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{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}} | ||
{{Infobox military conflict | {{Infobox military conflict | ||
| conflict | |conflict = Second Anglo-Maratha War | ||
| partof | |partof=the [[Anglo-Maratha Wars]] | ||
| image | |image = Battle of Assaye.jpeg | ||
| image_size | |image_size = 300px | ||
| caption | |caption = The [[Battle of Assaye]], a painting by J.C. Stadler | ||
| place | |place = [[India]] | ||
| date | |date = 11 September 1803 – 24 December 1805 | ||
| result | |result = British victory<br> | ||
* Treaty of Deogaon (1802) | * Treaty of Deogaon (1802) | ||
* [[Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon]] (1803) | * [[Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon]] (1803) | ||
* Treaty of Rajghat (1805) | * Treaty of Rajghat (1805) | ||
| combatant1 | |combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg}} [[East India Company]] | ||
| combatant2 | |combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg}} [[Maratha Empire]] | ||
| commander1 | |commander1 = {{flagicon|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} [[Gerard Lake, 1st Viscount Lake|Gerard Lake]]<br /> {{flagicon|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Arthur Wellesley]]<br /> {{flagicon|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} [[James Stevenson (East India Company officer)|James Stevenson]] | ||
| commander2 | |commander2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg}}[[Daulat Scindhia]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg}}[[Raghoji II Bhonsle]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg}}[[Yashwantrao Holkar]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg}}[[Pierre Cuillier-Perron]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg}}[[Capture of Gawilghur|Sardar Beni Singh Rajput]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg}} Killedar Shiv Singh Rana, [[Narnala]] | ||
| units1 | | units1 = Lake & Wellesley:<ref name=cooper315>{{cite book |last=Cooper |first=Randolf G. S. |year=2003 |title=The Anglo-Maratha Campaigns and the Contest for India: The Struggle for Control of the South Asian Military Economy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qweZWra_tbwC |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-82444-3 |pages=315–318}}}</ref> | ||
:{{unbulleted list|4 regiments European cavalry|8 regiments Native cavalry|2 regiments British infantry|17 sepoy battalions|Artillery}} | :{{unbulleted list|4 regiments European cavalry|8 regiments Native cavalry|2 regiments British infantry|17 sepoy battalions|Artillery}} | ||
| units2 | |units2 = Shock Infantry forces | ||
| strength1 | |strength1 = | ||
| strength2 | |||
| casualties1 | |strength2 = | ||
| casualties2 | |casualties1 = | ||
| campaignbox | |casualties2 = | ||
|campaignbox = | |||
{{Campaignbox Second Anglo-Maratha War}} | |||
}} | }} | ||
{{Campaignbox Anglo-Maratha Wars}} | {{Campaignbox Anglo-Maratha Wars}} | ||
[[File:India map 1700 1792.jpg|thumb|Political map of India in 1792, compared to yellow borders of 1700.]] | |||
The '''Second Anglo-Maratha War''' (1803–1805) was the second conflict between the [[British East India Company]] and the [[Maratha Empire]] in [[India]]. | The '''Second Anglo-Maratha War''' (1803–1805) was the second conflict between the [[British East India Company]] and the [[Maratha Empire]] in [[India]]. | ||
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This act on the part of the [[Peshwa]], their nominal overlord, horrified and disgusted the Maratha chieftains; in particular, the [[Scindia]] rulers of [[Gwalior]] and the [[Bhonsale]] rulers of [[Nagpur]] and [[Berar Subah|Berar]] contested the agreement. | This act on the part of the [[Peshwa]], their nominal overlord, horrified and disgusted the Maratha chieftains; in particular, the [[Scindia]] rulers of [[Gwalior]] and the [[Bhonsale]] rulers of [[Nagpur]] and [[Berar Subah|Berar]] contested the agreement. | ||
The British strategy included Wellesley securing the [[Deccan Plateau]], Lake taking [[Doab]] and then Delhi, Powell entering [[Bundelkhand]], Murray taking Badoch, and Harcourt neutralizing [[Bihar]]. The British had available over 53,000 men to help accomplish their goals.<ref name=Naravane/>{{rp|66–67}} | The British strategy included [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Arthur Wellesley]] securing the [[Deccan Plateau]], Lake taking [[Doab]] and then Delhi, Powell entering [[Bundelkhand]], Murray taking Badoch, and Harcourt neutralizing [[Bihar]]. The British had available over 53,000 men to help accomplish their goals.<ref name=Naravane/>{{rp|66–67}} | ||
With the logistic assembly of his army complete (24,000 men in total) Wellesley gave the order to break camp and attack the nearest Maratha fort on 8 August 1803.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holmes |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Holmes (military historian) |year=2002 |title=Wellington: The Iron Duke |publisher=London: Harper Collins Publishers |isbn=978-0-00-713750-3 |pages=69, 73}}</ref> On the same day he took the walled [[Pettah of Ahmednagar]] (town adjacent to the fort) by [[escalade]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Fitchett |first=William Henry |year=1911 |title=Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of, 1769-1852 |location=London |publisher=G. Bell |pages=[https://archive.org/stream/greatduke01fitcuoft#page/102/mode/1up 102–104]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Duke of Wellington |editor-first=Arthur Richard (2nd Duke)|editor-last=Wellesley |year=1859 |chapter=Camp at Ahmednuggur, 17th Aug., 1803 |title=Supplementary despatches and memoranda of field marshal Arthur duke of Wellington 1797–1819 with a map of India |publisher=J. Murray |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=y9EgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA151#v=onepage&q&f=false 151]}}</ref> | |||
The [[Ahmednagar Fort]] surrendered on 12 August after an infantry attack had exploited an artillery-made breach in the wall. With the pettah and fort now in British control Wellesley was able to extend control southwards to the river [[Godavari]].{{sfn|Holmes|2002|p=74}} | |||
In September 1803, [[Scindia]] forces lost to [[Gerard Lake, 1st Viscount Lake|Lord Gerard Lake]] at [[Battle of Delhi (1803)|Delhi]] and to | In September 1803, [[Scindia]] forces lost to [[Gerard Lake, 1st Viscount Lake|Lord Gerard Lake]] at [[Battle of Delhi (1803)|Delhi]] and to Wellesley at [[Battle of Assaye|Assaye]]. On 18 October, British forces took the [[wikt:pettah|pettah]] of [[Asirgarh Fort]] with a loss of two killed and five wounded. The fort's garrison subsequently surrendered on the 21st after the attackers had erected a [[Artillery battery|battery]].{{citation needed|date=April 2017}} British artillery pounded ancient ruins used by Scindia forces as forward operating bases, eroding their control. In November, Lake defeated another Scindia force at [[Battle of Laswari|Laswari]], followed by Wellesley's victory over [[Bhonsle]] forces at [[Battle of Argaon|Argaon]] (now Adgaon) on 29 November 1803.<ref name=wolpert>{{cite book|last=Wolpert|first=Stanley|title=A New History of India|year=2009|publisher=Oxford UP|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-19-533756-3|edition=8th|author-link=Stanley Wolpert|pages=410–1}}</ref> | ||
==Conclusion== | ==Conclusion== | ||
On 17 December 1803, [[Raghoji II Bhonsle|Raghoji II Bhonsale]] of Nagpur signed the Treaty of Deogaon | On 17 December 1803, [[Raghoji II Bhonsle|Raghoji II Bhonsale]] of Nagpur signed the Treaty of Deogaon<ref name=Naravane/>{{rp|73}} in [[Odisha]] with the British after the Battle of Argaon and gave up the [[Cuttack district|province of Cuttack]] (which included Mughal and the coastal part of Odisha, Garjat/the princely states of Odisha, [[Balasore]] Port, parts of [[Midnapore]] district of West Bengal). | ||
On 30 December 1803, the [[Daulat Scindia]] signed the [[Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon]] with the British<ref name=Naravane/>{{rp|73}} after the [[Battle of Assaye]] and Battle of [[Laswari]] and ceded to the British Rohtak, Gurgaon, Ganges-Jumna Doab, the Delhi-Agra region, parts of Bundelkhand, Broach, some districts of Gujarat and the fort of Ahmmadnagar. | On 30 December 1803, the [[Daulat Scindia]] signed the [[Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon]] with the British<ref name=Naravane/>{{rp|73}} after the [[Battle of Assaye]] and Battle of [[Laswari]] and ceded to the British Rohtak, Gurgaon, Ganges-Jumna Doab, the Delhi-Agra region, parts of Bundelkhand, Broach, some districts of Gujarat and the fort of Ahmmadnagar. | ||
The British started hostilities against [[Yashwantrao Holkar]] on 6 April 1804. Yashwantrao was somewhat successful as he harassed the British forces by guerilla warfare. However, he didn't receive the expected help from Scindia who had already signed a treaty with the British. He went to Punjab and | The British started hostilities against [[Yashwantrao Holkar]] on 6 April 1804. Yashwantrao was somewhat successful as he harassed the British forces by guerilla warfare. However, he didn't receive the expected help from Scindia who had already signed a treaty with the British. He went to Punjab and sought Ranjeet Singh's help with no success. The lack of resources compelled him to come to terms with British. | ||
= | The Treaty of Rajghat, signed on 24 December 1805, forced [[Holkar]] to give up [[Tonk, India|Tonk]], Rampura, and [[Bundi]].<ref name="Naravane" />{{rp|90–96}} | ||
{{ | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| Line 68: | Line 65: | ||
* [[List of Maratha dynasties and states]] | * [[List of Maratha dynasties and states]] | ||
* [[Pettah of Ahmednagar]] | * [[Pettah of Ahmednagar]] | ||
* [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
| Line 74: | Line 72: | ||
==Further reading== | ==Further reading== | ||
{{Commons category|Second Anglo-Maratha War}} | {{Commons category|Second Anglo-Maratha War}} | ||
* Bhattacharyya | *{{cite journal|ref=none |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Sukumar |last2=Sukumar |first2=Bhattacharya |title=The Second Anglo-Maratha and Mewar |journal= Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=22 |year=1959|jstor=44304329}} | ||
*{{cite book|last=Chaurasian|first=R. S|title=History of the Marathas|isbn=978-81-269-0394-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D_v3Y7hns8QC|publisher=Atlantic Publishers and Distributors|year=2004|location=New Delhi}} | *{{cite book|ref=none |last=Chaurasian |first=R. S |title=History of the Marathas |isbn=978-81-269-0394-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D_v3Y7hns8QC|publisher=Atlantic Publishers and Distributors|year=2004|location=New Delhi}}} | ||
*{{cite book|last=Cooper|first=Randolf G. S.|title=The Anglo-Maratha Campaigns and the Contest for India: The Struggle for Control of the South Asian Military Economy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qweZWra_tbwC|year=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|isbn=0-521-82444-3}} | *{{cite book|ref=none |last=Cooper|first=Randolf G. S.|title=The Anglo-Maratha Campaigns and the Contest for India: The Struggle for Control of the South Asian Military Economy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qweZWra_tbwC|year=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|isbn=0-521-82444-3}} | ||
* Pemble | *{{Cite book|ref=none |first = G. A. |last = Henty |author-link = G. A. Henty |title =At the Point of the Bayonet: A Tale of the Mahratta War |date = 1902 |location = London |url =http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/20729 }} – historical fiction describing the war | ||
*{{cite journal|ref=none |last=Pemble |first=John |title=Resources and Techniques the Second Maratha War |journal=Historical Journal |volume=19 |number=2 |year=1976 |pages=375–404 |jstor=2638569}} | |||
{{s-start}} | {{s-start}} | ||
Latest revision as of 21:16, 10 May 2022
| Second Anglo-Maratha War | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Anglo-Maratha Wars | |||||||
 The Battle of Assaye, a painting by J.C. Stadler | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 East India Company |
 Maratha Empire | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
 Gerard Lake Arthur Wellesley James Stevenson |
Daulat ScindhiaRaghoji II BhonsleYashwantrao HolkarPierre Cuillier-PerronSardar Beni Singh Rajput Killedar Shiv Singh Rana, Narnala | ||||||
| Units involved | |||||||
|
Lake & Wellesley:[1]
| Shock Infantry forces | ||||||
Template:Campaignbox Anglo-Maratha Wars
The Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803–1805) was the second conflict between the British East India Company and the Maratha Empire in India.
Background[edit | edit source]
The British had supported the "fugitive" Peshwa Raghunathrao in the First Anglo-Maratha War, continued with his "fugitive" son, Baji Rao II. Though not as martial in his courage as his father, the son was "a past master in deceit and intrigue". Coupled with his "cruel streak", Baji Rao II soon provoked the enmity of Yashwant Rao Holkar when he had one of Holkar's relatives killed.[2]
The Maratha Empire at that time consisted of a confederacy of five major chiefs: the Peshwa (Prime Minister) at the capital city of Poona, the Gaekwad chief of Baroda, the Scindia chief of Gwalior, the Holkar chief of Indore, and the Bhonsale chief of Nagpur. The Maratha chiefs were engaged in internal quarrels among themselves. Lord Mornington, the Governor-General of British India had repeatedly offered a subsidiary treaty to the Peshwa and Scindia, but Nana Fadnavis refused strongly.
In October 1802, the combined armies of Peshwa Baji Rao II and Scindia were defeated by Yashwantrao Holkar, ruler of Indore, at the Battle of Poona. Baji Rao fled to British protection, and in December the same year concluded the Treaty of Bassein with the British East India Company, ceding territory for the maintenance of a subsidiary force and agreeing to treaty with no other power. The treaty would become the "death knell of the Maratha Empire".[2]
War[edit | edit source]
This act on the part of the Peshwa, their nominal overlord, horrified and disgusted the Maratha chieftains; in particular, the Scindia rulers of Gwalior and the Bhonsale rulers of Nagpur and Berar contested the agreement.
The British strategy included Arthur Wellesley securing the Deccan Plateau, Lake taking Doab and then Delhi, Powell entering Bundelkhand, Murray taking Badoch, and Harcourt neutralizing Bihar. The British had available over 53,000 men to help accomplish their goals.[2]:66–67
With the logistic assembly of his army complete (24,000 men in total) Wellesley gave the order to break camp and attack the nearest Maratha fort on 8 August 1803.[3] On the same day he took the walled Pettah of Ahmednagar (town adjacent to the fort) by escalade.[4][5]
The Ahmednagar Fort surrendered on 12 August after an infantry attack had exploited an artillery-made breach in the wall. With the pettah and fort now in British control Wellesley was able to extend control southwards to the river Godavari.[6]
In September 1803, Scindia forces lost to Lord Gerard Lake at Delhi and to Wellesley at Assaye. On 18 October, British forces took the pettah of Asirgarh Fort with a loss of two killed and five wounded. The fort's garrison subsequently surrendered on the 21st after the attackers had erected a battery.[citation needed] British artillery pounded ancient ruins used by Scindia forces as forward operating bases, eroding their control. In November, Lake defeated another Scindia force at Laswari, followed by Wellesley's victory over Bhonsle forces at Argaon (now Adgaon) on 29 November 1803.[7]
Conclusion[edit | edit source]
On 17 December 1803, Raghoji II Bhonsale of Nagpur signed the Treaty of Deogaon[2]:73 in Odisha with the British after the Battle of Argaon and gave up the province of Cuttack (which included Mughal and the coastal part of Odisha, Garjat/the princely states of Odisha, Balasore Port, parts of Midnapore district of West Bengal).
On 30 December 1803, the Daulat Scindia signed the Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon with the British[2]:73 after the Battle of Assaye and Battle of Laswari and ceded to the British Rohtak, Gurgaon, Ganges-Jumna Doab, the Delhi-Agra region, parts of Bundelkhand, Broach, some districts of Gujarat and the fort of Ahmmadnagar.
The British started hostilities against Yashwantrao Holkar on 6 April 1804. Yashwantrao was somewhat successful as he harassed the British forces by guerilla warfare. However, he didn't receive the expected help from Scindia who had already signed a treaty with the British. He went to Punjab and sought Ranjeet Singh's help with no success. The lack of resources compelled him to come to terms with British.
The Treaty of Rajghat, signed on 24 December 1805, forced Holkar to give up Tonk, Rampura, and Bundi.[2]:90–96
See also[edit | edit source]
- Alexander Adams
- Fort of Ahmednagar
- List of Maratha dynasties and states
- Pettah of Ahmednagar
- Third Anglo-Maratha War
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Cooper, Randolf G. S. (2003). The Anglo-Maratha Campaigns and the Contest for India: The Struggle for Control of the South Asian Military Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 315–318. ISBN 0-521-82444-3.}
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Naravane, M.S. (2014). Battles of the Honorourable East India Company. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. pp. 65–66. ISBN 9788131300343.
- ↑ Holmes, Richard (2002). Wellington: The Iron Duke. London: Harper Collins Publishers. pp. 69, 73. ISBN 978-0-00-713750-3.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link) - ↑ Fitchett, William Henry (1911). Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of, 1769-1852. London: G. Bell. pp. 102–104.
- ↑ Duke of Wellington (1859). "Camp at Ahmednuggur, 17th Aug., 1803". In Wellesley, Arthur Richard (2nd Duke) (ed.). Supplementary despatches and memoranda of field marshal Arthur duke of Wellington 1797–1819 with a map of India. J. Murray. p. 151.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: editors list (link) - ↑ Holmes 2002, p. 74.
- ↑ Wolpert, Stanley (2009). A New History of India (8th ed.). New York, NY: Oxford UP. pp. 410–1. ISBN 978-0-19-533756-3.
Further reading[edit | edit source]
- Bhattacharyya, Sukumar; Sukumar, Bhattacharya (1959). "The Second Anglo-Maratha and Mewar". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 22. JSTOR 44304329.
- Chaurasian, R. S (2004). History of the Marathas. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. ISBN 978-81-269-0394-8.}
- Cooper, Randolf G. S. (2003). The Anglo-Maratha Campaigns and the Contest for India: The Struggle for Control of the South Asian Military Economy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-82444-3.
- Henty, G. A. (1902). At the Point of the Bayonet: A Tale of the Mahratta War. London.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) – historical fiction describing the war - Pemble, John (1976). "Resources and Techniques the Second Maratha War". Historical Journal. 19 (2): 375–404. JSTOR 2638569.
| Preceded by First Anglo-Maratha War |
Anglo-Maratha Wars | Succeeded by Third Anglo-Maratha War |
| Preceded by Fourth Anglo-Mysore War |
Indo-British conflicts | Succeeded by Third Anglo-Maratha War |
Template:British colonial campaigns