Muslim Rajputs: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Muslim descendants of Rajputs}}{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
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{{Short description|Islamic descendants of Rajputs}}
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{{Infobox ethnic group
{{Infobox ethnic group
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| langs            = {{hlist| |[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] |
| langs            = {{hlist| |[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] |
[[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] |[[Urdu]] |
[[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] |[[Urdu]] |[[Mewati]]|
[[Hindi language|Hindi]] |[[Indo-Aryan languages]]}}
[[Pahari-Pothwari]] |}}
| religions        = [[Islam]]
| religions        = [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|18px]] [[Islam]]
| related          = [[Rajputs]]
| related          = [[Rajputs]] and other [[Indo-Aryan peoples]]
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'''Muslim Rajputs''' are the descendants of [[Rajputs]] of Northern regions of the [[Indian subcontinent]] who are followers of [[Islam]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/pdfid/4b6fe2403.pdf |title=UNHCR Refugee Review Tribunal. IND32856, 6 February 2008}}</ref> They converted from [[Hinduism]] to Islam from the [[medieval India|medieval period in India]] onwards, retaining historically [[Hindus|Hindu]] surnames such as [[Rana (name)|Rana]] and [[Chauhan]].<ref name="Singhal1972">{{cite book |last1=Singhal |first1=Damodar P. |title=Pakistan |date=1972 |publisher=[[Prentice Hall]] |isbn=978-0-13-648477-6 |page=17 |language=en |quote=Large communities converted to Islam from among Hindus carried with them Hindu customs and usages, and often passed them on to other Muslims. Many Rajput converts even retained their family names, such as Chauhan and Rajput.}}</ref><ref name="Singh1973">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Yogendra |title=Modernization of Indian Tradition |date=1973 |publisher=Oriental Press |page=74 |language=en |quote=The next in status are a few higher caste Hindu converts to Islam, particularly the Rajputs}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Cambridge South Asian Studies, Issue 16 |date=1965 |isbn=978-0-521-20432-3 |page=24 |language=en |quote=The latter may be subdivided into three distinct groups: converts from Hindu high castes such as Muslim Rajputs, converts from clean occupational castes such as Julahas and Qassabs, and converts from unclean occupational castes such as Bhangis and Chamars.}}</ref> Today, Muslim Rajputs can be found in present-day Northern [[India]] and [[Pakistan]].<ref name=EB/> They are further divided into different clans.
'''Muslim Rajputs''' or '''Musalman Rajpoots''' are the descendants of [[Rajputs]] in the northern regions of the [[Indian subcontinent]] who are adherents of Islam.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/pdfid/4b6fe2403.pdf |title=UNHCR Refugee Review Tribunal. IND32856, 6 February 2008}}</ref> They are known to have converted from [[Hinduism]] to [[Islam]] from the [[medieval India|medieval]] period onwards, creating various dynasties and states while retaining Hindu surnames such as [[Chauhan (surname)|Chauhan]].<ref name="Singhal1972">{{cite book |last1=Singhal |first1=Damodar P. |title=Pakistan |date=1972 |publisher=[[Prentice Hall]] |isbn=978-0-13-648477-6 |page=17 |language=en |quote=Large communities converted to Islam from among Hindus carried with them Hindu customs and usages, and often passed them on to other Muslims. Many Rajput converts even retained their family names, such as Chauhan and Rajput.}}</ref><ref name="Singh1973">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Yogendra |title=Modernization of Indian Tradition |date=1973 |publisher=Oriental Press |page=74 |language=en |quote=The next in status are a few higher caste Hindu converts to Islam, particularly the Rajputs}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Cambridge South Asian Studies, Issue 16 |date=1965 |isbn=978-0-521-20432-3 |page=24 |language=en |quote=The latter may be subdivided into three distinct groups: converts from Hindu high castes such as Muslim Rajputs, converts from clean occupational castes such as Julahas and Qassabs, and converts from unclean occupational castes such as Bhangis and Chamars.}}</ref> Today, Muslim Rajputs can be found mostly in present-day Northern India and [[Pakistan]].<ref name=EB/> They are further divided into different clans.<ref name="توصیف الحسن میواتی الہندی">{{Cite book |last=توصیف الحسن میواتی الہندی |url=http://archive.org/details/20200823_20200823_1256 |title=تاریخِ میو اور داستانِ میوات |date=2020-08-23}}</ref> They are sometimes also known as [[Ranghar]]s.<ref>{{cite book|title=Psychological implications in Industrial Performance|author=Ashok Pratap Singh and Pratija Kumari|year=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MHNsxbiEM4UC&q=ranghar+Community&pg=PA694|pages=694–696|publisher=Global Vision Publishing House |isbn=9788182202009}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
[[File:Sumneus Khan, Ranghur Mahomedans, Formerly Rajpoots, Hissar (NYPL b13409080-1125417).tiff|thumb|Sumneus Khan of Ranghur Mahomedans(formerly Rajpoots) background from Hissar.]]
 
The term ''Rajput'' is traditionally applied to the original [[Suryavansha|Suryavanshi]], [[Chandravanshi]] and [[Agnivanshi]] clans, who claimed to be [[Kshatriya]] in the Hindu [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]] system.
The term ''Rajput'' is traditionally applied to the original [[Suryavansha|Suryavanshi]], [[Chandravanshi]] and [[Agnivanshi]] clans, who claimed to be [[Kshatriya]] in the Hindu [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]] system.{{cn|date=July 2023}}
 
===Conversion to Islam and ethos===
===Conversion to Islam and ethos===
There are recorded instances of recent conversions of Rajputs to Islam in Western [[Uttar Pradesh]], Khurja tahsil of [[Bulandshahr]].<ref>''Muslim Women'' by Zakia A. Siddiqi, Anwar Jahan Zuberi, Aligarh Muslim University, India University Grants, M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd., 1993, p93</ref>


Upon their conversion from [[Hinduism]] to Islam,<ref name="Singhal1972"/> the Rajputs maintained many of their Hindu customs.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Kumar Suresh |title=People of India, Volume 25 |date=2003 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-81-7304-118-1 |page=xxiii |language=en |quote= In early stages the converted Rajputs continued with preconversion practices.}}</ref>
Upon their conversion from [[Hinduism]] to Islam, many Muslim Rajputs maintained many of their Hindu customs.<ref name="Singhal1972"/> Muslim Rajputs also often retained common social practices,  such as [[purdah]] (seclusion of women), with Hindu Rajputs.<ref name=EB>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/490157/Rajput|title=Rajput|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=30 October 2014}}</ref>
 
Despite the difference in religious faith, where the question has arisen of common Rajput honour, there have been instances where both Muslim and Hindu Rajputs have united against threats from external ethnic groups.<ref>''Self and sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850'' by Ayesha Jalal, Routledge 2000, p480, p481</ref>{{Weasel inline|date=May 2021}}


Despite the difference in faith, where the question has arisen of common Rajput honour, there have been instances where both Muslim and Hindu Rajputs have united together against threats from external ethnic groups.<ref>''Self and sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850'' by Ayesha Jalal, Routledge 2000, p480, p481</ref>{{Weasel inline|date=May 2021}}
In 1993 recorded instances of  conversions of Rajputs to Islam in [[Khurja]] tahsil of [[Bulandshahr]], in western [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>''Muslim Women'' by Zakia A. Siddiqi, Anwar Jahan Zuberi, Aligarh Muslim University, India University Grants, M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd., 1993, p93</ref>


===Medieval Muslim Rajput dynasties===
=== Muslim Rajput dynasties ===


====Kharagpur Raj====
====Kharagpur Raj====
{{Main|Kharagpur Raj}}
{{Main|Kharagpur Raj}}
The Kharagpur Raj was a Muslim [[Kinwar|Kindwar]] Rajput chieftaincy in modern-day [[Munger district]] of [[Bihar]].<ref name="Ansari2019">{{cite book|author=Tahir Hussain Ansari|title=Mughal Administration and the Zamindars of Bihar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kUueDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT22|date=20 June 2019|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-00-065152-2|pages=22–28}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title=Agrarian Reforms in "Sarkar" Munger under Raja Bahrox Singh (1631-76) Of Kharagpur | author= Yogendra P. Roy | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume = 60| year=1999 | pages= 287–292|jstor = 44144095}}</ref> Raja Sangram Singh led a rebellion against the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] authorities and was subsequently defeated and executed. His son, Toral Mal, was made to convert to Islam and renamed as ''Roz Afzun''. Roz Afzun was a loyal Commander to the Emperors [[Jahangir]] and [[Shah Jahan]] and Jahangir referred to him as his "favourite" commander in the empire.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Raja Roz Afzun of Kharagpur (AD 1601 - 31 | author= Yogendra P. Roy | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume = 54| year=1993 | pages= 357–358|jstor = 44142975}}</ref> Another prominent chieftain of this dynasty was Tahawar Singh who played an active role in the Mughal expedition against the nearby [[Chero dynasty|Chero]]s of [[Palamu district|Palamu]].<ref>{{cite journal | title=Tahawar Singh-A Muslim Raja of Kharagpur Raj (1676 - 1727) | author= Yogendra P. Roy | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume = 53| year=1992 | pages= 333–334|jstor = 44142804}}</ref>
The Kharagpur Raj was a Muslim [[Kinwar|Kindwar]] Rajput chieftaincy in modern-day [[Munger district]] of [[Bihar]].<ref name="Ansari2019">{{cite book|author=Tahir Hussain Ansari|title=Mughal Administration and the Zamindars of Bihar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kUueDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT22|date=20 June 2019|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-000-65152-2|pages=22–28}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title=Agrarian Reforms in "Sarkar" Munger under Raja Bahrox Singh (1631-76) Of Kharagpur | author= Yogendra P. Roy | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume = 60| year=1999 | pages= 287–292|jstor = 44144095}}</ref> [[Raja Sangram Singh]] led a rebellion against the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] authorities and was subsequently defeated and executed. His son, Toral Mal, was made to convert to Islam and renamed as ''Roz Afzun''. Roz Afzun was a loyal Commander to the Emperors [[Jahangir]] and [[Shah Jahan]] and Jahangir referred to him as his "favourite" commander in the empire.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Raja Roz Afzun of Kharagpur (AD 1601 - 31 | author= Yogendra P. Roy | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume = 54| year=1993 | pages= 357–358|jstor = 44142975}}</ref> Another prominent chieftain of this dynasty was Tahawar Singh who played an active role in the Mughal expedition against the nearby [[Chero dynasty|Chero]]s of [[Palamu district|Palamu]].<ref>{{cite journal | title=Tahawar Singh-A Muslim Raja of Kharagpur Raj (1676 - 1727) | author= Yogendra P. Roy | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume = 53| year=1992 | pages= 333–334|jstor = 44142804}}</ref>
 
====Khanzada dynasty====
{{Main|Khanzadas of Mewat}}
[[Khanzadas of Mewat|Mewat]] was a kingdom in [[Rajputana]] with its capital at [[Alwar]] ruled by a [[Khanzada]] [[Rajput kingdoms|Mewati Rajput dynasty]] during the period of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] in [[India]]. [[Hasan Khan Mewati|Raja Hassan Khan Mewati]] was represented the [[Khanzada Rajputs|Meo Khanzada]] in [[Battle of Khanwa]].<ref name="rekhta.org">{{Cite web |title=Tareekh-e-Miyo Chhatri by Hakeem Abdush Shakoor |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/tareekh-e-miyo-chhatri-hakeem-abdush-shakoor-ebooks |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=Rekhta |language=en}}</ref>
Mewat was covered over a wide area, it included [[Hathin]] tehsil, [[Nuh district]], [[Tijara]], [[Gurgaon]], [[Kishangarh]] Bas, Ramgarh, Laxmangarh Tehsils [[Aravalli Range]]  in [[Alwar]] district and Pahari, Nagar, Kaman tehsils in [[Bharatpur, India|Bharatpur]] district of [[Rajasthan]] and also some part of [[Mathura]] district of Uttar Pradesh. The last ruler of Mewat, [[Hasan Khan Mewati]] was killed in the [[battle of Khanwa]] against the Mughal emperor Babur. The [[Khanzada Rajputs|Meo Khanzadas]] were descended from Hindu [[Yadu]] Rajputs.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bharadwaj |first1=Suraj |title=State Formation in Mewat Relationship of the Khanzadas with the Delhi Sultanate, the Mughal State, and Other Regional Potentates |date=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=11 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199462797.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-946279-7 |url=https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/mobile/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199462797.001.0001/acprof-9780199462797-chapter-2 |access-date=24 October 2019}}</ref><ref name="rekhta.org"/><ref name="توصیف الحسن میواتی الہندی"/>
 
====Lalkhani Nawabs====
[[File:MuhammadSaidKhan.jpg|thumb|Muhammad Said Khan, the Nawab of Chhatri and a Lalkhani Rajput]]
The [[Lalkhani]]s are a Muslim Rajput community and a sub-clan of the [[Bargujar]]s. They were the [[Nawab]]s of various estates in Western [[Uttar Pradesh]]. These included [[Chhatari]] and neighbouring regions including parts of [[Aligarh]] and [[Bulandshahr]].<ref name="Stokes1978">{{cite book|author=Eric Stokes|title=The Peasant and the Raj: Studies in Agrarian Society and Peasant Rebellion in Colonial India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9DU5AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA199|year=1978|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-29770-7|pages=199–}}</ref>
 
====Qaimkhanis of Fatehpur-Jhunjhunu====
The [[Qaimkhani]]s were a Muslim Rajput dynasty who were notable for ruling the [[Fatehpur, Rajasthan|Fatehpur]]-[[Jhunjhunu]] region in [[Rajasthan]] from the 1300s to the 1700s.<ref name=Budhwar1978>{{cite journal | title=The Qayamkhani Shaikhzada Family of Fatehpur-Jhunjhunu | author= Sunita Budhwar | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume = 39| year=1978 | pages= 412–425|jstor = 44139379}}</ref><ref>Dr Dasharatha Sharma, Kyam Khan Raso, Ed. Dasharath Sharma, Agarchand Nahta, Rajsthan Puratatva Mandir, 1953, page-15</ref> They were descended from Hindu Chauhan Rajputs, though as also stated by the historian Dirk Kolff the Qaimkhani have [[Turkic people|Turkic]] origins.<ref>{{cite book |title=Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market of Hindustan, 1450-1850 |first=Dirk H. A. |last=Kolff |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-521-52305-9 |page=57 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrdiVPsFRYIC&pg=PA57}}</ref>
 
====Mayi chiefs====
The [[Mayi clan]] were the chieftains of the Narhat-Samai (Hisua) chieftaincy in modern-day [[Nawada district]] in South [[Bihar]]. The founder of the Mayi clan was Nuraon Khan who arrived in Bihar in the 17th century. His descendants were Azmeri and Deyanut who were granted zamindari rights over six parganas by the Mughal authorities. Deyanut's son was Kamgar Khan who expanded his land by attacking and plundering neighbouring zamindars. Kamgar Khan also led numerous revolts against the Mughals and attempted to assert the Mayi's independence. His descendant was Iqbal Ali Khan who took part in the [[1781 revolt in Bihar]] against the British however his revolt failed and Mayi's lost much of their land.<ref name="Prakash2003">{{cite book|author=Gyan Prakash|title=Bonded Histories: Genealogies of Labor Servitude in Colonial India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQFvks7lahoC|date=30 October 2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52658-6|pages=87–89}}</ref>
 
====Bengal====
Rajput communities began settling in [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal during the Sultanate period]] where they were given high ranks in the Bengal government. One notable example is of Bhagirath of [[Ayodhya]], who belonged to the Hindu [[Bais (Rajput clan)|Bais]] clan, who was appointed as the [[Dewan]] of Sultan [[Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah]].{{citation needed|date=January 2023}} His son, Kalidas Gajdani embraced [[Sunni Islam]] through the guidance of [[Ibrahim Danishmand]] and became known as Sulaiman Khan. Bhagirath's grandson, [[Isa Khan]], grew to become the chief of Bengal's [[Baro-Bhuiyan]] confederacy which posed as a threat to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]s who wanted to conquer Bengal.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Isa Khan|author=Ahmed, ABM Shamsuddin}}</ref> The [[dewan|diwan]]s of [[Mymensingh]] and [[Dhaka]] during the 19th-century were said to be the descendants of Muslim Rajputs.<ref>{{cite book|title=The rise of Islam and the Bengal frontier, 1204-1760|page=122|author=[[Richard M. Eaton|Eaton, Richard Maxwell]]|year=1993|isbn=978-0-520-20507-9|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|chapter=Bengal under the Sultans}}</ref>


====Gujarat Sultanate====
Another Bengali Rajput community are the [[Ghosi tribe#West Bengal|Ghosi]], who can predominantly be found in the [[24 Parganas]] and [[Midnapore District|Midnapore]] districts, particularly near the towns of [[Barrackpur]] and [[Kharagpur]]. They migrated to Bengal from [[Kanpur]] five centuries ago and are descended from Amar Singh Rathore, a Rajput nobleman from [[Jhansi district|Jhansi]] who converted to [[Islam]]. They are divided into several clans; Rathore, Dogar, Chauhan, Khelari, Tatar, Lehar, Nahar and Maidul.<ref name="SiddiquiIndia)2004">{{cite book|author1=M. K. A. Siddiqui|author2=Institute of Objective Studies (New Delhi, India)|title=Marginal Muslim communities in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ygNuAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=1 June 2011|year=2004|publisher=Institute of Objective Studies|isbn=978-81-85220-58-1|pages=295–305}}</ref>{{quotation needed|date=December 2024}}
{{Main|Muzaffarid dynasty of Gujarat|Gujarat Sultanate}}
The Gujarat Sultanate was an independent Muslim [[Rajput]] kingdom established in the early 15th century by the [[Muzaffarids (Gujarat)|Muzaffarid dynasty]] in [[Gujarat]]. The Muzaffarids were descended from Hindu Tanka Rajputs with origins in [[Thanesar]] in modern-day [[Haryana]].<ref name="Kapadia2018">{{cite book|author=Aparna Kapadia|title=Gujarat: The Long Fifteenth Century and the Making of a Region|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qrxsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA183|date=16 May 2018|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-15331-8|pages=183–185}}</ref> Under the dynasty, trade, culture, and [[Indo-Islamic architecture]] flourished. The city of [[Ahmedabad, Gujarat|Ahmedabad]] was founded by the dynasty.


====Khanzada Dynasty====
====Princely state of Makran====
{{Main|Khanzadas of Mewat}}
{{Main|Makran (princely state)}}
[[File:Raja Hasan Khan Mewati.jpg|thumb|Raja [[Hasan Khan Mewati]].]]
Makran state was ruled by [[Gichki]] Nawabs,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Malik |first=Fida Hussain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VNwCEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 |title=Balochistan: A Conflict of Narratives |date=2020-10-14 |publisher=Saiyid Books |isbn=978-969-2200-02-8 |language=en|page=11}}</ref> who were of Rajput origin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Quddus |first=Syed Abdul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FgFuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Tribal Baluchistan |date=1990 |publisher=Ferozsons |isbn=978-969-0-10047-4 |language=en|page=63|quote=The former rulers of Makran and Lasbela, Gichki and Jamots respectively, are Rajputs.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spooner |first=Brian |date=1964 |title=Kūch u Balūch and Ichthyophagi |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4299552 |journal=Iran |volume=2 |pages=53–67 |doi=10.2307/4299552 |jstor=4299552 |issn=0578-6967 |quote=The Gichki are the descendants of a Rajput family which settled in 17th century.|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Their ancestor, Jagat Singh, had migrated from [[Rajputana]] in the 17th century and converted to Islam. The Gichki now identify as [[Baloch people|Baloch]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1= Ahmed |first1=Manzoor|last2= Khan |first2=Gulawar |date=2017 |url=https://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/csas/PDF/3_v32_1_17.pdf |title=The History of Baloch and Balochistan: A Critical Appraisal|volume=32|pages=39–52|quote=The Gichki (the ruling family of British Makran during mid 18th century) are said to have migrated from the Rajputana under Jagat Singh and settled in Kech (Makran). Their descendants, called Gichkis, have ruled over Makran for decades. The Gichki have been living in Balochistan since 18th century and identify as Baloch.|journal=South Asian Studies}}</ref>
[[Mewat State|Mewat]] was a kingdom in [[Rajputana]] with its capital at [[Alwar]] ruled by a [[Khanzada Rajput|Khanzada]] [[Rajput kingdoms|Mewati Rajput dynasty]] during the period of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] in [[India]]. [[Hasan Khan Mewati|Raja Hassan Khan Mewati]] was represented the [[Meo (ethnic group)|Meo community]] in [[Battles of Kawanakajima|Battle of khawana]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=tareekh-e-miyo chhatri |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/tareekh-e-miyo-chhatri-hakeem-abdush-shakoor-ebooks |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Rekhta |language=en}}</ref>.Mewat was covered over a wide area, it included [[Hathin]] tehsil, [[Nuh district]], [[Tijara]], [[Gurgaon]], [[Kishangarh]] Bas, Ramgarh, Laxmangarh Tehsils [[Aravalli Range]]  in [[Alwar]] district and Pahari, Nagar, Kaman tehsils in [[Bharatpur, India|Bharatpur]] district of [[Rajasthan]] and also some part of [[Mathura]] district of Uttar Pradesh. The last ruler of Mewat, [[Hasan Khan Mewati]] was killed in the [[battle of Khanwa]] against the Mughal emperor Babur. The [[Khanzada Rajputs|Khanzadas]] were descended from Hindu [[Yadu]] Rajputs.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bharadwaj |first1=Suraj |title=State Formation in Mewat Relationship of the Khanzadas with the Delhi Sultanate, the Mughal State, and Other Regional Potentates |date=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=11 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199462797.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-946279-7 |url=https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/mobile/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199462797.001.0001/acprof-9780199462797-chapter-2 |access-date=24 October 2019}}</ref>


==== Soomra dynasty period ====
== Demographics ==
{{Main|Soomra dynasty}} {{Unreferenced section|date=May 2022}}
When Sindh was under the [[Arab]] [[Umayyad]] [[Caliphate]], the Arab [[Habbari dynasty]] was in control. The Umayyads appointed [[Habbari dynasty|Aziz al Habbari]] as the governor of Sindh. Habbaris ruled Sindh until [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi]] defeated the Habbaris in 1024. Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi viewed the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] to be the caliphs thus he removed the remaining influence of the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] in the region and Sindh fell to Abbasid control following the defeat of the Habbaris. The Abbasid Caliphate then appointed [[Khafif|Al Khafif]] from [[Samarra]]; 'Soomro' means 'of Samarra' in Sindhi. The new governor of Sindh was to create a better, stronger and stable government. Once he became the governor, he allotted several key positions to his family and friends; thus Al-Khafif or Sardar Khafif Soomro formed the [[Soomro Dynasty]] in Sindh;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uok.edu.pk/faculties/sindhi/docs/soomroEng.pdf |title=Data |website=www.uok.edu.pk }}</ref> and became its first ruler. Until the [[Siege of Baghdad (1258)]] the Soomro dynasty was the Abbasid Caliphate's functionary in Sindh, but after that it became independent.


When the [[Soomro dynasty]] lost ties with the Abbasid Caliphate after the Siege of Baghdad (1258,) the Soomra ruler Dodo-I established their rule from the shores of the [[Arabian Sea]] to the [[Punjab region|Punjab]] in the north and in the east to [[Rajasthan]] and in the west to Pakistani [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]]. The [[Soomro]]s were one of the first indigenous Muslim dynasties in Sindh of [[Parmar]] [[Rajput]] origin.{{Cn|date=May 2021}}
=== British India ===


==== Samma Dynasty period ====
==== Punjab ====
{{Main|Samma dynasty}}{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2021}}[[File:View of Makli by Usman Ghani.jpg|thumb|right|[[Makli Hill]] is one of the largest necropolises in the world.]]
In the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab province]] of [[British India]], comprising [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] and some parts of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] in modern Pakistan as well [[Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Delhi]], and some parts of [[Himachal Pradesh]] in modern India, in 1921, 70.7% of the Punjabi Rajputs were [[Muslims]] while 27.7% were Hindus, with the highest percentage of Rajputs found in [[Rawalpindi District|Rawalpindi]], with 21%.<ref>Sharma, Subash Chander (1987). ''Punjab, the Crucial Decade''. New Delhi: Nirmal Publishers & Distributors. p. 105. {{ISBN|978-81-7156-173-5}}.</ref>
In 1339 [[Jam Unar]] founded a Sindhi [[Muslim Rajput]] [[Samma Dynasty]] and challenged the [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultans of Delhi]]. He used the title of the ''Sultan of Sindh''. The [[Samma tribe]] reached its peak during the reign of [[Jam Nizamuddin II]] (also known by the nickname Jám Nindó). During his reign from 1461 to 1509, Nindó greatly expanded the new capital of [[Thatta]] and its [[Makli]] hills, which replaced [[Debal]]. He patronized Sindhi art, architecture and culture. The Samma had left behind a popular legacy especially in architecture, music and art. Important court figures included the poet Kazi Kadal, [[Sardar Darya Khan]], Moltus Khan, Makhdoom Bilawal and the [[theologian]] Kazi Kaadan. However, Thatta which was a port city unlike garrison towns, it could not mobilize large armies against the [[Arghun]] and Tarkhan [[Mongol]] invaders, who killed many regional Sindhi [[Mirs]] and [[Amir]]s loyal to the Samma. Some parts of Sindh still remained under the Sultans of Delhi and the ruthless Arghuns and the [[Tarkhan]]s sacked Thatta during the rule of [[Jam Feroz]]udin.


====Qaimkhanis of Fatehpur-Jhunjhunu====
=== Pakistan ===
The [[Qaimkhani]]s were a Muslim Rajput dynasty who were notable for ruling the [[Fatehpur, Rajasthan|Fatehpur]]-[[Jhunjhunu]] region in [[Rajasthan]] from the 1300s to the 1700s.<ref name=Budhwar1978>{{cite journal | title=The Qayamkhani Shaikhzada Family of Fatehpur-Jhunjhunu | author= Sunita Budhwar | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume = 39| year=1978 | pages= 412–425|jstor = 44139379}}</ref><ref>Dr Dasharatha Sharma, Kyam Khan Raso, Ed. Dasharath Sharma, Agarchand Nahta, Rajsthan Puratatva Mandir, 1953, page-15</ref> They were descended from Hindu [[Chauhan]] Rajputs.
In 2008, it was estimated that the Rajput population in Pakistan stood at 15 million, with around 9 million in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], nearly 5 million in [[Sindh]], followed by 643,000 in [[Azad Kashmir]], 223,000 in [[Islamabad]], 174,000 in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] and 37,000 in [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]].{{cn|date=November 2025}}


====Lalkhani Nawabs====
==== Punjab ====
The [[Lalkhani]]s are a Muslim Rajput community and a sub-clan of the [[Bargujar]]s. They were the [[Nawab]]s of various estates in Western [[Uttar Pradesh]]. These included [[Chhatari]] and neighbouring regions including parts of [[Aligarh]] and [[Bulandshahr]].<ref name="Stokes1978">{{cite book|author=Eric Stokes|title=The Peasant and the Raj: Studies in Agrarian Society and Peasant Rebellion in Colonial India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9DU5AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA199|year=1978|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-29770-7|pages=199–}}</ref>
In Pakistan's Punjab province, the Rajputs are dominant in the [[Pothohar Plateau|Potohar plateau]] through its politics and military.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arshad |first=Sameer |date=7 May 2013 |title=Caste plays dominant role in Pak elections |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/caste-plays-dominant-role-in-pak-elections/articleshow/19916533.cms?from=mdr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115204323/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/caste-plays-dominant-role-in-pak-elections/articleshow/19916533.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=15 January 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]] |quote=Rajputs are dominant in northern Punjab, where Abbasi’s constituency is located, followed by Jats in central and Balochs in the province’s south.}}</ref>


====Mayi chiefs====
As per the [[2017 Pakistani census|2017 Pakistan census]], Rajputs numbered around 5% of [[Lahore District|Lahore]]'s population, their population amounting to some 550,000 individuals out of Lahore's total population of around 11 million.<ref>{{Cite web |title=District Profile |url=https://lahore.punjab.gov.pk/district_profile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127195943/https://lahore.punjab.gov.pk/district_profile |archive-date=27 November 2023 |website=District Lahore - [[Government of Punjab, Pakistan|Government of Punjab]]}}</ref>
The [[Mayi clan]] were the chieftains of the Narhat-Samai (Hisua) chieftaincy in modern-day [[Nawada district]] in South [[Bihar]]. The founder of the Mayi clan was Nuraon Khan who arrived in Bihar in the 17th century. His descendants were Azmeri and Deyanut who were granted zamindari rights over six parganas by the Mughal authorities. Deyanut's son was Kamgar Khan who expanded his land by attacking and plundering neighbouring zamindars. Kamgar Khan also led numerous revolts against the Mughals and attempted to assert the Mayi's independence. His descendant was Iqbal Ali Khan who took part in the [[1781 revolt in Bihar]] against the British however his revolt failed and Mayi's lost much of their land.<ref name="Prakash2003">{{cite book|author=Gyan Prakash|title=Bonded Histories: Genealogies of Labor Servitude in Colonial India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQFvks7lahoC|date=30 October 2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52658-6|pages=87–89}}</ref>


===Notable people in Subcontinent===
=== India ===
*[[Dodo Bin Khafef Soomro III]]
*[[Jam Tamachi]] (Jam Khairuddin) (1367–1379 AD) or Jam Khairuddin bin Jam Unad, a famous sultan of the Samma dynasty
*[[Jam Nizamuddin II]] (866–914 AH, 1461–1508 AD), the most famous sultan of the Samma dynasty
*[[Jam Feroz]]udin (1508–1527) or Jam Feruz bin Jam Nizam, last ruler of the Samma dynasty 926 AH (1519 AD)
*[[Rai Ahmad Khan Kharal]],Freedom fighter from Punjab
*[[Hasan Khan Mewati|Raja Hasan Khan Mewati]], was the ruler of [[Mewat]]
*[[Tufail Ahmad Khan]],  Pakistani politician affiliated with the Pakistan Muslim League
*[[Isa Khan]], was one of the [[Baro Bhuiyans]] (twelve landlords) of 16th century [[Bengal]].
*[[Rai Bular Bhatti]], he donated 18,750 acres of land to [[Guru Nanak]] Ji.
*[[Dulla Bhatti]], who rebel against [[Akbar]].
*[[Mahmud_Begada]]


==Beliefs and customs==
==== Uttar Pradesh ====
Muslim Rajputs often retain common social practices (such as [[purdah]] [seclusion of women], which is generally followed by Hindu and Muslim Rajputs).<ref name=EB>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/490157/Rajput|title=Rajput|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=30 October 2014}}</ref>
In India's [[Uttar Pradesh]], many Rajput communities have embraced Islam, such as the [[Bais (clan)|Bais]] or the [[Gautam (clan)|Gautam]], the Gautamanas or Gautam [[Thakur (title)|Thakurs]] as they like to call themselves being the largest such group in the [[Fatehpur district]], where they number around 100,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sethi |first=Atul |date=8 July 2007 |title=The Muslim Rajputs of UP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/the-muslim-rajputs-of-up/articleshow/2185320.cms?from=mdr |access-date=27 January 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
* [[List of Rajput dynasties]]
* [[Kaimkhani]]
* [[Sindhi-Sipahi]]
* [[Lalkhani]]
* [[Ranghar]]
* [[Rajput architecture]]
* [[Rajput painting]]
* [[Rajputization]]
* [[List of Rajput dynasties and states]]
* [[Rajput clans]]
* [[List of Rajputs]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |last=Alam |first=Ishteyaque |title=Muslim communities in Rajputana: during medieval period |date=2018 |publisher=Agam Kala Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7320-184-4 |location=Delhi}}


{{Indian Muslim}}
{{Indian Muslim}}
{{Social groups of Rajasthan}}


[[Category:Social groups of Bihar]]
[[Category:Social groups of Bihar]]
[[Category:Social groups of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Sindhi tribes]]
[[Category:Sindhi tribes]]
[[Category:Social groups of India]]
[[Category:Islam in India]]
[[Category:Islam in India]]
[[Category:Rajputs]]
[[Category:Rajputs]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of India]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of India]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajasthani people]]
[[Category:Social groups of Rajasthan]]

Latest revision as of 07:33, 9 March 2026


Muslim Rajputs
Regions with significant populations
 India and  Pakistan
Languages
Religion
Islam
Related ethnic groups
Rajputs and other Indo-Aryan peoples

Muslim Rajputs or Musalman Rajpoots are the descendants of Rajputs in the northern regions of the Indian subcontinent who are adherents of Islam.[1] They are known to have converted from Hinduism to Islam from the medieval period onwards, creating various dynasties and states while retaining Hindu surnames such as Chauhan.[2][3][4] Today, Muslim Rajputs can be found mostly in present-day Northern India and Pakistan.[5] They are further divided into different clans.[6] They are sometimes also known as Ranghars.[7]

History[edit | edit source]

The term Rajput is traditionally applied to the original Suryavanshi, Chandravanshi and Agnivanshi clans, who claimed to be Kshatriya in the Hindu varna system.[citation needed]

Conversion to Islam and ethos[edit | edit source]

Upon their conversion from Hinduism to Islam, many Muslim Rajputs maintained many of their Hindu customs.[2] Muslim Rajputs also often retained common social practices, such as purdah (seclusion of women), with Hindu Rajputs.[5]

Despite the difference in religious faith, where the question has arisen of common Rajput honour, there have been instances where both Muslim and Hindu Rajputs have united against threats from external ethnic groups.[8][weasel words]

In 1993 recorded instances of conversions of Rajputs to Islam in Khurja tahsil of Bulandshahr, in western Uttar Pradesh.[9]

Muslim Rajput dynasties[edit | edit source]

Kharagpur Raj[edit | edit source]

Main article: Kharagpur Raj

The Kharagpur Raj was a Muslim Kindwar Rajput chieftaincy in modern-day Munger district of Bihar.[10][11] Raja Sangram Singh led a rebellion against the Mughal authorities and was subsequently defeated and executed. His son, Toral Mal, was made to convert to Islam and renamed as Roz Afzun. Roz Afzun was a loyal Commander to the Emperors Jahangir and Shah Jahan and Jahangir referred to him as his "favourite" commander in the empire.[12] Another prominent chieftain of this dynasty was Tahawar Singh who played an active role in the Mughal expedition against the nearby Cheros of Palamu.[13]

Khanzada dynasty[edit | edit source]

Main article: Khanzadas of Mewat

Mewat was a kingdom in Rajputana with its capital at Alwar ruled by a Khanzada Mewati Rajput dynasty during the period of the Delhi Sultanate in India. Raja Hassan Khan Mewati was represented the Meo Khanzada in Battle of Khanwa.[14] Mewat was covered over a wide area, it included Hathin tehsil, Nuh district, Tijara, Gurgaon, Kishangarh Bas, Ramgarh, Laxmangarh Tehsils Aravalli Range in Alwar district and Pahari, Nagar, Kaman tehsils in Bharatpur district of Rajasthan and also some part of Mathura district of Uttar Pradesh. The last ruler of Mewat, Hasan Khan Mewati was killed in the battle of Khanwa against the Mughal emperor Babur. The Meo Khanzadas were descended from Hindu Yadu Rajputs.[15][14][6]

Lalkhani Nawabs[edit | edit source]

Muhammad Said Khan, the Nawab of Chhatri and a Lalkhani Rajput

The Lalkhanis are a Muslim Rajput community and a sub-clan of the Bargujars. They were the Nawabs of various estates in Western Uttar Pradesh. These included Chhatari and neighbouring regions including parts of Aligarh and Bulandshahr.[16]

Qaimkhanis of Fatehpur-Jhunjhunu[edit | edit source]

The Qaimkhanis were a Muslim Rajput dynasty who were notable for ruling the Fatehpur-Jhunjhunu region in Rajasthan from the 1300s to the 1700s.[17][18] They were descended from Hindu Chauhan Rajputs, though as also stated by the historian Dirk Kolff the Qaimkhani have Turkic origins.[19]

Mayi chiefs[edit | edit source]

The Mayi clan were the chieftains of the Narhat-Samai (Hisua) chieftaincy in modern-day Nawada district in South Bihar. The founder of the Mayi clan was Nuraon Khan who arrived in Bihar in the 17th century. His descendants were Azmeri and Deyanut who were granted zamindari rights over six parganas by the Mughal authorities. Deyanut's son was Kamgar Khan who expanded his land by attacking and plundering neighbouring zamindars. Kamgar Khan also led numerous revolts against the Mughals and attempted to assert the Mayi's independence. His descendant was Iqbal Ali Khan who took part in the 1781 revolt in Bihar against the British however his revolt failed and Mayi's lost much of their land.[20]

Bengal[edit | edit source]

Rajput communities began settling in Bengal during the Sultanate period where they were given high ranks in the Bengal government. One notable example is of Bhagirath of Ayodhya, who belonged to the Hindu Bais clan, who was appointed as the Dewan of Sultan Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah.[citation needed] His son, Kalidas Gajdani embraced Sunni Islam through the guidance of Ibrahim Danishmand and became known as Sulaiman Khan. Bhagirath's grandson, Isa Khan, grew to become the chief of Bengal's Baro-Bhuiyan confederacy which posed as a threat to the Mughals who wanted to conquer Bengal.[21] The diwans of Mymensingh and Dhaka during the 19th-century were said to be the descendants of Muslim Rajputs.[22]

Another Bengali Rajput community are the Ghosi, who can predominantly be found in the 24 Parganas and Midnapore districts, particularly near the towns of Barrackpur and Kharagpur. They migrated to Bengal from Kanpur five centuries ago and are descended from Amar Singh Rathore, a Rajput nobleman from Jhansi who converted to Islam. They are divided into several clans; Rathore, Dogar, Chauhan, Khelari, Tatar, Lehar, Nahar and Maidul.[23]Template:Quotation needed

Princely state of Makran[edit | edit source]

Main article: Makran (princely state)

Makran state was ruled by Gichki Nawabs,[24] who were of Rajput origin.[25][26] Their ancestor, Jagat Singh, had migrated from Rajputana in the 17th century and converted to Islam. The Gichki now identify as Baloch.[27]

Demographics[edit | edit source]

British India[edit | edit source]

Punjab[edit | edit source]

In the Punjab province of British India, comprising Punjab and some parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in modern Pakistan as well Punjab, Haryana, Chandigarh, Delhi, and some parts of Himachal Pradesh in modern India, in 1921, 70.7% of the Punjabi Rajputs were Muslims while 27.7% were Hindus, with the highest percentage of Rajputs found in Rawalpindi, with 21%.[28]

Pakistan[edit | edit source]

In 2008, it was estimated that the Rajput population in Pakistan stood at 15 million, with around 9 million in Punjab, nearly 5 million in Sindh, followed by 643,000 in Azad Kashmir, 223,000 in Islamabad, 174,000 in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and 37,000 in Balochistan.[citation needed]

Punjab[edit | edit source]

In Pakistan's Punjab province, the Rajputs are dominant in the Potohar plateau through its politics and military.[29]

As per the 2017 Pakistan census, Rajputs numbered around 5% of Lahore's population, their population amounting to some 550,000 individuals out of Lahore's total population of around 11 million.[30]

India[edit | edit source]

Uttar Pradesh[edit | edit source]

In India's Uttar Pradesh, many Rajput communities have embraced Islam, such as the Bais or the Gautam, the Gautamanas or Gautam Thakurs as they like to call themselves being the largest such group in the Fatehpur district, where they number around 100,000.[31]

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ "UNHCR Refugee Review Tribunal. IND32856, 6 February 2008" (PDF).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Singhal, Damodar P. (1972). Pakistan. Prentice Hall. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-13-648477-6. Large communities converted to Islam from among Hindus carried with them Hindu customs and usages, and often passed them on to other Muslims. Many Rajput converts even retained their family names, such as Chauhan and Rajput.
  3. ↑ Singh, Yogendra (1973). Modernization of Indian Tradition. Oriental Press. p. 74. The next in status are a few higher caste Hindu converts to Islam, particularly the Rajputs
  4. ↑ Cambridge South Asian Studies, Issue 16. 1965. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-521-20432-3. The latter may be subdivided into three distinct groups: converts from Hindu high castes such as Muslim Rajputs, converts from clean occupational castes such as Julahas and Qassabs, and converts from unclean occupational castes such as Bhangis and Chamars.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Rajput". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 توصیف الحسن میواتی الہندی (23 August 2020). تاریخِ میو اور داستانِ میوات.
  7. ↑ Ashok Pratap Singh and Pratija Kumari (2007). Psychological implications in Industrial Performance. Global Vision Publishing House. pp. 694–696. ISBN 9788182202009.
  8. ↑ Self and sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850 by Ayesha Jalal, Routledge 2000, p480, p481
  9. ↑ Muslim Women by Zakia A. Siddiqi, Anwar Jahan Zuberi, Aligarh Muslim University, India University Grants, M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd., 1993, p93
  10. ↑ Tahir Hussain Ansari (20 June 2019). Mughal Administration and the Zamindars of Bihar. Taylor & Francis. pp. 22–28. ISBN 978-1-000-65152-2.
  11. ↑ Yogendra P. Roy (1999). "Agrarian Reforms in "Sarkar" Munger under Raja Bahrox Singh (1631-76) Of Kharagpur". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 60: 287–292. JSTOR 44144095.
  12. ↑ Yogendra P. Roy (1993). "Raja Roz Afzun of Kharagpur (AD 1601 - 31". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 54: 357–358. JSTOR 44142975.
  13. ↑ Yogendra P. Roy (1992). "Tahawar Singh-A Muslim Raja of Kharagpur Raj (1676 - 1727)". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 53: 333–334. JSTOR 44142804.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Tareekh-e-Miyo Chhatri by Hakeem Abdush Shakoor". Rekhta. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
  15. ↑ Bharadwaj, Suraj (2016). State Formation in Mewat Relationship of the Khanzadas with the Delhi Sultanate, the Mughal State, and Other Regional Potentates. Oxford University Press. p. 11. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199462797.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-946279-7. Retrieved 24 October 2019.
  16. ↑ Eric Stokes (1978). The Peasant and the Raj: Studies in Agrarian Society and Peasant Rebellion in Colonial India. CUP Archive. pp. 199–. ISBN 978-0-521-29770-7.
  17. ↑ Sunita Budhwar (1978). "The Qayamkhani Shaikhzada Family of Fatehpur-Jhunjhunu". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 39: 412–425. JSTOR 44139379.
  18. ↑ Dr Dasharatha Sharma, Kyam Khan Raso, Ed. Dasharath Sharma, Agarchand Nahta, Rajsthan Puratatva Mandir, 1953, page-15
  19. ↑ Kolff, Dirk H. A. (2002). Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market of Hindustan, 1450-1850. Cambridge University Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-521-52305-9.
  20. ↑ Gyan Prakash (30 October 2003). Bonded Histories: Genealogies of Labor Servitude in Colonial India. Cambridge University Press. pp. 87–89. ISBN 978-0-521-52658-6.
  21. ↑ Ahmed, ABM Shamsuddin (2012). "Isa Khan". In Islam, Sirajul; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. Retrieved 8 August 2026.
  22. ↑ Eaton, Richard Maxwell (1993). "Bengal under the Sultans". The rise of Islam and the Bengal frontier, 1204-1760. University of California Press. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-520-20507-9.
  23. ↑ M. K. A. Siddiqui; Institute of Objective Studies (New Delhi, India) (2004). Marginal Muslim communities in India. Institute of Objective Studies. pp. 295–305. ISBN 978-81-85220-58-1. Retrieved 1 June 2011.
  24. ↑ Malik, Fida Hussain (14 October 2020). Balochistan: A Conflict of Narratives. Saiyid Books. p. 11. ISBN 978-969-2200-02-8.
  25. ↑ Quddus, Syed Abdul (1990). The Tribal Baluchistan. Ferozsons. p. 63. ISBN 978-969-0-10047-4. The former rulers of Makran and Lasbela, Gichki and Jamots respectively, are Rajputs.
  26. ↑ Spooner, Brian (1964). "Kūch u Balūch and Ichthyophagi". Iran. 2: 53–67. doi:10.2307/4299552. ISSN 0578-6967. JSTOR 4299552. The Gichki are the descendants of a Rajput family which settled in 17th century.
  27. ↑ Ahmed, Manzoor; Khan, Gulawar (2017). "The History of Baloch and Balochistan: A Critical Appraisal" (PDF). South Asian Studies. 32: 39–52. The Gichki (the ruling family of British Makran during mid 18th century) are said to have migrated from the Rajputana under Jagat Singh and settled in Kech (Makran). Their descendants, called Gichkis, have ruled over Makran for decades. The Gichki have been living in Balochistan since 18th century and identify as Baloch.
  28. ↑ Sharma, Subash Chander (1987). Punjab, the Crucial Decade. New Delhi: Nirmal Publishers & Distributors. p. 105. ISBN 978-81-7156-173-5.
  29. ↑ Arshad, Sameer (7 May 2013). "Caste plays dominant role in Pak elections". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Rajputs are dominant in northern Punjab, where Abbasi's constituency is located, followed by Jats in central and Balochs in the province's south.
  30. ↑ "District Profile". District Lahore - Government of Punjab. Archived from the original on 27 November 2023.
  31. ↑ Sethi, Atul (8 July 2007). "The Muslim Rajputs of UP". The Times of India. Retrieved 27 January 2024.

Further reading[edit | edit source]

  • Alam, Ishteyaque (2018). Muslim communities in Rajputana: during medieval period. Delhi: Agam Kala Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-7320-184-4.


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