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'''Chedi''' ({{lang-sa|चेदी}}) was an ancient [[India]]n [[mahajanapada]], a kingdom which fell roughly in the [[Bundelkhand]] division of [[Madhya Pradesh]] regions to the south of river [[Yamuna]] along the river [[Ken River|Ken]]. Its capital city was called [[Suktimati]] in Sanskrit and Sotthivati-nagara in [[Pali]].<ref>{{Citation|url=https://archive.org/details/politicalhistory00raycuoft|last=Raychaudhuri|first=Hem Chandra|title=Political history of ancient India, from the accession of Parikshit to the extinction of the Gupta dynasty|year=1923|page=66}}</ref> In [[Pali]]-language Buddhist texts, it is listed as one of the sixteen [[mahajanapada]]s ("great realms" of northern and central India).<ref>{{Citation|url=https://archive.org/details/politicalhistory00raycuoft|last=Raychaudhuri|first=Hem Chandra|title=Political history of ancient India, from the accession of Parikshit to the extinction of the Gupta dynasty|year=1923|page=67}}</ref> [[Ishwarsena]] alias ''Mahaksatrapa'' Isvardatta,<ref name="H.S. Thosar: The Abhiras in Indian History">{{cite journal |last1=Thosar |first1=H.S. |title=The Abhiras in Indian History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44148188 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |year=1990 |volume=51 |pages=56–65 |publisher=Indian History Congress |jstor=44148188 |access-date=27 December 2020}}</ref> the founder of the [[Abhira dynasty]], who seemed to have ruled over a large territory in the [[Deccan]],<ref name="Arun Kumar Sharma">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sDluAAAAMAAJ&q=Ishwarsena | title=Heritage of Tansa Valley | publisher=Bharatiya Kala Prakashan | author=Arun Kumar Sharma | year=2004 | pages=33, 92 | isbn=9788180900297}}</ref> started an era to commemorate his ascension,<ref name="H.S. Thosar: The Abhiras in Indian History" | '''Chedi''' ({{lang-sa|चेदी}}) was an ancient [[India]]n [[mahajanapada]], a kingdom which fell roughly in the [[Bundelkhand]] division of [[Madhya Pradesh]] regions to the south of river [[Yamuna]] along the river [[Ken River|Ken]]. Its capital city was called [[Suktimati]] in Sanskrit and Sotthivati-nagara in [[Pali]].<ref name="Raychaudhuri 1923 66">{{Citation|url=https://archive.org/details/politicalhistory00raycuoft|last=Raychaudhuri|first=Hem Chandra|title=Political history of ancient India, from the accession of Parikshit to the extinction of the Gupta dynasty|year=1923|page=66}}</ref> In [[Pali]]-language Buddhist texts, it is listed as one of the sixteen [[mahajanapada]]s ("great realms" of northern and central India).<ref>{{Citation|url=https://archive.org/details/politicalhistory00raycuoft|last=Raychaudhuri|first=Hem Chandra|title=Political history of ancient India, from the accession of Parikshit to the extinction of the Gupta dynasty|year=1923|page=67}}</ref> [[Ishwarsena]] alias ''Mahaksatrapa'' Isvardatta,<ref name="H.S. Thosar: The Abhiras in Indian History">{{cite journal |last1=Thosar |first1=H.S. |title=The Abhiras in Indian History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44148188 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |year=1990 |volume=51 |pages=56–65 |publisher=Indian History Congress |jstor=44148188 |access-date=27 December 2020}}</ref> the founder of the [[Abhira dynasty]], who seemed to have ruled over a large territory in the [[Deccan]],<ref name="Arun Kumar Sharma">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sDluAAAAMAAJ&q=Ishwarsena | title=Heritage of Tansa Valley | publisher=Bharatiya Kala Prakashan | author=Arun Kumar Sharma | year=2004 | pages=33, 92 | isbn=9788180900297}}</ref> started an era to commemorate his ascension,<ref name="H.S. Thosar: The Abhiras in Indian History"/> which became to be known as the [[Kalachuri Era|Kalachuri-Chedi era]].<ref name="H.S. Thosar: The Abhiras in Indian History"/><ref name="Arun Kumar Sharma"/> | ||
According to the [[Mahabharata]], the Chedi Kingdom was ruled by [[Shishupala]], an ally of [[Jarasandha]] of [[Magadha Kingdom|Magadha]] and [[Duryodhana]] of [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]]. He was a rival of [[Krishna in the Mahābhārata|Vasudeva Krishna]] who was his uncle's son. He was killed by [[Krishna in the Mahābhārata|Vasudeva Krishna]] during the [[Rajasuya]] sacrifice of the Pandava king [[Yudhishthira]]. [[Bhima]]'s wife was from Chedi. Prominent Chedis during the [[Kurukshetra War]] included Damaghosha, [[Shishupala]], [[Dhrishtaketu]], Suketu, Sarabha, [[Bhima]]'s wife, [[Nakula]]'s wife Karenumati, Dhrishtaketu's sons. Other Chedis included King Uparichara Vasu, his children, King Suvahu, King Sahaja. It was ruled during early periods by ''Paurava'' kings and later by [[Yadava]] kings in the central part of the country. | According to the [[Mahabharata]], the Chedi Kingdom was ruled by [[Shishupala]], an ally of [[Jarasandha]] of [[Magadha Kingdom|Magadha]] and [[Duryodhana]] of [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]]. He was a rival of [[Krishna in the Mahābhārata|Vasudeva Krishna]] who was his uncle's son. He was killed by [[Krishna in the Mahābhārata|Vasudeva Krishna]] during the [[Rajasuya]] sacrifice of the Pandava king [[Yudhishthira]]. [[Bhima]]'s wife was from Chedi. Prominent Chedis during the [[Kurukshetra War]] included Damaghosha, [[Shishupala]], [[Dhrishtaketu]], Suketu, Sarabha, [[Bhima]]'s wife, [[Nakula]]'s wife Karenumati, Dhrishtaketu's sons. Other Chedis included King Uparichara Vasu, his children, King Suvahu, King Sahaja. It was ruled during early periods by ''Paurava'' kings and later by [[Yadava]] kings in the central part of the country. | ||
==Geography== | ==Geography== | ||
The location of the capital city, Suktimati, has not been established with certainty. Historian [[Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri]] and [[F. E. Pargiter]] believed that it was in the vicinity of [[Banda, Uttar Pradesh]].<ref | The location of the capital city, Suktimati, has not been established with certainty. Historian [[Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri]] and [[F. E. Pargiter]] believed that it was in the vicinity of [[Banda, Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="Raychaudhuri 1923 66"/> Archaeologist [[Dilip Kumar Chakrabarti]] has proposed that Suktimati can be identified as the ruins of a large [[Northern Black Polished Ware|early historical]] city, at a place with the modern-day name Itaha, on the outskirts of [[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8qvY8pxVxcwC|last=Chakrabarti|first=Dilip Kumar|chapter=Mahajanapada States of Early Historic India|title=A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures: An Investigation|year=2000|editor-last=Hansen|editor-first=Mogens Herman|page=387}}</ref> | ||
== Puranic History == | == Puranic History == | ||
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Chedi Kingdom | |
|---|---|
| 600 BCE–300 BCE | |
.png) Chedi Kingdom and other Mahajanapadas in the Post Vedic period. | |
| Capital | Suktimati |
| Government | Monarchy |
| Historical era | Ancient India |
• Established | 600 BCE |
• Disestablished | 300 BCE |
| Today part of | India |
| Outline of South Asian history |
|---|
_without_national_boundaries.svg) |
Chedi (Sanskrit: चेदी) was an ancient Indian mahajanapada, a kingdom which fell roughly in the Bundelkhand division of Madhya Pradesh regions to the south of river Yamuna along the river Ken. Its capital city was called Suktimati in Sanskrit and Sotthivati-nagara in Pali.[1] In Pali-language Buddhist texts, it is listed as one of the sixteen mahajanapadas ("great realms" of northern and central India).[2] Ishwarsena alias Mahaksatrapa Isvardatta,[3] the founder of the Abhira dynasty, who seemed to have ruled over a large territory in the Deccan,[4] started an era to commemorate his ascension,[3] which became to be known as the Kalachuri-Chedi era.[3][4]
According to the Mahabharata, the Chedi Kingdom was ruled by Shishupala, an ally of Jarasandha of Magadha and Duryodhana of Kuru. He was a rival of Vasudeva Krishna who was his uncle's son. He was killed by Vasudeva Krishna during the Rajasuya sacrifice of the Pandava king Yudhishthira. Bhima's wife was from Chedi. Prominent Chedis during the Kurukshetra War included Damaghosha, Shishupala, Dhrishtaketu, Suketu, Sarabha, Bhima's wife, Nakula's wife Karenumati, Dhrishtaketu's sons. Other Chedis included King Uparichara Vasu, his children, King Suvahu, King Sahaja. It was ruled during early periods by Paurava kings and later by Yadava kings in the central part of the country.
Geography[edit]
The location of the capital city, Suktimati, has not been established with certainty. Historian Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri and F. E. Pargiter believed that it was in the vicinity of Banda, Uttar Pradesh.[1] Archaeologist Dilip Kumar Chakrabarti has proposed that Suktimati can be identified as the ruins of a large early historical city, at a place with the modern-day name Itaha, on the outskirts of Rewa, Madhya Pradesh.[5]
Puranic History[edit]
The Chedi clan and kingdom was founded by Chidi, the son of Vidarbha and belonging to the Yadava dynasty. Chedi was later conquered and ruled by the Paurava King Vasu Uparichara, upon the order of Indra. Uparichara's descendant is Shishupala.
Chedi mentioned as a Kingdom of Ancient India (Bharata Varsha)[edit]
The Kuru-Panchalas, the Salwas, the Madreyas, the Jangalas, the Surasenas, the Kalingas, the Vodhas, the Mallas, the Matsyas, the Sauvalyas, the Kuntalas, the Kasi-Kosalas, the Chedis, the Karushas, the Bhojas...(6,9)
Chedi was one among the kingdoms chosen for spending the 13th year of exile by the Pandavas.
Surrounding the kingdom of the Kurus, are, many countries beautiful and abounding in corn, such as Panchala, Chedi, Matsya, Surasena, Pattachchara, Dasarna, Navarashtra, Malla, Salva, Yugandhara, Saurashtra, Avanti, and the spacious Kuntirashtra. (4,1)
King Uparichara Vasu and the festival of bamboo pole[edit]
Uparichara Vasu was a king of Chedi belonging to the Puru Dynasty. He was known as the friend of Indra. During his reign, Chedi kingdom had a good economic system and contained much mineral wealth, which made a lot of merchants around the world, come to the Kingdom. It was abundant in animals and corn. There were many towns and cities in the kingdom. He possessed a very special chariot. He introduced a festival in his kingdom in the honour of Indra. The festival involved planting of a bamboo pole every year, in honour of Indra. The king will then pray for the expansion of his cities and kingdom. After erecting the pole, people decked it with golden cloth and scents and garlands and various ornaments. From Chedi, he ruled a large territory, placing his sons as governors of various provinces. His son Vrihadratha (Maharatha) was installed in Magadha, who later fathered Emperor Jarasandha. His other sons, viz., Pratyagraha, Kusamva (Manivahana), Mavella and Yadu also became governors at various places. Thus the Chedi king attained the status of an emperor and his kingdom became a vast empire. He diverted the waters of river Suktimati from the locks of the Mountain Kolahala, for irrigating his capital-city which he named Suktimati. (1,63)
- This beautiful city of the Chedis was called after the Oyster (14,83)
His wife Girika, was from the valley of Kolahala. Girika's brother was installed as the generalissimo of Vasu's army. Apart from his five royal sons, he had a son and a daughter born of a woman of fisherman community. The male child, in due course established the Matsya Kingdom and founded the royal dynasty called Matsya Dynasty. The female child lived as a member of fishermen community. Her line established as fishermen on the banks of river Yamuna, in the kingdom of Kurus. The famous Kuru king Santanu's wife Satyavati was from this fishermen community. The author of Mahābhārata, vis Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa and the Kuru kings viz Chitrangada and Vichitravirya were the sons of Satyavati. Pandavas and Kauravas were the grandsons of Vichitravirya.(1,63)
- Another story connects Vasu with vegetarianism in ancient India. Filled with doubts respecting the propriety of eating flesh, some sages asked Uparichara Vasu for solving them. King Vasu, knowing that flesh is inedible, answered that it was edible. From that moment Vasu fell down from the firmament on the earth. After this he once more repeated his opinion, with the result that he had to sink below the earth for it. (13,115)[6]
- A similar story connects Vasu with the issue of animal sacrifices. In his opinion sacrifices could be performed with or without the slaughter of animals (14,91)
King Shishupala of Chedi[edit]
Shishupala was the malevolent son of the King Damaghosha (1,189). He had another name viz Sunitha. His mother was Shrutakirti, who was the sister of Kunti, the mother of Pandavas. Both Kunti and Shrutakirti were sisters of Vasudeva the father of Vasudeva Krishna. However Shishupala developed enmity with Krishna (2,44), though he was affectionate to the Pandava Bhima. During his military campaign to collect tribute for Pandava king Yudhishthira's Rajasuya sacrifice, Bhima stayed at the palace of Shishupala for a month as a guest. He also accepted Yudhishthira's sway over his kingdom and gave Bhima tribute (2,28). During the midst of Yudhishthira's Rajasuya ceremony, a dispute arose between Shishupala and Vasudeva Krishna. Pandavas tried to mediate. He also rebuked the Pandavas and Kuru grandsire Bhishma along with Krishna. Then Krishna, extremely provoked, decapitated Shishupala. (2,44).
Shishupala's hostilities to Krishna were many. He burned the city of Dwaraka, while Krishna was in Pragjyotisha with his army. He attacked king Bhoja, sporting at Raivataka hill close to Dwaraka. He stole the horse of Krishna's father Prince Vasudeva of Mathura, during his horse-sacrifice. He insulted the wife of Akrura (Vabhru - the friend of Krishna), on her way from Dwaraka to Sauvira Kingdom. He kidnapped the princess of Visala, viz Bhadra, the fiancé of Karusha king. (2,44)
- Yudhishthira installed Shishupala's son in the throne of Chedi. (2,44)
- Shishupala's sister was married to Bhima as per the reference in (15,25)
King Dhrishtaketu of Chedi[edit]
Dhrishtaketu, the king of Chedi (3,12), was described as the elder son of King Shishupala (5,50). During the time of Dhrishtaketu also, Suktimati was the capital of Chedi. Dhrishtaketu was an army-general in the army of Pandavas in Kurukshetra War. He was the leader of the army of the Chedis, the Kasis, and the Karushas (5,199). He was a Maharatha (a great charriot-warrior) as per the rating of Bhishma (5,172). One of his sons also took part in the war (5,57). He was slain by Drona (7,128), (11,25). Dhrishtaketu also was slain in battle by Drona.
- Chedi Princess Karenumati was wedded to the Pandava Nakula, and prince Narimitra was their son. (1,95). It is not clear if she was Dhrishtaketu's sister. However it was mentioned that his sister was the wife of one of the Pandavas (3,22) (15,1).
- Sarabha, the middle son of Shishupala became the king of Chedi after the death of Dhrishtaketu. He was killed in battle by Arjuna during his military campaign, after the Kurukshetra War. (14,83)
- Mahipala, the youngest son of Shishupala killed in a blast done by Dussasana on 9th day of war.
Other Kings of Chedi[edit]
- King Subahu was described as the king of Chedi, during the time of Nishadha king Nala and Lord Rama . His wife, Damayanti the princess of Vidarbha, left alone in forest, met a caravan of traders heading towards Chedi. Along with them she reached the Chedi capital and lived as a servant maid of queen, in the palace of Chedi. (3-64,65)
- King Sahaja among the Chedis and Matsyas, were described as an annihilator of his own race (5,74). He was the ally of Lord Rama
Chedis in Kurukshetra War[edit]
King of Chedi Kingdom; Dhrishaketu the son of Sishupal (who was killed by Krishna on Raj Suya Yagna) and his sons (at least 3) took part in Kurushetra war from Pandava's side. Dhrishaketu was killed by Guru Dronacharya on 14th day of Kurushetra war. Prince of Chedi kingdom (Son of Dhrishaketu) was killed by Aswathama on 15th day of Kurushetra war.
Chedi King Dhrishtaketu and his sons[edit]
- The powerful chief of the Chedis, Dhrishtaketu, accompanied by an Akshauhini, came to the sons of Pandu. (5-19,57)
- The assembled kings of the Chedi and the Karusha tribes have all taken the part of the Pandavas with all their resources. (5,22)
- Chedi King Dhrishtaketu employed Kamboja steeds of variegated hue in the battle (7,23)
- Drona slew Dhrishtaketu and his son (7,122)
- Another Chedi prince was slain by Ashwatthama, the son of Drona (7,198)
- Another son of Shishupala, brother of Dhrishtaketu, named Suketu also was slain by Drona (8,6)
Popular fiction: Chedi in The Krishna Key[edit]
In the 2012 anthropological thriller The Krishna Key the origin of Chhedi clan has been linked to Yadavas. Dr. Devendra Chedi is one of the main characters of the novel who is the genetic expert.[7]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Raychaudhuri, Hem Chandra (1923), Political history of ancient India, from the accession of Parikshit to the extinction of the Gupta dynasty, p. 66
- ↑ Raychaudhuri, Hem Chandra (1923), Political history of ancient India, from the accession of Parikshit to the extinction of the Gupta dynasty, p. 67
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Thosar, H.S. (1990). "The Abhiras in Indian History". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. Indian History Congress. 51: 56–65. JSTOR 44148188. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Arun Kumar Sharma (2004). Heritage of Tansa Valley. Bharatiya Kala Prakashan. pp. 33, 92. ISBN 9788180900297.
- ↑ Chakrabarti, Dilip Kumar (2000), "Mahajanapada States of Early Historic India", in Hansen, Mogens Herman (ed.), A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures: An Investigation, p. 387
- ↑ "The Mahabharata". sacred-texts.com.
- ↑ The Krishna Key, Chapter, 46,The Krishna Key , Sanghi, Ashwin, Westland Publishers 2012
- "The Mahabharata". sacred-texts.com.
- Kisari Mohan Ganguli, The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose, 1883-1896.
