011|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 January 2003}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=July 2021}} He donated his ancestral home in Paraunkh to the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]].<ref name=":3" /> Soon after joining the BJP, he contested [[Ghatampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghatampur]] assembly constituency, but lost and later contested [[Bhognipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhognipur]] in 2007 elections (both in [[Uttar Pradesh]]) assembly constituency on the BJP ticket but lost again.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ram Nath Kovind, a lawyer who cracked civils but lost 2 elections|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ram-nath-kovind-a-lawyer-who-cracked-civils-but-lost-2-elections/articleshow/59226467.cms|access-date=24 July 2017|publisher=Times of India|date=20 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/2017.07.18-010835/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ram-nath-kovind-a-lawyer-who-cracked-civils-but-lost-2-elections/articleshow/59226467.cms|archive-date=18 July 2017}}</ref>


In 1997, Kovind, being from Kori family, joined the protest against certain orders from the [[Government of India|central government]] that had adverse effects on the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]] workers. Later, three amendments were made to the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]] that revoked the orders, by the [[Second Vajpayee ministry|NDA government]] headed by [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Ram Nath Kovind is BJP's choice for president: All you need to know about the Dalit leader from UP|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/ramnath-kovind-is-bjps-presidential-pick-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-dalit-leader-form-up-3712909.html|publisher=Firstpost|date=20 July 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724070933/http://www.firstpost.com/india/ramnath-kovind-is-bjps-presidential-pick-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-dalit-leader-form-up-3712909.html|archive-date=24 July 2017|access-date=11 March 2021}}</ref>
In 1997, Kovind, being from koli family, joined the protest against certain orders from the [[Government of India|central government]] that had adverse effects on the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]] workers. Later, three amendments were made to the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]] that revoked the orders, by the [[Second Vajpayee ministry|NDA government]] headed by [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Ram Nath Kovind is BJP's choice for president: All you need to know about the Dalit leader from UP|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/ramnath-kovind-is-bjps-presidential-pick-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-dalit-leader-form-up-3712909.html|publisher=Firstpost|date=20 July 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724070933/http://www.firstpost.com/india/ramnath-kovind-is-bjps-presidential-pick-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-dalit-leader-form-up-3712909.html|archive-date=24 July 2017|access-date=11 March 2021}}</ref>


=== Rajya Sabha ===
=== Rajya Sabha ===
Line 70: Line 72:


== Governor of Bihar (2015–2017) ==
== Governor of Bihar (2015–2017) ==
On 8 August 2015, President  [[Mukherjee]] appointed Kovind as the [[governor of Bihar]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ram-nath-kovind-acharya-dev-vrat-appointed-as-bihar-and-himachal-pradesh-governors/articleshow/48402785.cms|title=Ram Nath Kovind, Acharya Dev Vrat appointed as Bihar and Himachal Pradesh governors|last=PTI|date=8 August 2015|newspaper=The Economic Times|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827223422/http://www.cgkhabar.com/ramnath-kovind-and-muslim-20170620/|archive-date=27 August 2017}}</ref> On 16 August 2015, the acting Chief Justice of Patna High Court, Iqbal Ahmad Ansari, administered the oath to Kovind as the 26th governor of Bihar, in a ceremony at Raj Bhawan in Patna.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ram-nath-kovind-sworn-in-as-new-governor-of-bihar/1/458947.html|title=36th Governor of Bihar|date=16 August 2015|work=indiatoday|access-date=16 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817124935/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ram-nath-kovind-sworn-in-as-new-governor-of-bihar/1/458947.html|archive-date=17 August 2015|url-status=live|language=en-IN}}</ref>
On 8 August 2015, President  [[Pranab Mukherjee]] appointed Kovind as the [[governor of Bihar]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ram-nath-kovind-acharya-dev-vrat-appointed-as-bihar-and-himachal-pradesh-governors/articleshow/48402785.cms|title=Ram Nath Kovind, Acharya Dev Vrat appointed as Bihar and Himachal Pradesh governors|last=PTI|date=8 August 2015|newspaper=The Economic Times|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827223422/http://www.cgkhabar.com/ramnath-kovind-and-muslim-20170620/|archive-date=27 August 2017}}</ref> On 16 August 2015, the acting Chief Justice of Patna High Court, Iqbal Ahmad Ansari, administered the oath to Kovind as the 26th governor of Bihar, in a ceremony at Raj Bhawan in Patna.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ram-nath-kovind-sworn-in-as-new-governor-of-bihar/1/458947.html|title=36th Governor of Bihar|date=16 August 2015|work=indiatoday|access-date=16 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817124935/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ram-nath-kovind-sworn-in-as-new-governor-of-bihar/1/458947.html|archive-date=17 August 2015|url-status=live|language=en-IN}}</ref>
[[File:Ram Nath Kovind welcoming Pranab Mukherjee at Patna.jpg|alt=H.E the Governor of Bihar Shri Ram Nath Kovind welcoming Hon'ble President of India Shri Pranab Mukherjee at Patna on 17 April 2017|thumb|
[[File:Ram Nath Kovind welcoming Pranab Mukherjee at Patna.jpg|alt=H.E the Governor of Bihar Shri Ram Nath Kovind welcoming Hon'ble President of India Shri Pranab Mukherjee at Patna on 17 April 2017|thumb|
Governor Ram Nath Kovind of Bihar welcomed President [[Pranab Mukherjee]] at Patna on 17 April 2017
Governor Ram Nath Kovind of Bihar welcomed President [[Pranab Mukherjee]] at Patna on 17 April 2017.
]]
]]
Kovind's appointment was criticised by then [[List of Chief Ministers of Bihar|Chief Minister of Bihar]] [[Nitish Kumar]] as it came months before [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015 state Assembly elections]] and the appointment was made without consulting the state government as recommended by [[Sarkaria Commission]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/pm-praises-new-bihar-governor-ram-nath-kovind-31860.html|title=PM Modi praises new Bihar Governor Ram Nath Kovind|last=PTI|date=19 August 2015|via=India TV News|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827223422/http://www.cgkhabar.com/ramnath-kovind-and-muslim-20170620/|archive-date=27 August 2017}}</ref> However, Kovind's term as the governor was praised for constituting a judicial commission to investigate irregularities in promotion of undeserving teachers, mismanagement of funds and appointment of undeserving candidates in universities.<ref name=":3" /> In June 2017, when he was announced as a [[2017 Indian presidential election#Candidates|candidate for presidential election]], Nitish Kumar backed his choice and praised him as being unbiased and working closely with the state government during his governorship.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/presidential-election-2017-nitish-kumar-praises-ram-nath-kovind-remains-mum-on-party-support-3713969.html|title=Presidential Election 2017: Nitish Kumar praises Ram Nath Kovind, remains mum on party support|last=IANS|date=19 June 2017|via=First Post|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729002117/http://www.firstpost.com/india/presidential-election-2017-nitish-kumar-praises-ram-nath-kovind-remains-mum-on-party-support-3713969.html|archive-date=29 July 2017}}</ref>
Kovind's appointment was criticised by then [[List of Chief Ministers of Bihar|Chief Minister of Bihar]] [[Nitish Kumar]] as it came months before [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015 state Assembly elections]] and the appointment was made without consulting the state government as recommended by [[Sarkaria Commission]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/pm-praises-new-bihar-governor-ram-nath-kovind-31860.html|title=PM Modi praises new Bihar Governor Ram Nath Kovind|last=PTI|date=19 August 2015|via=India TV News|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827223422/http://www.cgkhabar.com/ramnath-kovind-and-muslim-20170620/|archive-date=27 August 2017}}</ref> However, Kovind's term as the governor was praised for constituting a judicial commission to investigate irregularities in promotion of undeserving teachers, mismanagement of funds and appointment of undeserving candidates in universities.<ref name=":3" /> In June 2017, when he was announced as a [[2017 Indian presidential election#Candidates|candidate for presidential election]], Nitish Kumar backed his choice and praised him as being unbiased and working closely with the state government during his governorship.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/presidential-election-2017-nitish-kumar-praises-ram-nath-kovind-remains-mum-on-party-support-3713969.html|title=Presidential Election 2017: Nitish Kumar praises Ram Nath Kovind, remains mum on party support|last=IANS|date=19 June 2017|via=First Post|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729002117/http://www.firstpost.com/india/presidential-election-2017-nitish-kumar-praises-ram-nath-kovind-remains-mum-on-party-support-3713969.html|archive-date=29 July 2017}}</ref>


== Presidency (2017–present) ==
== Presidential election ==
{{Main|Presidency of Ram Nath Kovind}}
 
=== 2017 presidential campaign ===
{{Main|2017 Indian presidential election}}
{{Main|2017 Indian presidential election}}
After nomination for the post of 14th president of India, he resigned from his post as the [[governor of Bihar]], and the President of India, [[Pranab Mukherjee]], accepted his resignation on 20 June 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|date=20 August 2015|title=Resignation as Governor of Bihar|language=en-IN|work=firstpost|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/presidential-election-2017-ram-nath-kovind-resigns-as-bihar-guv-keshari-nath-tripathi-takes-charge-3723635.html|url-status=live|access-date=20 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827223418/http://www.firstpost.com/india/presidential-election-2017-ram-nath-kovind-resigns-as-bihar-guv-keshari-nath-tripathi-takes-charge-3723635.html|archive-date=27 August 2017}}</ref> He won the election on 20 July 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ram Nath Kovind is the 14th President of India|language=en|work=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nda-candidate-ram-nath-kovind-is-the-14th-president-of-india/article19316904.ece|url-status=live|access-date=20 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720134017/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nda-candidate-ram-nath-kovind-is-the-14th-president-of-india/article19316904.ece|archive-date=20 July 2017}}</ref>
After nomination for the post of 14th president of India, he resigned from his post as the [[governor of Bihar]], and the President of India, [[Pranab Mukherjee]], accepted his resignation on 20 June 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|date=20 August 2015|title=Resignation as Governor of Bihar|language=en-IN|work=firstpost|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/presidential-election-2017-ram-nath-kovind-resigns-as-bihar-guv-keshari-nath-tripathi-takes-charge-3723635.html|url-status=live|access-date=20 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827223418/http://www.firstpost.com/india/presidential-election-2017-ram-nath-kovind-resigns-as-bihar-guv-keshari-nath-tripathi-takes-charge-3723635.html|archive-date=27 August 2017}}</ref> He won the election on 20 July 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ram Nath Kovind is the 14th President of India|language=en|work=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nda-candidate-ram-nath-kovind-is-the-14th-president-of-india/article19316904.ece|url-status=live|access-date=20 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720134017/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nda-candidate-ram-nath-kovind-is-the-14th-president-of-india/article19316904.ece|archive-date=20 July 2017}}</ref>


Kovind received 65.65% of the valid votes, against former [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]], [[Meira Kumar]], the presidential candidate of the [[United Progressive Alliance|Opposition]] who received 34.35%. Kovind received 2,930 votes (From MPs and MLAs) amounting to [[Electoral College]] votes of 702,044 (65.65%) as compared to 1,844 votes with a value of 367,314 (34.35%) votes for Meira Kumar lagging far behind with 367,314 votes, and 77 votes were invalid.<ref>{{cite news|date=21 July 2017|title=With 65 percent votes, Kovind sweeps elections|work=[[Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/with-65-65-percent-of-votes-nda-candidate-ram-nath-kovind-sweeps-presidential-poll/articleshow/59682784.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721124957/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/with-65-65-percent-of-votes-nda-candidate-ram-nath-kovind-sweeps-presidential-poll/articleshow/59682784.cms|archive-date=21 July 2017}}</ref> He became only the second [[Dalit]] representative to become president after [[K. R. Narayanan]], and also is the first [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] candidate with RSS background to be elected to the post.<ref>{{cite news|date=21 July 2017|title=Kovind first President from Sangh, cross-voting boosts margin|publisher=Times of India|url=http://m.timesofindia.com/india/kovind-first-president-from-sangh-cross-voting-boosts-margin/amp_articleshow/59691040.cms|url-status=live|access-date=23 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170723104655/http://m.timesofindia.com/india/kovind-first-president-from-sangh-cross-voting-boosts-margin/amp_articleshow/59691040.cms|archive-date=23 July 2017}}</ref> The tally of votes (367,314) polled by Meira Kumar is only the second-highest for a losing candidate, that of [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]] in the 1969 presidential elections being the highest ever; he received 405,427 votes as against 420,077 by [[V. V. Giri]], the winner.[[File:CM Naveen Patnaik receiving President Kovind from Bhubaneswar Airport.jpg|thumb|President Kovind with [[Chief Minister of Odisha]] [[Naveen Patnaik]] at [[Biju Patnaik International Airport]]]]
Kovind received 65.65% of the valid votes, against former [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]], [[Meira Kumar]], the presidential candidate of the [[United Progressive Alliance|Opposition]] who received 34.35%. Kovind received 2,930 votes (From MPs and MLAs) amounting to [[Electoral College]] votes of 702,044 (65.65%) as compared to 1,844 votes with a value of 367,314 (34.35%) votes for Meira Kumar lagging far behind with 367,314 votes, and 77 votes were invalid.<ref>{{cite news|date=21 July 2017|title=With 65 percent votes, Kovind sweeps elections|work=[[Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/with-65-65-percent-of-votes-nda-candidate-ram-nath-kovind-sweeps-presidential-poll/articleshow/59682784.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721124957/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/with-65-65-percent-of-votes-nda-candidate-ram-nath-kovind-sweeps-presidential-poll/articleshow/59682784.cms|archive-date=21 July 2017}}</ref> He is the first [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] candidate with RSS background to be elected to the post.<ref>{{cite news|date=21 July 2017|title=Kovind first President from Sangh, cross-voting boosts margin|publisher=Times of India|url=http://m.timesofindia.com/india/kovind-first-president-from-sangh-cross-voting-boosts-margin/amp_articleshow/59691040.cms|url-status=live|access-date=23 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170723104655/http://m.timesofindia.com/india/kovind-first-president-from-sangh-cross-voting-boosts-margin/amp_articleshow/59691040.cms|archive-date=23 July 2017}}</ref> The tally of votes (367,314) polled by Meira Kumar is only the second-highest for a losing candidate, that of [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]] in the 1969 presidential elections being the highest ever; he received 405,427 votes as against 420,077 by [[V. V. Giri]], the winner. [[File:CM Naveen Patnaik receiving President Kovind from Bhubaneswar Airport.jpg|thumb|President Kovind with [[Chief Minister of Odisha]] [[Naveen Patnaik]] at [[Biju Patnaik International Airport]]]]
Kovind took the oath as the 14th president of India on 25 July 2017.<ref name="it">{{Cite web|date=25 July 2017|title=Ram Nath Kovind takes oath as India's 14th President|url=http://indtoday.com/ram-nath-kovind-takes-oath-as-indias-14th-president/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728175405/http://indtoday.com/ram-nath-kovind-takes-oath-as-indias-14th-president/|archive-date=28 July 2017|access-date=16 June 2021|website=indtoday.com}}</ref>
 
[[File:The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind attending the ‘Vajramahothsava’ - Diamond Jubilee Celebrations of Completion of 60 Years of ‘Vidhana Soudha’, at Karnataka Legislative Assembly - Session Hall, in Bangalore, Karnataka (1).jpg|thumb|The President Ram Nath Kovind attending the Diamond Jubilee Celebrations of Completion of 60 Years of ‘Vidhana Soudha’, at Karnataka Legislative Assembly in Bangalore, alongside the Governor of Karnataka.]]
[[File:The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind attending the ‘Vajramahothsava’ - Diamond Jubilee Celebrations of Completion of 60 Years of ‘Vidhana Soudha’, at Karnataka Legislative Assembly - Session Hall, in Bangalore, Karnataka (1).jpg|thumb|The President Ram Nath Kovind attending the Diamond Jubilee Celebrations of Completion of 60 Years of ‘Vidhana Soudha’, at Karnataka Legislative Assembly in Bangalore, alongside the Governor of Karnataka]]


[[File:The Chief Justice of India, Shri Justice J.S. Khehar administering the oath of the office of the President of India to Shri Ram Nath Kovind, at a swearing-in ceremony in the central hall of Parliament, in New Delhi.jpg|thumb|J. S. Khelar, Chief Justice of India, administering the oath of the office of the President-elect Kovind, at a swearing-in ceremony in the central hall of Parliament, in New Delhi in 2017.]]
[[File:The Chief Justice of India, Shri Justice J.S. Khehar administering the oath of the office of the President of India to Shri Ram Nath Kovind, at a swearing-in ceremony in the central hall of Parliament, in New Delhi.jpg|thumb|[[J. S. Khehar]], Chief Justice of India, administering the oath of the office of the President-elect Kovind, at a swearing-in ceremony in the central hall of Parliament, in New Delhi in 2017]]


[[File:Ram Nath Kovind with Dipak Mishra.png|thumb|President Ram Nath Kovind with [[Dipak Misra]] after administering his oath as the [[Chief Justice of India]] on 28 August 2017]]
[[File:Ram Nath Kovind with Dipak Mishra.png|thumb|President Ram Nath Kovind with [[Dipak Misra]] after administering his oath as the [[Chief Justice of India]] on 28 August 2017]]


[[File:The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind addressing the Nation on the eve of 75th Independence Day, in New Delhi on August 14, 2021.jpg|thumb|The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind addressing the Nation on the eve of 75th Independence Day, in New Delhi on 14 August 2021.]]
== Presidency (2017–2022) ==
 
{{expand section|date=July 2022}}
[[File:The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind meeting the President of Nepal, Ms. Bidya Devi Bhandari, in Tokyo, Japan on October 22, 2019.jpg|thumb|right|President Kovind meeting the [[President of Nepal|President of]] [[Nepal]], [[Bidhya Devi Bhandari|Bidya Devi Bhandari]], in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]] on 22 October 2019]]
{{Main|Presidency of Ram Nath Kovind}}
 
Kovind took the oath as the 14th president of India on 25 July 2017.<ref name="it">{{Cite web|date=25 July 2017|title=Ram Nath Kovind takes oath as India's 14th President|url=http://indtoday.com/ram-nath-kovind-takes-oath-as-indias-14th-president/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728175405/http://indtoday.com/ram-nath-kovind-takes-oath-as-indias-14th-president/|archive-date=28 July 2017|access-date=16 June 2021|website=indtoday.com}}</ref> He was succeeded by [[Droupadi Murmu]] on 21 July 2022.
=== List of international trips as president ===
Kovind made trips to 19 countries, each for state visit.
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Country
!Areas Visited
!Date(s)
!References
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''2017'''
|{{Flag|Djibouti}}
|[[Djibouti City]]
|3–4 October
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=(Release%20ID%20:171363)|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=4 October 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005051717/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=%28Release%20ID%20%3A171363%29|archive-date=5 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=(Release%20ID%20:171389)|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=4 October 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005051541/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=%28Release%20ID%20%3A171389%29|archive-date=5 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Ethiopia}}
|[[Addis Ababa]]
|5–6 October
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=(Release%20ID%20:171396)|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=5 October 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006012028/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=%28Release%20ID%20%3A171396%29|archive-date=6 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=(Release%20ID%20:171415)|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=5 October 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006011844/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=%28Release%20ID%20%3A171415%29|archive-date=6 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=(Release%20ID%20:171416)|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=5 October 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006061939/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=%28Release%20ID%20%3A171416%29|archive-date=6 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="14" |'''2018'''
|{{Flag|Mauritius}}
|[[Port Louis]]
|11–14 March
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ddinews.gov.in/national/president%C2%A0kovind-meets-mauritius-counterpart-port-louis|title=President Kovind meets Mauritius counterpart in Port Louis {{!}} DD News|website=www.ddinews.gov.in|language=en|access-date=12 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=177274|title=President of India reached Mauritius; Addresses students at Mahatma Gandhi Institute; says India's aspiration is for Mauritius to rise as a leading Economy and a voice for peace and stability in the entire Indian Ocean Region|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=12 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Madagascar}}
|[[Antananarivo]]
|14–15 March
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|{{Flag|Equatorial Guinea}}
|[[Malabo]]
|7–9 April
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/JDOtV9NqeaQ3MUEjHNvj0H/President-Ram-Nath-Kovind-to-visit-Africa-in-bid-to-bolster.html|title=President Ram Nath Kovind to visit Africa in bid to bolster ties|last=Roche|first=Elizabeth|date=5 April 2018|work=Mint|access-date=13 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Eswatini}}
|[[Mbabane]]
|9–10 April
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/president-ram-nath-kovind-to-reach-swaziland-today/1126214/|title=President Ram Nath Kovind to reach Swaziland today|date=9 April 2018|work=The Financial Express|access-date=13 April 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Zambia}}
|[[Lusaka]]
|10–12 April
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/president-ram-nath-kovind-embarks-on-third-official-foreign-trip/articleshow/63614812.cms|title=President Ram Nath Kovind embarks on third official foreign trip|last=Chaudhury|first=Dipanjan Roy|date=5 April 2018|work=The Economic Times|access-date=13 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/president-kovind-arrives-in-lusaka-accorded-ceremonial-reception201804102223570002/|title=President Kovind arrives in Lusaka, accorded ceremonial reception|website=www.aninews.in|language=en|access-date=13 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Greece}}
|[[Athens]]
|16–19 June
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1535701|title=President Kovind in Greece; Addresses Indian Community in Greece; Urges Indian Community in Greece to Help Enhance Economic, Cultural and People-to-People Links between the two Countries|access-date=11 July 2018}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/president-kovind-leaves-on-3-nation-visit-to-greece-suriname-cuba/articleshow/64614050.cms|title=President Kovind leaves on 3-nation visit to Greece, Suriname, Cuba – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=11 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Suriname}}
|[[Paramaribo]]
|19–21 June
|<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=180113|title=Address by the Hon'ble President Of India Shri Ram Nath Kovind on the occasion of the International Day of Yoga celebrations in Suriname|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=11 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Cuba}}
|[[Havana]]
|21–23 June
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=180134|title=President of India in Cuba, pays tributes to National Heroes of Cuba to address students at University of Havana|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=11 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/jun/12/president-ram-nath-kovind%E2%80%8B-to-visit-greece-suriname-cuba-1827202.html|title=President Ram Nath Kovind to visit Greece, Suriname, Cuba|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=11 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Cyprus}}
|[[Nicosia]]
|2–4 September
|<ref name="newindianexpress.com">{{cite web |title=Ram Nath Kovind embarks on 3-nation tour |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/sep/02/ram-nath-kovind-%E2%80%8Bembarks-on-3-nation-tour-1866599.html |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Bulgaria}}
|[[Sofia]]
|4–6 September
|<ref name="newindianexpress.com" />
|-
|{{Flag|Czech Republic}}
|[[Prague]]
|6–9 September
|<ref name="newindianexpress.com" />
|-
|{{Flag|Tajikistan}}
|[[Dushanbe]]
|7–9 October
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/president-ram-nath-kovind-to-visit-tajikistan-from-october-7-9/articleshow/66099883.cms|title=President Ram Nath Kovind to visit Tajikistan from October 7–9|date=6 October 2018|work=The Economic Times|access-date=29 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Vietnam}}
|[[Da Nang]], [[Hanoi]]
|18–21 November
|<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/president-ram-nath-kovind-to-pay-3-day-visit-to-vietnam-from-sunday-5448593/|title=President Kovind on six-day visit to Vietnam, Australia from November 18|date=17 November 2018|work=The Indian Express|access-date=29 November 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/president-ram-nath-kovind-to-visit-vietnam-from-18-to-21-november-will-address-national-assembly-5556451.html|title=President Ram Nath Kovind to visit Vietnam from 18 to 21 November, will address National Assembly – Firstpost|website=www.firstpost.com|date=15 November 2018|access-date=29 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Australia}}
|[[Sydney]], [[Melbourne]]
|21–24 November
|<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/president-kovind-to-begin-four-day-australia-tour-1949841|title=President Kovind To Begin Four-Day Australia Tour From November 21|work=NDTV.com|access-date=29 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="11" |'''2019'''
|{{Flag|Croatia}}
|[[Zagreb]], [[Croatia]]
|25–27 March
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.croatiaweek.com/president-of-india-on-state-visit-to-croatia/|title=President Kovind visiting the capital city of croatia|work=croatiaweek.com|access-date=27 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Bolivia}}
|[[Santa Cruz de la Sierra]], [[Bolivia]]
|28–30 March
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/31191/Press+Statement+by+President+during+State+Visit+to+Bolivia|title= Press Statement by President during State Visit to Bolivia|access-date=29 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Chile}}
|[[Santiago]], [[Chile]]
|30 March – 1 April
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/31172/State_Visit_of_the_President_of_India_to_Croatia_Bolivia_and_Chile_March_25__April_2_2019|title= State Visit of the President of India to Croatia, Bolivia and Chile|access-date=22 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Benin}}
|[[Cotonou]], [[Porto Novo]]
|28–30 July
|<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://www.mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?31682/State+Visit+of+the+President+of+India+to+Benin+The+Gambia+and+Guinea+July+28+3+August+2019 |title= State Visit of the President of India to Benin, The Gambia and Guinea (July 28 -3 August 2019)}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|The Gambia}}
|[[Banjul]]
|31 July – 1 August
|<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://www.mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?31682/State+Visit+of+the+President+of+India+to+Benin+The+Gambia+and+Guinea+July+28+3+August+2019 |title= State Visit of the President of India to Benin, The Gambia and Guinea (July 28 -3 August 2019)}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Guinea}}
|[[Conakry]]
|1–3 August
|<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://www.mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?31682/State+Visit+of+the+President+of+India+to+Benin+The+Gambia+and+Guinea+July+28+3+August+2019 |title= State Visit of the President of India to Benin, The Gambia and Guinea (July 28 -3 August 2019)}}</ref>
 
|-
|{{Flag|Iceland}}
|[[Reykjavik]]
|9–10 September
| <ref name="mea.gov.in">{{Cite news|url= https://mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?31806/Transcript+of+Media+Briefing+by+Secretary+West+on+upcoming+visit+of+President+to+Iceland+Switzerland+and+Slovenia |title= Transcript of Media Briefing by Secretary (West) on upcoming visit of President to Iceland, Switzerland and Slovenia}}</ref>
 
|-
|{{Flag|Switzerland}}
|[[Bern]]
| 11–15 September
| <ref name="mea.gov.in" />
 
|-
|{{Flag|Slovenia}}
|[[Ljubljana]]
| 15–17 September
|<ref name="mea.gov.in" />
 
|-
|{{Flag| Philippines}}
|[[Manila]]
| 17–21 October
|<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?31953/Transcript+of+Media+Briefing+by+Secretary+East+on+upcoming+visit+of+President+to+Philippines+and+Japan+October+16+2019 |title= Transcript of Media Briefing by Secretary (East) on upcoming visit of President to Philippines and Japan (October 16, 2019)}}</ref>
 
|-
|{{Flag|Japan}}
|[[Tokyo]], [[Kakegawa]]
| 21–23 October
|<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?31953/Transcript+of+Media+Briefing+by+Secretary+East+on+upcoming+visit+of+President+to+Philippines+and+Japan+October+16+2019 |title= Transcript of Media Briefing by Secretary (East) on upcoming visit of President to Philippines and Japan (October 16, 2019)}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="1" |'''2020'''
! colspan="4"|'''No travel due to COVID-19 pandemic'''
|-
|'''2021'''
|{{Flag|Bangladesh}}
|[[Dhaka]]
| 15–17 December
|<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?34657/Transcript+of+Special+Media+Briefing+by+Foreign+Secretary+on+State+Visit+of+the+President+to+Bangladesh+December+14+2021 |title= Transcript of Special Media Briefing by Foreign Secretary on State Visit of the President to Bangladesh (December 14, 2021)}}</ref>
|-
|'''2022'''
|{{Flag|Turkmenistan}}
|[[Ashgabat]]
| 1 April
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Президент Индии отбыл с государственным визитом в Туркменистан {{!}} Политика |url=https://turkmenportal.com/blog/45763/prezident-indii-otbyl-s-gosudarstvennym-vizitom-v-turkmenistan |access-date=7 May 2022 |work=turkmenportal.com |date=1 April 2022 |language=ru}}</ref>
|}


== Personal life ==
== Personal life ==
Line 267: Line 99:
Kovind married [[Savita Kovind|Savita]] on 30 May 1974. They have a son, Prashant Kumar, and a daughter, Swati who is an air hostess for [[Air India]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite news |title=President's Daughter Moved To Ground Duties at Air India For Security Reasons |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/presidents-daughter-swati-gets-ground-role-at-air-india-for-security-reasons-1774490 |access-date=20 March 2020 |work=NDTV.com |date=12 November 2017}}</ref>
Kovind married [[Savita Kovind|Savita]] on 30 May 1974. They have a son, Prashant Kumar, and a daughter, Swati who is an air hostess for [[Air India]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite news |title=President's Daughter Moved To Ground Duties at Air India For Security Reasons |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/presidents-daughter-swati-gets-ground-role-at-air-india-for-security-reasons-1774490 |access-date=20 March 2020 |work=NDTV.com |date=12 November 2017}}</ref>


== Issues ==
==Political positions==
In 2010, he was reported to have said that "[[Islam]] and [[Christianity]] are alien to the nation" as spokesperson of the BJP.<ref>{{cite news|title=Why is India's next president so unknown?|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/amp/40344572|publisher=BBC|access-date=20 July 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721060743/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/amp/40344572|archive-date=21 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=When NDA Presidential pick Kovind said Islam, Christianity are alien to India|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/jun/20/when-nda-presidential-pick-kovind-said-islam-christianity-are-alien-to-india-1618873.html|publisher=The New Indian Express|access-date=20 July 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728210110/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/jun/20/when-nda-presidential-pick-kovind-said-islam-christianity-are-alien-to-india-1618873.html|archive-date=28 July 2017}}</ref> As reported by ''[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]'' and published by ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', he made this comment in response to the [[Ranganath Misra Commission]] which recommended 15 percent reservation for religious and linguistic minorities in government jobs.<ref>{{cite news|title=Islam, Christianity alien, so cannot get quota: BJP|url=http://hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/islam-christianity-alien-so-cannot-get-quota-bjp/story-6uQb8s0QywnDq6ib60QceK.html|publisher=Hindustan Times|access-date=20 July 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827223422/http://www.cgkhabar.com/ramnath-kovind-and-muslim-20170620/|archive-date=27 August 2017}}</ref> Although more recently, the issue was raised in the media if whether or not he was misquoted and that he in fact said "Islam and Christianity are alien to the notion (of caste)" as opposed to what was reported as 'nation'.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ram Nath Kovind's 'Islam, Christianity' statement triggers nation vs notion row|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ram-nath-kovind-s-2010-statement-on-islam-christianity-back-again-triggers-nation-vs-notion-row/story-Do2uyDIb2orE0fa1Mho7sJ.html|access-date=24 July 2017|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=27 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725140428/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ram-nath-kovind-s-2010-statement-on-islam-christianity-back-again-triggers-nation-vs-notion-row/story-Do2uyDIb2orE0fa1Mho7sJ.html|archive-date=25 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cgkhabar.com/ramnath-kovind-and-muslim-20170620/|title=ईसाइयों और मुसलमानों पर कोविन्द के चौंकाने वाले विचार|date=20 June 2017|access-date=24 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827223422/http://www.cgkhabar.com/ramnath-kovind-and-muslim-20170620/|archive-date=27 August 2017|work=Chhattisgarh Khabar}}</ref>
In 2010, he was reported to have said that "[[Islam]] and [[Christianity]] are alien to the nation" as spokesperson of the BJP.<ref>{{cite news|title=Why is India's next president so unknown?|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/amp/40344572|publisher=BBC|access-date=20 July 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721060743/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/amp/40344572|archive-date=21 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=When NDA Presidential pick Kovind said Islam, Christianity are alien to India|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/jun/20/when-nda-presidential-pick-kovind-said-islam-christianity-are-alien-to-india-1618873.html|publisher=The New Indian Express|access-date=20 July 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728210110/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/jun/20/when-nda-presidential-pick-kovind-said-islam-christianity-are-alien-to-india-1618873.html|archive-date=28 July 2017}}</ref> As reported by ''[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]'' and published by ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', he made this comment in response to the [[Ranganath Misra Commission]] which recommended 15 percent reservation for religious and linguistic minorities in government jobs.<ref>{{cite news|title=Islam, Christianity alien, so cannot get quota: BJP|url=http://hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/islam-christianity-alien-so-cannot-get-quota-bjp/story-6uQb8s0QywnDq6ib60QceK.html|publisher=Hindustan Times|access-date=20 July 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827223422/http://www.cgkhabar.com/ramnath-kovind-and-muslim-20170620/|archive-date=27 August 2017}}</ref> Although more recently, the issue was raised in the media if whether or not he was misquoted and that he in fact said "Islam and Christianity are alien to the notion (of caste)" as opposed to what was reported as 'nation'.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ram Nath Kovind's 'Islam, Christianity' statement triggers nation vs notion row|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ram-nath-kovind-s-2010-statement-on-islam-christianity-back-again-triggers-nation-vs-notion-row/story-Do2uyDIb2orE0fa1Mho7sJ.html|access-date=24 July 2017|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=27 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725140428/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ram-nath-kovind-s-2010-statement-on-islam-christianity-back-again-triggers-nation-vs-notion-row/story-Do2uyDIb2orE0fa1Mho7sJ.html|archive-date=25 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cgkhabar.com/ramnath-kovind-and-muslim-20170620/|title=ईसाइयों और मुसलमानों पर कोविन्द के चौंकाने वाले विचार|date=20 June 2017|access-date=24 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827223422/http://www.cgkhabar.com/ramnath-kovind-and-muslim-20170620/|archive-date=27 August 2017|work=Chhattisgarh Khabar}}</ref>
== Criticisms ==
Kovind has been criticized for maintaining silence in the face of crimes against his own [[Dalit]] community<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/as-indias-president-ram-nath-kovinds-legacy-was-one-of-unflinching-silence|title=As India's President, Ram Nath Kovind's Legacy Was One of 'Unflinching' Silence|first=Shuma|last=Raha|date=22 July 2022|accessdate=10 August 2022|publisher=The Quint|website=thequint.com}}</ref>
and to support the government over the [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests|CAA protests]], [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest|farmer agitation]] and the [[Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir|removal or abrogation of Article 370]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://dhaaramagazine.in/2022/02/17/tracing-the-legacy-of-ram-nath-kovind-the-14th-president-of-india/|title=Tracing the legacy of Ram Nath Kovind, the 14th President of India|first=Prakriti|last=Anand|date=17 February 2022|accessdate=10 August 2022|website=dhaaramagazine.in}}</ref>


== State honours ==
== State honours ==
 
=== Foreign ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
* {{flag|Bolivia}}: Grand Collar of the [[Order of the Condor of the Andes]] (26 March 2019)<ref name="pres_bolivia">{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/31191/Press+Statement+by+President+during+State+Visit+to+Bolivia|title= Press Statement by President during State Visit to Bolivia|access-date=29 March 2019}}</ref>
|--
* {{Flag|Croatia}}: [[Grand Order of King Tomislav]] (26 March 2019)<ref name="pres_croatia">{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/31177/press+statement+by+president+during+state+visit+to+croatia|title= Press Statement by President during State Visit to Croatia|access-date=26 March 2019}}</ref>
! colspan=1 width="350px" | Decoration
* {{flag|Equatorial Guinea}}: Grand Collar of the Order of Independence (8 April 2018)<ref name="pres_equatorial_guinea">{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?29807/IndiaEquatorial+Guinea+Joint+Statement+during+the+State+Visit+of+President+of+India+to+Equatorial+Guinea|title=India-Equatorial Guinea Joint Statement during the State Visit of President of India to Equatorial Guinea |access-date=14 June 2019}}</ref>
! width="100px" | Country
* {{flag|Eswatini}}: Collar of the [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Eswatini|Order of the Lion]] (9 April 2018)<ref name="pres_eswatini">{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/29805/IndiaSwaziland_Joint_Statement_during_State_Visit_of_President_to_Swaziland_April_910_2018|title= India-Swaziland Joint Statement during State Visit of President to Swaziland (April 9-10, 2018)|access-date=14 June 2019}}</ref>
! width="100px" | Date
* {{flag|Guinea}}: Grand Cross of the [[National Order of Merit (Guinea)|National Order of Merit]] (3 August 2019)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/president-ram-nath-kovind-honoured-guinea-highest-award-1576959-2019-08-04|title=President Ram Nath Kovind honoured with Guinea's highest award|date=4 August 2019|work=India Today|access-date=21 September 2019}}</ref>
! width="300px" | Note
* {{flag|Madagascar}}: Grand Cross 2nd Class of the [[National Order of Madagascar]] (14 March 2018)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/29637/press+release+on+state+visit+of+president+to+madagascar+march+1415+2018|title=Press Release on State Visit of President to Madagascar (March 14-15, 2018)|access-date=1 June 2019}}</ref>
! Ref.
|-
| [[File:MDG National Order - Grand Cross 2nd Class BAR.png|centre|50px]] '''[[National Order of Madagascar]]'''
| {{Flag|Madagascar}}
| {{nowrap|14 March 2018}}
| The highest civilian honour of Madagascar; in the category of ''Grand Cross 2nd Class'', the highest class that may be bestowed upon foreign dignitaries.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/29637/press+release+on+state+visit+of+president+to+madagascar+march+1415+2018|title=Press Release on State Visit of President to Madagascar (March 14-15, 2018)|access-date=1 June 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Ordine dell'Indipendenza (Guinea Equatoriale).png|centre|50px]] '''Order of Independence'''
| {{Flag|Equatorial Guinea}}
| 8 April 2018
| Degree of Collar.
|<ref name="pres_equatorial_guinea">{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?29807/IndiaEquatorial+Guinea+Joint+Statement+during+the+State+Visit+of+President+of+India+to+Equatorial+Guinea|title=India-Equatorial Guinea Joint Statement during the State Visit of President of India to Equatorial Guinea |access-date=14 June 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:The Royal Order of King Sobhuza II. Sash.gif|centre|50px]] '''Order of the Lion'''
| {{Flag|Eswatini}}
| 9 April 2018
| The highest civilian honour in Eswatini
|<ref name="pres_eswatini">{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/29805/IndiaSwaziland_Joint_Statement_during_State_Visit_of_President_to_Swaziland_April_910_2018|title= India-Swaziland Joint Statement during State Visit of President to Swaziland (April 9-10, 2018)|access-date=14 June 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Ribbon of an order of king Tomislav.png|centre|50px]] '''[[Grand Order of King Tomislav]]'''
| {{Flag|Croatia}}
| 26 March 2019
| The highest civilian honour of Croatia
|<ref name="pres_croatia">{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/31177/press+statement+by+president+during+state+visit+to+croatia|title= Press Statement by President during State Visit to Croatia|access-date=26 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:BOL Order of Condor of the Andes - Grand Cross BAR.png|centre|50px]] '''[[Order of the Condor of the Andes]]'''
| {{Flag|Bolivia}}
| 26 March 2019
| ''Grand Collar'', The highest civilian honour in Bolivia.
|<ref name="pres_bolivia">{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/31191/Press+Statement+by+President+during+State+Visit+to+Bolivia|title= Press Statement by President during State Visit to Bolivia|access-date=29 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:National Order of Merit - Grand Cross (Guinea).png|centre|50px]] '''[[National Order of Merit (Guinea)|National Order of Merit]]'''
| {{Flag|Guinea}}
| {{nowrap|3 August 2019}}
| ''Grand Cross'' The highest civilian honour  in Guinea.
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/president-ram-nath-kovind-honoured-guinea-highest-award-1576959-2019-08-04|title=President Ram Nath Kovind honoured with Guinea's highest award|date=4 August 2019|work=India Today|access-date=21 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
|}
[[File:Dagger War Memorial, Baramulla.jpg|thumb|President Kovind laid a wreath at the Dagger War Memorial, [[Baramulla]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]] in July 2021]]


== See also ==
== See also ==
* [[List of Koli people]]
* [[List of Koli states and clans]]
* [[Presidency of Ram Nath Kovind]]
* [[Presidency of Ram Nath Kovind]]
* [[President of India]]
* [[President of India]]
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== External links ==
== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
*  


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{{s-aft|after=[[Vinay Katiyar]]}}
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{{s-gov}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Keshari Nath Tripathi]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Keshari Nath Tripathi]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of governors of Bihar|Governor of Bihar]]|years=2015–2017}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of governors of Bihar|Governor of Bihar]]|years=2015–2017}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Keshari Nath Tripathi]]}}
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{{s-ppo}}
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|-
{{s-off}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Pranab Mukherjee]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of India]]|years=2017–present}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of India]]|years=2017–2022}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Droupadi Murmu]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{s-end}}


{{Presidents of India}}
{{Presidents of India}}
{{Heads of state of republics}}
{{Governor of Bihar}}
{{List of Current Heads of State of G20}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Governor of Bihar}}{{Authority control}}{{Portal bar|India|Politics|Biography}}
{{Portal bar|India|Politics|Biography}}


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[[Category:Supreme Court of India lawyers]]
[[Category:Recipients of orders, decorations, and medals of Madagascar]]

Revision as of 13:34, 22 July 2023


"Kovind" redirects here. For his wife, see Savita Kovind.

Ram Nath Kovind
He is wearing a blue suit jacket.
Official portrait, 2017
14th President of India
In office
25 July 2017 – 25 July 2022
Prime MinisterNarendra Modi
Vice President
Preceded byPranab Mukherjee
Succeeded byDroupadi Murmu
26th Governor of Bihar
In office
16 August 2015 – 21 June 2017
Chief MinisterNitish Kumar
Preceded byKeshari Nath Tripathi
Succeeded byKeshari Nath Tripathi
Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha
In office
3 April 1994 – 2 April 2006
Preceded bySubramanian Swamy
Succeeded byVinay Katiyar
ConstituencyUttar Pradesh
Personal details
Born (1945-10-01) 1 October 1945 (age 80)
Paraunkh, United Provinces, British India
(present-day Uttar Pradesh, India)
Political partyBharatiya Janata Party
Spouse(s)
(
m. 1974)
Children2
Parents
  • Maikulal (father)
  • Kalawati (mother)
Residence12 Janpath, New Delhi, Delhi, India[1]
Alma materKanpur University (B.Com., LL.B.)
Occupation
  • Politician
  • lawyer
Signature

Ram Nath Kovind (About this soundpronunciation (help·info); born 1 October 1945) is an Indian politician and lawyer who served as the 14th president of India from 2017 to 2022. He is the first person from Uttar Pradesh to serve as President of India. He is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party. Prior to his presidency, he served as the 26th Governor of Bihar from 2015 to 2017.[2][3] He also served as a Member of Rajya Sabha from 1994 to 2006. Before entering politics, he was a lawyer for 16 years and practiced in the Delhi High Court and the Supreme Court of India until 1993.[4]

Early life and education

Ram Nath Kovind was born in the Koli family of Maiku Lal and Kalawati during the British Raj on 1 October 1945, in Paraunkh village in the Kanpur Dehat district of Uttar Pradesh,[5][6] as the youngest of five brothers and two sisters.[7][8] His father Maikulal ran a shop and was also a farmer and a local vaidya.[9] His mother Kalawati was a homemaker.[10] Kovind was born in a mud hut, which eventually collapsed.[11][12][13] He was only five when his mother died of burns when their thatched dwelling caught fire. Kovind later donated the land to the community.[14]

After his elementary school education, he needed to walk each day to Kanpur village, 8 km (5.0 mi) away, to attend junior school, as nobody in the village had a bicycle.[15] He holds a bachelor's degree in commerce and an LLB from DAV College (affiliated with Kanpur University).[16][17][18]

Early career

Former MP Kovind at a function with Prime Minister Narendra Modi opening a bridge in Bihar, 2016

Advocate

After graduating in law from DAV College, Kanpur, Kovind went to Delhi to prepare for the civil services examination. He passed this exam on his third attempt, He scored high enough to work in an allied service rather than in IAS and thus started practising law.[19]

Kovind enrolled as an advocate in 1971 with the bar council of Delhi. He was Central Government Advocate in the Delhi High Court from 1977 to 1979. Between 1977 and 1978, he also served as the personal assistant of Prime Minister of India Morarji Desai.[20] In 1978, he became an advocate-on-record of the Supreme Court of India and served as a standing counsel for the central government in the Supreme Court of India from 1980 to 1993. He practised in the Delhi High Court and Supreme Court until 1993. As an advocate, he provided pro-bono aid to weaker sections of society, women and the poor under the Free Legal Aid Society of New Delhi.[16]

Start of political career

He joined the Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP) in 1991.[20] He was the president of the BJP Dalit Morcha between 1998 and 2002 and the president of the All-India Koli Samaj.[when?] He also served as the national spokesperson of the party.[when?][21][failed verification] He donated his ancestral home in Paraunkh to the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh.[20] Soon after joining the BJP, he contested Ghatampur assembly constituency, but lost and later contested Bhognipur in 2007 elections (both in Uttar Pradesh) assembly constituency on the BJP ticket but lost again.[22]

In 1997, Kovind, being from koli family, joined the protest against certain orders from the central government that had adverse effects on the SC/ST workers. Later, three amendments were made to the Constitution that revoked the orders, by the NDA government headed by Atal Bihari Vajpayee.[23]

Rajya Sabha

He was elected and became a Rajya Sabha MP from the state of Uttar Pradesh in April 1994. He served a total of twelve years, two consecutive terms, until March 2006. As a member of parliament, he served on the Parliamentary Committee for Welfare of Scheduled Castes/Tribes, Home Affairs, Petroleum and Natural Gas, Social Justice and Empowerment, Law and Justice.[citation needed] He also served as the chairman of the Rajya Sabha House Committee. During his career as a parliamentarian, under the Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme, he focused on education in rural areas by helping in the construction of school buildings in Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand. As a member of parliament, he visited Thailand, Nepal, Pakistan, Singapore, Germany, Switzerland, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States on study tours.[17][citation needed]

Other appointments

He has served on the Board of management of Dr. B.R Ambedkar University, Lucknow,[when?] and on the Board of Governors of IIM Calcutta.[when?] He has also represented India at the UN and addressed the United Nations General Assembly in October 2002.[24]

Governor of Bihar (2015–2017)

On 8 August 2015, President Pranab Mukherjee appointed Kovind as the governor of Bihar.[25] On 16 August 2015, the acting Chief Justice of Patna High Court, Iqbal Ahmad Ansari, administered the oath to Kovind as the 26th governor of Bihar, in a ceremony at Raj Bhawan in Patna.[26]

H.E the Governor of Bihar Shri Ram Nath Kovind welcoming Hon'ble President of India Shri Pranab Mukherjee at Patna on 17 April 2017
Governor Ram Nath Kovind of Bihar welcomed President Pranab Mukherjee at Patna on 17 April 2017.

Kovind's appointment was criticised by then Chief Minister of Bihar Nitish Kumar as it came months before 2015 state Assembly elections and the appointment was made without consulting the state government as recommended by Sarkaria Commission.[27] However, Kovind's term as the governor was praised for constituting a judicial commission to investigate irregularities in promotion of undeserving teachers, mismanagement of funds and appointment of undeserving candidates in universities.[20] In June 2017, when he was announced as a candidate for presidential election, Nitish Kumar backed his choice and praised him as being unbiased and working closely with the state government during his governorship.[28]

Presidential election

Main article: 2017 Indian presidential election

After nomination for the post of 14th president of India, he resigned from his post as the governor of Bihar, and the President of India, Pranab Mukherjee, accepted his resignation on 20 June 2017.[29] He won the election on 20 July 2017.[30]

Kovind received 65.65% of the valid votes, against former Speaker of the Lok Sabha, Meira Kumar, the presidential candidate of the Opposition who received 34.35%. Kovind received 2,930 votes (From MPs and MLAs) amounting to Electoral College votes of 702,044 (65.65%) as compared to 1,844 votes with a value of 367,314 (34.35%) votes for Meira Kumar lagging far behind with 367,314 votes, and 77 votes were invalid.[31] He is the first BJP candidate with RSS background to be elected to the post.[32] The tally of votes (367,314) polled by Meira Kumar is only the second-highest for a losing candidate, that of Neelam Sanjiva Reddy in the 1969 presidential elections being the highest ever; he received 405,427 votes as against 420,077 by V. V. Giri, the winner.

President Kovind with Chief Minister of Odisha Naveen Patnaik at Biju Patnaik International Airport
The President Ram Nath Kovind attending the Diamond Jubilee Celebrations of Completion of 60 Years of ‘Vidhana Soudha’, at Karnataka Legislative Assembly in Bangalore, alongside the Governor of Karnataka
J. S. Khehar, Chief Justice of India, administering the oath of the office of the President-elect Kovind, at a swearing-in ceremony in the central hall of Parliament, in New Delhi in 2017
President Ram Nath Kovind with Dipak Misra after administering his oath as the Chief Justice of India on 28 August 2017

Presidency (2017–2022)

Main article: Presidency of Ram Nath Kovind

Kovind took the oath as the 14th president of India on 25 July 2017.[33] He was succeeded by Droupadi Murmu on 21 July 2022.

Personal life

President Kovind with his wife First Lady Savita Kovind

Kovind married Savita on 30 May 1974. They have a son, Prashant Kumar, and a daughter, Swati who is an air hostess for Air India.[18][34]

Political positions

In 2010, he was reported to have said that "Islam and Christianity are alien to the nation" as spokesperson of the BJP.[35][36] As reported by IANS and published by Hindustan Times, he made this comment in response to the Ranganath Misra Commission which recommended 15 percent reservation for religious and linguistic minorities in government jobs.[37] Although more recently, the issue was raised in the media if whether or not he was misquoted and that he in fact said "Islam and Christianity are alien to the notion (of caste)" as opposed to what was reported as 'nation'.[38][39]

Criticisms

Kovind has been criticized for maintaining silence in the face of crimes against his own Dalit community[40] and to support the government over the CAA protests, farmer agitation and the removal or abrogation of Article 370.[41]

State honours

Foreign

See also

References

  1. ↑ "A post-Presidential life: Sprawling 12 Janpath bungalow, pension of Rs 1.5 lakh and free travel for life awaits Ram Nath Kovind". Firstpost. 25 July 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  2. ↑ "Press Releases Detail – The President of India". presidentofindia.nic.in. Archived from the original on 27 August 2017.
  3. ↑ Ram Nath Kovind resigns as Bihar Governor (20 June 2017). "Ram Nath Kovind resigns as Bihar Governor". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 8 October 2017. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
  4. ↑ "Bihar Governor Ram Nath Kovind is NDA nominee for President". The Hindu. The Hindu. 19 June 2017. Archived from the original on 24 June 2017. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
  5. ↑ "Profile of the President". presidentofindia.nic.in. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
  6. ↑ "Kovind: A choice thrown up by Dalit Hindutva interface". The New Indian Express. p. Ram Nath Kovind is a Koli Dalit from UP and a lawyer by training. He signifies the aspirational non-Jatav Dalit middle class that was not too enamoured nor overwhelmed by the anti-Hindutva Ambedkarite outlook seen in the Hindi heartland in the mid-1980s. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
  7. ↑ Rashid, Omar (20 June 2017). "Ram Nath Kovind, Paraukh and the road to Raisina Hill". The Hindu. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
  8. ↑ "President Ram Nath Kovind is Simple And Soft-spoken in Personal Life". India.com. 25 July 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
  9. ↑ "From farmer's son to President, Ram Nath Kovind's story is a case of Dalit empowerment". dailyo. 20 July 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
  10. ↑ "Ram Nath Kovind Biography". jagranjosh. 25 January 2022. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
  11. ↑ "कानपुर से ग्राउंड रिपोर्ट : रामनाथ कोविंद के गांव में जश्न, लोग गा रहे हैं- मेरे बाबा की भई सरकार". Archived from the original on 21 July 2017. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  12. ↑ Hebbar, Nistula (20 July 2017). "Ram Nath Kovind's long journey to Raisina Hill". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
  13. ↑ Mohan, Archis (21 July 2017). "Ram Nath Kovind's journey from mud house to Rashtrapati Bhavan". Business Standard India. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
  14. ↑ "Ram Nath Kovind's journey from a leaking mud-house to the palatial Rashtrapati Bhavan". India Today. 20 July 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
  15. ↑ Tiwari, Vaibhav (20 June 2017). "NDA Presidential nominee Ram Nath Kovind would walk 8 km daily for school". India.com. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 PTI (19 June 2017). "Ram Nath Kovind: A crusader for the rights of weaker sections". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 27 August 2017. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Bihar governor Ram Nath Kovind: 10 facts about NDA's Presidential nominee – Times of India". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 27 August 2017. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Governor of Bihar". governor.bih.nic.in. Archived from the original on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
  19. ↑ PTI (19 June 2017). "What you should know about BJP's presidential candidate Ram Nath Kovind" – via The Economic Times.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 "Ram Nath Kovind, a lawyer who cracked civils but lost 2 elections – Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 20 June 2017.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  21. ↑ "Enact tougher laws to prevent crimes against dalits". The Hindu. 19 January 2003. Archived from the original on 4 October 2011.
  22. ↑ "Ram Nath Kovind, a lawyer who cracked civils but lost 2 elections". Times of India. 20 June 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2017.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  23. ↑ "Ram Nath Kovind is BJP's choice for president: All you need to know about the Dalit leader from UP". Firstpost. 20 July 2017. Archived from the original on 24 July 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
  24. ↑ "Ramnath Kovind Profile". Outlook. 19 June 2017. Archived from the original on 27 August 2017. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
  25. ↑ PTI (8 August 2015). "Ram Nath Kovind, Acharya Dev Vrat appointed as Bihar and Himachal Pradesh governors". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 27 August 2017.
  26. ↑ "36th Governor of Bihar". indiatoday. 16 August 2015. Archived from the original on 17 August 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
  27. ↑ PTI (19 August 2015). "PM Modi praises new Bihar Governor Ram Nath Kovind". Archived from the original on 27 August 2017 – via India TV News.
  28. ↑ IANS (19 June 2017). "Presidential Election 2017: Nitish Kumar praises Ram Nath Kovind, remains mum on party support". Archived from the original on 29 July 2017 – via First Post.
  29. ↑ "Resignation as Governor of Bihar". firstpost. 20 August 2015. Archived from the original on 27 August 2017. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
  30. ↑ "Ram Nath Kovind is the 14th President of India". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 20 July 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
  31. ↑ "With 65 percent votes, Kovind sweeps elections". Times of India. 21 July 2017. Archived from the original on 21 July 2017.
  32. ↑ "Kovind first President from Sangh, cross-voting boosts margin". Times of India. 21 July 2017. Archived from the original on 23 July 2017. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
  33. ↑ "Ram Nath Kovind takes oath as India's 14th President". indtoday.com. 25 July 2017. Archived from the original on 28 July 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
  34. ↑ "President's Daughter Moved To Ground Duties at Air India For Security Reasons". NDTV.com. 12 November 2017. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  35. ↑ "Why is India's next president so unknown?". BBC. Archived from the original on 21 July 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
  36. ↑ "When NDA Presidential pick Kovind said Islam, Christianity are alien to India". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 28 July 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
  37. ↑ "Islam, Christianity alien, so cannot get quota: BJP". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 27 August 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
  38. ↑ "Ram Nath Kovind's 'Islam, Christianity' statement triggers nation vs notion row". Hindustan Times. 27 June 2017. Archived from the original on 25 July 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
  39. ↑ "ईसाइयों और मुसलमानों पर कोविन्द के चौंकाने वाले विचार". Chhattisgarh Khabar. 20 June 2017. Archived from the original on 27 August 2017. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  40. ↑ Raha, Shuma (22 July 2022). "As India's President, Ram Nath Kovind's Legacy Was One of 'Unflinching' Silence". thequint.com. The Quint. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
  41. ↑ Anand, Prakriti (17 February 2022). "Tracing the legacy of Ram Nath Kovind, the 14th President of India". dhaaramagazine.in. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
  42. ↑ "Press Statement by President during State Visit to Bolivia". Retrieved 29 March 2019.
  43. ↑ "Press Statement by President during State Visit to Croatia". Retrieved 26 March 2019.
  44. ↑ "India-Equatorial Guinea Joint Statement during the State Visit of President of India to Equatorial Guinea". Retrieved 14 June 2019.
  45. ↑ "India-Swaziland Joint Statement during State Visit of President to Swaziland (April 9-10, 2018)". Retrieved 14 June 2019.
  46. ↑ "President Ram Nath Kovind honoured with Guinea's highest award". India Today. 4 August 2019. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  47. ↑ "Press Release on State Visit of President to Madagascar (March 14-15, 2018)". Retrieved 1 June 2019.

External links

Unrecognised parameter
Preceded by
Subramanian Swamy 		Member of Parliament for Uttar Pradesh
1994–2006 		Succeeded by
Vinay Katiyar
Government offices
Preceded by
Keshari Nath Tripathi 		Governor of Bihar
2015–2017 		Succeeded by
Keshari Nath Tripathi
Party political offices
Preceded by
P. A. Sangma 		National Democratic Alliance nominee for President of India
2017 		Succeeded by
Droupadi Murmu
Political offices
Preceded by
Pranab Mukherjee 		President of India
2017–2022 		Succeeded by
Droupadi Murmu

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