Chandrayaan-3: Difference between revisions

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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name              = Chandrayaan-3  
| name              = Chandrayaan-3
| image              = Chandrayaan-3 Integrated Module in clean-room 02.webp
| image              = Chandrayaan-3 Integrated Module in clean-room 03.webp
| image_caption      = Chandrayaan-3 Integrated Module in clean room
| image_caption      = Chandrayaan-3 Integrated Module in clean room
| image_size        =  
| image_size        = |mis
| mis
{{ubl|[[Lunar lander|Lander]]|[[Lunar rover|Rover]]|[[Propulsion]] module}}
{{ubl|[[Lunar lander|Lander]]|[[Lunar rover|Rover]]|[[Propulsion|Propulsion module]]}}
| operator          = [[ISRO]]
| operator          = [[ISRO]]
| COSPAR_ID          =  
| COSPAR_ID          =  
| SATCAT            =  
| SATCAT            =  
| website            = {{url| www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3_New.html}}
| website            = {{url| https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3.html}}
| mission_duration  = {{time interval|July 14, 2023|show=ymd}} (elapsed)<br/>
| mission_duration  = {{time interval|July 14, 2023|show=ymd}} (elapsed)
* Propulsion module: ≤ 3 to 6 months (planned)
* Propulsion module: ≤ 3 to 6 months (planned)
* ''[[Vikram (spacecraft)|Vikram]]'' lander: ≤ 14 days (planned)  
* ''[[Vikram (spacecraft)|Vikram]]'' lander: ≤ 14 days (planned)
* ''[[Pragyan (rover)|Pragyan]]'' rover: ≤ 14 days (planned)
* ''[[Pragyan (rover)|Pragyan]]'' rover: ≤ 14 days (planned)
|Landing_site   = "69.367621S,32.348126E"
| Landing_site       = "69.367621S,32.348126E"
| spacecraft_type    =  
| spacecraft_type    =  
| spacecraft_bus    = Chandrayaan
| spacecraft_bus    = Chandrayaan
| manufacturer      = ISRO
| manufacturer      = ISRO
| launch_mass        = 3900 kg
| launch_mass        = 3900 kg<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/science/chandrayaan3-russia-luna-25-who-is-likely-win-space-race-17524541.htm|title=Chandrayaan-3 Vs Russia's Luna-25 Which one is likely to win the space race}}</ref>
| payload_mass      = Propulsion Module:  2148.00 kg <br/>  Lander Module (Vikram): 1752 kg including Rover (Pragyan) of 26 kg <br/>  Total: 3900.00 kg
| payload_mass      = Propulsion Module:  2148.00 kg <br />  Lander Module (Vikram): 1752&nbsp;kg including Rover (Pragyan) of 26&nbsp;kg <br />  Total: 3900.00 kg
| dimensions        = <!--{{convert| |x| | | |abbr=on}}-->
| dimensions        = <!--{{convert| |x| | | |abbr=on}}-->
| power              = Propulsion Module: 758 W Lander Module: 738W, WS with Bias Rover: 50W
| power              = Propulsion Module: 758 W Lander Module: 738W, WS with Bias Rover: 50W
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   | component      = [[Rover (space exploration)|Rover]]
   | component      = [[Rover (space exploration)|Rover]]
   | arrival_date    = {{start-date|23 August 2023}} 17:47 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], (12:17 [[UTC]]) (planned) <ref name="Landing date">{{Cite news|date=2023-07-06|title=Chandrayaan-3 launch on July 14; August 23-24 preferred landing dates|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-moon-mission-chandrayaan-3-to-be-launched-on-july-14-at-2-35pm/articleshow/101547465.cms|access-date=2023-07-07|website=THE TIMES OF INDIA|archive-date=8 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708100402/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-moon-mission-chandrayaan-3-to-be-launched-on-july-14-at-2-35pm/articleshow/101547465.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-07-14|title=ANI on Twitter|url=https://twitter.com/ANI/status/1679802059015745537|access-date=2023-07-14|archive-date=17 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717125550/https://twitter.com/ANI/status/1679802059015745537|url-status=live}}</ref>
   | arrival_date    = {{start-date|23 August 2023}} 17:47 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], (12:17 [[UTC]]) (planned) <ref name="Landing date">{{Cite news|date=2023-07-06|title=Chandrayaan-3 launch on July 14; August 23-24 preferred landing dates|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-moon-mission-chandrayaan-3-to-be-launched-on-july-14-at-2-35pm/articleshow/101547465.cms|access-date=2023-07-07|website=THE TIMES OF INDIA|archive-date=8 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708100402/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-moon-mission-chandrayaan-3-to-be-launched-on-july-14-at-2-35pm/articleshow/101547465.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-07-14|title=ANI on Twitter|url=https://twitter.com/ANI/status/1679802059015745537|access-date=2023-07-14|archive-date=17 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717125550/https://twitter.com/ANI/status/1679802059015745537|url-status=live}}</ref>
   | location        = 69.367621 S, 32.348126 E<ref name="Landing site">{{cite web |title=Mission homepage |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3_New.html/ |access-date=29 June 2023 |archive-date=23 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623133254/https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3_New.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}}<br>(between [[Manzinus (crater)|Manzinus C]] and [[Simpelius (crater)|Simpelius N]] craters)<ref>{{cite web|title=India launches Chandrayaan-3 mission to the lunar surface|date=14 July 2023|url=https://physicsworld.com/a/india-launches-chandrayaan-3-mission-to-the-lunar-surface/|publisher=Physicsworld|access-date=15 July 2023|archive-date=17 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717125057/https://physicsworld.com/a/india-launches-chandrayaan-3-mission-to-the-lunar-surface/|url-status=live}}</ref>
   | location        = {{coords|69.367621|S|32.348126|E|globe:moon|display=inline,title|format=dec}} <ref name="Landing site">{{cite web |title=Mission homepage |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3_New.html/ |access-date=29 June 2023 |archive-date=23 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623133254/https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3_New.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}}<br />(between [[Manzinus (crater)|Manzinus C]] and [[Simpelius (crater)|Simpelius N]] craters)<ref>{{cite web|title=India launches Chandrayaan-3 mission to the lunar surface|date=14 July 2023|url=https://physicsworld.com/a/india-launches-chandrayaan-3-mission-to-the-lunar-surface/|publisher=Physicsworld|access-date=15 July 2023|archive-date=17 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717125057/https://physicsworld.com/a/india-launches-chandrayaan-3-mission-to-the-lunar-surface/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| insignia   =Chandrayaan-3 logo.png
| insignia           = Chandrayaan-3 logo.png
|insignia_caption =Two official Chandrayaan-3 mission patches
| insignia_caption   = Official Chandrayaan-3 mission patch
|insignia_size=300px
| insignia_size     = 300px
| programme          = [[Chandrayaan programme]]
| programme          = [[Chandrayaan programme]]
| previous_mission  = [[Chandrayaan-2]]
| previous_mission  = [[Chandrayaan-2]]
| next_mission      = [[Lunar Polar Exploration Mission]]
| next_mission      = [[Lunar Polar Exploration Mission]]|
|}}
}}


'''Chandrayaan-3''' (Devanagari: चन्द्रयान-3) is the third and most recent lunar Indian Space Research exploration mission under the [[Chandrayaan programme]]. It consists of a lander named [[Vikram (spacecraft)|Vikram]] and a rover named ''[[Pragyan (rover)|Pragyan]]'' similar to [[Chandrayaan-2]], but does not have an orbiter. Its propulsion module behaves like a communication relay satellite. The propulsion module carries the lander and rover configuration until the spacecraft is in a 100 km lunar orbit.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=2 January 2020 |title=Chandrayaan-3 to cost Rs 615 crore, launch could stretch to 2021 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-to-cost-rs-615--crore-launch-could-stretch-to-2021/articleshow/73055941.cms |access-date=3 January 2020 |newspaper=The Times of India |archive-date=19 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119155006/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-to-cost-rs-615--crore-launch-could-stretch-to-2021/articleshow/73055941.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN3 |access-date=10 June 2022 |archive-date=8 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608231611/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN3 |url-status=live }}</ref>
'''Chandrayaan-3''' ([[Devanagari]]: चंद्रयान-३, {{Translation|Moon-spaceship}})<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2023-08-11 |title=Chandrayaan-3 just 1k-km from lunar surface |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/chandrayaan-3-just-1k-km-from-lunar-surface/articleshow/102590128.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-08-12 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> is the third and most recent lunar Indian Space Research exploration mission under the [[Chandrayaan programme]] of [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]].<ref name=":3" /> It consists of a lander named [[Vikram (spacecraft)|Vikram]] and a rover named ''[[Pragyan (rover)|Pragyan]]'' similar to [[Chandrayaan-2]], but does not have an orbiter. Its propulsion module behaves like a communication relay satellite. The propulsion module carries the lander and rover configuration until the spacecraft is in a {{convert|100|km|adj=on}} lunar orbit.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=2 January 2020 |title=Chandrayaan-3 to cost Rs 615 crore, launch could stretch to 2021 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-to-cost-rs-615--crore-launch-could-stretch-to-2021/articleshow/73055941.cms |access-date=3 January 2020 |newspaper=The Times of India |archive-date=19 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119155006/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-to-cost-rs-615--crore-launch-could-stretch-to-2021/articleshow/73055941.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN3 |access-date=10 June 2022 |archive-date=8 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608231611/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN3 |url-status=live }}</ref>


Following Chandrayaan-2, where a last-minute glitch in the landing guidance software led to the lander crashing after entering [[lunar orbit]], another lunar mission was proposed.<ref name="Failure report">{{cite news|last=Guptan|first=Mahesh|title=How did Chandrayaan 2 fail? ISRO finally has the answer|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2019/11/16/how-did-chandrayaan-2-fail-isro-answer.html|newspaper=The Week|date=2019-11-16|access-date=2020-01-03|archive-date=19 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219143203/https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2019/11/16/how-did-chandrayaan-2-fail-isro-answer.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
Following Chandrayaan-2, where a last-minute glitch in the landing guidance software led to the lander crashing after entering [[lunar orbit]], another lunar mission was proposed.<ref name="Failure report">{{cite news|last=Guptan|first=Mahesh|title=How did Chandrayaan 2 fail? ISRO finally has the answer|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2019/11/16/how-did-chandrayaan-2-fail-isro-answer.html|newspaper=The Week|date=2019-11-16|access-date=2020-01-03|archive-date=19 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219143203/https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2019/11/16/how-did-chandrayaan-2-fail-isro-answer.html|url-status=live}}</ref>


The launch of Chandrayaan-3 took place on 14 July 2023, at 2:35 pm IST<ref name="ISRO_Chandrayaan3">{{cite web |title=Chandrayaan-3 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3.html |website=www.isro.gov.in |access-date=14 July 2023 |archive-date=10 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710170915/https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and lunar injection of 100 km circular polar orbit was completed successfully as part of phase one.<ref name="Successful launch" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-14 |title=Chandrayaan 3 Launch Live: India's Chandrayaan-3 moon mission lifts off from Sriharikota |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-launch-live-updates-isro-moon-landing-mission-countdown-launch-time-sriharkota-how-to-watch/liveblog/101739131.cms |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=17 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717084941/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-launch-live-updates-isro-moon-landing-mission-countdown-launch-time-sriharkota-how-to-watch/liveblog/101739131.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The lander and rover are expected to land near the [[lunar south pole]] region on 23 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-06 |title=Chandrayaan-3 launch on 14 July, lunar landing on 23 or 24 August |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/chandrayaan-3-launch-scheduled-for-july-14-at-235-pm/article67049236.ece |access-date=2023-07-14 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=11 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711031538/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/chandrayaan-3-launch-scheduled-for-july-14-at-235-pm/article67049236.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
The launch of Chandrayaan-3 took place on 14 July 2023, at 2:35 pm IST<ref name="ISRO_Chandrayaan3">{{cite web |title=Chandrayaan-3 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3.html |website=www.isro.gov.in |access-date=14 July 2023 |archive-date=10 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710170915/https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3.html |url-status=live }}</ref>. The lander and rover are expected to land near the [[lunar south pole]] region on 23 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-06 |title=Chandrayaan-3 launch on 14 July, lunar landing on 23 or 24 August |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/chandrayaan-3-launch-scheduled-for-july-14-at-235-pm/article67049236.ece |access-date=2023-07-14 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=11 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711031538/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/chandrayaan-3-launch-scheduled-for-july-14-at-235-pm/article67049236.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
The Chandrayaan-3 mission is a stepping stone towards ISRO’s future interplanetary missions. The key idea is technology demonstration of crucial capability to soft land on lunar surface safely that the earlier mission could not achieve.<ref>[https://www.scientificeuropean.co.uk/sciences/space/isro-launches-chandrayaan-3-moon-mission/ ‘ISRO Launches Chandrayaan-3 Moon Mission’]. Scientific European. Retrieved 2023-07-14</ref>


== Background ==
== Background ==
As part of the [[Chandrayaan programme]] to demonstrate soft landing on the Moon, ISRO launched [[Chandrayaan-2]] on board a [[LVM3 | Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM3)]] [[launch vehicle]] consisting of an orbiter, a lander and a rover.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-a-shot-in-the-arm-for-gaganyaan-1/articleshow/101769970.cms|title=Chandrayaan-3 a shot in the arm for Gaganyaan-1|newspaper=The Times of India|date=15 July 2023|access-date=15 July 2023|archive-date=17 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717125055/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-a-shot-in-the-arm-for-gaganyaan-1/articleshow/101769970.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The lander was scheduled to touchdown on the lunar surface in September 2019 to deploy the [[Pragyan (rover)|Pragyan rover]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-launch-put-off-india-israel-in-lunar-race-for-4th-position/articleshow/65275012.cms|title=Chandrayaan-2 launch put off: India, Israel in lunar race for 4th position|newspaper=The Times of India|first=Surendra|last=Singh|date=5 August 2018|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-date=19 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819060901/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-launch-put-off-india-israel-in-lunar-race-for-4th-position/articleshow/65275012.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/ISRO-chief-signals-Indias-readiness-for-Chandrayaan-II-mission/articleshow/51178528.cms|title=ISRO chief signals India's readiness for Chandrayaan II mission|newspaper=The Times of India|first=Jaideep|last=Shenoy|date=28 February 2016|access-date=2020-01-03|archive-date=20 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720105059/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/ISRO-chief-signals-Indias-readiness-for-Chandrayaan-II-mission/articleshow/51178528.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
As part of the [[Chandrayaan programme]] to demonstrate soft landing on the Moon, ISRO launched [[Chandrayaan-2]] on board a [[LVM3|Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM3)]] [[launch vehicle]] consisting of an orbiter, a lander and a rover.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-a-shot-in-the-arm-for-gaganyaan-1/articleshow/101769970.cms|title=Chandrayaan-3 a shot in the arm for Gaganyaan-1|newspaper=The Times of India|date=15 July 2023|access-date=15 July 2023|archive-date=17 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717125055/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-a-shot-in-the-arm-for-gaganyaan-1/articleshow/101769970.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The lander was scheduled to touchdown on the lunar surface in September 2019 to deploy the [[Pragyan (rover)|''Pragyan'' rover]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-launch-put-off-india-israel-in-lunar-race-for-4th-position/articleshow/65275012.cms|title=Chandrayaan-2 launch put off: India, Israel in lunar race for 4th position|newspaper=The Times of India|first=Surendra|last=Singh|date=5 August 2018|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-date=19 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819060901/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-launch-put-off-india-israel-in-lunar-race-for-4th-position/articleshow/65275012.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/ISRO-chief-signals-Indias-readiness-for-Chandrayaan-II-mission/articleshow/51178528.cms|title=ISRO chief signals India's readiness for Chandrayaan II mission|newspaper=The Times of India|first=Jaideep|last=Shenoy|date=28 February 2016|access-date=2020-01-03|archive-date=20 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720105059/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/ISRO-chief-signals-Indias-readiness-for-Chandrayaan-II-mission/articleshow/51178528.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>


The [[ESTRACK|European Space Tracking (ESTRACK)]] operated by [[European Space Agency|European Space Agency (ESA)]] will support the mission according to a contract. Under the new cross-support arrangement, ESA tracking support could be provided for upcoming ISRO missions such as those of India’s first human spaceflight
The [[ESTRACK|European Space Tracking (ESTRACK)]] operated by [[European Space Agency]] (ESA) will support the mission according to a contract. Under the new cross-support arrangement, ESA tracking support could be provided for upcoming ISRO missions such as those of India’s first human spaceflight
programme, [[Gaganyaan]], the Chandrayaan-3 lunar lander and the Aditya-L1 solar research mission. In return, future ESA missions will receive similar support from ISRO’s own tracking stations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ESA and Indian space agency ISRO agree on future cooperation |url=https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Operations/ESA_Ground_Stations/ESA_and_Indian_space_agency_ISRO_agree_on_future_cooperation |access-date=2022-04-16 |website=www.esa.int |language=en |archive-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321160634/https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Operations/ESA_Ground_Stations/ESA_and_Indian_space_agency_ISRO_agree_on_future_cooperation |url-status=live }}</ref>
programme, [[Gaganyaan]] and the [[Aditya-L1]] solar research mission. In return, future ESA missions will receive similar support from ISRO’s own tracking stations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ESA and Indian space agency ISRO agree on future cooperation |url=https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Operations/ESA_Ground_Stations/ESA_and_Indian_space_agency_ISRO_agree_on_future_cooperation |access-date=2022-04-16 |website=www.esa.int |language=en |archive-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321160634/https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Operations/ESA_Ground_Stations/ESA_and_Indian_space_agency_ISRO_agree_on_future_cooperation |url-status=live }}</ref>


== Objective==
== Objective ==


ISRO has set three main objectives for the Chandrayaan-3 mission, which include:
ISRO has set three main objectives for the Chandrayaan-3 mission, which include:


#Getting a lander to land safely and softly on the surface of the Moon.
# Getting a lander to land safely and softly on the surface of the Moon.
#Observing and demonstrating the rover’s loitering capabilities on the Moon.
# Observing and demonstrating the rover’s loitering capabilities on the Moon.
#In-site observation & conducting experiments on the materials available on the lunar surface to better understand  composition of the Moon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Space Research Organisation |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/ |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=www.isro.gov.in |archive-date=2 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002232539/https://www.isro.gov.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
# In-site observation & conducting experiments on the materials available on the lunar surface to better understand  composition of the Moon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Space Research Organisation |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/ |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=www.isro.gov.in |archive-date=2 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002232539/https://www.isro.gov.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>


== Design ==
== Design ==
[[File:Chandrayaan-3 Integrated Module - Views.webp|thumb|Chandrayaan-3 Integrated Module - Views]]
Chandrayaan-3 comprises three main components:
Chandrayaan-3 comprises three main components:


'''Propulsion Module:'''
'''Propulsion Module:'''
[[File:Chandrayaan-3 Propulsion Module.webp|thumb|Chandrayaan-3 Propulsion Module]]
The propulsion module will carry the lander and rover configuration till 100&nbsp;km lunar orbit. It is a box-like structure with one large solar panel mounted on one side and a large cylinder on top (the Intermodular Adapter Cone) that acts as a mounting structure for the lander.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />
 
The propulsion module will carry the lander and rover configuration till 100 km lunar orbit. It is a box-like structure with one large solar panel mounted on one side and a large cylinder on top (the Intermodular Adapter Cone) that acts as a mounting structure for the lander. <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />  


'''Lander:'''
'''Lander:'''
[[File:Chandrayaan-3 Lander.webp|thumb|Chandrayaan-3 Lander]]
The lander is responsible for the soft landing on the Moon. It is also box-shaped, with four landing legs and four landing thrusters of 800 newtons each. It will be carrying the rover and various scientific instruments to perform in-site analysis.
The lander is responsible for the soft landing on the Moon. It is also box-shaped, with four landing legs and four landing thrusters of 800 newtons each. It will be carrying the rover and various scientific instruments to perform in-site analysis.


The lander for Chandrayaan-3 will have only four throttle-able engines, unlike ''[[Vikram (spacecraft)|Vikram]]'' on Chandrayaan-2 which had five 800 [[Newton (unit)|Newtons]] engines with a fifth one being centrally mounted with a fixed thrust.{{cn|date=July 2023}} Additionally, the Chandrayaan-3 lander will be equipped with a [[Laser Doppler velocimetry|Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV)]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Chandrayaan-3 plans indicate failures in Chandrayaan-2|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-plans-indicate-failures-in-chandrayaan-2/articleshow/72128771.cms|last=Kumar|first=Chethan|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121090445/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-plans-indicate-failures-in-chandrayaan-2/articleshow/72128771.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=19 November 2019 |archive-date=21 November 2019|access-date=15 September 2020}}</ref> The impact legs are made stronger compared to Chandrayaan-2 and increased instrumentation redundancy. ISRO is working on improving the structural rigidity and adding multiple contingency systems.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shaurya |date=2022-10-21 |title=Chandrayaan-3 To Be More Robust, Have Contingency Systems Onboard, Says ISRO Chief |url=https://www.news18.com/news/tech/chandrayaan-3-to-be-more-robust-have-contingency-systems-onboard-says-isro-chief-6216451.html |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=22 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022080431/https://www.news18.com/news/tech/chandrayaan-3-to-be-more-robust-have-contingency-systems-onboard-says-isro-chief-6216451.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
The lander for Chandrayaan-3 will have only four throttle-able engines with thrust valve [[Slew (spacecraft)|slew rate]] changing capabilities, unlike ''[[Vikram (spacecraft)|Vikram]]'' on Chandrayaan-2 which had five 800 [[Newton (unit)|Newtons]] engines with a fifth one being centrally mounted with a fixed thrust. One of the main reasons of Chandrayaan-2 failure, i.e., [[Spacecraft attitude control|attitude]]
increase during camera coasting phase was removed by allowing the lander to control attitude and thrust in all phases of descent. Attitude correction range is increased from 10°/s in Chandrayaan-2 to 25°/s in Chandrayaan-3. Additionally, the Chandrayaan-3 lander will be equipped with a [[Laser Doppler velocimetry|Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV)]] to allow measuring attitude in 3 directions.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chandrayaan-3 plans indicate failures in Chandrayaan-2|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-plans-indicate-failures-in-chandrayaan-2/articleshow/72128771.cms|last=Kumar|first=Chethan|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121090445/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-plans-indicate-failures-in-chandrayaan-2/articleshow/72128771.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=19 November 2019 |archive-date=21 November 2019|access-date=15 September 2020}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Citation |title=After 4 Years, ISRO Reveals Why Chandrayaan 2 FAILED |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4oUdD_QSgRs |access-date=2023-08-10 |language=en}}</ref> The impact legs have been made stronger compared to Chandrayaan-2 and instrumentation redundancy has been increased. It will target a more precise {{cvt|4|km}} by {{cvt|4|km}} landing region based on images previously provided by OHRC on Chandrayaan-2. ISRO improved the structural rigidity, increased polling in instruments, increased data frequency and transmission and added other multiple software and contingency systems, as the lander is designed to withstand failed landing attempt via multiple complicated software simulations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shaurya |date=2022-10-21 |title=Chandrayaan-3 To Be More Robust, Have Contingency Systems Onboard, Says ISRO Chief |url=https://www.news18.com/news/tech/chandrayaan-3-to-be-more-robust-have-contingency-systems-onboard-says-isro-chief-6216451.html |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=22 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022080431/https://www.news18.com/news/tech/chandrayaan-3-to-be-more-robust-have-contingency-systems-onboard-says-isro-chief-6216451.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2" />


'''Rover:'''
'''Rover:'''
[[File:Chandrayaan-3 Rover.webp|thumb|Chandrayaan-3 Rover]]''Chandrayaan-3 Rover Overview:''
* Six-wheeled design
* Six-wheeled design
* Weight of {{convert|26|kg|lb|abbr=off}}
* Weight of {{convert|26|kg|lb|abbr=off}}
* Range of {{convert|500|m|ft}}
* Range of {{convert|500|m|ft}}
* Dimensions : {{convert|917|mm|ft}} x {{convert|750|mm|ft}} x {{convert|397|mm|ft}}
* Dimensions : {{convert|917|mm|ft}} x {{convert|750|mm|ft}} x {{convert|397|mm|ft}}
* Scientific instruments including cameras, spectrometers, and a drill
* Expected lifespan of one [[lunar day]] (14 Earth days)
* Communication with the lander and ground control team in India
The Chandrayaan-3 Rover is expected to make a number of important scientific discoveries, including:


The Chandrayaan-3 rover is expected to make a number of important scientific discoveries, including:
* The composition of the lunar surface
* The composition of the lunar surface
* The presence of water ice in the lunar soil
* The presence of water ice in the lunar soil
Line 99: Line 86:
* The evolution of the Moon’s atmosphere
* The evolution of the Moon’s atmosphere


==Instruments==
<gallery mode=packed heights=180>
File:Chandrayaan-3 Integrated Module - Views.webp|Integrated module
File:Chandrayaan-3 Propulsion Module.webp|Propulsion module
File:Chandrayaan-3 Lander.webp|Lander
File:Chandrayaan-3 Rover.webp|Rover
</gallery>
 
== Instruments ==
'''Lander'''
'''Lander'''
* Chandra's Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) will measure the thermal conductivity and temperature of the lunar surface.
* Chandra's Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) will measure the thermal conductivity and temperature of the lunar surface.
* Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) will measure the seismicity around the landing site.
* Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) will measure the seismicity around the landing site.
* Langmuir Probe (LP) will estimate the plasma density and its variations.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Missions/LVM3/LVM3M4_Chandrayaan3_brochure.pdf| title=ISRO Chandrayaan 3 brochure}}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710120424/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Missions/LVM3/LVM3M4_Chandrayaan3_brochure.pdf |date=10 July 2023 }}</ref>
* Langmuir Probe (LP) will estimate the plasma density and its variations.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Missions/LVM3/LVM3M4_Chandrayaan3_brochure.pdf|title=ISRO Chandrayaan 3 brochure|access-date=14 July 2023|archive-date=10 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710120424/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Missions/LVM3/LVM3M4_Chandrayaan3_brochure.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>


'''Rover'''
'''Rover'''
* Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS) will derive the chemical composition and infer mineralogical composition of the lunar surface.
* Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS) will derive the chemical composition and infer mineralogical composition of the lunar surface.
* Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS) will determine the elemental composition (Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, Fe) of lunar soil and rocks around the lunar landing site.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Missions/LVM3/LVM3M4_Chandrayaan3_brochure.pdf| title=ISRO Chandrayaan 3 brochure}}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710120424/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Missions/LVM3/LVM3M4_Chandrayaan3_brochure.pdf |date=10 July 2023 }} </ref>
* Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS) will determine the elemental composition (Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, Fe) of lunar soil and rocks around the lunar landing site.<ref name="auto" />


'''Propulsion Module'''
'''Propulsion Module'''
*Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE) to study the spectral and polarimetric measurements of Earth from the lunar orbit in the near-infrared (NIR) wavelength range (1-1.7 μm).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />  
* Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE) to study the spectral and polarimetric measurements of Earth from the lunar orbit in the near-infrared (NIR) wavelength range (1-1.7 μm).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />


{{Multiple image |total_width=600 | align=center
<gallery mode=packed heights=120>
| image1 = APXS payload.png
APXS payload.png|[[Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer]] (APSX) payload on the rover
| caption1 = Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APSX) payload on the Rover
ChaSTE payload.png|Chandra’s Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) payload on the lander
| image2 = ChaSTE payload.png
ILSA payload.png|Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) payload on the lander
| caption2 = Chandra’s Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) payload on the Lander
LIBS payload.png|Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS) payload on the rover
| image3 = ILSA payload.png
Rambha-payload.png|Langmuir Probe (RAMBHA-LP) payload on the lander
| caption3 = Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) payload on the Lander
SHAPE payload.png|Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE) payload on the propulsion module
| image4 = LIBS payload.png
</gallery>
| caption4 = Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS) payload on the Rover
| image5 = Rambha-payload.png
| caption5 = Langmuir Probe (RAMBHA-LP) payload on the Lander
| image6 = SHAPE payload.png
| caption6 = Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE) payload on the Propulsion Module.
}}


==Launch==
== Launch ==
[[File:LVM3 M4, Chandrayaan-3 - Launch vehicle lifting off from the Second Launch Pad (SLP) of SDSC-SHAR, Sriharikota 03.webp|thumb|LVM3 M4, Chandrayaan-3 - Launch vehicle lifting off from the Second Launch Pad (SLP) of SDSC-SHAR, Sriharikota]]
[[File:LVM3 M4, Chandrayaan-3 - Launch vehicle lifting off from the Second Launch Pad (SLP) of SDSC-SHAR, Sriharikota 03.webp|thumb|LVM3 M4, Chandrayaan-3 – Launch vehicle lifting off from the Second Launch Pad (SLP) of SDSC-SHAR, Sriharikota]]
Chandrayaan-3 was launched on 14 July 2023, at 2:35 pm IST as scheduled, from [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] [[Second Launch Pad]] in [[Sriharikota]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India. The spacecraft has been effectively placed in the trajectory it will take to reach the moon. It is anticipated that the Chandrayaan-3 mission will achieve a soft landing on the lunar South Pole region on 23 August.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://scroll.in/latest/1052635/chandrayan-3-lifts-off-for-mission-to-moon | title=Chandrayan-3 lifts off on mission to the moon | date=14 July 2023 | access-date=14 July 2023 | archive-date=17 July 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717125057/https://scroll.in/latest/1052635/chandrayan-3-lifts-off-for-mission-to-moon | url-status=live }}</ref>
Chandrayaan-3 was launched on 14 July 2023, at 2:35 pm IST as scheduled, from [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] [[Second Launch Pad]] in [[Sriharikota]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India. The spacecraft entered lunar orbit on 5 August 2023.<ref name="bbc_20230807_moonphotos">{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-66425524 | title=Chandrayaan-3: Historic India Moon mission sends new photos of lunar surface | work=BBC News | date=7 August 2023 | access-date=7 August 2023 | url-status=live }}</ref> It is anticipated that the Chandrayaan-3 mission will achieve a soft landing on the lunar South Pole region on 23 August.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://scroll.in/latest/1052635/chandrayan-3-lifts-off-for-mission-to-moon | title=Chandrayan-3 lifts off on mission to the moon | date=14 July 2023 | access-date=14 July 2023 | archive-date=17 July 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717125057/https://scroll.in/latest/1052635/chandrayan-3-lifts-off-for-mission-to-moon | url-status=live }}</ref>


Choosing the month of July for the launch of Chandrayaan 3 was a special move because of a calculation made by ISRO regarding the closeness of Earth and Moon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-14 |title=Chandrayaan 3: Know why July is important for ISRO |url=https://www.news9live.com/knowledge/chandrayaan-3-know-why-july-is-important-for-isro-2213186 |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=News9live |language=en-US |archive-date=17 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717125111/https://www.news9live.com/knowledge/chandrayaan-3-know-why-july-is-important-for-isro-2213186 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Choosing the month of July for the launch of Chandrayaan 3 was a special move because of a calculation made by ISRO regarding the closeness of Earth and Moon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-14 |title=Chandrayaan 3: Know why July is important for ISRO |url=https://www.news9live.com/knowledge/chandrayaan-3-know-why-july-is-important-for-isro-2213186 |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=News9live |language=en-US |archive-date=17 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717125111/https://www.news9live.com/knowledge/chandrayaan-3-know-why-july-is-important-for-isro-2213186 |url-status=live }}</ref>


On August 5, the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] achieved a successful Lunar-Orbit Insertion (LOI), successfully placing the Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft into orbit around the [[Moon]]. The LOI operation was carried out from the ISRO Telemetry, Tracking, and Command Network (ISTRAC) located in [[Bengaluru]]. The manoeuvre commenced at 7 p.m. and was completed with precision. This significant achievement marks a significant milestone in India's space exploration efforts and brings the Chandrayaan-3 mission closer to its intended objectives. <ref>{{cite web |last1=THE HINDU BUREAU |title=Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft enters lunar orbit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/chandrayaan-3-enters-lunar-orbit/article67161942.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=6 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Grey |first=Charles |date=2023-08-06 |title=India's Chandrayaan-3 Successfully Inserted Into Lunar Orbit |url=https://airspacenews.net/indias-chandrayaan-3-successfully-inserted-into-lunar-orbit/ |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=AIR SPACE News |language=en-US}}</ref>
On August 5, the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] achieved a Lunar-Orbit Insertion (LOI), successfully placing the Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft into orbit around the [[Moon]]. The LOI operation was carried out from the ISRO Telemetry, Tracking, and Command Network (ISTRAC) located in [[Bengaluru]].<ref name="hindu_20230805_moonorbit">{{cite web |author=THE HINDU BUREAU |title=Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft enters lunar orbit |date=5 August 2023 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/chandrayaan-3-enters-lunar-orbit/article67161942.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=6 August 2023}}</ref><ref name="asn_20230806_moonorbit">{{Cite web |last=Grey |first=Charles |date=2023-08-06 |title=India's Chandrayaan-3 Successfully Inserted Into Lunar Orbit |url=https://airspacenews.net/indias-chandrayaan-3-successfully-inserted-into-lunar-orbit/ |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=AIR SPACE News |language=en-US}}</ref>
==Mission profile==
 
After a series of Lunar Bound Maneuvers, on August 17, the Vikram lander separated from the propulsion module, to begin its solo journey to the lunar surface. The next maneuver will be conducted on August 18, which will lower the perigee (closest point) of the orbit in preparation of the landing.
 
== Mission profile ==
{{multiple image
{{multiple image
| align = center
| align = center
Line 142: Line 132:
| header = Animation of Chandrayaan-3
| header = Animation of Chandrayaan-3
| image1 = Animation of Chandrayaan-3 around Earth - Orbit raising.gif
| image1 = Animation of Chandrayaan-3 around Earth - Orbit raising.gif
| caption1 = Around the Earth - Orbit raising phase
| caption1 = Around the Earth – Orbit raising phase
| image2 = Animation of Chandrayaan-3 around Earth.gif
| image2 = Animation of Chandrayaan-3 around Earth.gif
| caption2 = Around the Earth
| caption2 = Around the Earth
Line 150: Line 140:
}}
}}


==Orbit raising and station keeping==
== Orbit raising and station keeping ==
The satellite was launched aboard the [[LVM3]]-M4 rocket in the afternoon of 14 July 2023, at 2:35 pm IST to a [[Parking orbit|EPO]] perigee of {{convert|170|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}. This will be followed by a series of orbit raising operations (using an on-board [[Liquid Apogee Motor|LAM]] and chemical thrusters to place the satellite in the [[Trans-lunar injection]] orbit.
The satellite was launched aboard the [[LVM3]]-M4 rocket in the afternoon of 14 July 2023, at 2:35 pm IST to a [[Parking orbit|EPO]] perigee of {{convert|170|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}. This will be followed by a series of orbit raising operations (using an on-board [[Liquid Apogee Motor|LAM]] and chemical thrusters) to place the satellite in the [[Trans-lunar injection]] orbit.
[[File:Chandrayaan-3 – Mission Profile.webp|thumb|Chandrayaan-3 orbital maneuver ]]
[[File:Chandrayaan-3 – Mission Profile.webp|thumb|Chandrayaan-3 orbital maneuver ]]


{| cellpadding="2" style="margin:0 auto; text-align:center;" class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto; text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2"| #
! rowspan="2"| #
! rowspan="2"| Date/<br/>Time (UTC)
! rowspan="2"| Date/<br />Time (UTC)
! rowspan="2"| LAM burn time
! rowspan="2"| LAM burn time
! colspan="2"| Height achieved
! colspan="2"| Height achieved
! rowspan="2"| Inclination
! rowspan="2"| Orbital period
! rowspan="2"| Orbital period
! rowspan="2"| References  
! rowspan="2"| Outcome
! rowspan="2"| References
|-
|-
! Apogee || Perigee
! Apogee/Apolune || Perigee/Perilune
|-
|-
! colspan="8" |Earth bound maneuvers
|-
|-
!colspan=8|Earth bound maneuvers
| 1 || 15 July 2023  || {{N/A}} || {{convert|41762|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{convert|173|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{N/A}}
|{{Success|Success}}|| <ref name=CH3-ISRO>{{cite web |title=Chandrayaan-3 |publisher=ISRO |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |url=https://twitter.com/isro/status/1680239822110162944/photo/1 |title=The first orbit raising operation|number=1680239822110162944|user=isro |date=2023-07-15 |access-date=2023-07-15}}</ref>
|-
|-
| 1 || 15 July 2023  || {{N/A}} || {{convert|41762|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{convert|173|km|mi|abbr=on}} || 21.3°{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}} || {{N/A}} || <ref name=CH3-ISRO>{{cite web |title=Chandrayaan-3 |publisher=ISRO |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |url=https://twitter.com/isro/status/1680239822110162944/photo/1 |title=The first orbit raising operation|number=1680239822110162944|user=isro |date=2023-07-15 |access-date=2023-07-15}}</ref>
| 2 || 17 July 2023 || {{N/A}} || {{convert|41603|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{convert|226|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{N/A}}
|-
|{{Success}}||  <ref name=CH3-ISRO /><ref>{{cite tweet |url=https://twitter.com/isro/status/1680845817903722497?t=l5YDw4bfrCHUVzPyJ_wMRA&s=19 |title=The second orbit raising operation|number=1680845817903722497|user=isro |date=2023-07-17 |access-date=2023-07-17}}</ref>
| 2 || 17 July 2023 || {{N/A}} || {{convert|41603|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{convert|226|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} ||  <ref name=CH3-ISRO/><ref>{{cite tweet |url=https://twitter.com/isro/status/1680845817903722497?t=l5YDw4bfrCHUVzPyJ_wMRA&s=19 |title=The second orbit raising operation|number=1680845817903722497|user=isro |date=2023-07-17 |access-date=2023-07-17}}</ref>


|-
|-
| 3 || 18 July 2023 || {{N/A}} || {{convert|51400|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{convert|228|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || <ref>{{cite tweet |url=https://twitter.com/isro/status/1681293895341162499 |title=The third orbit raising operation|number=1681236337024974850|user=isro |date=2023-07-18 |access-date=2023-07-18}}</ref>
| 3 || 18 July 2023 || {{N/A}} || {{convert|51400|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{convert|228|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{N/A}}
| {{Success}}|| <ref>{{cite tweet |url=https://twitter.com/isro/status/1681293895341162499 |title=The third orbit raising operation|number=1681236337024974850|user=isro |date=2023-07-18 |access-date=2023-07-18}}</ref>
|-
|-
| 4 || 20 July 2023 || {{N/A}} || {{convert|71351|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{convert|233|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || <ref name=CH3-ISRO/><ref>{{Cite tweet |url=https://twitter.com/isro/status/1681960236347965440 |title=The fourth orbit raising operation|number=1681960236347965440|user=isro |date=2023-07-20 |access-date=2023-07-20}}</ref>
| 4 || 20 July 2023 || {{N/A}} || {{convert|71351|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{convert|233|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{N/A}}
| {{Success}}|| <ref name=CH3-ISRO /><ref>{{Cite tweet |url=https://twitter.com/isro/status/1681960236347965440 |title=The fourth orbit raising operation|number=1681960236347965440|user=isro |date=2023-07-20 |access-date=2023-07-20}}</ref>
|-
|-
| 5 || 25 July 2023 || {{N/A}} || {{convert|127603|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{convert|236|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || <ref name="TWISRO-250723">{{Cite tweet |url=https://twitter.com/isro/status/1683767962560512000 | title=The fifth orbit raising operation|number=1683767962560512000|user=isro |date=2023-07-25 |access-date=2023-07-25}}  
| 5 || 25 July 2023 || {{N/A}} || {{convert|127603|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{convert|236|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{N/A}}
</ref>
| {{Success}}|| <ref name="TWISRO-250723">{{Cite tweet |url=https://twitter.com/isro/status/1683767962560512000 | title=The fifth orbit raising operation|number=1683767962560512000|user=isro |date=2023-07-25 |access-date=2023-07-25}}</ref>
|-
|-
!colspan=8|Trans Lunar Injection  
! colspan="8" |Trans Lunar Injection
|-
|-
| 1 || 31 July 2023 || {{N/A}} || {{convert|369328|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{convert|288|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || <ref>{{cite tweet |url=https://twitter.com/isro/status/1686327939280035840 |title=Chandrayaan-3 update|number=1686327939280035840|user=isro |date=2023-08-01 |access-date=2023-08-05}}</ref>
| 1 || 31 July 2023 || {{N/A}} || {{convert|369328|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{convert|288|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{N/A}}
| {{Success}}|| <ref>{{cite tweet |url=https://twitter.com/isro/status/1686327939280035840 |title=Chandrayaan-3 update|number=1686327939280035840|user=isro |date=2023-08-01 |access-date=2023-08-05}}</ref>
|-''''''Bold text''''''
|-''''''Bold text''''''
!colspan=8|Lunar Bound Maneuvers
! colspan="8" |Lunar Bound Maneuvers
|-
|-
| 1 || 5 August 2023
| 1 || 5 August 2023
| {{convert|1835|sec|min|abbr=on}} ||  {{convert|18074|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{convert|164|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{N/A}} || Approx. {{convert|21|h|min|abbr=on}} || <ref>{{cite tweet |url=https://twitter.com/isro/status/1687859829803466753?t=qoIyMeH8oP405bbdzFNMNw&s=19 |title=Lunar Orbit Injection (LOI)|number=1687384615215124480|user=isro |date=2023-08-04 |access-date=2023-08-05}}</ref>
| {{convert|1835|sec|min|abbr=on}} ||  {{convert|18074|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{convert|164|km|mi|abbr=on}} || Approx. {{convert|21|h|min|abbr=on}}
| {{Success}}|| <ref>{{cite tweet |url=https://twitter.com/isro/status/1687859829803466753?t=qoIyMeH8oP405bbdzFNMNw&s=19 |title=Lunar Orbit Injection (LOI)|number=1687384615215124480|user=isro |date=2023-08-04 |access-date=2023-08-05}}</ref>
|-
|-
| 2 ||6 August 2023
| 2 || 6 August 2023
| {{N/A}} ||  {{convert|4313|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{convert|170|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || <ref>{{cite tweet |url=https://twitter.com/isro/status/1688248504458846208?s=20|title= Chandrayaan-3 Mission|number=1688248504458846208|user=isro |date=2023-08-06 |access-date=2023-08-06}}</ref>
| {{N/A}} ||  {{convert|4313|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{convert|170|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{N/A}}
| {{Success}}|| <ref>{{cite tweet |url=https://twitter.com/isro/status/1688248504458846208?s=20|title= Chandrayaan-3 Mission|number=1688248504458846208|user=isro |date=2023-08-06 |access-date=2023-08-06}}</ref>
|-
|-
|3
|3 || 9 August 2023
| 9 August 2023
| {{N/A}}|| {{convert|1437|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{convert|174|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{N/A}}
|
| {{Success}}||<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1689192034916265984|title= Chandrayaan-3 Mission|user=isro |date=2023-08-09 |access-date=2023-08-09}}</ref>
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|4
|4
| 14 August 2023
| 14 August 2023
|
| {{N/A}}|| {{convert|177|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{convert|150|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{N/A}}
|
| {{Success}}||<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1690978432321269760|title= Chandrayaan-3 Mission|user=isro |date=2023-08-14 |access-date=2023-08-14}}</ref>
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|5
|5
| 20 August 2023
| 16 August 2023
|
| {{N/A}}|| {{convert|163|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{convert|153|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{N/A}}
|  {{Success}}||<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1691655268449603770|title= Chandrayaan-3 Mission|user=isro |date=2023-08-16 |access-date=2023-08-16}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="8" |Lander Module Separation
|-
|1
| 17 August 2023
| {{N/A}}|| {{convert|163|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{convert|153|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{N/A}}
|  {{Success}}||<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1692083786895474724|title= Chandrayaan-3 Mission|user=isro |date=2023-08-17 |access-date=2023-08-17}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="8" |Lander Deorbit Burns
|-
|1
| 18 August 2023
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|TBD
|
|
|-
|-
!colspan=8|Lander Module Separation
|2
|-
|1
| August 2023
| August 2023
|
|
Line 228: Line 226:
|
|
|
|
|
|TBD
|
|
|-
|-
!colspan=8|Landing  
! colspan="8" |Landing
|-
|-
|1
|1
Line 239: Line 237:
|
|
|
|
|TBD
|
|
|}
|}
=== Mission life ===
=== Mission life ===
Carrying Lander Module & Rover upto ~100 x 100 km launch injection. Subsequently, operation of experimental payload for a period of 3 to 6 months.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Missions/LVM3/LVM3M4_Chandrayaan3_brochure.pdf| title=ISRO Chandrayaan 3 brochure}}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710120424/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Missions/LVM3/LVM3M4_Chandrayaan3_brochure.pdf |date=10 July 2023 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Propulsion Module
!Lander Module
!Rover Module
|-
|Carrying Lander Module and Rover upto ~100 x 100&nbsp;km launch injection.S
Subsequently, operation of experimental payload
for a period of 3 to 6 months.<ref name="auto2">{{cite web |title=ISRO Chandrayaan 3 brochure |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Missions/LVM3/LVM3M4_Chandrayaan3_brochure.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710120424/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Missions/LVM3/LVM3M4_Chandrayaan3_brochure.pdf |archive-date=10 July 2023 |access-date=14 July 2023}}</ref>
|1 Lunar Day (14 Earth Days)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710120424/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Missions/LVM3/LVM3M4_Chandrayaan3_brochure.pdf |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref>
|1 Lunar Day (14 Earth Days)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710120424/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Missions/LVM3/LVM3M4_Chandrayaan3_brochure.pdf |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref>
|}


== Mission executives==
== Mission executives ==
*ISRO Chairperson: S.Somanath
* ISRO Chairperson: [[S. Somanath|S.Somanath]]<ref name=":3" />
*Mission Director: S. Mohanakumar
* Mission Director: S. Mohanakumar
*Associate Mission Director: G. Narayanan
* Associate Mission Director: G. Narayanan (Indian scientist)|G. Narayanan
*Vehicle Director: Biju C Thomas
* Project Director - P Veeramuthuvel<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pathania |first=Magan |date=2023-07-19 |title=Inspiring Chandrayaan 3 Mission: Everything you need to know |url=https://baffinbox.com/chandrayaan-3-mission/ |access-date=2023-08-17 |language=en-US}}</ref>
*Associate Vehicle Director: P. K. Sudeesh Kumar
* Vehicle Director: Biju C Thomas<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-14 |title=Chandrayaan 3 Launch Live: India's Chandrayaan-3 moon mission lifts off from Sriharikota |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-launch-live-updates-isro-moon-landing-mission-countdown-launch-time-sriharkota-how-to-watch/liveblog/101739131.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717084941/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-launch-live-updates-isro-moon-landing-mission-countdown-launch-time-sriharkota-how-to-watch/liveblog/101739131.cms |archive-date=17 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
*Spacecraft Director: P. Veeramuthuvel
*
* Associate Vehicle Director: P. K. Sudeesh Kumar
* Spacecraft Director: P. Veeramuthuvel
* As well as 54 female engineer/scientists contributed to Chandrayaan-3 mission


== Funding ==
== Funding ==
Line 258: Line 271:


== See also ==
== See also ==
* [[Chandrayaan programme]] – Indian lunar exploration programme
* [[Chandrayaan programme]] – Indian lunar exploration programme
* [[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme]] – Indian in space programme
* [[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme]] – Indian in space programme
* [[Mangalyaan programme]] – Indian Mars exploration programme
* [[Indian Martian Exploration Programme]] – Indian Mars exploration programme
* [[Shukrayaan]] – India's venus exploration mission
* [[Shukrayaan]] – India's Venus exploration mission
* [[Aditya-L1]] – India's sun observation mission
* [[Aditya-L1]] – India's Sun observation mission
* [[ISRO space station|Indian space station]] - Indian space station in space
* [[ISRO space station|Indian space station]] – Indian space station in space
* [[Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System|NavIC]] - Indian alternative to GPS
* [[Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System|NavIC]] – Indian alternative to GPS
* [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] – India's national space agency
* [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] – India's national space agency
* [[List of missions to the Moon]] – Missions to the Moon
* [[List of missions to the Moon]] – Missions to the Moon
* [[Moon landing]] – Mission targeted at controlled landing on moon
* [[Moon landing]] – Mission targeted at controlled landing on the Moon
*[https://www.factrolls.com/2023/08/Chandrayaan%203%20Mission%20India%20Unveiling%20the%20Details%20of%20Indias%20Lunar%20Exploration.html Chandrayaan 3 Mission India]: Unveiling the Details of India's Lunar Exploration
*
*


== References ==
== References ==
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{{Indian space programme}}
{{Indian space programme}}
{{Indian spacecraft}}
{{Indian spacecraft}}
<!-- {{Solar System probes}} -->
{{Solar System probes}}
{{Orbital launches in 2023}}
{{Orbital launches in 2023}}


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[[Category:2023 in India]]
[[Category:2023 in India]]
[[Category:ISRO space probes]]
[[Category:ISRO space probes]]
<!-- [[Category:Spacecraft launched by GSLV rockets]] -->
<!-- [[Category:Spacecraft launched by GSLV rockets]] --> {{Portal bar|Space|Science||}}

Revision as of 22:15, 17 August 2023


Chandrayaan-3
Chandrayaan-3 Integrated Module in clean-room 03.webp
Chandrayaan-3 Integrated Module in clean room
OperatorISRO
COSPAR ID{{#property:P247}}
Websitewww.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3.html
Mission duration1 year, 11 months and 1 day (elapsed)
  • Propulsion module: ≤ 3 to 6 months (planned)
  • Vikram lander: ≤ 14 days (planned)
  • Pragyan rover: ≤ 14 days (planned)
Spacecraft properties
BusChandrayaan
ManufacturerISRO
Launch mass3900 kg[1]
Payload massPropulsion Module: 2148.00 kg
Lander Module (Vikram): 1752 kg including Rover (Pragyan) of 26 kg
Total: 3900.00 kg
PowerPropulsion Module: 758 W Lander Module: 738W, WS with Bias Rover: 50W
Start of mission
Launch date14 July 2023 (2023-07-14) 14:35:17 IST, (9:05:17 UTC)[2][3]
RocketLVM3 M4
Launch siteSatish Dhawan Space Centre
ContractorISRO
Moon lander
Spacecraft componentRover
Landing date23 August 2023 (2023-08-23) 17:47 IST, (12:17 UTC) (planned) [4][5]
Landing site69°22′03″S 32°20′53″E / 69.367621°S 32.348126°E / -69.367621; 32.348126Coordinates: 69°22′03″S 32°20′53″E / 69.367621°S 32.348126°E / -69.367621; 32.348126 [6]

(between Manzinus C and Simpelius N craters)[7]
Chandrayaan-3 logo.png
Official Chandrayaan-3 mission patch  

Chandrayaan-3 (Devanagari: चंद्रयान-३, transl. Moon-spaceship)[8] is the third and most recent lunar Indian Space Research exploration mission under the Chandrayaan programme of ISRO.[8] It consists of a lander named Vikram and a rover named Pragyan similar to Chandrayaan-2, but does not have an orbiter. Its propulsion module behaves like a communication relay satellite. The propulsion module carries the lander and rover configuration until the spacecraft is in a 100-kilometre (62 mi) lunar orbit.[9][10]

Following Chandrayaan-2, where a last-minute glitch in the landing guidance software led to the lander crashing after entering lunar orbit, another lunar mission was proposed.[11]

The launch of Chandrayaan-3 took place on 14 July 2023, at 2:35 pm IST[12]. The lander and rover are expected to land near the lunar south pole region on 23 August 2023.[13]

Background

As part of the Chandrayaan programme to demonstrate soft landing on the Moon, ISRO launched Chandrayaan-2 on board a Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM3) launch vehicle consisting of an orbiter, a lander and a rover.[14] The lander was scheduled to touchdown on the lunar surface in September 2019 to deploy the Pragyan rover.[15][16]

The European Space Tracking (ESTRACK) operated by European Space Agency (ESA) will support the mission according to a contract. Under the new cross-support arrangement, ESA tracking support could be provided for upcoming ISRO missions such as those of India’s first human spaceflight programme, Gaganyaan and the Aditya-L1 solar research mission. In return, future ESA missions will receive similar support from ISRO’s own tracking stations.[17]

Objective

ISRO has set three main objectives for the Chandrayaan-3 mission, which include:

  1. Getting a lander to land safely and softly on the surface of the Moon.
  2. Observing and demonstrating the rover’s loitering capabilities on the Moon.
  3. In-site observation & conducting experiments on the materials available on the lunar surface to better understand composition of the Moon.[18]

Design

Chandrayaan-3 comprises three main components:

Propulsion Module: The propulsion module will carry the lander and rover configuration till 100 km lunar orbit. It is a box-like structure with one large solar panel mounted on one side and a large cylinder on top (the Intermodular Adapter Cone) that acts as a mounting structure for the lander.[10][9]

Lander: The lander is responsible for the soft landing on the Moon. It is also box-shaped, with four landing legs and four landing thrusters of 800 newtons each. It will be carrying the rover and various scientific instruments to perform in-site analysis.

The lander for Chandrayaan-3 will have only four throttle-able engines with thrust valve slew rate changing capabilities, unlike Vikram on Chandrayaan-2 which had five 800 Newtons engines with a fifth one being centrally mounted with a fixed thrust. One of the main reasons of Chandrayaan-2 failure, i.e., attitude increase during camera coasting phase was removed by allowing the lander to control attitude and thrust in all phases of descent. Attitude correction range is increased from 10°/s in Chandrayaan-2 to 25°/s in Chandrayaan-3. Additionally, the Chandrayaan-3 lander will be equipped with a Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV) to allow measuring attitude in 3 directions.[19][20] The impact legs have been made stronger compared to Chandrayaan-2 and instrumentation redundancy has been increased. It will target a more precise 4 km (2.5 mi) by 4 km (2.5 mi) landing region based on images previously provided by OHRC on Chandrayaan-2. ISRO improved the structural rigidity, increased polling in instruments, increased data frequency and transmission and added other multiple software and contingency systems, as the lander is designed to withstand failed landing attempt via multiple complicated software simulations.[21][20]

Rover:

  • Six-wheeled design
  • Weight of 26 kilograms (57 pounds)
  • Range of 500 metres (1,600 ft)
  • Dimensions : 917 millimetres (3.009 ft) x 750 millimetres (2.46 ft) x 397 millimetres (1.302 ft)

The Chandrayaan-3 rover is expected to make a number of important scientific discoveries, including:

  • The composition of the lunar surface
  • The presence of water ice in the lunar soil
  • The history of lunar impacts
  • The evolution of the Moon’s atmosphere
  • Integrated module

    Integrated module

  • Propulsion module

    Propulsion module

  • Lander

    Lander

  • Rover

    Rover

Instruments

Lander

  • Chandra's Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) will measure the thermal conductivity and temperature of the lunar surface.
  • Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) will measure the seismicity around the landing site.
  • Langmuir Probe (LP) will estimate the plasma density and its variations.[22]

Rover

  • Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS) will derive the chemical composition and infer mineralogical composition of the lunar surface.
  • Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS) will determine the elemental composition (Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, Fe) of lunar soil and rocks around the lunar landing site.[22]

Propulsion Module

  • Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE) to study the spectral and polarimetric measurements of Earth from the lunar orbit in the near-infrared (NIR) wavelength range (1-1.7 μm).[10][9]
  • Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APSX) payload on the rover

    Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APSX) payload on the rover

  • Chandra’s Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) payload on the lander

    Chandra’s Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) payload on the lander

  • Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) payload on the lander

    Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) payload on the lander

  • Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS) payload on the rover

    Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS) payload on the rover

  • Langmuir Probe (RAMBHA-LP) payload on the lander

    Langmuir Probe (RAMBHA-LP) payload on the lander

  • Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE) payload on the propulsion module

    Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE) payload on the propulsion module

Launch

LVM3 M4, Chandrayaan-3 – Launch vehicle lifting off from the Second Launch Pad (SLP) of SDSC-SHAR, Sriharikota

Chandrayaan-3 was launched on 14 July 2023, at 2:35 pm IST as scheduled, from Satish Dhawan Space Centre Second Launch Pad in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh, India. The spacecraft entered lunar orbit on 5 August 2023.[23] It is anticipated that the Chandrayaan-3 mission will achieve a soft landing on the lunar South Pole region on 23 August.[24]

Choosing the month of July for the launch of Chandrayaan 3 was a special move because of a calculation made by ISRO regarding the closeness of Earth and Moon.[25]

On August 5, the Indian Space Research Organisation achieved a Lunar-Orbit Insertion (LOI), successfully placing the Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft into orbit around the Moon. The LOI operation was carried out from the ISRO Telemetry, Tracking, and Command Network (ISTRAC) located in Bengaluru.[26][27]

After a series of Lunar Bound Maneuvers, on August 17, the Vikram lander separated from the propulsion module, to begin its solo journey to the lunar surface. The next maneuver will be conducted on August 18, which will lower the perigee (closest point) of the orbit in preparation of the landing.

Mission profile

Animation of Chandrayaan-3
Around the Earth – Orbit raising phase
Around the Earth
Around the Moon
   Chandrayaan-3 ·    Earth ·    Moon

Orbit raising and station keeping

The satellite was launched aboard the LVM3-M4 rocket in the afternoon of 14 July 2023, at 2:35 pm IST to a EPO perigee of 170 km (106 mi). This will be followed by a series of orbit raising operations (using an on-board LAM and chemical thrusters) to place the satellite in the Trans-lunar injection orbit.

Chandrayaan-3 orbital maneuver
# Date/
Time (UTC) 		LAM burn time Height achieved Orbital period Outcome References
Apogee/Apolune Perigee/Perilune
Earth bound maneuvers
1 15 July 2023 N/A 41,762 km (25,950 mi) 173 km (107 mi) N/A Success [28][29]
2 17 July 2023 N/A 41,603 km (25,851 mi) 226 km (140 mi) N/A Success [28][30]
3 18 July 2023 N/A 51,400 km (31,900 mi) 228 km (142 mi) N/A Success [31]
4 20 July 2023 N/A 71,351 km (44,335 mi) 233 km (145 mi) N/A Success [28][32]
5 25 July 2023 N/A 127,603 km (79,289 mi) 236 km (147 mi) N/A Success [33]
Trans Lunar Injection
1 31 July 2023 N/A 369,328 km (229,490 mi) 288 km (179 mi) N/A Success [34]
Lunar Bound Maneuvers
1 5 August 2023 1,835 sec[convert: unknown unit] 18,074 km (11,231 mi) 164 km (102 mi) Approx. 21 h (1,300 min) Success [35]
2 6 August 2023 N/A 4,313 km (2,680 mi) 170 km (110 mi) N/A Success [36]
3 9 August 2023 N/A 1,437 km (893 mi) 174 km (108 mi) N/A Success [37]
4 14 August 2023 N/A 177 km (110 mi) 150 km (93 mi) N/A Success [38]
5 16 August 2023 N/A 163 km (101 mi) 153 km (95 mi) N/A Success [39]
Lander Module Separation
1 17 August 2023 N/A 163 km (101 mi) 153 km (95 mi) N/A Success [40]
Lander Deorbit Burns
1 18 August 2023 TBD
2 August 2023 TBD
Landing
1 23 August 2023 TBD

Mission life

Propulsion Module Lander Module Rover Module
Carrying Lander Module and Rover upto ~100 x 100 km launch injection.S

Subsequently, operation of experimental payload for a period of 3 to 6 months.[41]

1 Lunar Day (14 Earth Days)[42] 1 Lunar Day (14 Earth Days)[43]

Mission executives

  • ISRO Chairperson: S.Somanath[8]
  • Mission Director: S. Mohanakumar
  • Associate Mission Director: G. Narayanan (Indian scientist)|G. Narayanan
  • Project Director - P Veeramuthuvel[44]
  • Vehicle Director: Biju C Thomas[45]
  • Associate Vehicle Director: P. K. Sudeesh Kumar
  • Spacecraft Director: P. Veeramuthuvel
  • As well as 54 female engineer/scientists contributed to Chandrayaan-3 mission

Funding

In December 2019, it was reported that ISRO requested the initial funding of the project, amounting to ₹75 crore (US$8.6 million), out of which ₹60 crore (US$6.9 million) will be for meeting expenditure towards machinery, equipment and other capital expenditure, while the remaining ₹15 crore (US$1.7 million) is sought under revenue expenditure head.[46]

Confirming the existence of the project, ISRO's former chairman K. Sivan stated that the estimated cost would be around ₹615 crore (US$71 million).[47][48]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Chandrayaan-3 Vs Russia's Luna-25 Which one is likely to win the space race".
  2. ↑ "ISRO to launch moon mission Chandrayaan-3 on July 14. Check details". Hindustan Times. 6 July 2023. Archived from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  3. ↑ "Chandrayaan-3 Launch LIVE Updates: Chandrayaan 3 successfully separated from LVM, injected to internal orbit". mint. 14 July 2023. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  4. ↑ "Chandrayaan-3 launch on July 14; August 23-24 preferred landing dates". THE TIMES OF INDIA. 6 July 2023. Archived from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  5. ↑ "ANI on Twitter". 14 July 2023. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  6. ↑ "Mission homepage". Archived from the original on 23 June 2023. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
  7. ↑ "India launches Chandrayaan-3 mission to the lunar surface". Physicsworld. 14 July 2023. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 "Chandrayaan-3 just 1k-km from lunar surface". The Times of India. 11 August 2023. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 "Chandrayaan-3 to cost Rs 615 crore, launch could stretch to 2021". The Times of India. 2 January 2020. Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 "NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details". Archived from the original on 8 June 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  11. ↑ Guptan, Mahesh (16 November 2019). "How did Chandrayaan 2 fail? ISRO finally has the answer". The Week. Archived from the original on 19 February 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  12. ↑ "Chandrayaan-3". www.isro.gov.in. Archived from the original on 10 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  13. ↑ "Chandrayaan-3 launch on 14 July, lunar landing on 23 or 24 August". The Hindu. 6 July 2023. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 11 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  14. ↑ "Chandrayaan-3 a shot in the arm for Gaganyaan-1". The Times of India. 15 July 2023. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
  15. ↑ Singh, Surendra (5 August 2018). "Chandrayaan-2 launch put off: India, Israel in lunar race for 4th position". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 19 August 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  16. ↑ Shenoy, Jaideep (28 February 2016). "ISRO chief signals India's readiness for Chandrayaan II mission". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 20 July 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  17. ↑ "ESA and Indian space agency ISRO agree on future cooperation". www.esa.int. Archived from the original on 21 March 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
  18. ↑ "Indian Space Research Organisation". www.isro.gov.in. Archived from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  19. ↑ Kumar, Chethan (19 November 2019). "Chandrayaan-3 plans indicate failures in Chandrayaan-2". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 21 November 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 After 4 Years, ISRO Reveals Why Chandrayaan 2 FAILED, retrieved 10 August 2023
  21. ↑ Sharma, Shaurya (21 October 2022). "Chandrayaan-3 To Be More Robust, Have Contingency Systems Onboard, Says ISRO Chief". News18. Archived from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 "ISRO Chandrayaan 3 brochure" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  23. ↑ "Chandrayaan-3: Historic India Moon mission sends new photos of lunar surface". BBC News. 7 August 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2023.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  24. ↑ "Chandrayan-3 lifts off on mission to the moon". 14 July 2023. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  25. ↑ "Chandrayaan 3: Know why July is important for ISRO". News9live. 14 July 2023. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  26. ↑ THE HINDU BUREAU (5 August 2023). "Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft enters lunar orbit". The Hindu. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
  27. ↑ Grey, Charles (6 August 2023). "India's Chandrayaan-3 Successfully Inserted Into Lunar Orbit". AIR SPACE News. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 "Chandrayaan-3". ISRO.
  29. ↑ @isro (15 July 2023). "The first orbit raising operation" (Tweet). Retrieved 15 July 2023 – via Twitter.
  30. ↑ @isro (17 July 2023). "The second orbit raising operation" (Tweet). Retrieved 17 July 2023 – via Twitter.
  31. ↑ @isro (18 July 2023). "The third orbit raising operation" (Tweet). Retrieved 18 July 2023 – via Twitter.
  32. ↑ @isro (20 July 2023). "The fourth orbit raising operation" (Tweet). Retrieved 20 July 2023 – via Twitter.
  33. ↑ @isro (25 July 2023). "The fifth orbit raising operation" (Tweet). Retrieved 25 July 2023 – via Twitter.
  34. ↑ @isro (1 August 2023). "Chandrayaan-3 update" (Tweet). Retrieved 5 August 2023 – via Twitter.
  35. ↑ @isro (4 August 2023). "Lunar Orbit Injection (LOI)" (Tweet). Retrieved 5 August 2023 – via Twitter.
  36. ↑ @isro (6 August 2023). "Chandrayaan-3 Mission" (Tweet). Retrieved 6 August 2023 – via Twitter.
  37. ↑ @isro (9 August 2023). "Chandrayaan-3 Mission" (Tweet). Retrieved 9 August 2023 – via Twitter.
  38. ↑ @isro (14 August 2023). "Chandrayaan-3 Mission" (Tweet). Retrieved 14 August 2023 – via Twitter.
  39. ↑ @isro (16 August 2023). "Chandrayaan-3 Mission" (Tweet). Retrieved 16 August 2023 – via Twitter.
  40. ↑ @isro (17 August 2023). "Chandrayaan-3 Mission" (Tweet). Retrieved 17 August 2023 – via Twitter.
  41. ↑ "ISRO Chandrayaan 3 brochure" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  42. ↑ "Wayback Machine" (PDF). web.archive.org. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
  43. ↑ "Wayback Machine" (PDF). web.archive.org. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
  44. ↑ Pathania, Magan (19 July 2023). "Inspiring Chandrayaan 3 Mission: Everything you need to know". Retrieved 17 August 2023.
  45. ↑ "Chandrayaan 3 Launch Live: India's Chandrayaan-3 moon mission lifts off from Sriharikota". The Times of India. 14 July 2023. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  46. ↑ Kumar, Chethan (8 December 2019). "ISRO seeks 75 crore more from Centre for Chandrayaan-3". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  47. ↑ "Chandrayaan-3 to cost Rs 615 crore, launch could stretch to 2021". The Times of India. 2 January 2020. Archived from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  48. ↑ "How much did India's Chandrayaan-3 lunar mission cost?". CNBC. 15 July 2023. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2023.

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