Chandrayaan-3: Difference between revisions

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| mission_duration  = {{time interval|14 July 2023|show=ymd}} (elapsed)
| mission_duration  = {{time interval|14 July 2023|show=ymd}} (elapsed)
* [[#Design|Propulsion module]]: ≤ 3 to 6 months (planned) {{time interval|5 August 2023|show=ymd}} (elapsed) (since orbit insertion)
* [[#Design|Propulsion module]]: ≤ 3 to 6 months (planned) {{time interval|5 August 2023|show=ymd}} (elapsed) (since orbit insertion)
* ''[[Chandrayaan-2#Vikram lander|Vikram]]'' lander: ≤ 14 days (planned)
* ''[[Chandrayaan-2#Vikram lander|Vikram]]'' lander: ≤ {{time interval|August 23, 2023, 12:34}} (elapsed)
* ''[[Pragyan (rover)|Pragyan]]'' rover: ≤ 14 days (planned)
* ''[[Pragyan (rover)|Pragyan]]'' rover: ≤ 14 days (planned)
| spacecraft_type    =  
| spacecraft_type    =  
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| payload_mass      = Propulsion Module:  2148.00 kg <br />  Lander Module (Vikram): 1752&nbsp;kg including Rover (Pragyan) of 26&nbsp;kg <br />  Total: 3900.00 kg
| payload_mass      = Propulsion Module:  2148.00 kg <br />  Lander Module (Vikram): 1752&nbsp;kg including Rover (Pragyan) of 26&nbsp;kg <br />  Total: 3900.00 kg
| dimensions        = <!--{{convert| |x| | | |abbr=on}}-->
| dimensions        = <!--{{convert| |x| | | |abbr=on}}-->
| power              = Propulsion Module: 758 W Lander Module: 738W, WS with Bias Rover: 50W
| power              = Propulsion Module: 758 W<br/> Lander Module: 738W,<br/> WS with Bias Rover: 50W
| launch_date        = {{start-date|14 July 2023}} 14:35:17 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], (9:05:17 [[UTC]])<ref name="scheduled launch">{{Cite news |title=ISRO to launch moon mission Chandrayaan-3 on July 14. Check details |date=2023-07-06 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/chandrayaan3-to-be-launched-on-july-14-announces-isro-101688644208853.html |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |archive-date=8 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708231639/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/chandrayaan3-to-be-launched-on-july-14-announces-isro-101688644208853.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Successful launch">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-14 |title=Chandrayaan-3 Launch LIVE Updates: Chandrayaan 3 successfully separated from LVM, injected to internal orbit |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/chandrayaan3-launch-live-updates-india-moon-mission-isro-sriharikota-news-isro-india-space-isro-live-11689296703954.html |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=mint |archive-date=17 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717125056/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/chandrayaan3-launch-live-updates-india-moon-mission-isro-sriharikota-news-isro-india-space-isro-live-11689296703954.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| launch_date        = {{start-date|14 July 2023}} 14:35:17 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], (9:05:17 [[UTC]])<ref name="scheduled launch">{{Cite news |title=ISRO to launch moon mission Chandrayaan-3 on July 14. Check details |date=2023-07-06 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/chandrayaan3-to-be-launched-on-july-14-announces-isro-101688644208853.html |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |archive-date=8 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708231639/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/chandrayaan3-to-be-launched-on-july-14-announces-isro-101688644208853.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Successful launch">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-14 |title=Chandrayaan-3 Launch LIVE Updates: Chandrayaan 3 successfully separated from LVM, injected to internal orbit |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/chandrayaan3-launch-live-updates-india-moon-mission-isro-sriharikota-news-isro-india-space-isro-live-11689296703954.html |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=mint |archive-date=17 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717125056/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/chandrayaan3-launch-live-updates-india-moon-mission-isro-sriharikota-news-isro-india-space-isro-live-11689296703954.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| launch_rocket      = [[LVM3]] M4
| launch_rocket      = [[LVM3]] M4
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   | object          = [[Moon]]
   | object          = [[Moon]]
   | component      = [[Rover (space exploration)|Rover]]
   | component      = [[Rover (space exploration)|Rover]]
   | arrival_date    = {{start-date|23 August 2023}} 18:04 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], (12:34 [[UTC]]) (8:34 [[Eastern Standard Time|EST]]) (planned) <ref name="Landing date">{{Cite news|date=2023-07-06|title=Chandrayaan-3 launch on July 14; August 23-24 preferred landing dates|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-moon-mission-chandrayaan-3-to-be-launched-on-july-14-at-2-35pm/articleshow/101547465.cms|access-date=2023-07-07|website=THE TIMES OF INDIA|archive-date=8 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708100402/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-moon-mission-chandrayaan-3-to-be-launched-on-july-14-at-2-35pm/articleshow/101547465.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-07-14|title=ANI on Twitter|url=https://twitter.com/ANI/status/1679802059015745537|access-date=2023-07-14|archive-date=17 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717125550/https://twitter.com/ANI/status/1679802059015745537|url-status=live}}</ref>
   | arrival_date    = {{start-date|23 August 2023}} 18:04 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], (12:34 [[UTC]])   <ref name="Landing date">{{Cite news|date=2023-07-06|title=Chandrayaan-3 launch on July 14; August 23-24 preferred landing dates|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-moon-mission-chandrayaan-3-to-be-launched-on-july-14-at-2-35pm/articleshow/101547465.cms|access-date=2023-07-07|website=THE TIMES OF INDIA|archive-date=8 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708100402/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-moon-mission-chandrayaan-3-to-be-launched-on-july-14-at-2-35pm/articleshow/101547465.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-07-14|title=ANI on Twitter|url=https://twitter.com/ANI/status/1679802059015745537|access-date=2023-07-14|archive-date=17 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717125550/https://twitter.com/ANI/status/1679802059015745537|url-status=live}}</ref>
   | location        = {{coords|69.367621|S|32.348126|E|globe:moon|display=inline,title|format=dec}} <ref name="Landing site">{{cite web |title=Mission homepage |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3_New.html/ |access-date=29 June 2023 |archive-date=23 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623133254/https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3_New.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}}<br />(between [[Manzinus (crater)|Manzinus C]] and [[Simpelius (crater)|Simpelius N]] craters)<ref>{{cite web|title=India launches Chandrayaan-3 mission to the lunar surface|date=14 July 2023|url=https://physicsworld.com/a/india-launches-chandrayaan-3-mission-to-the-lunar-surface/|publisher=Physicsworld|access-date=15 July 2023|archive-date=17 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717125057/https://physicsworld.com/a/india-launches-chandrayaan-3-mission-to-the-lunar-surface/|url-status=live}}</ref>
   | location        = {{coords|69.367621|S|32.348126|E|globe:moon|display=inline,title|format=dec}} <ref name="Landing site">{{cite web |title=Mission homepage |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3_New.html/ |access-date=29 June 2023 |archive-date=23 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623133254/https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3_New.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}}<br />(between [[Manzinus (crater)|Manzinus C]] and [[Simpelius (crater)|Simpelius N]] craters)<ref>{{cite web|title=India launches Chandrayaan-3 mission to the lunar surface|date=14 July 2023|url=https://physicsworld.com/a/india-launches-chandrayaan-3-mission-to-the-lunar-surface/|publisher=Physicsworld|access-date=15 July 2023|archive-date=17 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717125057/https://physicsworld.com/a/india-launches-chandrayaan-3-mission-to-the-lunar-surface/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| insignia          = Chandrayaan-3 logo.png
| insignia          = Chandrayaan-3 logo.png
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}}
}}


'''Chandrayaan-3'''<!--Do not add any foreign/Indic/Devanagari script per WP:INDICSCRIPT--> ({{translation|Moon-craft}}, {{audio|Chandrayaan.ogg|pronunciation}})<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2023-08-11 |title=Chandrayaan-3 just 1k-km from lunar surface |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/chandrayaan-3-just-1k-km-from-lunar-surface/articleshow/102590128.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-08-12 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812053927/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/chandrayaan-3-just-1k-km-from-lunar-surface/articleshow/102590128.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> is the third and most recent Indian [[Exploration of the Moon|lunar exploration]] mission under the [[Chandrayaan programme]] of [[ISRO]].<ref name=":3" /> It consists of a lander named [[Chandrayaan-2#Vikram lander|''Vikram'']] and a rover named ''[[Pragyan (rover)|Pragyan]]'' similar to [[Chandrayaan-2]]. Its propulsion module would act like an orbiter. The propulsion module carries the lander and rover configuration until the spacecraft is in a {{convert|100|km|adj=on}} lunar orbit.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=2 January 2020 |title=Chandrayaan-3 to cost Rs 615 crore, launch could stretch to 2021 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-to-cost-rs-615--crore-launch-could-stretch-to-2021/articleshow/73055941.cms |access-date=3 January 2020 |newspaper=The Times of India |archive-date=19 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119155006/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-to-cost-rs-615--crore-launch-could-stretch-to-2021/articleshow/73055941.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN3 |access-date=10 June 2022 |archive-date=8 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608231611/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN3 |url-status=live }}</ref>
'''Chandrayaan-3'''<!--Do not add any foreign/Indic/Devanagari script per WP:INDICSCRIPT--> ({{translation|Moon-craft}}, {{audio|Chandrayaan.ogg|pronunciation}})<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2023-08-11 |title=Chandrayaan-3 just 1k-km from lunar surface |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/chandrayaan-3-just-1k-km-from-lunar-surface/articleshow/102590128.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-08-12 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812053927/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/chandrayaan-3-just-1k-km-from-lunar-surface/articleshow/102590128.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> is the third and most recent Indian [[Exploration of the Moon|lunar exploration]] mission under the [[Chandrayaan programme]] of [[ISRO]].<ref name=":3" /> It consists of a lander named [[Chandrayaan-2#Vikram lander|''Vikram'']] and a rover named ''[[Pragyan (rover)|Pragyan]]'' similar to those of the [[Chandrayaan-2]]. Its propulsion module acts like an orbiter. The propulsion module carried the lander and rover configuration until the spacecraft attained a 153 × 163 km lunar orbit.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=2 January 2020 |title=Chandrayaan-3 to cost Rs 615 crore, launch could stretch to 2021 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-to-cost-rs-615--crore-launch-could-stretch-to-2021/articleshow/73055941.cms |access-date=3 January 2020 |newspaper=The Times of India |archive-date=19 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119155006/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-to-cost-rs-615--crore-launch-could-stretch-to-2021/articleshow/73055941.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN3 |access-date=10 June 2022 |archive-date=8 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608231611/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN3 |url-status=live }}</ref>


Following Chandrayaan-2, where a last-minute glitch in the landing guidance software led to the lander crashing after entering [[lunar orbit]], another lunar mission was proposed.<ref name="Failure report">{{cite news|last=Guptan|first=Mahesh|title=How did Chandrayaan 2 fail? ISRO finally has the answer|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2019/11/16/how-did-chandrayaan-2-fail-isro-answer.html|newspaper=The Week|date=2019-11-16|access-date=2020-01-03|archive-date=19 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219143203/https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2019/11/16/how-did-chandrayaan-2-fail-isro-answer.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
Following Chandrayaan-2, where a last-minute glitch in the landing guidance software led to the lander crashing after entering [[lunar orbit]], another lunar mission was proposed.<ref name="Failure report">{{cite news|last=Guptan|first=Mahesh|title=How did Chandrayaan 2 fail? ISRO finally has the answer|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2019/11/16/how-did-chandrayaan-2-fail-isro-answer.html|newspaper=The Week|date=2019-11-16|access-date=2020-01-03|archive-date=19 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219143203/https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2019/11/16/how-did-chandrayaan-2-fail-isro-answer.html|url-status=live}}</ref>


The launch of Chandrayaan-3 took place on 14 July 2023, at 2:35 pm IST.<ref name="ISRO_Chandrayaan3">{{cite web |title=Chandrayaan-3 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3.html |website=www.isro.gov.in |access-date=14 July 2023 |archive-date=10 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710170915/https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The lander and rover are expected to land near the [[lunar south pole]] region on 23 August 2023. The powered descent is scheduled for 23 August 2023, around 05:45 pm IST and touchdown is expected on the same day around 06:05 pm IST.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-06 |title=Chandrayaan-3 launch on 14 July, lunar landing on 23 or 24 August |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/chandrayaan-3-launch-scheduled-for-july-14-at-235-pm/article67049236.ece |access-date=2023-07-14 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=11 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711031538/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/chandrayaan-3-launch-scheduled-for-july-14-at-235-pm/article67049236.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|title=Chandrayaan-3 mission|number=1693181653273940240|user=isro|date=2023-08-20|access-date=2023-08-20}}</ref>
The launch of Chandrayaan-3 took place on 14 July 2023, at 2:35 pm IST.<ref name="ISRO_Chandrayaan3">{{cite web |title=Chandrayaan-3 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3.html |website=www.isro.gov.in |access-date=14 July 2023 |archive-date=10 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710170915/https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The lander and rover landed near the [[lunar south pole]] region on 23 August 2023. The powered descent occurred on 23 August 2023, around 5:45 pm IST and touchdown occurred on the same day around 6:04 pm IST.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-06 |title=Chandrayaan-3 launch on 14 July, lunar landing on 23 or 24 August |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/chandrayaan-3-launch-scheduled-for-july-14-at-235-pm/article67049236.ece |access-date=2023-07-14 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=11 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711031538/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/chandrayaan-3-launch-scheduled-for-july-14-at-235-pm/article67049236.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|title=Chandrayaan-3 mission|number=1693181653273940240|user=isro|date=2023-08-20|access-date=2023-08-20}}</ref>The lander has successfully touched down.
 
Chandrayaan-3 was the first soft landing near the [[lunar south pole]].<ref name="ft">{{cite news |author1=Benjamin Parkin |title=India prepares for ambitious landing on Moon’s South Pole |url=https://www.ft.com/content/5e902150-7c28-4ab3-b6de-8a8191a6d147 |access-date=23 August 2023 |work=Financial Times |date=23 August 2023 |quote=If it succeeds, India will become the fourth country to land a craft on the Moon, after the US, China and Soviet Union, and the first to reach its South Pole.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=Umang Sharma |title='Soft landing on Moon's South Pole will be unparalled feat': Space expert hails Chandrayaan-3 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/soft-landing-on-moons-south-pole-will-be-unparalled-feat-space-expert-hails-chandrayaan-3-13029592.html |access-date=23 August 2023 |work=Firstpost |date=23 August 2023}}</ref> No landings have occurred near the [[lunar north pole]].
 
India achieved multiple world's first with Chandrayaan-3
 
* Only nation to land on Moon’s south pole.
* Only nation to operate rover on Moon’s south pole.
* Only 2nd nation in 21st century to do a controlled landing on the Moon (other being China).
* Only 4th nation to do a controlled landing on Moon in human history.
 


== Background ==
== Background ==
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=== Orbit raising and station keeping ===
=== Orbit raising and station keeping ===
[[File:Chandrayaan-3 – Mission Profile.webp|thumb|Chandrayaan-3 orbital maneuver ]]
[[File:Chandrayaan-3 – Mission Profile.webp|thumb|Chandrayaan-3 orbital maneuver ]]
[[File:Chandrayaan-3_Integrated_Module_in_clean-room_01.webp|thumb|Integrated module in clean room]]


The satellite was launched aboard the [[LVM3]]-M4 rocket in the afternoon of 14 July 2023, at 2:35 pm IST to a [[Parking orbit|EPO]] perigee of {{convert|170|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} and an apogee of {{convert|36,500|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}. This was followed by a series of orbit raising operations (using an on-board [[Liquid Apogee Motor|LAM]] and chemical thrusters) that placed the satellite in the [[Trans-lunar injection]] orbit.
The satellite was launched aboard the [[LVM3]]-M4 rocket in the afternoon of 14 July 2023, at 2:35 pm IST to a [[Parking orbit|EPO]] perigee of {{convert|170|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} and an apogee of {{convert|36,500|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}. This was followed by a series of orbit raising operations (using an on-board [[Liquid Apogee Motor|LAM]] and chemical thrusters) that placed the satellite in the [[Trans-lunar injection]] orbit.


{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto; text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0; text-align:left;"
! rowspan="2"| #
! rowspan="2"| #
! rowspan="2"| Date/<br />Time (UTC)
! rowspan="2"| Date/<br />Time (UTC)
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* [[Indian Martian Exploration Programme]] – Indian Mars exploration programme
* [[Indian Martian Exploration Programme]] – Indian Mars exploration programme
* [[Shukrayaan|Venus Orbiter Mission]] – Indian Venus exploration mission
* [[Shukrayaan|Venus Orbiter Mission]] – Indian Venus exploration mission
* [[Aditya-L1]] – Indian solar observation mission
* [[Aditya-L1]] – Indian solar observation mission  
* [[Luna 9]] - First spacecraft to successfully soft land on the Moon.


== References ==
== References ==
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== External links ==
== External links ==
*{{Commons category-inline|Chandrayaan-3}}
{{Lunar rovers}}
{{Lunar rovers}}
{{Moon spacecraft}}
{{Moon spacecraft}}
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[[Category:2023 in India]]
[[Category:2023 in India]]
[[Category:ISRO space probes]]
[[Category:ISRO space probes]]
[[Category:2023 on the Moon]]
<!-- [[Category:Spacecraft launched by GSLV rockets]] -->
<!-- [[Category:Spacecraft launched by GSLV rockets]] -->

Revision as of 18:17, 23 August 2023


Chandrayaan-3
Chandrayaan-3 Integrated Module in clean-room before encapsulation 01.webp
Chandrayaan-3 Integrated Module in cleanroom before encapsulation
Mission type
OperatorISRO
COSPAR ID{{#property:P247}}
Websitewww.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3.html
Mission duration1 year, 11 months and 1 day (elapsed)
  • Propulsion module: ≤ 3 to 6 months (planned) 1 year, 10 months and 10 days (elapsed) (since orbit insertion)
  • Vikram lander: ≤ 1 year, 9 months and 23 days (elapsed)
  • Pragyan rover: ≤ 14 days (planned)
Spacecraft properties
BusChandrayaan
ManufacturerISRO
Launch mass3900 kg[1]
Payload massPropulsion Module: 2148.00 kg
Lander Module (Vikram): 1752 kg including Rover (Pragyan) of 26 kg
Total: 3900.00 kg
PowerPropulsion Module: 758 W
Lander Module: 738W,
WS with Bias Rover: 50W
Start of mission
Launch date14 July 2023 (2023-07-14) 14:35:17 IST, (9:05:17 UTC)[2][3]
RocketLVM3 M4
Launch siteSatish Dhawan Space Centre
ContractorISRO
Moon orbiter
Spacecraft componentLander
Orbital insertion5 August 2023
Orbital parameters
Pericynthion altitude153 km (95 mi)
Apocynthion altitude163 km (101 mi)
Moon lander
Spacecraft componentRover
Landing date23 August 2023 (2023-08-23) 18:04 IST, (12:34 UTC) [4][5]
Landing site69°22′03″S 32°20′53″E / 69.367621°S 32.348126°E / -69.367621; 32.348126Coordinates: 69°22′03″S 32°20′53″E / 69.367621°S 32.348126°E / -69.367621; 32.348126 [6]

(between Manzinus C and Simpelius N craters)[7]
Chandrayaan-3 logo.png  

Chandrayaan-3 (transl. Moon-craft, About this soundpronunciation (help·info))[8] is the third and most recent Indian lunar exploration mission under the Chandrayaan programme of ISRO.[8] It consists of a lander named Vikram and a rover named Pragyan similar to those of the Chandrayaan-2. Its propulsion module acts like an orbiter. The propulsion module carried the lander and rover configuration until the spacecraft attained a 153 × 163 km lunar orbit.[9][10]

Following Chandrayaan-2, where a last-minute glitch in the landing guidance software led to the lander crashing after entering lunar orbit, another lunar mission was proposed.[11]

The launch of Chandrayaan-3 took place on 14 July 2023, at 2:35 pm IST.[12] The lander and rover landed near the lunar south pole region on 23 August 2023. The powered descent occurred on 23 August 2023, around 5:45 pm IST and touchdown occurred on the same day around 6:04 pm IST.[13][14]The lander has successfully touched down.

Chandrayaan-3 was the first soft landing near the lunar south pole.[15][16] No landings have occurred near the lunar north pole.

India achieved multiple world's first with Chandrayaan-3

  • Only nation to land on Moon’s south pole.
  • Only nation to operate rover on Moon’s south pole.
  • Only 2nd nation in 21st century to do a controlled landing on the Moon (other being China).
  • Only 4th nation to do a controlled landing on Moon in human history.


Background

As part of the Chandrayaan programme to demonstrate soft landing on the Moon, ISRO launched Chandrayaan-2 on board a Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM3) launch vehicle consisting of an orbiter, a lander and a rover.[17] The lander was scheduled to touchdown on the lunar surface in September 2019 to deploy the Pragyan rover.[18][19]

The European Space Tracking (ESTRACK) operated by European Space Agency (ESA) will support the mission according to a contract. Under the new cross-support arrangement, ESA tracking support could be provided for upcoming ISRO missions such as those of India’s first human spaceflight programme, Gaganyaan and the Aditya-L1 solar research mission. In return, future ESA missions will receive similar support from ISRO’s own tracking stations.[20]

Objectives

ISRO has set the following mission objectives for the Chandrayaan-3 mission:

  1. Getting a lander to land safely and softly on the surface of the Moon.
  2. Observing and demonstrating the rover’s loitering capabilities on the Moon.
  3. In-site observation and conducting experiments on the materials available on the lunar surface to better understand composition of the Moon.[21]

Spacecraft

Design

Chandrayaan-3 comprises three main components:

Propulsion module: The propulsion module will carry the lander and rover configuration till 100 km lunar orbit. It is a box-like structure with one large solar panel mounted on one side and a large cylinder on top (the Intermodular Adapter Cone) that acts as a mounting structure for the lander.[10][9]

Lander: The lander is responsible for the soft landing on the Moon. It is also box-shaped, with four landing legs and four landing thrusters of 800 newtons each. It will be carrying the rover and various scientific instruments to perform in-site analysis.

The lander for Chandrayaan-3 will have only four throttle-able engines with thrust valve slew rate changing capabilities, unlike Vikram on Chandrayaan-2 which had five 800 Newtons engines with a fifth one being centrally mounted with a fixed thrust. One of the main reasons of Chandrayaan-2 failure, i.e., attitude increase during camera coasting phase was removed by allowing the lander to control attitude and thrust in all phases of descent. Attitude correction range is increased from 10°/s in Chandrayaan-2 to 25°/s in Chandrayaan-3. Additionally, the Chandrayaan-3 lander will be equipped with a Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV) to allow measuring attitude in 3 directions.[22][23] The impact legs have been made stronger compared to Chandrayaan-2 and instrumentation redundancy has been increased. It will target a more precise 4 km (2.5 mi) by 4 km (2.5 mi) landing region based on images previously provided by OHRC on Chandrayaan-2. ISRO improved the structural rigidity, increased polling in instruments, increased data frequency and transmission and added other multiple software and contingency systems, as the lander is designed to withstand failed landing attempt via multiple complicated software simulations.[24][23]

Rover:

  • Six-wheeled design
  • Mass of 26 kilograms (57 pounds)
  • Range of 500 metres (1,600 ft)
  • Dimensions : 917 millimetres (3.009 ft) x 750 millimetres (2.46 ft) x 397 millimetres (1.302 ft)

The Chandrayaan-3 rover is expected to make a number of important scientific discoveries, including:

  • The composition of the lunar surface
  • The presence of water ice in the lunar soil
  • The history of lunar impacts
  • The evolution of the Moon’s atmosphere
  • Integrated module

    Integrated module

  • Propulsion module

    Propulsion module

  • Lander

    Lander

  • Rover

    Rover

Payloads

Lander

  • Chandra's Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) will measure the thermal conductivity and temperature of the lunar surface.
  • Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) will measure the seismicity around the landing site.
  • Langmuir Probe (LP) will estimate the plasma density and its variations.[25]

Rover

  • Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS) will derive the chemical composition and infer mineralogical composition of the lunar surface.
  • Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS) will determine the elemental composition (Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, Fe) of lunar soil and rocks around the lunar landing site.[25]

Propulsion module

  • Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE) to study the spectral and polarimetric measurements of Earth from the lunar orbit in the near-infrared (NIR) wavelength range (1-1.7 μm).[10][9]
  • Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APSX) payload on the rover

    Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APSX) payload on the rover

  • Chandra’s Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) payload on the lander

    Chandra’s Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) payload on the lander

  • Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) payload on the lander

    Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) payload on the lander

  • Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS) payload on the rover

    Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS) payload on the rover

  • Langmuir Probe (RAMBHA-LP) payload on the lander

    Langmuir Probe (RAMBHA-LP) payload on the lander

  • Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE) payload on the propulsion module

    Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE) payload on the propulsion module

Mission profile

Animation of Chandrayaan-3
Around the Earth – Orbit raising phase
Around the Earth
Around the Moon
   Chandrayaan-3's Path ·    Earth ·    Moon

Launch

LVM3 M4, Chandrayaan-3 – Launch vehicle lifting off from the Second Launch Pad (SLP) of SDSC-SHAR, Sriharikota

Chandrayaan-3 was launched on 14 July 2023, at 2:35 pm IST as scheduled, from Satish Dhawan Space Centre Second Launch Pad in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh, India. The spacecraft entered lunar orbit on 5 August 2023.[26] It is anticipated that the Chandrayaan-3 mission will achieve a soft landing on the lunar South Pole region on 23 August.[27]

Choosing the month of July for the launch of Chandrayaan 3 was a special move because of a calculation made by ISRO regarding the closeness of Earth and Moon.[28][dubious – discuss]

On August 5, the Indian Space Research Organisation achieved a Lunar-Orbit Insertion (LOI), successfully placing the Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft into orbit around the Moon. The LOI operation was carried out from the ISRO Telemetry, Tracking, and Command Network (ISTRAC) located in Bengaluru.[29][30]

After a series of Lunar Bound Maneuvers, on August 17, the Vikram lander separated from the propulsion module, to begin its solo journey to the lunar surface.

Orbit raising and station keeping

Chandrayaan-3 orbital maneuver
Integrated module in clean room

The satellite was launched aboard the LVM3-M4 rocket in the afternoon of 14 July 2023, at 2:35 pm IST to a EPO perigee of 170 km (106 mi) and an apogee of 36,500 km (22,680 mi). This was followed by a series of orbit raising operations (using an on-board LAM and chemical thrusters) that placed the satellite in the Trans-lunar injection orbit.

# Date/
Time (UTC) 		LAM burn time Height achieved Orbital period Outcome References
Apogee/Apolune Perigee/Perilune
Earth bound maneuvers
1 15 July 2023 N/A 41,762 km (25,950 mi) 173 km (107 mi) N/A Success [31][32]
2 17 July 2023 N/A 41,603 km (25,851 mi) 226 km (140 mi) N/A Success [31][33]
3 18 July 2023 N/A 51,400 km (31,900 mi) 228 km (142 mi) N/A Success [34]
4 20 July 2023 N/A 71,351 km (44,335 mi) 233 km (145 mi) N/A Success [31][35]
5 25 July 2023 N/A 127,603 km (79,289 mi) 236 km (147 mi) N/A Success [36]
Trans Lunar Injection
1 31 July 2023 N/A 369,328 km (229,490 mi) 288 km (179 mi) N/A Success [37]
Lunar Bound Maneuvers
1 5 August 2023 1,835 sec[convert: unknown unit] 18,074 km (11,231 mi) 164 km (102 mi) Approx. 21 h (1,300 min) Success [38]
2 6 August 2023 N/A 4,313 km (2,680 mi) 170 km (110 mi) N/A Success [39]
3 9 August 2023 N/A 1,437 km (893 mi) 174 km (108 mi) N/A Success [40]
4 14 August 2023 N/A 177 km (110 mi) 150 km (93 mi) N/A Success [41]
5 16 August 2023 N/A 163 km (101 mi) 153 km (95 mi) N/A Success [42]
Lander Module Separation
1 17 August 2023 N/A 163 km (101 mi) 153 km (95 mi) N/A Success [43]
Lander Deorbit Maneuvers
1 18 August 2023 N/A 157 km (98 mi) 113 km (70 mi) N/A Success [44]
2 19 August 2023 60 sec[convert: unknown unit] 134 km (83 mi) 25 km (16 mi) N/A Success [45]
Landing
1 23 August 2023 TBD N/A N/A N/A Success

Mission life

Propulsion Module Lander Module Rover Module
Carrying Lander Module and Rover upto ~100 x 100 km launch injection.

Subsequently, operation of experimental payload for a period of 3 to 6 months.[46]

1 Lunar Day (14 Earth Days)[47] 1 Lunar Day (14 Earth Days)[47]

Team

  • ISRO Chairperson: S. Somanath[8]
  • Mission Director: S. Mohanakumar
  • Associate Mission Director: G. Narayanan
  • Project Director – P Veeramuthuvel
  • Vehicle Director: Biju C Thomas[48]

Funding

In December 2019, it was reported that ISRO requested the initial funding of the project, amounting to ₹75 crore (US$8.6 million), out of which ₹60 crore (US$6.9 million) will be for meeting expenditure towards machinery, equipment and other capital expenditure, while the remaining ₹15 crore (US$1.7 million) is sought under revenue expenditure head.[49]

Confirming the existence of the project, ISRO's former chairman K. Sivan stated that the estimated cost would be around ₹615 crore (US$71 million).[50][51][52]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Chandrayaan-3 vs Russia's Luna-25 | Which one is likely to win the space race". cnbctv18.com. 14 August 2023. Archived from the original on 16 August 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  2. ↑ "ISRO to launch moon mission Chandrayaan-3 on July 14. Check details". Hindustan Times. 6 July 2023. Archived from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  3. ↑ "Chandrayaan-3 Launch LIVE Updates: Chandrayaan 3 successfully separated from LVM, injected to internal orbit". mint. 14 July 2023. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  4. ↑ "Chandrayaan-3 launch on July 14; August 23-24 preferred landing dates". THE TIMES OF INDIA. 6 July 2023. Archived from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  5. ↑ "ANI on Twitter". 14 July 2023. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  6. ↑ "Mission homepage". Archived from the original on 23 June 2023. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
  7. ↑ "India launches Chandrayaan-3 mission to the lunar surface". Physicsworld. 14 July 2023. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 "Chandrayaan-3 just 1k-km from lunar surface". The Times of India. 11 August 2023. ISSN 0971-8257. Archived from the original on 12 August 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 "Chandrayaan-3 to cost Rs 615 crore, launch could stretch to 2021". The Times of India. 2 January 2020. Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 "NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details". Archived from the original on 8 June 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  11. ↑ Guptan, Mahesh (16 November 2019). "How did Chandrayaan 2 fail? ISRO finally has the answer". The Week. Archived from the original on 19 February 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  12. ↑ "Chandrayaan-3". www.isro.gov.in. Archived from the original on 10 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  13. ↑ "Chandrayaan-3 launch on 14 July, lunar landing on 23 or 24 August". The Hindu. 6 July 2023. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 11 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  14. ↑ @isro (20 August 2023). "Chandrayaan-3 mission" (Tweet). Retrieved 20 August 2023 – via Twitter.
  15. ↑ Benjamin Parkin (23 August 2023). "India prepares for ambitious landing on Moon's South Pole". Financial Times. Retrieved 23 August 2023. If it succeeds, India will become the fourth country to land a craft on the Moon, after the US, China and Soviet Union, and the first to reach its South Pole.
  16. ↑ Umang Sharma (23 August 2023). "'Soft landing on Moon's South Pole will be unparalled feat': Space expert hails Chandrayaan-3". Firstpost. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  17. ↑ "Chandrayaan-3 a shot in the arm for Gaganyaan-1". The Times of India. 15 July 2023. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
  18. ↑ Singh, Surendra (5 August 2018). "Chandrayaan-2 launch put off: India, Israel in lunar race for 4th position". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 19 August 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  19. ↑ Shenoy, Jaideep (28 February 2016). "ISRO chief signals India's readiness for Chandrayaan II mission". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 20 July 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  20. ↑ "ESA and Indian space agency ISRO agree on future cooperation". www.esa.int. Archived from the original on 21 March 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
  21. ↑ "Indian Space Research Organisation". www.isro.gov.in. Archived from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  22. ↑ Kumar, Chethan (19 November 2019). "Chandrayaan-3 plans indicate failures in Chandrayaan-2". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 21 November 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 After 4 Years, ISRO Reveals Why Chandrayaan 2 FAILED, archived from the original on 10 August 2023, retrieved 10 August 2023
  24. ↑ Sharma, Shaurya (21 October 2022). "Chandrayaan-3 To Be More Robust, Have Contingency Systems Onboard, Says ISRO Chief". News18. Archived from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 "ISRO Chandrayaan 3 brochure" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  26. ↑ "Chandrayaan-3: Historic India Moon mission sends new photos of lunar surface". BBC News. 7 August 2023. Archived from the original on 7 August 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  27. ↑ "Chandrayan-3 lifts off on mission to the moon". 14 July 2023. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  28. ↑ "Chandrayaan 3: Know why July is important for ISRO". News9live. 14 July 2023. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  29. ↑ THE HINDU BUREAU (5 August 2023). "Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft enters lunar orbit". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 6 August 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
  30. ↑ Grey, Charles (6 August 2023). "India's Chandrayaan-3 Successfully Inserted Into Lunar Orbit". AIR SPACE News. Archived from the original on 6 August 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 "Chandrayaan-3". ISRO. Archived from the original on 10 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  32. ↑ @isro (15 July 2023). "The first orbit raising operation" (Tweet). Retrieved 15 July 2023 – via Twitter.
  33. ↑ @isro (17 July 2023). "The second orbit raising operation" (Tweet). Retrieved 17 July 2023 – via Twitter.
  34. ↑ @isro (18 July 2023). "The third orbit raising operation" (Tweet). Retrieved 18 July 2023 – via Twitter.
  35. ↑ @isro (20 July 2023). "The fourth orbit raising operation" (Tweet). Retrieved 20 July 2023 – via Twitter.
  36. ↑ @isro (25 July 2023). "The fifth orbit raising operation" (Tweet). Retrieved 25 July 2023 – via Twitter.
  37. ↑ @isro (1 August 2023). "Chandrayaan-3 update" (Tweet). Retrieved 5 August 2023 – via Twitter.
  38. ↑ @isro (4 August 2023). "Lunar Orbit Injection (LOI)" (Tweet). Retrieved 5 August 2023 – via Twitter.
  39. ↑ @isro (6 August 2023). "Chandrayaan-3 Mission" (Tweet). Retrieved 6 August 2023 – via Twitter.
  40. ↑ @isro (9 August 2023). "Chandrayaan-3 Mission" (Tweet). Retrieved 9 August 2023 – via Twitter.
  41. ↑ @isro (14 August 2023). "Chandrayaan-3 Mission" (Tweet). Retrieved 14 August 2023 – via Twitter.
  42. ↑ @isro (16 August 2023). "Chandrayaan-3 Mission" (Tweet). Retrieved 16 August 2023 – via Twitter.
  43. ↑ @isro (17 August 2023). "Chandrayaan-3 Mission" (Tweet). Retrieved 17 August 2023 – via Twitter.
  44. ↑ @isro (18 August 2023). "Chandrayaan-3 Mission" (Tweet). Retrieved 18 August 2023 – via Twitter.
  45. ↑ @isro (19 August 2023). "Chandrayaan 3 mission: second and final deorbiting operation" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  46. ↑ "ISRO Chandrayaan 3 brochure" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 "Wayback Machine" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 July 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
  48. ↑ "Chandrayaan 3 Launch Live: India's Chandrayaan-3 moon mission lifts off from Sriharikota". The Times of India. 14 July 2023. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  49. ↑ Kumar, Chethan (8 December 2019). "ISRO seeks 75 crore more from Centre for Chandrayaan-3". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  50. ↑ "Chandrayaan-3 to cost Rs 615 crore, launch could stretch to 2021". The Times of India. 2 January 2020. Archived from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  51. ↑ "How much did India's Chandrayaan-3 lunar mission cost?". CNBC. 15 July 2023. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
  52. ↑ published, Mike Wall (18 August 2023). "India's Chandrayaan-3 snaps close-up photos of moon ahead of landing try (video)". Space.com. Retrieved 22 August 2023.

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