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{{Redirect|Kolhapuri}}
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{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
| name                           = Kolhapur
| name               = Kolhapur
| other_name                      =
| settlement_type   = [[City]]
| settlement_type                 = [[City Corporation]]
| nickname          = Karveer<ref name=B/>
| image_skyline                   = KolhapurHeritage.jpg
| image_skyline     = KolhapurPalace.jpg
| image_caption                   = Famous Monuments of Kolhapur<br />Clockwise from top: [[New Palace, Kolhapur|New Palace]], [[Ambabai Mandir]], [[Bhavani Mandap]], [[Shalini Palace]], [[Rankala tower]], [[Sandhyamath]]
| image_caption     = Kolhapur Palace
| pushpin_map                     = India Maharashtra#India#Asia
| pushpin_map       = #Maharashtra #India
| pushpin_label_position         = right
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt                 =  
| pushpin_relief    = y
| pushpin_map_caption             = Location in [[Maharashtra]], India
| pushpin_map_alt   = Kolhapur city
| coordinates                     = {{coord|16|41|30|N|74|14|00|E|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Maharashtra]], India
| subdivision_type               = Country
| coordinates       = {{coord|16|41|30|N|74|14|00|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_name               = {{flagu|India}}
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_type1               = State
| subdivision_name   = {{flagu|India}}
| subdivision_type2               = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1               = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2               = [[Kolhapur district|Kolhapur]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| established_title               = <!-- Established -->
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kolhapur district|Kolhapur]]
| established_date               = 904 CE
| established_title = <!-- Established -->
| founder                         = Shilahara
| established_date   = 904 CE
| named_for                       =  
| founder           = Shilahara
| government_type                 = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| named_for         =  
| governing_body                 = [[Kolhapur Municipal Corporation|KMC]]
| government_type   = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title                   = Mayor
| governing_body     = [[Kolhapur Municipal Corporation|KMC]]
| leader_name                     = Mrs Nilofer Ajarekar
| leader_title       = Mayor
| unit_pref                       = Metric
| leader_name       = Vacant (Administrator Rule)
| area_footnotes                 = <ref name="m.maharashtratimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://m.maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/kolhapur-western-maharashtra-news/kolhapur/kolhapur-kolhapur-deveopment-authority-declared/articleshow/60093309.cms|title=कोल्हापूरसाठी प्राधिकरण -Maharashtra Times|date=17 August 2017}}</ref>
| unit_pref         = Metric
| area_total_km2                 = 66.82
| area_footnotes     = <ref name="m.maharashtratimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://m.maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/kolhapur-western-maharashtra-news/kolhapur/kolhapur-kolhapur-deveopment-authority-declared/articleshow/60093309.cms|title=कोल्हापूरसाठी प्राधिकरण -Maharashtra Times|date=17 August 2017}}</ref>
| area_rank                       =  
| area_total_km2     = 66.82
| elevation_footnotes             =  
| area_metro_km2    = 204.12
| elevation_m                     = 545.6
| area_rank         =  
| population_total               = 561,837
| elevation_footnotes =  
| population_as_of               = 2011
| elevation_m       = 545.6
| population_footnotes           = <ref name="demographia.com">http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf</ref>
| population_total   = 561,489
| population_density_km2         = auto
| population_metro  = 985,736
| population_metro_footnotes     = <ref name="Paper 2">{{cite web|url=https://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/kolhapur-western-maharashtra-news/kolhapur/kolhapur-kolhapur-deveopment-authority-declared/articleshow/60093309.cms|title=कोल्हापूरसाठी प्राधिकरण|date=17 August 2017}}</ref>
| population_as_of   = 2011
| population_rank                 = India : [[List of cities in India by population|80th]] <br /> [[Maharashtra]] : [[List of cities in Maharashtra|11th]]
| population_footnotes = <ref name="demographia.com">{{Cite web |date=July 2022 |title=World Urban Areas 18th Annual |url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |website=Demographia}}</ref>
| population_demonym             = Kolhapurkar, Kolhapuri
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1             = Official
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="Paper 2">{{cite web|url=https://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/kolhapur-western-maharashtra-news/kolhapur/kolhapur-kolhapur-deveopment-authority-declared/articleshow/60093309.cms|title=कोल्हापूरसाठी प्राधिकरण|date=17 August 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title1           = Language
| population_rank   = India : [[List of cities in India by population|80th]] <br /> [[Maharashtra]] : [[List of cities in Maharashtra|11th]]
| timezone1                       = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| population_demonym = Kolhapurkar, Kolhapuri
| utc_offset1                     = +5:30
| demographics_type1 = Official
| postal_code_type               = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| demographics1_title1 = Language
| postal_code                     = 416001-15
| timezone1         = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| area_code                       = 0231
| utc_offset1       = +5:30
| area_code_type                 = Telephone code
| postal_code_type   = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| registration_plate             = MH-09
| postal_code       = 416001-10
| website                         = {{URL|https://kolhapur.gov.in|Official site}}
| area_code         = 0231
| footnotes                       =  
| area_code_type     = Telephone code
| unemployment_rate               =  
| registration_plate = MH-09
| demographics1_info1             = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| website           = {{URL|https://kolhapur.gov.in}}
| official_name                   =  
| footnotes         =  
| unemployment_rate =  
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| official_name     =
| subdivision_type3  = Taluka
| subdivision_name3  = [[Karvir, Kolhapur|Karveer]]
}}
}}


'''Kolhapur''' ({{Audio|Kolhapur.ogg}}) is a historic and ancient holy city situated in the Indian state of   [[Maharashtra]], India. Situated on the banks of river [[Panchganga River|Panchganga]], Kolhapur is the largest city in Southern Maharashtra, and a prominent city in Paschim Maharashtra. It is the administrative headquarter of [[Kolhapur district]]. Prior to Indian independence, Kolhapur was a 19 gun salute princely state ([[Kolhapur State]]) ruled by the [[Bhosale]] [[Chhatrapati]] of the [[Maratha Empire]]. Kolhapur is known for world famous leather [[Kolhapuri chappal]]. Also known as paytans, these are known for its simple styles, quality of leather and design. Different artisans all over the city make these exquisite chappals.
'''Kolhapur''' ({{Audio|Kolhapur.ogg}}) is a city on the banks of the [[Panchganga River]] in the southern part of the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Karade|first=Jagan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_CIGEAAAQBAJ&dq=history+of+kolhapur&pg=PA57|title=Occupational Mobility among Scheduled Castes|date=2020-10-27|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-5275-6131-1|language=en}}</ref>
 
Kolhapur, an epitome of beauty and richness in the Indian state of Maharashtra, stands tall as one of the most significant cities in South Maharashtra. With its rich cultural heritage, this city has been a hub of historical, religious, and cultural activities for centuries. Its historic significance can be traced back to the 1st century BC and continues to amaze visitors with its intricate carvings and magnificent temples. Kolhapur is famous for its unique food culture, including its signature Kolhapuri cuisine, that tantalizes the taste buds of locals and tourists alike. Sports, arts and local dialects also play a major role in defining the identity of the city, making it a true representation of diversity and unity. The city is situated in the western part of Maharashtra and is often referred to as "Dakshin Kashi" or "Mahateerth". It boasts a rich history, which has given it various other names, including Kollagiri, Kolladigiripattan and Kollpur, all meaning "valley". The vibrant and rich city of Kolhapur is indeed a cultural treasure, waiting to be explored by those in search of a true taste of India.
 
[[Kolhapur district]]. Around 2 [[Common Era|C.E.]] Kolhapur's name was 'Kuntal'.<ref name =B>{{Cite book |title= History and Sociology class sixth|publisher=Maharashtra rajya pathyapustak nirmiti va sanshodhak mandal, Pune |year=2021 |edition=5th |location=Mudra vibhag, Pathyapustak madal, Pune |pages=44 |language=mr |script-title=mr : इतिहास व नागरिकशास्त्र इयत्ता सहावी |trans-title=History and Sociology class sixth}}</ref>
 
Kolhapur is known as '''Dakshin Kashi''<nowiki/>' or Kashi of the South because of its spiritual history and the antiquity of its shrine Mahalaxmi, better known as [[Mahalakshmi Temple, Kolhapur|Ambabai]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Suresh|first=B. N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QiMqEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA281|title=Space and Beyond: Professional Voyage of K. Kasturirangan|date=2021-04-17|publisher=Springer Nature|isbn=978-981-336-510-0|pages=281|language=en}}</ref> The region is known for  the production of the famous hand-crafted and braided leather [[slipper]]s called [[Kolhapuri chappal]], which received the [[Geographical indication|Geographical Indication]] designation in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kolhapuris: The famous leather chappal get Geographical Indication tag - Geographical Indication tag |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/kolhapuris-the-famous-leather-chappal-get-geographical-indication-tag/geographical-indication-tag/slideshow/69855278.cms |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> In Hindu mythology, the city is referred to as "''Karvir''."<ref name=":0" />


The city has a unique and exclusive 'Kolhapuri Cuisine', which is known for is spicy (झणझणीत) but tasty and mouth watering dishes which include world famous delicacies like Tambda -Pandhara rassa, Kolhapuri missal, and Authentic  Kolhapuri mutton thali, etc. Kolhapur is also renowned for its jaggery and 'Lavangi mirchi'.  
Before India became independent in 1947, Kolhapur was a [[princely state]] under the [[Bhosale]] [[Chhatrapati]] of the [[Maratha Empire]]. It is an important center for the [[Marathi cinema|Marathi film]] industry.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kulkarni|first=Sripad Rao Laxman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ej8jEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA92|title=Bharata Darshana|date=2021-03-01|publisher=Leela Prakashana|language=en}}</ref>


The exquisite Kolhapuri jewelries, like special type of necklace called [[Kolhapuri saaj]], Mohanmal, bormal, chaplahar, pohehar and putlihar , thushi, patlya (two broad bangles), Bangdya, Tode, Chinchpeti (choker), Tanmani (short necklace) and Nath (nose ring), bajuband (the amulet) which are made in Kolhapur, poses a prominent position in Marathi culture, and hence are popular all across Maharashtra.
==Etymology==
Kolhapur is named after Kolhasur, a demon in [[History of Hinduism|Hindu History]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Malgonkar|first=Manohar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h1ADAAAAMAAJ|title=Chhatrapatis of Kolhapur|date=1971|publisher=Popular Prakashan|pages=2|language=en}}</ref> According to History, the demon Kolhasur renounced asceticism after his sons were killed by God for harassing people, and prayed to [[Lakshmi|Mahalakshmi]] that she would leave the area to him for a hundred years. He committed numerous crimes until the goddess returned after the hundred years were over and killed him for his sins.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Doniger|first=Wendy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-kZFzHCuiFAC&pg=PA178|title=Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts|date=1993-01-01|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-1381-4|pages=178|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Mythology|url=http://www.ambabai.com/mythology.html|access-date=2018-02-19|website=Ambabai Mahalaxmi Kolhapur|language=en}}</ref> The dying wish of Kolhasur was to name the place after him, which was granted and the place was named Kolhapur. Kolha stands for Kolhasur and ''pur'', a Sanskrit word, means "city".<ref name=":1" />


==History==
==History==
[[File:Mahalaxmi of Kolhapur.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Mahalakshmi Temple (Kolhapur)|Mahalakshmi]], Hindu goddess]]
[[File:Mahalaxmi of Kolhapur.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Mahalakshmi Temple (Kolhapur)|Mahalakshmi]], Hindu goddess]]
===Scriptural records===
Kolhapur is mentioned in the ''Devi Gita'', the final and key chapter of the ''[[Devi-Bhagavata Purana]]'', a special text of [[Shaktism]]. Kolhapur is noted as a place of ''Kollamma'' worship. In the text, [[Devi]] says,
:"O King of Mountains! Still I am now telling something out of My affection to My [[Bhakta]]s. Hear. There is a great place of pilgrimage named ''Kollapura'' in the southern country. Here the [[Ambabai|Devi Ambabai]] always dwells."<ref>Chatterji H. P. [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/dg/dg08.htm "Devi Gita, the vow and the sacred places of the Devi."]  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012124820/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/dg/dg08.htm |date=12 October 2013 }} ''The Devi Gita (Song of the Goddess)'', excerpt from ''Srimad Devi Bhagawatam'', translated by the Vijnanananda (Hari Prasanna Chatterji), 1921, chapter 38 verse 3 - 10. "O King of Mountains! Still I am now telling something out of My affection to My Bhaktas. Hear. There is a great place of pilgrimage named Kolhapura in the southern country. Here the Devi Ambabai always dwells. The second place is Mahur, Maharashtra|Matripura in the Sahyadri mountain; here the Devi Renuka dwells."</ref>
:The famous [[Jyotiba Temple|Jyotiba temple]] is also located in the Kolhapur.
Kolhapur is famous in west Maharashtra for religious accounts.


===Medieval era===
===Medieval era===
The [[Shilahara]] family at Kolhapur was the latest of the three and was founded about the time of the downfall of the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakuta Empire]]. They ruled over southern [[Maharashtra]]; the modern districts of [[Satara district|Satara]], Kolhapur and [[Belgaum|Belagavi (Karnataka)]]. Their family deity was the goddess Ambabai, whose blessing they claimed to have secured in their copperplate grants (Mahalakshmi-labdha-vara-prasada). Like their relatives of the northern branch of Konkan, the Shilaharas of Kolhapur claimed to be of the lineage of the Vidyadhara Jimutavahana, a [[Jain]] scholar. They carried the banner of golden Garuda. One of the many titles used by the Shilaharas was Tagarapuravaradhisvara, supreme sovereign ruler of Tagara.
The [[Shilahara]] family founded a dynasty at Kolhapur about the time of the downfall of the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakuta Empire]], that ruled over southern [[Maharashtra]] including the modern districts of [[Satara district|Satara]], Kolhapur and [[Belgaum|Belagavi (Karnataka)]]. Their family deity was the goddess [[Ambabai]], whose blessing they claimed to have secured in their copperplate grants (''Mahalakshmi-labdha-vara-prasada''). Like their relatives of the northern branch of [[Konkan]], the Shilaharas of Kolhapur claimed to be of the lineage of Vidyadhara Jimutavahana, a [[Jain]] scholar. Their banner featured a golden [[Garuda]]. One of the many titles used by the Shilaharas was ''Tagarapuravaradhisvara'', supreme sovereign ruler of Tagara.
   
   
The first capital of the Shilaharas was probably at Karad during the reign of Jatiga-II as known from their copper plate grant of Miraj and 'Vikramankadevacharita' of Bilhana. Hence sometimes they are referred as 'Shilaharas of Karad'. Later, although the capital was shifted to Kolhapur, some of their grants mention Valavada and the hill fort of Pranalaka or Padmanala,(Panhala) as the places of royal residence. Even though the capital was shifted to Kolhapur, Karhad retained its significance during the Shilahara period. This branch rose to power the latter part of the Rashtrakuta rule and so, unlike the kings of the other two branches, those of this branch do not mention the genealogy of the Rashtrakutas even in their early grants. Later they acknowledged the suzerainty of the later Chalukya for some time. They had used Kannada as the official language as can seen from their inscriptions. This branch continued to hold the Southern Maharashtra from circa 940 to 1220.
The first capital of the Shilaharas was probably at [[Karad]] during the reign of [[Jatiga II]], as known from their copper plate grant of [[Miraj]] and 'Vikramankadevacharita' of [[Bilhana]]. Hence, they are referred to sometimes as the 'Shilaharas of Karad'.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wf0MAQAAMAAJ|title=Bombay Geographical Magazine|date=1953|publisher=Bombay Geographical Association.|pages=7|language=en}}</ref> Later, although the capital was shifted to Kolhapur, some of their grants mention Valavada and the hill fort of Pranalaka or Padmanala (Panhala) as the places of royal residence. Karhad retained its significance during the Shilahara period. This branch rose to power in the latter part of the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakuta]] rule and unlike the kings of the other two branches, this branch does not allude to the genealogy of the Rashtrakutas even in their early grants. They acknowledged the suzerainty of the later [[Chalukya dynasty]] for some time. They had used [[Kannada]] as an official language as can be seen from their inscriptions. The branch held southern Maharashtra from circa 940 to 1220.
   
   
From 940 to 1212 CE, Kolhapur was the centre of power of the [[Shilahara]] dynasty.<ref>Bhavan B. V. "Temples and legends of Maharashtra." 1962 volume 97.</ref> An inscription at Teradal states that the king [[Gonka]] (1020 - 1050 CE) was bitten by a snake then healed by a [[Jainism|Jain]] monk. Gonka then built a temple to Lord [[Neminath]], the twenty-second Jain [[tirthankara]] (enlightened being). Jain temples in and around Kolhapur from this era are called ''Gonka-Jinalaya'', after the king.
From 940 to 1212 CE, Kolhapur was the centre of power of the [[Shilahara]] dynasty.<ref>Bhavan B. V. "Temples and legends of Maharashtra." 1962 volume 97.</ref> An inscription at [[Terdal]] states that the king [[Gonka]] (1020 - 1050 CE) was bitten by a snake then healed by a [[Jainism|Jain]] monk. Gonka then built a temple to Lord [[Neminath]], the twenty-second Jain [[tirthankara]] (enlightened being). From this era, Jain temples in and around Kolhapur are called ''Gonka-Jinalaya''.


Around 1055 CE, during the reign of [[Bhoja I]] (Shilahara dynasty), a dynamic [[Acharya]] (spiritual guide) named Maghanandi (Kolapuriya), founded a religious institute at the Rupanarayana [[Jain]] temple ([[basadi]]). Maghanandi is also known as ''Siddhanta-Chakravarti'', that is, ''the great master of the scriptures''. Kings and nobles of the Shilahara dynasty such as [[Gandaraditya I]] who succeeded Bhoja I, were disciples of Maghanandi.
Around 1055 CE, during the reign of [[Bhoja I]] (Shilahara dynasty), a dynamic [[Acharya]] (spiritual guide) named Maghanandi (Kolapuriya) founded a religious institute at the Rupanarayana [[Jain]] temple ([[basadi]]). Maghanandi is also known as ''Siddhanta-Chakravarti'', meaning ''the great master of the scriptures''. Kings and nobles of the Shilahara dynasty such as [[Gandaraditya I]], who succeeded [[Bhoja I]], were disciples of Maghanandi.


Kolhapur was the site of intense confrontation between rulers of the [[Western Chalukya Empire]] and the rulers of the [[Chola empire]], [[Rajadhiraja Chola]] and his younger brother [[Rajendra Chola II]]. In 1052 CE, following the [[Battle of Koppam]], the victor, Rajendra Chola II, marched on to Kolhapur and there he erected a ''jayastambha'' (victory pillar).<ref name="Sastri (1935)">
Kolhapur was the site of intense confrontation between the [[Western Chalukya Empire]] and [[Rajadhiraja Chola]] and his younger brother [[Rajendra Chola II]] of the [[Chola empire]]. In 1052 CE, following the [[Battle of Koppam]], the victor, Rajendra Chola II, marched on to Kolhapur and erected a ''jayastambha'' (victory pillar).<ref name="Sastri (1935)">
Sastri K. A. N. "The CōĻas." 1935 p256 - 257 (University of Madras, 2000).</ref>
Sastri K. A. N. "The CōĻas." 1935 p. 256–257 (University of Madras, 2000).</ref>


Between 1109 and 1178 CE, the [[Kopeshwar temple]] to Lord [[Shiva]] was built by the [[Shilahara]] kings, [[Gandaraditya]] Chola, [[Vijayaditya]] and [[Bhoja II (Shilahara dynasty)|Bhoja II]] in Khidrapur, Kolhapur.{{citation needed|date=January 2012}}
Between 1109 and 1178 CE, the [[Kopeshwar temple]] to Lord [[Shiva]] was built by [[Shilahara]] kings, [[Gandaraditya I]], [[Vijayaditya]], and [[Bhoja II (Shilahara dynasty)|Bhoja II]] in Khidrapur, Kolhapur.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kanhere |first1=Gopal Krishna |title=The Temples of Maharashtra |date=1989 |publisher=Maharashtra Information Centre (Directorate-General of Information and Public Relations, Bombay), Government of Maharashtra |pages=105 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CpwjAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>


===Kolhapur State===
===Kolhapur State===
[[File:Maharajah of Kolhapur 1912.jpg|thumb|Maharajah of Kolhapur]]
[[File:Maharajah of Kolhapur 1912.jpg|thumb|Chhatrapati Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj''',''' Maharajah of Kolhapur]]
{{Main|Kolhapur State}}
{{Main|Kolhapur State}}
The [[Kolhapur State|state of Kolhapur]] was established by [[Tarabai]] in 1707 because of the succession dispute over the Maratha kingship. The Maratha throne was then governed by descendants of Tarabai. One of the prominent Kings was Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj ([[Shahu of Kolhapur]]). In his reign, he promoted cost free education to people of all castes and fought against untouchability. The state was annexed by the British in the 19th century. After India's independence in 1947, the Maharaja of Kolhapur acceded to the Dominion of India on 14 August 1947 and merged with Bombay State on 1 March 1949. Kolhapur is sometimes found spelled as '''Colapore'''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Hertslet's Commercial Treaties|date=1900|publisher=Foreign Office, Great Britain|location=Great Britain|pages=1167|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SBUfAQAAMAAJ&q=Colapore&pg=PA1167|access-date=7 September 2015}}</ref> Often, Kolhapur is also referred as [http://www.kolhapurworld.com/culture/history.php Dakshin Kashi] (Dakshin in Marathi/Hindi/Sanskrit means South, Kashi is a holy city in Northern India) due to its rich religious history.
The [[Kolhapur State|state of Kolhapur]] was established by [[Tarabai]] in 1707 in the midst of a succession dispute over the Maratha crown. The Maratha throne was then occupied by descendants of Tarabai. One of the prominent Kings was Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj ([[Shahu of Kolhapur]]). In his reign, he promoted free education to people of all castes, religions and fought against untouchability. The state was annexed by the British in the 19th century. After India's independence in 1947, the Maharaja of Kolhapur acceded to the Dominion of India on 14 August 1947 and merged with [[Bombay State]] on 1 March 1949. Kolhapur is sometimes found spelled as ''Colapore''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Hertslet's Commercial Treaties|date=1900|publisher=Foreign Office, Great Britain|location=Great Britain|pages=1167|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SBUfAQAAMAAJ&q=Colapore&pg=PA1167|access-date=7 September 2015}}</ref> Often, Kolhapur is also referred as ''Dakshin Kashi'' or the [[Varanasi|Kashi]] of the South, due to its rich religious history.


=== Origin of name ===
===Scriptural references===
According to the myth, Kolhapur (कोल्हापूर) was named after the demon Kolhasur. There are different stories behind the reason he was killed by the Goddess, but it was his dying wish to name the place where he was killed after him. Thus, Kolhapur comes from the name Kolhasur and, [[Pur (Vedic)|Pur]] which means a city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ambabai.com/mythology.html|title=Mythology|website=Ambabai Mahalaxmi Kolhapur|language=en|access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref>
 
[[Shilahara]] ancient stone inscriptions mentions kolhapur as 'Kalapuri' or 'Kshullakpur' (Kshullaka- first stage of Jain monkhood).
Kolhapur is mentioned in the ''Devi Gita'', the final chapter of the ''[[Devi-Bhagavata Purana]]'', a text of [[Shaktism]]. Kolhapur is noted as a place of ''Kollamma'' worship. In the text, [[Devi]] says,
:"O King of Mountains! Still I am now telling something out of My affection to My [[Bhakta]]s. Hear. There is a great place of pilgrimage named ''Kollapura'' in the southern country. Here the [[Ambabai|Devi Ambabai]] always dwells."<ref>Chatterji H. P. [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/dg/dg08.htm "Devi Gita, the vow and the sacred places of the Devi."]  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012124820/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/dg/dg08.htm|date=12 October 2013}} ''The Devi Gita (Song of the Goddess)'', excerpt from ''Srimad Devi Bhagawatam'', translated by the Vijnanananda (Hari Prasanna Chatterji), 1921, chapter 38 verse 3 - 10. "O King of Mountains! Still I am now telling something out of My affection to My Bhaktas. Hear. There is a great place of pilgrimage named Kolhapura in the southern country. Here the Devi Ambabai always dwells. The second place is Mahur, Maharashtra|Matripura in the Sahyadri mountain; here the Devi Renuka dwells."</ref>


==Geography==
==Geography==
[[File:PanchgangaRiverAtKolhapur.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2| The Panchganga river at Kolhapur]]
[[File:PanchgangaRiverAtKolhapur.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2| The Panchganga river at Kolhapur]]


Kolhapur is an inland city located in south-west [[Maharashtra]] state, {{cvt|373|km}} south of Mumbai & {{cvt|228|km}} south of [[Pune]], {{cvt|615|km}} north-west of [[Bengaluru]] and {{cvt|530|km}} west of [[Hyderabad]]. Within Maharashtra, Kolhapur's nearest cities and towns are [[Ichalkaranji]] {{cvt|27|km}}, [[Kodoli]] {{cvt|35|km}}, [[Peth Vadgaon]] {{cvt|15|km}} [[Kagal]] {{cvt|21|km}}, Kasaba Walva {{cvt|30|km}} [[Sangli]] {{cvt|19|km}}, [[Satara (city)|Satara]] {{cvt|115|km}}. Kolhapur has an elevation of {{cvt|569|m}}. It lies in the Sahayadri mountains in the [[Western Ghats]].<ref>[https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=%3BFY3J_gAdH5tsBA&q=kolhapur&sll=37.579413,-95.712891&sspn=50.621957,79.013672&ie=UTF8&z=13&iwloc=A&saddr=hyderabad&daddr=Kolhapur,+Maharashtra,+India "Kolhapur"] Google Maps.</ref> [[Chandgad]] is the coolest place in the Kolhapur district.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}} Tambraparni river dam is the spectacular place near Umgaon village. Also nearby dams are Radhanagari and kalambawadi. [[Panhala]] {{cvt|21.5|km}} and [[Jyotiba Temple]] {{cvt|21.7|km}} are close by.
Kolhapur is an inland city located in south-west [[Maharashtra]] state, {{cvt|373|km}} south of Mumbai and {{cvt|230|km}} south of [[Pune]], {{cvt|613.8|km}} north-west of [[Bengaluru]], {{cvt|552|km}} west of [[Hyderabad]] and {{cvt|47|km}} west of [[Sangli]] city. Within Maharashtra, Kolhapur's nearest cities and towns are [[Ichalkaranji]] {{cvt|27|km}}, [[Jaysingpur]] {{cvt|13|km}},[[Kodoli]] {{cvt|35|km}}, [[Peth Vadgaon]] {{cvt|15|km}} [[Kagal]] {{cvt|21|km}}, Kasaba Walva {{cvt|30|km}}, [[Satara (city)|Satara]] {{cvt|115|km}}. It lies in the Sahayadri mountains in the [[Western Ghats]] at an elevation of {{cvt|569|m}}.<ref>[https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=%3BFY3J_gAdH5tsBA&q=kolhapur&sll=37.579413,-95.712891&sspn=50.621957,79.013672&ie=UTF8&z=13&iwloc=A&saddr=hyderabad&daddr=Kolhapur,+Maharashtra,+India "Kolhapur"] Google Maps.</ref> [[Thamirabarani River|Tambraparni]] river dam near Umgaon village is close by, as also are [[Radhanagari]] and Kalambawadi dams. [[Panhala]] {{cvt|21.5|km}} and [[Jyotiba Temple]] {{cvt|21.7|km}} are in the vicinity of Kolhapur too.


===Climate===
===Climate===
[[File:Rankala Lake .jpg|thumb|left|Rankala Lake at morning]]
[[File:Rankala Lake .jpg|thumb|left|Rankala Lake at morning]]
Kolhapur's climate is a blend of coastal and inland elements common to Maharashtra. The temperature has a relatively narrow range between {{cvt|10 to 35|°C}}. Summer in Kolhapur is comparatively cooler, but much more humid, than neighbouring inland cities. Maximum temperatures rarely exceed {{cvt|40|°C}} and typically range between {{cvt|33 and 35|°C}}. Lows during this season are around {{cvt|24 to 26|°C}}.
Kolhapur's climate is a blend of coastal and inland elements common to Maharashtra. The temperature ranges between {{cvt|10 and 35|°C}}. Summer in Kolhapur is comparatively cooler, but much more humid, than neighbouring inland cities. Maximum temperatures rarely exceed {{cvt|35|°C}} and typically range between {{cvt|33 and 35|°C}}. Lows during this season are around {{cvt|24 to 26|°C}}.


The city receives abundant rainfall from June to September due to its proximity to the Western Ghats. The heavy rains often lead to severe flooding during these months. 2005, 2006 and 2019 were years when floods occurred. Temperatures are low in the rainy season and range between {{cvt|19 and 30|°C}}.
The city receives abundant rainfall from June to September due to its proximity to the Western Ghats. The heavy rains often lead to severe flooding during these months. 2005, 2006, 2019 and 2021 were years when floods occurred. Temperatures are low in the rainy season and range between {{cvt|19 and 30|°C}}.
 
Kolhapur experiences winter from November to February. The winter temperatures are warmer than other cities in Maharashtra such as [[Pune]] and [[Nashik]]. Lows range from {{cvt|9 to 16|°C}} while highs are in the range of {{cvt|24 to 32|°C}} due to its high elevation and being adjacent to the Western Ghats. Humidity is low in this season making the weather pleasant.
[[File:Kolhapur at night from Rankala.jpg|thumb|center|1000px|Kolhapur City at night from Rankala lake]]


Kolhapur experiences winter from November to February. The winter temperatures are warmer than other cities in Maharashtra such as [[Pune]] and [[Nashik]]. Lows range from {{cvt|9 to 16|°C}} while highs are in the range of {{cvt|24 to 32|°C}} due to its high elevation and being adjacent to the Western Ghats. Humidity is low in this season making the weather much more pleasant.
[[File:Kolhapur at night from Rankala.jpg|thumb|center|1200px|Kolhapur City at night from Rankala lake]]
{{Weather box
{{Weather box
| location = Kolhapur (1981–2010, extremes 1946–2012)
| location = Kolhapur (1981–2010, extremes 1946–2012)
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}}
}}


=== Hydrology ===
===Hydrology===
The Panchaganga river originates in the Western Ghats. It has five tributaries which supply the city and surrounds: the Bhogavati, Tulsi, Kumbhi, Kasari and the Dhamani rivers. Kolhapur has a number of lakes. The Rankala lake was once a stone quarry
The [[Panchganga River]] originates in the Western Ghats. It has five tributaries which supply the city and surroundings - the Bhogavati, Tulsi, Kumbhi, Kasari and Dhamani rivers. Kolhapur has a number of lakes. The [[Rankala Lake]] was once a stone quarry.


The Kalamba lake was built in 1873. These two lakes provide the city with domestic [[potable]] water. {{wide image|Rankala lake panorama.jpg|1200px|Rankala lake panorama}}
The Kalamba lake was built in 1873. These two lakes provide the city with domestic [[potable]] water. {{wide image|Rankala lake panorama.jpg|1000px|Rankala lake panorama}}


==Governance==
==Governance==
[[File:Bust of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar at Bindu Chowk in Kolhapur.jpg|thumb|Bust of [[B. R. Ambedkar]] at Bindu Chowk in Kolhapur. This is the world's first statue of Ambedkar, inaugurated on 7 December 1950.]]
[[File:Bust of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar at Bindu Chowk in Kolhapur.jpg|thumb|The world's first statue of [[B. R. Ambedkar]], a bust erected in 1950 at Bindu Chowk in Kolhapur.]]
{{Main|Kolhapur Municipal Corporation}}
{{Main|Kolhapur Municipal Corporation}}
Kolhapur is governed by the [[Kolhapur Municipal Corporation]] (KMC). The city is divided into five wards, named with the letters A to E. The corporation provides services such as sewrage treatment and free cremation for residents and has made a number of improvements, for example, the Kolhapur Road Project;<ref name="Road">[http://www.kolhapurcorporation.gov.in/IRDP4.html "Kolhapur Road Project."] Government of India website. Retrieved 12 September 2017.</ref> the Anti-Encroachment Drive to stop unwanted building activity encroaching on the city's open space; and the Suvarna Jayanti Nagarotthan Project for improvement of roads and storm water management.<ref name="Suvarna">[http://www.kolhapurcorporation.gov.in/pdf/short_note_nagarothan_abhiyan_road_and_strom_water.pdf "Kolhapur Nagarothan Abhiya."] Kolhapur Municipal Corporation website. Retrieved 12 September 2017.</ref> However KMC faces problems like expansion of civic limits of Kolhapur city which are not increased from 1972, due to the same this city fails to avail the benefits of various government schemes.
Kolhapur is governed by the [[Kolhapur Municipal Corporation]] (KMC). The city is divided into five wards, named with the letters A to E. The corporation provides services such as [[sewage]] treatment and free cremation for residents and has made a number of improvements, for example, the Kolhapur Road Project,<ref name="Road">[http://www.kolhapurcorporation.gov.in/IRDP4.html "Kolhapur Road Project."] Government of India website. Retrieved 12 September 2017.</ref> the Anti-Encroachment Drive to stop illegal building activity encroaching on the city's open spaces, and the ''Suvarna Jayanti Nagarotthan'' Project to improve roads and storm water management.<ref name="Suvarna">[http://www.kolhapurcorporation.gov.in/pdf/short_note_nagarothan_abhiyan_road_and_strom_water.pdf "Kolhapur Nagarothan Abhiya."] Kolhapur Municipal Corporation website. Retrieved 12 September 2017.</ref> The KMC faces problems like the civic limits of Kolhapur city which have not expanded since 1972, due to which the city cannot benefit from various government schemes.


On 16 August 2017, Kolhapur Municipal and Regional Development Authority has been established. This authority is operating in Kolhapur city and 42 villages around Kolhapur city. This authority formed for the balanced development of Kolhapur city and the surrounding 42 villages.<ref name=maharashtratimes>{{cite news|url=http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/kolhapur-western-maharashtra-news/kolhapur/kolhapur-kolhapur-deveopment-authority-declared/articleshow/60093309.cms|title=कोल्हापूरसाठी प्राधिकरण|work=Maharashtra Times
The Kolhapur Municipal and Regional Development Authority was established on 16 August 2017. This authority to manage Kolhapur city and 42 villages around it was formed for the balanced development of Kolhapur city and the neighbouring villages.<ref name=maharashtratimes>{{cite news|url=http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/kolhapur-western-maharashtra-news/kolhapur/kolhapur-kolhapur-deveopment-authority-declared/articleshow/60093309.cms|title=कोल्हापूरसाठी प्राधिकरण|work=Maharashtra Times
|date=17 August 2017|access-date=12 September 2017}}</ref>
|date=17 August 2017|access-date=12 September 2017}}</ref>


==Demographics==
==Demographics==
As per the reports of 2011 Census of India, population of Kolhapur city is 549,236 and population of 'Kolhapur Municipal and Regional Development Authority' is 561,837.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/kolhapur-western-maharashtra-news/kolhapur/kolhapur-kolhapur-deveopment-authority-declared/articleshow/60093309.cms|title=Kolhapur Regional Development Authority|date=17 August 2017}}</ref>
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], the population of Kolhapur city is 549,236 and that in 'Kolhapur Municipal and Regional Development Authority' is 561,837.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/kolhapur-western-maharashtra-news/kolhapur/kolhapur-kolhapur-deveopment-authority-declared/articleshow/60093309.cms|title=Kolhapur Regional Development Authority|date=17 August 2017}}</ref> Kolhapur has one of the highest [[Human Development Index]] ratings among Indian districts, at 0.770 in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/District-Wise-Human-Development-Index-HDI-2011_tbl2_343948335|title=Research Gate|date=20 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mahasdb.maharashtra.gov.in/docs/pdf/mhdr_2012.pdf|title=RMaharashtra Human Development Report 2012|date=20 August 2012}}</ref>


=== Religion ===
===Religion===
* Hindu – 460,774 (83.89%)
* Hindu – 460,774 (83.89%)
* Muslims – 59,760 (10.88%)
* Muslims – 59,760 (10.88%)
* Jain – 18,420 (3.35%)
* Jain – 18,420 (3.35%)
Line 257: Line 266:
* Sikh – 581 (0.11%)
* Sikh – 581 (0.11%)
* Others – 232 (0.04%)
* Others – 232 (0.04%)
According to 2011 India census, [[Hinduism]] is majority religion in Kolhapur city with 83.89% followers. [[Islam]] is second most popular religion in city of Kolhapur with approximately 10.88% following it. In Kolhapur city, [[Jainism]] by 3.35%, [[Christianity]] is followed by 0.96%, [[Buddhism]] by 0.53%, and Sikhism by 0.11%. Around 0.04% stated 'Other Religion', approximately 0.23% stated 'No Particular Religion'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/386-kolapur.html|title=Kolapur City Population Census 2011 - Maharashtra|website=www.census2011.co.in|access-date=12 September 2017}}</ref>


==Economy==
==Economy==
Line 264: Line 271:
[[File:Reliance Mega Mall Kolhapur.jpg|thumb|Reliance Mega mall at Kolhapur]]
[[File:Reliance Mega Mall Kolhapur.jpg|thumb|Reliance Mega mall at Kolhapur]]


===Manufacturing industry===
Kolhapur has a higher per capita domestic product than the state's average. It has auto-ancillary, foundry and casting industrial establishments which act as supporting units for industries in [[Sangli]], [[Satara (city)|Satara]], [[Pune]] and [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/kolhapur-posts-higher-per-capita-domestic-product-than-states-average/articleshow/46616087.cms|title=Kolhapur posts higher per capita domestic product than state's average|date=19 March 2015|access-date=1 April 2022}}</ref>
The city particularly known for the Kolhapuri chappal, a hand-crafted buffalo leather slipper that is locally tanned using vegetable dyes. Kolhapuri slippers are sold on Mahadwar road.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/Storyold/153909/|title=Kolhapuri chappal to set foot in new markets|work=Indian Express|date=13 June 2000|access-date=12 September 2017}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131009020618/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kolhapuri-chappals-comes-easy-on-the-pocket-now/45113-3.html "Kolhapuri chappals come easy on the pocket now."] IBN Live website 17 July 2007. Accessed 21 October 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/government-unveils-new-trade-policy/958107/4|title=Government unveils new trade policy|work=Indian Express|date=5 June 2012|access-date=12 September 2017}}</ref> Other handicrafts include: hand block printing of textiles; silver, bead and paste jewellery crafting; pottery; wood carving and lacquerware; brass sheet work and oxidised silver artwork;and lace and embroidery making.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=6ohvu8D3LbgC&pg=PA250&dq=kolhapur&hl=en&sa=X&ei=CIdCU8vcF8nYkgX-_oCgAg&ved=0CGsQ6AEwCg#v=onepage&q=kolhapur&f=false "Maharashtra development report."] Government of India Planning Commission report. Academic Foundation, 2007 {{ISBN|8171885403}}, 9788171885404 Accessed 8 April 2014.</ref>
MIDC area like -
* Shiroli
* Kagal
* Gokul shirgaon
* Shivaji Udyamnagar, kolhapur
situated in Kolhapur.
Kolhapur is also an industrial city with approximately 300 [[foundry|foundries]] generating exports with a value of 15 billion [[rupee]]s per year.<ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/midc-to-acquire-1000-acres-for-kagal-park/268529/ "MIDC to acquire 1,000 acres for Kagal park."] Business Standard, 20 December 2006.</ref> A manufacturing plant of [[Kirloskar group]] kirloskar Oil Engines Limited [KOEL] is set up in the [[Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation|MIDC]] at Kagal near Kolhapur, as is the Raymond clothes plant. Kolhapur has two more industrial areas, Gokul-Shirgaon MIDC and Shiroli MIDC. Shivaji Udyamnagar is an industrial area in the city with a rich entrepreneurial tradition of more than 100 years and specializing in oil engines.


Kolhapur is also an industrial city with approximately 300 foundries producing exports with a value of 15 billion [[rupee]]s per year.<ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/midc-to-acquire-1000-acres-for-kagal-park/268529/ "MIDC to acquire 1,000 acres for Kagal park."] Business Standard, 20 December 2006.</ref> A manufacturing plant of Kirloskar Oil Engines [KOEL] is set up in 5 star MIDC at Kagal near Kolhapur, besides this Raymond clothes plant is also located in the same industrial area. Kolhapur has two more industrial areas wiz. Gokul-Shirgaon MIDC, Shiroli MIDC & Udyamnagar is an industrial area in the city.


=== Tourism ===
The city is the home of ''Kolhapuri chappal'', a hand-crafted buffalo leather slipper that is locally tanned using vegetable dyes. Kolhapuri slippers are sold on Mahadwar road.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/Storyold/153909/|title=Kolhapuri chappal to set foot in new markets|work=Indian Express|date=13 June 2000|access-date=12 September 2017}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131009020618/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kolhapuri-chappals-comes-easy-on-the-pocket-now/45113-3.html "Kolhapuri chappals come easy on the pocket now."] IBN Live website 17 July 2007. Accessed 21 October 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/government-unveils-new-trade-policy/958107/4|title=Government unveils new trade policy|work=Indian Express|date=5 June 2012|access-date=12 September 2017}}</ref> Other handicrafts include hand block printing of textiles, silver, bead and paste jewellery crafting, pottery, wood carving and lacquerware, brass sheet work and oxidised silver artwork, and lace and embroidery making.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=6ohvu8D3LbgC&pg=PA250 "Maharashtra development report."] Government of India Planning Commission report. Academic Foundation, 2007 {{ISBN|9788171885404}}, Accessed 8 April 2014.</ref>


Tourism is another source of revenue with about three million visitors to the city per year.<ref>[http://urbanindia.nic.in/programme/uwss/CSP/Draft_CSP/Kolhapur_CSP.pdf "Kolhapur Municipal Corporation draft."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004233747/http://urbanindia.nic.in/programme/uwss/CSP/Draft_CSP/Kolhapur_CSP.pdf |date=4 October 2013 }} Urban India government website, PDF document p10.</ref> Kolhapur's attractions include: New Palace, world's first statue of [[Babasaheb Ambedkar]] at Bindu chowk, inaugurated on 7 December 1950, Rankala lake, the Tara Rani equestrian statue which stands on two of the horse's legs an {{convert|85|ft|m}} idol of the Lord [[Ganesh]] at the Chinmaya mission (Top-Sambhapur). At the annual Dusshera procession, the Kolhapur Maybach car of the chhatrapatis of Kolhapur is displayed to the public. The rankala lake is place to visit in kolhapur.
Kolhapuri jewelry includes a type of necklace called [[Kolhapuri saaj]], patlya (two broad bangles), chinchpeti (choker), tanmani (short necklace), nath (nose ring), and bajuband (an amulet).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Exploring the Kolhapuri saaj - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/fashion/designers/exploring-the-kolhapuri-saaj/articleshow/29665503.cms|access-date=2021-12-21|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
 
==Tourism==
The Bombay Gazetteer recorded almost 250 temples in the region of which 6 - Ambabai, Temblai, Vithoba, Mahakali, Phiranga and Yallamma temples - are considered the most prominent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PrabhupadaBooks.com Srila Prabhupada's Original Books |url=https://prabhupadabooks.com/ |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=prabhupadabooks.com}}</ref> Tourism is an important source of revenue with about three million annual visitors.<ref>[http://urbanindia.nic.in/programme/uwss/CSP/Draft_CSP/Kolhapur_CSP.pdf "Kolhapur Municipal Corporation draft."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004233747/http://urbanindia.nic.in/programme/uwss/CSP/Draft_CSP/Kolhapur_CSP.pdf |date=4 October 2013 }} Urban India government website, PDF document p10.</ref> Kolhapur's attractions include:  
*[[Mahalakshmi Temple, Kolhapur]]
*[[Jyotiba Temple]]
*[[Panhala]] Fort
*Kaneri Math
*[[File:Jotiba temple kolhapur,maharashtra.jpg|thumb|Jyotiba Temple, Kolhapur]]New Palace
*[[Temblai]] temple complex
* Rankala Lake
* The Tara Rani equestrian statue
* An {{convert|85|ft|m}} idol of the Lord [[Ganesh]] at the [[Chinmaya Mission]] (Top-Sambhapur).  
The Kolhapur Maybach car of the [[chhatrapati]]s of Kolhapur is displayed to the public during the annual [[Dusshera]] procession.


===Film industry===
===Film industry===
[[File:Kolhapur Memorial to Baburao Painter 2012 IMG 1601.jpg|right|thumb|A Memorial to Baburao Painter in Kolhapur]]
[[File:Kolhapur Memorial to Baburao Painter 2012 IMG 1601.jpg|right|thumb|A Memorial to Baburao Painter in Kolhapur]]
On 1 December 1917, the [[Maharashtra Film Company]] was established in Kolhapur by [[Baburao Painter]]. The city has become the primary centre for the Marathi film industry. Kolhapur plays host to many film festivals, including the Kolhapur International Film Festival. The work of renovation and new locations of Kolhapur film city is going on.
On 1 December 1917, the [[Maharashtra Film Company]] was established in Kolhapur by [[Baburao Painter]]. The city has become the primary centre for the [[Marathi film industry]]. Kolhapur plays host to many film festivals, including the Kolhapur International Film Festival. The Kolhapur film city was renovated in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/phase-1-work-of-kolhapur-chitranagari-to-be-completed-by-april-end/articleshow/57008139.cms|author=Piyush Bhusari|title=Phase 1 work of Kolhapur Chitranagari to be completed by April end|work=[[The Times of India]]|agency=TNN|date=7 February 2017|access-date=12 September 2017}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/phase-1-work-of-kolhapur-chitranagari-to-be-completed-by-april-end/articleshow/57008139.cms|author=Piyush Bhusari|title=Phase 1 work of Kolhapur Chitranagari to be completed by April end|work=[[The Times of India]]|agency=TNN|date=7 February 2017|access-date=12 September 2017}}</ref>
 
===Malls===
In Kolhapur, four malls are present which are DYP city shopping mall located near Kawala Naka and Reliance mall in Laxmipuri.Shoppers stop and Star Bazar is also available .


==Cuisine==
==Cuisine==
[[File:Kolhapuri misal paav.jpg|thumb|left|Kolhapuri Misal]]
[[File:Kolhapuri misal paav.jpg|thumb|left|Kolhapuri Misal]]
[[File:Rajabhaubhel.jpg|thumb|alt=|Kolhapuri Bhel]]
[[File:Rajabhaubhel.jpg|thumb|alt=|Kolhapuri Bhel]]
Kolhapur cuisine is especially noted for its mutton dishes, Kolhapuri [[Misal]], Ethnic Meat <ref>[[Products: India and Pakistan. In: Carrick Devine & Michael Dikeman, editors-in-chief. Encyclopedia of Meat Sciences 2e, Vol. 1, Oxford: Elsevier; pp. 538-542.  
Kolhapur cuisine includes mutton dishes, Kolhapuri [[misal]], and ethnic meat dishes<ref>Products: India and Pakistan. In: Carrick Devine & Michael Dikeman, editors-in-chief. Encyclopedia of Meat Sciences 2e, Vol. 1, Oxford: Elsevier; pp. 538–542.  
{{ISBN|1741791553}}, 9781741791556 p183. Accessed at Google Books 7 April 2014.</ref>
{{ISBN|9781741791556}}, p183. Accessed at Google Books 7 April 2014.</ref>
The city also lends its name to certain types of food and ingredients, such as Kolhapuri Lavangi ([[chili pepper]]s), Kolhapuri [[jaggery]] (cane juice concentrate), Kolhapuri [[Spice mix|masala]] (spice mixture)and kolhapuri chutney (kanda-lasun chutney or onion garlic chutney) which is a staple in gravies and curries  
The city also lends its name to certain types of food and ingredients, such as Kolhapuri lavangi ([[chili pepper]]s), Kolhapuri [[jaggery]] (cane juice concentrate), Kolhapuri [[Spice mix|masala]] (spice mixture) and Kolhapuri [[chutney]] (onion garlic chutney) which is a staple in gravies and curries.


Kolhapur is famous for its unique soup-like curries called "''Pandhara Rassa''" and "''Tambda Rassa''" which are served as a part of a [[Thali]]. "''Pandhara Rassa''", which can be loosely translated to white curry, is a soup-like dish made from mutton stock and coconut milk infused with spices like cinnamon, coriander, ginger, and garlic. It is served as an appetizer, and also as a part of the main course. It is noted for its medicinal uses against cough and throat ailments. "''Tambda Rassa''", red curry, is a spicier form of the dish made by substituting coconut milk with red chilies.<ref>Devine C. and Dikeman M. [https://books.google.com/books?id=vL9dAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA540&dq=pandhara+rassa&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCwQ6AEwA2oVChMI4rKw4JuEyQIVSBWUCh1l9wLZ#v=onepage&q=pandhara%20rassa&f=false."Encyclopaedia of meat sciences."] Elsevier, 2014. second edition in three volumes. p540. {{ISBN|0123847346}}, 9780123847348.</ref>
Kolhapur cuisine also includes soup-like curries called ''Pandhara Rassa'' and ''Tambda Rassa'' which are served as a part of a [[Thali]]. ''Pandhara Rassa'', which can be loosely translated as white curry, is a soup-like dish made from mutton stock and coconut milk infused with spices like cinnamon, coriander, ginger, and garlic. It is served as an appetizer, and also as a part of the main course. ''Tambda Rassa'', red curry, is a spicier form of the dish made by substituting coconut milk with red chillies.<ref>Devine C. and Dikeman M. [https://books.google.com/books?id=vL9dAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA540 "Encyclopaedia of meat sciences."] Elsevier, 2014. second edition in three volumes. p540. {{ISBN|9780123847348}}.</ref>


[[File:Dummy 19 W.jpg|thumb|alt=|Kolhapuri Mutton plate with Tambada and Pandhara Rassa (outside the plate).]]
[[File:Dummy 19 W.jpg|thumb|alt=|Kolhapuri Mutton plate with Tambada and Pandhara Rassa (outside the plate).]]
International fast food chains have a presence as well, [[McDonald's]] and [[Domino's Pizza]] have a couple of outlets each, whereas [[Pizza Hut]] and [[Subway (restaurant)|Subway]], each, have a single outlet. Numerous cafes are also spread throughout the city which serve local as well as other types of cuisines.
Recently, the online food-delivery startups, [[Zomato]] and [[Swiggy]], have expanded their operations to Kolhapur, making the local cuisine even more accessible to the natives as well as visitors.


==Media and telecommunication==
==Media and telecommunication==
Kolhapur's main newspaper is the ''[[Pudhari]]''.<ref>[http://m.epapersland.com/pudhari-epapper-220.html "Pudhari."] E papers land.com. Retrieved 12 September 2017.</ref>  
Kolhapur's main newspaper is the ''[[Pudhari]]''.<ref>[http://m.epapersland.com/pudhari-epapper-220.html "Pudhari."] E papers land.com. Retrieved 12 September 2017.</ref> Other Marathi language newspapers include ''[[Sakal]]'', ''[[Loksatta]]'', ''[[Lokmat]]'', ''[[Kesari (newspaper)|Kesari]]'', ''[[Saamna]]'', ''[[Tarun Bharat]]'', and ''Punyanagari''.
Other Marathi language newspapers include ''[[Sakal]]'', ''[[Loksatta]]'', ''[[Lokmat]]'', ''[[Kesari (newspaper)|Kesari]]'', ''[[Saamna]] '', ''[[Tarun Bharat]]'', and ''Punyanagari''.


The [[English language]] dailies include ''[[The Times of India]]'' (Kolhapur edition), ''[[The Indian Express]]'', ''[[Business Standard]]'' and ''[[The Economic Times]]''.
The [[English language]] dailies include ''[[The Times of India]]'' (Kolhapur edition), ''[[The Indian Express]]'', ''[[Business Standard]]'' and ''[[The Economic Times]]''.
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==Sports==
==Sports==
A number of sports are played in Kolhapur. Wrestling (known as Kusti in Marathi) and football are the most played sports in the city.<ref name="Hanuman's Army: Kushti Wrestlers.">[http://www.reportagebygettyimages.com/features/hanuman-s-army-kushti-wrestlers/ "Hanuman's Army: Kushti Wrestlers."] Reportage at Getty Images website. 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2017.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/sainath/the-culture-and-crisis-of-kushti/article5297790.ece|title=The culture and crisis of kushti|last=Sainath|first=P.|date=2013-10-31|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-10-21|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
Wrestling (known as Kusti in Hindi/Marathi) , Football and Kabaddi are the sports most played in the city.<ref name="Hanuman's Army: Kushti Wrestlers.">[http://www.reportagebygettyimages.com/features/hanuman-s-army-kushti-wrestlers/ "Hanuman's Army: Kushti Wrestlers."] Reportage at Getty Images website. 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2017.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/sainath/the-culture-and-crisis-of-kushti/article5297790.ece|title=The culture and crisis of kushti|last=Sainath|first=P.|date=2013-10-31|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-10-21|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>


Wrestling - Kolhapur is known as wrestling capital of India. Kolhapur has a long history of kushti (wrestling) and has produced many noted wrestlers. The sport flourished during the reign of Shahu of Kolhapur [[Shahu of Kolhapur|Chattrapati Shahu Maharaj]](1894–1922), remembered for being a progressive ruler who brought about many social reforms. During this golden age, he built Akharas or  Taleems (as colloquially called here) all over Kolhapur and organized wrestling tournaments, inviting legendary wrestlers from across undivided India. Since then, Kolhapur's wrestling culture has been dominated by various Taleems like Gangavesh taleem,Shahupuri taleem, Motibag taleem, etc. In each of these, more than 70 wrestlers undertake training.
Kolhapur is known as [[wrestling]] capital of India. Kolhapur has a long history of kushti (wrestling) and has produced many wrestlers. The sport flourished during the reign of [[Chattrapati Shahu Maharaj|Shahu of Kolhapur]] (1894–1922). During this golden age, he built [[Akhara]]s or Taleems (as they are colloquially called) all over Kolhapur and organized wrestling tournaments, inviting wrestlers from across the Indian sub-continent. Since then, Kolhapur's wrestling culture has been dominated by various Taleems like Gangavesh taleem, Shahupuri taleem, Motibag taleem, etc. More than 70 wrestlers undertake training in each of these.


India's first individual Olympian [[K. D. Jadhav|Khashaba Dadasaheb Jadhav]] , India's first Hind Kesari Shripati Khanchnale, Rustam-E-Hind Dadu Chougule belonged to Kolhapur.
India's first individual Olympian [[K. D. Jadhav|Khashaba Dadasaheb Jadhav]], India's first [[Hind Kesari]] Shripati Khanchnale and [[Rustam-e-Hind]] Dadu Chougule belonged to Kolhapur.


[[Rajarshi Shahu Stadium]] is a football stadium in Kolhapur. [[Khasbag Wrestling Stadium]] , India's largest wrestling stadium is situated in Kolhapur.
[[Chhatrapati Shahu Stadium]] is a football stadium in Kolhapur. [[Khasbag Wrestling Stadium]], India's largest wrestling stadium is situated in Kolhapur.
 
B.B. Nimbalkar (former Ranji cricketer), [[Suhas Khamkar]] (Mr. Asia, Winner), [[Virdhawal Khade]] (Indian Olympian in swimming), [[Tejaswini Sawant]] (Arjuna awardee, world championship gold medalist shooter), [[Rahi Sarnobat]] (Arjuna awardee, Asian Gold medalist in shooting), [[Rucha Pujari]] (chess - [[FIDE titles|Woman International Master]]), Shahu Mane also belong to the city. [[Aniket Jadhav]] who played the [[FIFA U-17 World Cup 2017]] is from Kolhapur.
B.B. Nimbalkar (former Ranji cricketer), [[Suhas Khamkar]] (Mr. Asia, Winner), [[Virdhawal Khade]] (Indian Olympian in swimming), [[Jaysingrao Kusale]] (Indian shooter), [[Tejaswini Sawant]] (Arjuna awardee,world championship gold medalist shooter), Dadu Chowgule ([[Rustam-i-Hind|Rustam E Hind]]), [[Rahi Sarnobat]] (Arjuna awardee, Asian Gold medalist in shooting), [[Rucha Pujari]] (chess - [[FIDE titles|Woman International Master]]), Shahu Mane also belong to the city.
[[Aniket Jadhav]] who played the [[FIFA U-17 World Cup 2017]] is from Kolhapur.


==Transport==
==Transport==
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{{Main|Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj Terminus|Kolhapur Airport}}
{{Main|Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj Terminus|Kolhapur Airport}}
[[File:Kolhapur railway station.jpg|thumb|Kolhapur railway station]]
[[File:Kolhapur railway station.jpg|thumb|Kolhapur railway station]]
The [[Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj Terminus]] links Kolhapur via rail to India's major cities with express services to Pune, Mumbai, [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] and New Delhi. A daily shuttle service connects Kolhapur with the main rail hub of [[Miraj]] on the [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]] main line.
The [[Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj Terminus]] links Kolhapur via rail to India's major cities with express services to [[miraj]], [[Sangli]], [[Pune]], Mumbai, [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] and New Delhi. A daily shuttle service connects Kolhapur with the main rail hub of [[Miraj]] on the [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]] main line. A daily DEMU local train also runs from Kolhapur to [[Sangli railway station]].  
A new railway route from Miraj via Kolhapur till Vaibhavwadi has been confirmed, which will connect Kolhapur and many other towns with to the Western coastal region of India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/centre-sanctions-rs-250-crore-for-kolhapur-vaibhavwadi-rail-route/articleshow/56976702.cms|title=Centre sanctions Rs 250 crore for Kolhapur-Vaibhavwadi rail route|work=[[The Times of India]]|agency=TNN|date=12 February 2017|access-date=12 September 2017}}</ref>
A new railway route from Miraj via Kolhapur until Vaibhavwadi has been confirmed, which will connect Kolhapur and many other towns with to the Western coastal region of India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/centre-sanctions-rs-250-crore-for-kolhapur-vaibhavwadi-rail-route/articleshow/56976702.cms|title=Centre sanctions Rs 250 crore for Kolhapur-Vaibhavwadi rail route|work=[[The Times of India]]|agency=TNN|date=12 February 2017|access-date=12 September 2017}}</ref>


===Road===
===Road===
Kolhapur is located on [[National Highway 4 (India, old numbering)|National Highway 4]] and National Highway 204. The city has three [[Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation|state transport]] bus stands: Central Bus Stand (CBS), Rankala Bus Stand and Sambhajinagar Bus Stand. Kolhapur Municipal Transport (KMT) provides local bus services. The CBS of Kolhapur is the busiest bus stand in western Maharashtra with more than 50,000 commutators a day.
Kolhapur is located on [[National Highway 4 (India, old numbering)|National Highway 4]] and National Highway 204. Kolhapur is 55 km from [[Sangli]] City and 200 km from Pune. The city has three [[Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation|state transport]] bus stands: Central Bus Stand (CBS), Rankala Bus Stand and Sambhajinagar Bus Stand. Kolhapur Municipal Transport (KMT) provides local bus services. The CBS of Kolhapur is the busiest bus stand in western Maharashtra with more than 50,000 commutators a day.
[[File:National Highway-4 kolhapur.jpg|thumb|[[National Highway 4 (India, old numbering)|NH 4]], (Now NH 48) near the city]]
[[File:National Highway-4 kolhapur.jpg|thumb|[[National Highway 4 (India, old numbering)|NH 4]], (Now NH 48) near the city]]


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Kolhapur's domestic airport, also known as [[Chhatrapati Rajaram Maharaj Airport]], is located {{convert|9|km|mi}} south east of the city at Ujalaiwadi.
Kolhapur's domestic airport, also known as [[Chhatrapati Rajaram Maharaj Airport]], is located {{convert|9|km|mi}} south east of the city at Ujalaiwadi.


There are daily flights from Kolhapur to Hyderabad and Bengaluru operated by [[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]]. [[IndiGo|Indigo]] operates daily flights to Hyderabad and Tirupati as well as three times a week to [[Ahmedabad|Ahemdabad]] & [[TruJet|Trujet]] operates flights to [[Mumbai]] five days a week.
[[IndiGo|Indigo]] operates daily flights to [[Hyderabad Airport]] and [[Tirupati Airport]] as well as three times a week to [[Ahmedabad|Ahmedabad Airport]]. [[Star Air (India)|Star Air]] operates flights three times in a week to [[Mumbai Airport]]. Expansion of runway and construction of and airport terminal building is in progress.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}


The nearest international airports to Kolhapur are Pune International Airport (240 km) and Goa International Airport (220 km).
The nearest international airports to Kolhapur are Pune International Airport ({{cvt|240|km|disp=sqbr}}) and Goa International Airport ({{cvt|220|km|disp=sqbr}}).
Expansion of runway & construction of Airport Terminal Building is in progress.{{fact|date=March 2021}}


==Education==
==Education==
Kolhapur has educational institutions for Engineering, Medicine, Management Studies, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Agriculture. [[Shivaji University]] is located in Kolhapur city. There are international schools and a pre-IAS training centre. The pre-IAS training centre is in Rajaram college campus. The admissions to pre-IAS centre are allotted purely on merit in entrance exam. The city attracts students form all over India and Africa.{{fact|date=March 2021}}
Kolhapur has educational institutions for engineering, medicine, management studies, pharmaceutical sciences and agriculture. [[Shivaji University]] is located in Kolhapur city. There are international schools and a pre-IAS training centre. The pre-IAS training centre is in Rajaram college campus. The admissions to pre-IAS centre are allotted by merit through an entrance exam. The city attracts students form all over India and Africa.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}


==Languages==
==Languages==
Kolhapur has a distinct way of using the [[Marathi language]]. This could be attributed to the princely rule over the population which has brought a certain masculinity to the language. For example, one will find that women will also use words which are normally used by men while speaking.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed for the preceding two sentences|date=May 2020}} Names are uniquely shortened to utter them faster. For example, शंकर becomes शंक्रोबा.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed for the preceding two sentences|date=May 2020}} Some phrases are unique to the local dialect, and especially popular among the youth, such as ‘काय भावा?’, ‘नाद नाही करायचा’, ‘काटा कीर्रर्र’, ‘खटक्यावर बोट, and 'जाग्यावर पल्टी'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/cold-wave/article/kolhapur-has-its-own-linguistic-style/articleshow/57944822.cms|title=बेधडक वळणाची कोल्हापुरी बोली|work=Maharashtra Times|date=1 April 2017|access-date=12 September 2017}}</ref>
The [[Marathi language]] spoken in Kolhapur has some distinctive adaptations. Women for example will use the masculine gender for verbs. Some syllables in names are uniquely shortened to utter them faster. For example, शंकर becomes शंक्रोबा. Some phrases are unique to the local dialect, and especially popular among the youth, such as 'काय भावा?', 'नाद नाही करायचा', 'काटा कीर्रर्र', 'खटक्यावर बोट', and 'जाग्यावर पल्टी'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/cold-wave/article/kolhapur-has-its-own-linguistic-style/articleshow/57944822.cms|title=बेधडक वळणाची कोल्हापुरी बोली|work=Maharashtra Times|date=1 April 2017|access-date=12 September 2017}}</ref>
 
==Notable people==
* [[Shahu of Kolhapur]] - Maharaja and a social reformer.
* [[Tarabai]] - Maratha queen and warrior.
* [[Ramchandra Pant Amatya]] - One of the [[Ashta Pradhan]]s of [[Shivaji]].
* [[Santaji Ghorpade]] - Maratha warrior and Sarsenapati.
* [[Bhalji Pendharkar]] - Award Winning director.
* [[Nanda (actress)|Nanda]] - Film actress.
* [[Sudhir Phadke]] - Singer and composer.
* [[Suresh Wadkar]] - Playback singer.
* [[Jayant Narlikar]] - Indian astrophysicist.
* [[V. Shantaram]] - Indian filmmaker, film producer and actor.
* [[Shivaji Sawant]] - Indian novelist.
* [[Ranjit Desai]] - Popular Marathi writer.
* [[Master Vinayak]] - Indian actor and film director.
* [[Suniti Ashok Deshpande]] - Indian educator, writer, translator and interpreter.
* [[Leena Nair]] - CEO of [[Chanel]].
* [[D. Y. Patil]] - Indian politician and educator.
* [[Arun Sarnaik]] - Actor and singer.
* [[Dhondutai Kulkarni]] - Indian classical singer from the Jaipur-Atrauli gharana.
* [[Govindrao Tembe]] - Music composer.
* [[B. B. Nimbalkar]] - Indian cricketer, best known for his score of 443 not out during the 1948–49 Ranji Trophy.
* [[Dhananjay Mahadik]] - Indian politician and former Member of Parliament.
* [[Chandrakant Patil]] - Indian politician and Maharashtra [[BJP]] president.
* [[Ramesh Deo]] - Indian film and television actor.
* [[Vasantrao Ghatge]] - Indian entrepreneur, business magnate, industrialist and a professor.
* [[Jagdish Khebudkar]] - Marathi littérateur and lyricist of Marathi cinema.
* [[Ashutosh Gowariker]] - Indian film director, actor, screenwriter and producer.
* [[Madhavrao Bagal]] - Writer, artist, journalist, social reformer, political activist, orator and a freedom fighter.
* [[Anant Mane]] - Film director.
* [[Satej Patil]] - Politician and Minister of State for home in the Maharashtra Government.
* [[Padmini Kolhapure]] - Film actress.
* [[Shruti Sadolikar]] - Indian classical singer of the khyal style in the Jaipur-Atrauli gharana.
* [[Sadashivrao Dadoba Mandlik]] - Former Member of Parliament and NCP leader.
* [[Sanjay Mandlik]] - Member of Parliament and [[Shiv Sena]] Leader.
* [[Bhanu Athaiya]] - Indian costume designer and painter.
* [[Sangram Chougule]] - Body builder, Mr Universe winner (2012), Mr India (6-time winner), Mr Maharashtra (5-time winner).
* [[Suhas Khamkar]] - Body builder.


==See also==
==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Bhonsle|Bhosale]]
* [[Bhonsle|Bhosale]]
* [[Maratha]]
* [[Maratha]]
* [[Maratha Empire]]
* [[Maratha Empire]]
*[[Marathi people]]
* [[Marathi people]]
* [[List of Maratha dynasties and states]]
* [[List of Maratha dynasties and states]]
* [[Kolhapur Municipal Corporation]]
* [[Kolhapur Municipal Corporation]]
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==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category|Kolhapur}}
 
*{{wikivoyage-inline|Kolhapur}}
*
*[http://www.kolhapurcorporation.gov.in/ Kolhapur Municipal Corporation]
*[http://www.kolhapurcorporation.gov.in/ Kolhapur Municipal Corporation]
*[http://www.welcomekolhapur.com/ Kolhapur Tourism Information]
*[http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/cold-wave/article/kolhapur-has-its-own-linguistic-style/articleshow/57944822.cms]


{{Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra}}
{{Kolhapur district topics}}
{{Kolhapur district topics}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


Latest revision as of 14:33, 14 August 2023

"Kolhapuri" redirects here. For other uses, see Kolhapuri (disambiguation).

Template:Copyedit needed

Kolhapur
City
Kolhapur Palace
Kolhapur Palace
Nickname: 
Karveer[1]
Kolhapur city
Kolhapur city
Kolhapur
Location in Maharashtra, India
Kolhapur city
Kolhapur city
Kolhapur
Kolhapur (India)
Coordinates: 16°41′30″N 74°14′00″E / 16.69167°N 74.23333°E / 16.69167; 74.23333Coordinates: 16°41′30″N 74°14′00″E / 16.69167°N 74.23333°E / 16.69167; 74.23333
Country India
StateMaharashtra
DistrictKolhapur
TalukaKarveer
Founded byShilahara
Government
 • TypeMunicipal Corporation
 • BodyKMC
 • MayorVacant (Administrator Rule)
Area
[2]
 • City66.82 km2 (25.80 sq mi)
 • Metro
204.12 km2 (78.81 sq mi)
Elevation
545.6 m (1,790.0 ft)
Population
 (2011)[3]
 • City561,489
 • RankIndia : 80th
Maharashtra : 11th
 • Density8,400/km2 (22,000/sq mi)
 • Metro
[4]
985,736
Demonym(s)Kolhapurkar, Kolhapuri
Official
 • LanguageMarathi
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
416001-10
Telephone code0231
Vehicle registrationMH-09
Websitekolhapur.gov.in

Kolhapur (About this soundKolhapur.ogg (help·info)) is a city on the banks of the Panchganga River in the southern part of the Indian state of Maharashtra.[5]

Kolhapur, an epitome of beauty and richness in the Indian state of Maharashtra, stands tall as one of the most significant cities in South Maharashtra. With its rich cultural heritage, this city has been a hub of historical, religious, and cultural activities for centuries. Its historic significance can be traced back to the 1st century BC and continues to amaze visitors with its intricate carvings and magnificent temples. Kolhapur is famous for its unique food culture, including its signature Kolhapuri cuisine, that tantalizes the taste buds of locals and tourists alike. Sports, arts and local dialects also play a major role in defining the identity of the city, making it a true representation of diversity and unity. The city is situated in the western part of Maharashtra and is often referred to as "Dakshin Kashi" or "Mahateerth". It boasts a rich history, which has given it various other names, including Kollagiri, Kolladigiripattan and Kollpur, all meaning "valley". The vibrant and rich city of Kolhapur is indeed a cultural treasure, waiting to be explored by those in search of a true taste of India.

Kolhapur district. Around 2 C.E. Kolhapur's name was 'Kuntal'.[1]

Kolhapur is known as 'Dakshin Kashi' or Kashi of the South because of its spiritual history and the antiquity of its shrine Mahalaxmi, better known as Ambabai.[6] The region is known for the production of the famous hand-crafted and braided leather slippers called Kolhapuri chappal, which received the Geographical Indication designation in 2019.[7] In Hindu mythology, the city is referred to as "Karvir."[5]

Before India became independent in 1947, Kolhapur was a princely state under the Bhosale Chhatrapati of the Maratha Empire. It is an important center for the Marathi film industry.[8]

EtymologyEdit

Kolhapur is named after Kolhasur, a demon in Hindu History.[9] According to History, the demon Kolhasur renounced asceticism after his sons were killed by God for harassing people, and prayed to Mahalakshmi that she would leave the area to him for a hundred years. He committed numerous crimes until the goddess returned after the hundred years were over and killed him for his sins.[10][11] The dying wish of Kolhasur was to name the place after him, which was granted and the place was named Kolhapur. Kolha stands for Kolhasur and pur, a Sanskrit word, means "city".[11]

HistoryEdit

 
Mahalakshmi, Hindu goddess

Medieval eraEdit

The Shilahara family founded a dynasty at Kolhapur about the time of the downfall of the Rashtrakuta Empire, that ruled over southern Maharashtra including the modern districts of Satara, Kolhapur and Belagavi (Karnataka). Their family deity was the goddess Ambabai, whose blessing they claimed to have secured in their copperplate grants (Mahalakshmi-labdha-vara-prasada). Like their relatives of the northern branch of Konkan, the Shilaharas of Kolhapur claimed to be of the lineage of Vidyadhara Jimutavahana, a Jain scholar. Their banner featured a golden Garuda. One of the many titles used by the Shilaharas was Tagarapuravaradhisvara, supreme sovereign ruler of Tagara.

The first capital of the Shilaharas was probably at Karad during the reign of Jatiga II, as known from their copper plate grant of Miraj and 'Vikramankadevacharita' of Bilhana. Hence, they are referred to sometimes as the 'Shilaharas of Karad'.[12] Later, although the capital was shifted to Kolhapur, some of their grants mention Valavada and the hill fort of Pranalaka or Padmanala (Panhala) as the places of royal residence. Karhad retained its significance during the Shilahara period. This branch rose to power in the latter part of the Rashtrakuta rule and unlike the kings of the other two branches, this branch does not allude to the genealogy of the Rashtrakutas even in their early grants. They acknowledged the suzerainty of the later Chalukya dynasty for some time. They had used Kannada as an official language as can be seen from their inscriptions. The branch held southern Maharashtra from circa 940 to 1220.

From 940 to 1212 CE, Kolhapur was the centre of power of the Shilahara dynasty.[13] An inscription at Terdal states that the king Gonka (1020 - 1050 CE) was bitten by a snake then healed by a Jain monk. Gonka then built a temple to Lord Neminath, the twenty-second Jain tirthankara (enlightened being). From this era, Jain temples in and around Kolhapur are called Gonka-Jinalaya.

Around 1055 CE, during the reign of Bhoja I (Shilahara dynasty), a dynamic Acharya (spiritual guide) named Maghanandi (Kolapuriya) founded a religious institute at the Rupanarayana Jain temple (basadi). Maghanandi is also known as Siddhanta-Chakravarti, meaning the great master of the scriptures. Kings and nobles of the Shilahara dynasty such as Gandaraditya I, who succeeded Bhoja I, were disciples of Maghanandi.

Kolhapur was the site of intense confrontation between the Western Chalukya Empire and Rajadhiraja Chola and his younger brother Rajendra Chola II of the Chola empire. In 1052 CE, following the Battle of Koppam, the victor, Rajendra Chola II, marched on to Kolhapur and erected a jayastambha (victory pillar).[14]

Between 1109 and 1178 CE, the Kopeshwar temple to Lord Shiva was built by Shilahara kings, Gandaraditya I, Vijayaditya, and Bhoja II in Khidrapur, Kolhapur.[15]

Kolhapur StateEdit

 
Chhatrapati Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj, Maharajah of Kolhapur
Main article: Kolhapur State

The state of Kolhapur was established by Tarabai in 1707 in the midst of a succession dispute over the Maratha crown. The Maratha throne was then occupied by descendants of Tarabai. One of the prominent Kings was Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj (Shahu of Kolhapur). In his reign, he promoted free education to people of all castes, religions and fought against untouchability. The state was annexed by the British in the 19th century. After India's independence in 1947, the Maharaja of Kolhapur acceded to the Dominion of India on 14 August 1947 and merged with Bombay State on 1 March 1949. Kolhapur is sometimes found spelled as Colapore.[16] Often, Kolhapur is also referred as Dakshin Kashi or the Kashi of the South, due to its rich religious history.

Scriptural referencesEdit

Kolhapur is mentioned in the Devi Gita, the final chapter of the Devi-Bhagavata Purana, a text of Shaktism. Kolhapur is noted as a place of Kollamma worship. In the text, Devi says,

"O King of Mountains! Still I am now telling something out of My affection to My Bhaktas. Hear. There is a great place of pilgrimage named Kollapura in the southern country. Here the Devi Ambabai always dwells."[17]

GeographyEdit

 
The Panchganga river at Kolhapur

Kolhapur is an inland city located in south-west Maharashtra state, 373 km (232 mi) south of Mumbai and 230 km (140 mi) south of Pune, 613.8 km (381.4 mi) north-west of Bengaluru, 552 km (343 mi) west of Hyderabad and 47 km (29 mi) west of Sangli city. Within Maharashtra, Kolhapur's nearest cities and towns are Ichalkaranji 27 km (17 mi), Jaysingpur 13 km (8.1 mi),Kodoli 35 km (22 mi), Peth Vadgaon 15 km (9.3 mi) Kagal 21 km (13 mi), Kasaba Walva 30 km (19 mi), Satara 115 km (71 mi). It lies in the Sahayadri mountains in the Western Ghats at an elevation of 569 m (1,867 ft).[18] Tambraparni river dam near Umgaon village is close by, as also are Radhanagari and Kalambawadi dams. Panhala 21.5 km (13.4 mi) and Jyotiba Temple 21.7 km (13.5 mi) are in the vicinity of Kolhapur too.

ClimateEdit

 
Rankala Lake at morning

Kolhapur's climate is a blend of coastal and inland elements common to Maharashtra. The temperature ranges between 10 and 35 °C (50 and 95 °F). Summer in Kolhapur is comparatively cooler, but much more humid, than neighbouring inland cities. Maximum temperatures rarely exceed 35 °C (95 °F) and typically range between 33 and 35 °C (91 and 95 °F). Lows during this season are around 24 to 26 °C (75 to 79 °F).

The city receives abundant rainfall from June to September due to its proximity to the Western Ghats. The heavy rains often lead to severe flooding during these months. 2005, 2006, 2019 and 2021 were years when floods occurred. Temperatures are low in the rainy season and range between 19 and 30 °C (66 and 86 °F).

Kolhapur experiences winter from November to February. The winter temperatures are warmer than other cities in Maharashtra such as Pune and Nashik. Lows range from 9 to 16 °C (48 to 61 °F) while highs are in the range of 24 to 32 °C (75 to 90 °F) due to its high elevation and being adjacent to the Western Ghats. Humidity is low in this season making the weather pleasant.

 
Kolhapur City at night from Rankala lake
Climate data for Kolhapur (1981–2010, extremes 1946–2012)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 35.4
(95.7) 		37.8
(100.0) 		40.4
(104.7) 		41.7
(107.1) 		42.3
(108.1) 		40.0
(104.0) 		33.3
(91.9) 		32.2
(90.0) 		35.7
(96.3) 		36.5
(97.7) 		34.6
(94.3) 		35.0
(95.0) 		42.3
(108.1)
Average high °C (°F) 30.5
(86.9) 		32.9
(91.2) 		35.6
(96.1) 		39.9
(103.8) 		35.5
(95.9) 		30.0
(86.0) 		26.9
(80.4) 		26.6
(79.9) 		28.8
(83.8) 		30.9
(87.6) 		30.6
(87.1) 		29.8
(85.6) 		31.2
(88.2)
Average low °C (°F) 15.2
(59.4) 		16.6
(61.9) 		19.6
(67.3) 		21.7
(71.1) 		22.5
(72.5) 		22.1
(71.8) 		21.4
(70.5) 		21.0
(69.8) 		20.8
(69.4) 		20.3
(68.5) 		17.9
(64.2) 		15.5
(59.9) 		19.5
(67.1)
Record low °C (°F) 8.7
(47.7) 		8.8
(47.8) 		12.4
(54.3) 		13.8
(56.8) 		16.2
(61.2) 		17.6
(63.7) 		18.1
(64.6) 		18.0
(64.4) 		16.4
(61.5) 		13.9
(57.0) 		9.6
(49.3) 		8.6
(47.5) 		8.6
(47.5)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 1.1
(0.04) 		0.4
(0.02) 		5.8
(0.23) 		18.5
(0.73) 		38.8
(1.53) 		213.5
(8.41) 		280.0
(11.02) 		208.6
(8.21) 		124.3
(4.89) 		113.4
(4.46) 		24.6
(0.97) 		5.4
(0.21) 		1,034.4
(40.72)
Average rainy days 0.2 0.1 0.3 1.4 2.8 11.6 17.1 16.8 8.5 6.0 1.6 0.4 66.9
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) 38 31 31 40 51 74 83 84 76 61 48 43 55
Source 1: India Meteorological Department[19][20]
Source 2: Government of Maharashtra[21]

HydrologyEdit

The Panchganga River originates in the Western Ghats. It has five tributaries which supply the city and surroundings - the Bhogavati, Tulsi, Kumbhi, Kasari and Dhamani rivers. Kolhapur has a number of lakes. The Rankala Lake was once a stone quarry.

The Kalamba lake was built in 1873. These two lakes provide the city with domestic potable water.

 
Rankala lake panorama

GovernanceEdit

 
The world's first statue of B. R. Ambedkar, a bust erected in 1950 at Bindu Chowk in Kolhapur.
Main article: Kolhapur Municipal Corporation

Kolhapur is governed by the Kolhapur Municipal Corporation (KMC). The city is divided into five wards, named with the letters A to E. The corporation provides services such as sewage treatment and free cremation for residents and has made a number of improvements, for example, the Kolhapur Road Project,[22] the Anti-Encroachment Drive to stop illegal building activity encroaching on the city's open spaces, and the Suvarna Jayanti Nagarotthan Project to improve roads and storm water management.[23] The KMC faces problems like the civic limits of Kolhapur city which have not expanded since 1972, due to which the city cannot benefit from various government schemes.

The Kolhapur Municipal and Regional Development Authority was established on 16 August 2017. This authority to manage Kolhapur city and 42 villages around it was formed for the balanced development of Kolhapur city and the neighbouring villages.[24]

DemographicsEdit

As per the 2011 Census of India, the population of Kolhapur city is 549,236 and that in 'Kolhapur Municipal and Regional Development Authority' is 561,837.[25] Kolhapur has one of the highest Human Development Index ratings among Indian districts, at 0.770 in 2011.[26][27]

ReligionEdit

  • Hindu – 460,774 (83.89%)
  • Muslims – 59,760 (10.88%)
  • Jain – 18,420 (3.35%)
  • Christian – 5,251 (0.96%)
  • Buddhist – 2,929 (0.53%)
  • Not Stated – 1,289 (0.23%)
  • Sikh – 581 (0.11%)
  • Others – 232 (0.04%)

EconomyEdit

 
DYP City Mall, Kolhapur
 
Reliance Mega mall at Kolhapur

Kolhapur has a higher per capita domestic product than the state's average. It has auto-ancillary, foundry and casting industrial establishments which act as supporting units for industries in Sangli, Satara, Pune and Bangalore.[28] MIDC area like -

  • Shiroli
  • Kagal
  • Gokul shirgaon
  • Shivaji Udyamnagar, kolhapur

situated in Kolhapur.

Kolhapur is also an industrial city with approximately 300 foundries generating exports with a value of 15 billion rupees per year.[29] A manufacturing plant of Kirloskar group kirloskar Oil Engines Limited [KOEL] is set up in the MIDC at Kagal near Kolhapur, as is the Raymond clothes plant. Kolhapur has two more industrial areas, Gokul-Shirgaon MIDC and Shiroli MIDC. Shivaji Udyamnagar is an industrial area in the city with a rich entrepreneurial tradition of more than 100 years and specializing in oil engines.


The city is the home of Kolhapuri chappal, a hand-crafted buffalo leather slipper that is locally tanned using vegetable dyes. Kolhapuri slippers are sold on Mahadwar road.[30][31][32] Other handicrafts include hand block printing of textiles, silver, bead and paste jewellery crafting, pottery, wood carving and lacquerware, brass sheet work and oxidised silver artwork, and lace and embroidery making.[33]

Kolhapuri jewelry includes a type of necklace called Kolhapuri saaj, patlya (two broad bangles), chinchpeti (choker), tanmani (short necklace), nath (nose ring), and bajuband (an amulet).[34]

TourismEdit

The Bombay Gazetteer recorded almost 250 temples in the region of which 6 - Ambabai, Temblai, Vithoba, Mahakali, Phiranga and Yallamma temples - are considered the most prominent.[35] Tourism is an important source of revenue with about three million annual visitors.[36] Kolhapur's attractions include:

The Kolhapur Maybach car of the chhatrapatis of Kolhapur is displayed to the public during the annual Dusshera procession.

Film industryEdit

 
A Memorial to Baburao Painter in Kolhapur

On 1 December 1917, the Maharashtra Film Company was established in Kolhapur by Baburao Painter. The city has become the primary centre for the Marathi film industry. Kolhapur plays host to many film festivals, including the Kolhapur International Film Festival. The Kolhapur film city was renovated in 2017.[37]

CuisineEdit

 
Kolhapuri Misal
 
Kolhapuri Bhel

Kolhapur cuisine includes mutton dishes, Kolhapuri misal, and ethnic meat dishes[38] The city also lends its name to certain types of food and ingredients, such as Kolhapuri lavangi (chili peppers), Kolhapuri jaggery (cane juice concentrate), Kolhapuri masala (spice mixture) and Kolhapuri chutney (onion garlic chutney) which is a staple in gravies and curries.

Kolhapur cuisine also includes soup-like curries called Pandhara Rassa and Tambda Rassa which are served as a part of a Thali. Pandhara Rassa, which can be loosely translated as white curry, is a soup-like dish made from mutton stock and coconut milk infused with spices like cinnamon, coriander, ginger, and garlic. It is served as an appetizer, and also as a part of the main course. Tambda Rassa, red curry, is a spicier form of the dish made by substituting coconut milk with red chillies.[39]

 
Kolhapuri Mutton plate with Tambada and Pandhara Rassa (outside the plate).

Media and telecommunicationEdit

Kolhapur's main newspaper is the Pudhari.[40] Other Marathi language newspapers include Sakal, Loksatta, Lokmat, Kesari, Saamna, Tarun Bharat, and Punyanagari.

The English language dailies include The Times of India (Kolhapur edition), The Indian Express, Business Standard and The Economic Times.

Kolhapur's FM radio services include Tomato FM (94.3 MHz), Radio Mirchi (98.3 MHz), Radio City (95 MHz), Big FM(92.7 MHz) and All India Radio FM (102.7 MHz).

SportsEdit

Wrestling (known as Kusti in Hindi/Marathi) , Football and Kabaddi are the sports most played in the city.[41][42]

Kolhapur is known as wrestling capital of India. Kolhapur has a long history of kushti (wrestling) and has produced many wrestlers. The sport flourished during the reign of Shahu of Kolhapur (1894–1922). During this golden age, he built Akharas or Taleems (as they are colloquially called) all over Kolhapur and organized wrestling tournaments, inviting wrestlers from across the Indian sub-continent. Since then, Kolhapur's wrestling culture has been dominated by various Taleems like Gangavesh taleem, Shahupuri taleem, Motibag taleem, etc. More than 70 wrestlers undertake training in each of these.

India's first individual Olympian Khashaba Dadasaheb Jadhav, India's first Hind Kesari Shripati Khanchnale and Rustam-e-Hind Dadu Chougule belonged to Kolhapur.

Chhatrapati Shahu Stadium is a football stadium in Kolhapur. Khasbag Wrestling Stadium, India's largest wrestling stadium is situated in Kolhapur. B.B. Nimbalkar (former Ranji cricketer), Suhas Khamkar (Mr. Asia, Winner), Virdhawal Khade (Indian Olympian in swimming), Tejaswini Sawant (Arjuna awardee, world championship gold medalist shooter), Rahi Sarnobat (Arjuna awardee, Asian Gold medalist in shooting), Rucha Pujari (chess - Woman International Master), Shahu Mane also belong to the city. Aniket Jadhav who played the FIFA U-17 World Cup 2017 is from Kolhapur.

TransportEdit

RailwayEdit

Main articles: Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj Terminus and Kolhapur Airport
 
Kolhapur railway station

The Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj Terminus links Kolhapur via rail to India's major cities with express services to miraj, Sangli, Pune, Mumbai, Bengaluru and New Delhi. A daily shuttle service connects Kolhapur with the main rail hub of Miraj on the Central Railway main line. A daily DEMU local train also runs from Kolhapur to Sangli railway station. A new railway route from Miraj via Kolhapur until Vaibhavwadi has been confirmed, which will connect Kolhapur and many other towns with to the Western coastal region of India.[43]

RoadEdit

Kolhapur is located on National Highway 4 and National Highway 204. Kolhapur is 55 km from Sangli City and 200 km from Pune. The city has three state transport bus stands: Central Bus Stand (CBS), Rankala Bus Stand and Sambhajinagar Bus Stand. Kolhapur Municipal Transport (KMT) provides local bus services. The CBS of Kolhapur is the busiest bus stand in western Maharashtra with more than 50,000 commutators a day.

 
NH 4, (Now NH 48) near the city

AirportEdit

Kolhapur's domestic airport, also known as Chhatrapati Rajaram Maharaj Airport, is located 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) south east of the city at Ujalaiwadi.

Indigo operates daily flights to Hyderabad Airport and Tirupati Airport as well as three times a week to Ahmedabad Airport. Star Air operates flights three times in a week to Mumbai Airport. Expansion of runway and construction of and airport terminal building is in progress.[citation needed]

The nearest international airports to Kolhapur are Pune International Airport (240 km [150 mi]) and Goa International Airport (220 km [140 mi]).

EducationEdit

Kolhapur has educational institutions for engineering, medicine, management studies, pharmaceutical sciences and agriculture. Shivaji University is located in Kolhapur city. There are international schools and a pre-IAS training centre. The pre-IAS training centre is in Rajaram college campus. The admissions to pre-IAS centre are allotted by merit through an entrance exam. The city attracts students form all over India and Africa.[citation needed]

LanguagesEdit

The Marathi language spoken in Kolhapur has some distinctive adaptations. Women for example will use the masculine gender for verbs. Some syllables in names are uniquely shortened to utter them faster. For example, शंकर becomes शंक्रोबा. Some phrases are unique to the local dialect, and especially popular among the youth, such as 'काय भावा?', 'नाद नाही करायचा', 'काटा कीर्रर्र', 'खटक्यावर बोट', and 'जाग्यावर पल्टी'.[44]

Notable peopleEdit

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 History and Sociology class sixth इतिहास व नागरिकशास्त्र इयत्ता सहावी [History and Sociology class sixth] (in मराठी) (5th ed.). Mudra vibhag, Pathyapustak madal, Pune: Maharashtra rajya pathyapustak nirmiti va sanshodhak mandal, Pune. 2021. p. 44.
  2. ↑ "कोल्हापूरसाठी प्राधिकरण -Maharashtra Times". 17 August 2017.
  3. ↑ "World Urban Areas 18th Annual" (PDF). Demographia. July 2022.
  4. ↑ "कोल्हापूरसाठी प्राधिकरण". 17 August 2017.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Karade, Jagan (27 October 2020). Occupational Mobility among Scheduled Castes. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5275-6131-1.
  6. ↑ Suresh, B. N. (17 April 2021). Space and Beyond: Professional Voyage of K. Kasturirangan. Springer Nature. p. 281. ISBN 978-981-336-510-0.
  7. ↑ "Kolhapuris: The famous leather chappal get Geographical Indication tag - Geographical Indication tag". The Economic Times.
  8. ↑ Kulkarni, Sripad Rao Laxman (1 March 2021). Bharata Darshana. Leela Prakashana.
  9. ↑ Malgonkar, Manohar (1971). Chhatrapatis of Kolhapur. Popular Prakashan. p. 2.
  10. ↑ Doniger, Wendy (1 January 1993). Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts. SUNY Press. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-7914-1381-4.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Mythology". Ambabai Mahalaxmi Kolhapur. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
  12. ↑ Bombay Geographical Magazine. Bombay Geographical Association. 1953. p. 7.
  13. ↑ Bhavan B. V. "Temples and legends of Maharashtra." 1962 volume 97.
  14. ↑ Sastri K. A. N. "The CōĻas." 1935 p. 256–257 (University of Madras, 2000).
  15. ↑ Kanhere, Gopal Krishna (1989). The Temples of Maharashtra. Maharashtra Information Centre (Directorate-General of Information and Public Relations, Bombay), Government of Maharashtra. p. 105.
  16. ↑ Hertslet's Commercial Treaties. Great Britain: Foreign Office, Great Britain. 1900. p. 1167. Retrieved 7 September 2015.
  17. ↑ Chatterji H. P. "Devi Gita, the vow and the sacred places of the Devi." Archived 12 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine The Devi Gita (Song of the Goddess), excerpt from Srimad Devi Bhagawatam, translated by the Vijnanananda (Hari Prasanna Chatterji), 1921, chapter 38 verse 3 - 10. "O King of Mountains! Still I am now telling something out of My affection to My Bhaktas. Hear. There is a great place of pilgrimage named Kolhapura in the southern country. Here the Devi Ambabai always dwells. The second place is Mahur, Maharashtra|Matripura in the Sahyadri mountain; here the Devi Renuka dwells."
  18. ↑ "Kolhapur" Google Maps.
  19. ↑ "Station: Kolhapur Climatological Table 1981–2010" (PDF). Climatological Normals 1981–2010. India Meteorological Department. January 2015. pp. 423–424. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
  20. ↑ "Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M144. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
  21. ↑ "Climate". Government of Maharashtra. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
  22. ↑ "Kolhapur Road Project." Government of India website. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
  23. ↑ "Kolhapur Nagarothan Abhiya." Kolhapur Municipal Corporation website. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
  24. ↑ "कोल्हापूरसाठी प्राधिकरण". Maharashtra Times. 17 August 2017. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
  25. ↑ "Kolhapur Regional Development Authority". 17 August 2017.
  26. ↑ "Research Gate". 20 August 2017.
  27. ↑ "RMaharashtra Human Development Report 2012" (PDF). 20 August 2012.
  28. ↑ "Kolhapur posts higher per capita domestic product than state's average". 19 March 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
  29. ↑ "MIDC to acquire 1,000 acres for Kagal park." Business Standard, 20 December 2006.
  30. ↑ "Kolhapuri chappal to set foot in new markets". Indian Express. 13 June 2000. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
  31. ↑ "Kolhapuri chappals come easy on the pocket now." IBN Live website 17 July 2007. Accessed 21 October 2013.
  32. ↑ "Government unveils new trade policy". Indian Express. 5 June 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
  33. ↑ "Maharashtra development report." Government of India Planning Commission report. Academic Foundation, 2007 ISBN 9788171885404, Accessed 8 April 2014.
  34. ↑ "Exploring the Kolhapuri saaj - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  35. ↑ "PrabhupadaBooks.com Srila Prabhupada's Original Books". prabhupadabooks.com. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
  36. ↑ "Kolhapur Municipal Corporation draft." Archived 4 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine Urban India government website, PDF document p10.
  37. ↑ Piyush Bhusari (7 February 2017). "Phase 1 work of Kolhapur Chitranagari to be completed by April end". The Times of India. TNN. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
  38. ↑ Products: India and Pakistan. In: Carrick Devine & Michael Dikeman, editors-in-chief. Encyclopedia of Meat Sciences 2e, Vol. 1, Oxford: Elsevier; pp. 538–542. ISBN 9781741791556, p183. Accessed at Google Books 7 April 2014.
  39. ↑ Devine C. and Dikeman M. "Encyclopaedia of meat sciences." Elsevier, 2014. second edition in three volumes. p540. ISBN 9780123847348.
  40. ↑ "Pudhari." E papers land.com. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
  41. ↑ "Hanuman's Army: Kushti Wrestlers." Reportage at Getty Images website. 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
  42. ↑ Sainath, P. (31 October 2013). "The culture and crisis of kushti". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
  43. ↑ "Centre sanctions Rs 250 crore for Kolhapur-Vaibhavwadi rail route". The Times of India. TNN. 12 February 2017. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
  44. ↑ "बेधडक वळणाची कोल्हापुरी बोली". Maharashtra Times. 1 April 2017. Retrieved 12 September 2017.

Further readingEdit

"The Imperial Gazetteer of India." Oxford at Clarendon Press, 1909 Volume 15. p380 - 387. Accessed at Digital South Asia Library at University of Chicago, Illinois, 7 April 2014.

External linksEdit

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