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# | {{Short description|Eighth month of the Hindu lunar calendar}} | ||
{{ | {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}} | ||
{{Infobox month | |||
| image = | |||
| alt = | |||
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| calendar = [[Hindu calendar]] | |||
| num = 8 | |||
| days = 29 or 30 | |||
| season = [[Sharada (season)|Sharada]] ([[autumn]]) | |||
| gregorian = [[October]]–[[November]] | |||
| holidays = {{ubl |[[Chhath]] |[[Diwali]]{{efn|name=Purnimanta |As per purnimanta tradition. The Hindu calendar follows two various systems:Amanta and Purnimanta. As per the amanta tradition, the lunar month ends on the [[new moon]] day and as per the purnimanta tradition, it ends on the [[full moon day]]. As a consequence, in the amanta tradition, [[Shukla paksha]] ([[waning moon]]) precedes [[Krishna paksha]] ([[waxing moon]]) in every lunar month, whereas the reverse happens in purnimānta tradition. Hence, Shukla paksha will always belong to the same month in both traditions, whereas Krishna paksha will always be associated with different but succeeding months in each tradition. The Amanta tradition is officially followed by the [[Indian national calendar]].<ref>{{cite book|author=V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar|title=The Gupta Polity|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|year=1993|isbn=978-81-208-1024-2|pages=24–35}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Amānta and Pūrṇimānta – Decoding Hindu Lunar Months |url=https://divinehindu.com/hinduism/amanta-and-purnimanta-decoding-hindu-lunar-months/|work=Divine Hindu |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Lunar months – Pūrṇimānta and Amānta system |url=https://www.ekohumm.com/article/lunar-months-purnimanta-and-amanta-system|work=Ekohumm |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref>}} |[[Guru Nanak Jayanti]] |[[Karwa Chauth]]{{efn|name=Purnimanta}} |[[Karthika Deepam]] |[[Kartik Poornima]] |[[Prabodhini Ekadashi]] | |||
}} | |||
| prev_month = [[Ashvin (month)|Ashvin]] | |||
| next_month = [[Agrahayana]] | |||
}} | |||
{{Hinduism}} | |||
'''Kārtika''', '''Karttika''' or '''Kartik''' is the eighth [[month]] of the [[Hindu calendar|Hindu]] [[lunar calendar]] and the [[Indian national calendar]].<ref>{{cite book|editor=Kenneth W. Morgan|title=The Religion Of The Hindus|year= 1987|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|isbn=978-8-120-80387-9|page=96}}</ref> The name of the month is derived from the position of the [[Moon]] near the [[Kṛttikā ]] [[nakshatra]] (star) on the [[full moon]] day.<ref name="Ety">{{cite book|title=Heavens and Earth: The Story of Astrology Through Ages and Cultures|author=Garima Garg|year=2022|isbn=978-9-354-92705-8|publisher=[[Penguin Random House]]|page=75}}</ref> The month corresponds to the [[Sharada (season)|autumn]] season and falls in October–November of the [[Gregorian calendar]].<ref>{{cite book|editor=Helene Henderson|year=2005|title=Holidays, festivals, and celebrations of the world dictionary|edition=Third|location=[[Detroit]]|publisher=Omnigraphics|page=xxix|isbn=978-0-780-80982-6}}</ref> | |||
In the Hindu [[solar calendar]], it corresponds to the month of [[Tula (month)|Tula]] and begins with the [[Sun]]'s entry into [[Libra (constellation)|Libra]].<ref name="Siddhantha">{{cite book|title=The Siddhantas and the Indian Calendar|author1=Robert Sewell|author2=John Faithful Fleet|year=1989|publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]]|page=334}}</ref> It corresponds to Kartik, the seventh month in the [[Bengali calendar]], and [[Kartik (Nepali calendar)|Kartika]], the seventh month in [[Vikram Samvat]].<ref name="Siddhantha"/> In the [[Tamil calendar]], it corresponds to the eighth month of [[Karthigai]], falling in the Gregorian months of November–December.<ref name="Siddhantha"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/tamil-calendar.html|title=Tamil Calendar – Months |work=Time and Date |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref> In the [[Vaishnav]] calendar, it corresponds to the eighth month of Damodara.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vaisnavacalendar.info/aboutcalendar.htm|title=Vaisnava Calendar Reminder Services – About Calendar |work=Vaisnava Calendar |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.isvara.org/archive/on-the-calendar-by-srila-prabhupada/ |title=Something about the Vaisnava Calendar |work=ISVARA |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref> | |||
In the Hindu lunar calendar, each month has 29 or 30 days. The month begins on the next day after [[Amavasya]] ([[new moon]]) or [[Purnima]] ([[full moon]]) as per [[Hindu calendar#Amānta and Purnimānta systems|amanta]] and [[Hindu calendar#Amānta and Purnimānta systems|purnimanta]] systems respectively. A month consists of two cycles of 15 days each, [[Shukla Paksha]] ([[waning moon]]) and [[Krishna Paksha]] ([[waxing moon]]). Days in each cycle are labeled as a [[thithi]], with each thithi repeating twice in a month.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iskconeducationalservices.org/HoH/practice/festivals/the-hindu-calendar/|title=Hindu calendar|work=[[ISKCON]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://aryasamajhouston.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=166&Itemid=125|title=Hindu calendar|work=[[Arya Samaj]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> | |||
== Festivals == | |||
=== Diwali === | |||
[[Diwali]] is a five‑day [[Hindu]] [[Diwali|festival of lights]] marking the victory of light over darkness, or good over evil.<ref>{{cite web |title=Deepavali |url=https://www.itslife.in/festivals/deepavali|work=Its Life |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mead |first=Jean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QJyZKOtHWg4C&dq=deepavali+hinduism&pg=PA5 |title=How and why Do Hindus Celebrate Divali? |date=February 2008 |publisher=Evans Brothers |isbn=978-0-237-53412-7 |access-date=5 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111150755/https://books.google.com/books?id=QJyZKOtHWg4C&dq=deepavali+hinduism&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q=deepavali%20hinduism&f=false |archive-date=11 November 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Vasudha Narayanan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rdTJJEQsDHoC&pg=PA31 |title=Celebrate Diwali |last2=Deborah Heiligman |publisher=National Geographic Society |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-4263-0291-6 |page=31 |access-date=14 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102023011/https://books.google.com/books?id=rdTJJEQsDHoC&pg=PA31 |archive-date=2 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> As per the [[Hindu calendar#amanta|amanta]] tradition, the first four days of Diwali is celebrated in the previous month of [[Ashvin (month)|Ashvin]], and fifth day is celebrated on the [[Prathama]] (first lunar day) [[thithi]] of the Kartika month as [[Balipratipada]] and [[Govardhan Puja]] or [[Annakut]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Diwali 2025 Calendar – Dates, Rituals and Significance |url=https://www.drikpanchang.com/festivals/diwali/diwali-five-days.html|work=Drik Panchang |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref> | |||
As per the [[Hindu calendar#purnimanta|purnimanta]] tradition, Diwali is celebrated in the month of Kartik. Pre-Diwali festivities start with [[Govatsa Dwadashi]] on the [[Dwadashi]] (twelfth lunar day) [[thithi]], and is followed by [[Dhanteras]] (Kartika 13), [[Naraka Chaturdasi]] (Kartika 14), [[Kali Puja]] and [[Lakshmi Puja]] (Kartika 15), Balipratipada and Govardhan Puja (Kartika 16), and [[Bhai Dooj]] (Kartika 17) on consecutive days.<ref>{{cite web |title=Diwali 2025: Five Days of Lights, Legends and Rituals |url=https://www.hinduismtoday.com/hpi/2024/10/31/diwali-2024-five-days-of-lights-legends-and-rituals/|work=Hinduism Today |date=31 October 2024 |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref> | |||
=== Nag Nathaiya === | |||
[[Nag Nathaiya]] is celebrated on [[Chaturthi]] (fourth tithi) of Shukla Paksha, and commemorates god [[Krishna]]'s victory over the serpent [[Kaliya]] in the [[Yamuna River]]. The festival symbolises the victory of good over evil, and devotees gather at [[Varanasi]] to celebrate the same.<ref>{{cite web |title=Devotees gather at Tulsi Ghat to watch Nag Nathaiya |url=https://www.timesofindia.com/city/varanasi/devotees-gather-at-tulsi-ghat-to-watch-nag-nathaiya/articleshow/79297825.cms|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref> | |||
=== Prabodhini Ekadashi === | |||
[[Prabodhini Ekadashi]] is observed on the [[Ekadashi]] (eleventh lunar day) thithi of [[Shukla paksha]] ([[waning moon]]). The festival commemorates the awakening of god [[Vishnu]] at the end of Chaturmāsya, a four-month period of rest and is considered an auspicious day for starting new ventures.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prabodhini Ekadashi – Devdiwali |url=https://www.swaminarayan.org/festivals/devdiwali/index1.htm|work=Swaminarayan Sanstha |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref> People do [[fasting]] and offer [[sugercane]] to god on the day.<ref>{{cite web |title=Here’s why sugarcane is worshipped on Devotthan or Prabodhini Ekadashi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/culture/story/sugarcane-devotthan-prabodhini-ekadashi-ganne-ki-puja-worship-hindu-festival-indian-farmers-lifest-1078818-2017-10-31|work=[[India Today]] |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref> | |||
=== Purnima === | |||
[[File:Special_Kolam_with_Agal_vilakku_(Oil_Lamp)_for_Kaarthigai_Deepam.jpg|thumb|[[Diya (lamp)|Oil lamps]] lit during [[Karthika Deepam]]]] | |||
The [[Purnima]] ([[full moon day]]) of the month is celebrated as various festivals across the [[Indian subcontinent]]. [[Kartik Purnima]] is celebrated as Dev Deepavali by Hindus in parts of India, and involves fairs, pilgrimages, lamp-lighting and ritual bathing in sacred rivers.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPPr9HdmnHcC&dq=kartik+ekadasi&pg=PA133|title=Fairs and Festivals of India|first1=S. P.|last1=Sharma|first2=Seema|last2=Gupta|date=23 October 2006|publisher=Pustak Mahal|isbn=978-8-122-30951-5 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last= Dwivedi |first= Dr. Bhojraj |title= Religious Basis Of Hindu Beliefs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7wmqKuHFWWgC&q=Dev+Deepavali&pg=PA171|access-date=7 November 2012|publisher= Diamond Pocket Books |year=2006|isbn=978-8-128-81239-2|page=171}}</ref> The [[Ayyappan]] garland festival is celebrated in [[Sabarimala]] on the day known as Tripuri Purnima.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kartik Purnima 2020: Karthika Deepam Celebrations at Sabarimala Temple |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kartik-purnima-2020-karthika-deepam-celebrations-at-sabarimala-temple-on-karthika-pournami-2332213|work=[[NDTV]] |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref> | |||
[[Karthika Deepam]] is a festival of lights observed mainly by [[Hindu]] [[Tamils]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Gajrani |first=S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zh6z0nuIjAgC&dq=karthigai+deepam&pg=PA207 |title=History, Religion and Culture of India |date=2004 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-8-18205-061-7 |page=207 |access-date=22 February 2023 |archive-date=30 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930145221/https://books.google.com/books?id=zh6z0nuIjAgC&dq=karthigai+deepam&pg=PA207 |url-status=live }}</ref> The festival is celebrated on the full moon day of the month coinciding with the [[Kṛttikā]] [[nakshatra]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Spagnoli |first1=Cathy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6_Aci8KA7JEC&dq=karthigai+deepam+november+december&pg=PA133 |title=Jasmine and Coconuts: South Indian Tales |last2=Samanna |first2=Paramasivam |date=1999 |publisher=Libraries Unlimited |isbn=978-1-56308-576-5 |pages=133 |access-date=22 February 2023 |archive-date=30 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930150136/https://books.google.com/books?id=6_Aci8KA7JEC&dq=karthigai+deepam+november+december&pg=PA133 |url-status=live }}</ref> The festival is dedicated to god [[Kartikeya]] and is commemorated by lighting [[Diya (lamp)|deepams]] outside and inside the homes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Karthika Deepam – Significance & Rituals |url=https://www.hindu-blog.com/2009/11/karthigai-deepam-2009-date-kartika.html|work=Hindu-Blog |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref> | |||
On the Purnima day, [[Jains]] commemorate the achievement of [[nirvana]] by the [[Tirthankara]] [[Mahavira]], and the [[Sikhs]] celebrate [[Guru Nanak Jayanti]], the birthday of Sikh guru [[Guru Nanak]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Guru Nanak Jayanti 2025 Date & Significance |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/why-we-celebrate-guru-nanak-jayanti-2025-8208983/|work=The Indian Express |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Guru Nanak Dev Jayanti Significance |url=https://www.baps.org/News/2021/September/20210915-Guru-Nanak-Dev-Jayanti-2021-Significance.aspx|work=BAPS Sadhumargi |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref> | |||
=== Sohrai === | |||
[[Sohrai]] is a [[harvest festival]] celebrated by tribal communities in [[Jharkhand]] and [[West Bengal]]. Observed on Amavasya (new moon day), it honours cattle, agricultural land and includes paying tribute to the ancestors, and community feasting.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sohrai – A tribal festival celebrating cattle & nature |url=https://www.villagesquare.in/sohrai-tribal-festival-celebrating-cattles-nature/ |work=Village Square |date=2 February 2023 |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref> Homes are cleaned and decorated, livestock bathed and offered special meals, and the walls of houses are adorned with Sohrai art.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sohrai Festival |url=https://www.utsav.gov.in/view-event/sohrai-festival-1|work=Ministry of Tourism – Utsav |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref> | |||
=== Others === | |||
[[Jalaram Jayanti]] is a religious commemoration which celebrates the birth anniversary of Jalaram Bapu (1799-1881 CE), who lived in [[Gujarat]]. The festival involves prayers, singing, and distribution of food.<ref>{{cite web |title=Life & Legacy of Sant Jalaram Bapa |url=https://www.jalarammandirs.org/heritage/sant-jalaram-bapa-life-history.asp|work=JalaramMandirs.org |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jalaram Jayanti 2025: Date, Significance & Observance |url=https://www.gujaraticonnect.com/jalaram-jayanti-2025-date-significance-observance/|work=Gujarat Connect |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref> | |||
The second thithi [[Dwitiya]] of the month's bright fortnight is celebrated as Bhaatri Dwitiya. During the festival, sisters entertain their brothers, following the legend of [[Yamuna]], who entertained her brother [[Yama]] on the same day.<ref>{{cite book |title=India through the ages |url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada |last=Gopal |first=Madan |year=1990 |page=[https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/78 78] |editor=K.S. Gautam |publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref> | |||
==See also== | |||
* [[Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar]] | |||
* [[Hindu astrology]] | |||
* [[Hindu calendar]] | |||
* [[Indian astronomy]] | |||
* [[Indian units of measurement]] | |||
==Notes== | |||
{{notelist}} | |||
==References== | |||
{{Reflist}} | |||
==External links== | |||
{{Portal|Hinduism}} | |||
{{Hindu calendar}} | |||
{{Indian astronomy}} | |||
{{Bengali calendar}} | |||
[[Category:Months of the Hindu calendar|*08]] | |||
[[Category:Months of the Bengali calendar]] | |||
Latest revision as of 15:13, 12 November 2025
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Kārtika, Karttika or Kartik is the eighth month of the Hindu lunar calendar and the Indian national calendar.[1] The name of the month is derived from the position of the Moon near the Kṛttikā nakshatra (star) on the full moon day.[2] The month corresponds to the autumn season and falls in October–November of the Gregorian calendar.[3]
In the Hindu solar calendar, it corresponds to the month of Tula and begins with the Sun's entry into Libra.[4] It corresponds to Kartik, the seventh month in the Bengali calendar, and Kartika, the seventh month in Vikram Samvat.[4] In the Tamil calendar, it corresponds to the eighth month of Karthigai, falling in the Gregorian months of November–December.[4][5] In the Vaishnav calendar, it corresponds to the eighth month of Damodara.[6][7]
In the Hindu lunar calendar, each month has 29 or 30 days. The month begins on the next day after Amavasya (new moon) or Purnima (full moon) as per amanta and purnimanta systems respectively. A month consists of two cycles of 15 days each, Shukla Paksha (waning moon) and Krishna Paksha (waxing moon). Days in each cycle are labeled as a thithi, with each thithi repeating twice in a month.[8][9]
Festivals[edit | edit source]
Diwali[edit | edit source]
Diwali is a five‑day Hindu festival of lights marking the victory of light over darkness, or good over evil.[10][11][12] As per the amanta tradition, the first four days of Diwali is celebrated in the previous month of Ashvin, and fifth day is celebrated on the Prathama (first lunar day) thithi of the Kartika month as Balipratipada and Govardhan Puja or Annakut.[13]
As per the purnimanta tradition, Diwali is celebrated in the month of Kartik. Pre-Diwali festivities start with Govatsa Dwadashi on the Dwadashi (twelfth lunar day) thithi, and is followed by Dhanteras (Kartika 13), Naraka Chaturdasi (Kartika 14), Kali Puja and Lakshmi Puja (Kartika 15), Balipratipada and Govardhan Puja (Kartika 16), and Bhai Dooj (Kartika 17) on consecutive days.[14]
Nag Nathaiya[edit | edit source]
Nag Nathaiya is celebrated on Chaturthi (fourth tithi) of Shukla Paksha, and commemorates god Krishna's victory over the serpent Kaliya in the Yamuna River. The festival symbolises the victory of good over evil, and devotees gather at Varanasi to celebrate the same.[15]
Prabodhini Ekadashi[edit | edit source]
Prabodhini Ekadashi is observed on the Ekadashi (eleventh lunar day) thithi of Shukla paksha (waning moon). The festival commemorates the awakening of god Vishnu at the end of Chaturmāsya, a four-month period of rest and is considered an auspicious day for starting new ventures.[16] People do fasting and offer sugercane to god on the day.[17]
Purnima[edit | edit source]
The Purnima (full moon day) of the month is celebrated as various festivals across the Indian subcontinent. Kartik Purnima is celebrated as Dev Deepavali by Hindus in parts of India, and involves fairs, pilgrimages, lamp-lighting and ritual bathing in sacred rivers.[18][19] The Ayyappan garland festival is celebrated in Sabarimala on the day known as Tripuri Purnima.[20]
Karthika Deepam is a festival of lights observed mainly by Hindu Tamils.[21] The festival is celebrated on the full moon day of the month coinciding with the Kṛttikā nakshatra.[22] The festival is dedicated to god Kartikeya and is commemorated by lighting deepams outside and inside the homes.[23]
On the Purnima day, Jains commemorate the achievement of nirvana by the Tirthankara Mahavira, and the Sikhs celebrate Guru Nanak Jayanti, the birthday of Sikh guru Guru Nanak.[24][25]
Sohrai[edit | edit source]
Sohrai is a harvest festival celebrated by tribal communities in Jharkhand and West Bengal. Observed on Amavasya (new moon day), it honours cattle, agricultural land and includes paying tribute to the ancestors, and community feasting.[26] Homes are cleaned and decorated, livestock bathed and offered special meals, and the walls of houses are adorned with Sohrai art.[27]
Others[edit | edit source]
Jalaram Jayanti is a religious commemoration which celebrates the birth anniversary of Jalaram Bapu (1799-1881 CE), who lived in Gujarat. The festival involves prayers, singing, and distribution of food.[28][29]
The second thithi Dwitiya of the month's bright fortnight is celebrated as Bhaatri Dwitiya. During the festival, sisters entertain their brothers, following the legend of Yamuna, who entertained her brother Yama on the same day.[30]
See also[edit | edit source]
- Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar
- Hindu astrology
- Hindu calendar
- Indian astronomy
- Indian units of measurement
Notes[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Kenneth W. Morgan, ed. (1987). The Religion Of The Hindus. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 96. ISBN 978-8-120-80387-9.
- ↑ Garima Garg (2022). Heavens and Earth: The Story of Astrology Through Ages and Cultures. Penguin Random House. p. 75. ISBN 978-9-354-92705-8.
- ↑ Helene Henderson, ed. (2005). Holidays, festivals, and celebrations of the world dictionary (Third ed.). Detroit: Omnigraphics. p. xxix. ISBN 978-0-780-80982-6.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Robert Sewell; John Faithful Fleet (1989). The Siddhantas and the Indian Calendar. Asian Educational Services. p. 334.
- ↑ "Tamil Calendar – Months". Time and Date. Retrieved 1 October 2025.
- ↑ "Vaisnava Calendar Reminder Services – About Calendar". Vaisnava Calendar. Retrieved 1 October 2025.
- ↑ "Something about the Vaisnava Calendar". ISVARA. Retrieved 1 October 2025.
- ↑ "Hindu calendar". ISKCON. Retrieved 1 June 2025.
- ↑ "Hindu calendar". Arya Samaj. Retrieved 1 June 2025.
- ↑ "Deepavali". Its Life. Retrieved 1 June 2025.
- ↑ Mead, Jean (February 2008). How and why Do Hindus Celebrate Divali?. Evans Brothers. ISBN 978-0-237-53412-7. Archived from the original on 11 November 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
- ↑ Vasudha Narayanan; Deborah Heiligman (2008). Celebrate Diwali. National Geographic Society. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-4263-0291-6. Archived from the original on 2 January 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
- ↑ "Diwali 2025 Calendar – Dates, Rituals and Significance". Drik Panchang. Retrieved 29 October 2025.
- ↑ "Diwali 2025: Five Days of Lights, Legends and Rituals". Hinduism Today. 31 October 2024. Retrieved 29 October 2025.
- ↑ "Devotees gather at Tulsi Ghat to watch Nag Nathaiya". The Times of India. Retrieved 29 October 2025.
- ↑ "Prabodhini Ekadashi – Devdiwali". Swaminarayan Sanstha. Retrieved 29 October 2025.
- ↑ "Here's why sugarcane is worshipped on Devotthan or Prabodhini Ekadashi". India Today. Retrieved 29 October 2025.
- ↑ Sharma, S. P.; Gupta, Seema (23 October 2006). Fairs and Festivals of India. Pustak Mahal. ISBN 978-8-122-30951-5 – via Google Books.
- ↑ Dwivedi, Dr. Bhojraj (2006). Religious Basis Of Hindu Beliefs. Diamond Pocket Books. p. 171. ISBN 978-8-128-81239-2. Retrieved 7 November 2012.
- ↑ "Kartik Purnima 2020: Karthika Deepam Celebrations at Sabarimala Temple". NDTV. Retrieved 29 October 2025.
- ↑ Gajrani, S. (2004). History, Religion and Culture of India. Gyan Publishing House. p. 207. ISBN 978-8-18205-061-7. Archived from the original on 30 September 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
- ↑ Spagnoli, Cathy; Samanna, Paramasivam (1999). Jasmine and Coconuts: South Indian Tales. Libraries Unlimited. p. 133. ISBN 978-1-56308-576-5. Archived from the original on 30 September 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
- ↑ "Karthika Deepam – Significance & Rituals". Hindu-Blog. Retrieved 29 October 2025.
- ↑ "Guru Nanak Jayanti 2025 Date & Significance". The Indian Express. Retrieved 29 October 2025.
- ↑ "Guru Nanak Dev Jayanti Significance". BAPS Sadhumargi. Retrieved 29 October 2025.
- ↑ "Sohrai – A tribal festival celebrating cattle & nature". Village Square. 2 February 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2025.
- ↑ "Sohrai Festival". Ministry of Tourism – Utsav. Retrieved 29 October 2025.
- ↑ "Life & Legacy of Sant Jalaram Bapa". JalaramMandirs.org. Retrieved 29 October 2025.
- ↑ "Jalaram Jayanti 2025: Date, Significance & Observance". Gujarat Connect. Retrieved 29 October 2025.
- ↑ Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam (ed.). India through the ages. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. 78.
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