Chandrayaan-3: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Indian lunar mission}}
{{Short description|Indian lunar lander mission}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name              = Chandrayaan-3
| name              = Chandrayaan-3  
| image              = https://hindizoom.com/chandrayaan-3-launch-live/
| image              = Chandrayaan-3 Integrated Module in clean-room 02.webp
| image_caption      = https://hindizoom.com/chandrayaan-3-launch-live/
| image_caption      = Chandrayaan-3 Integrated Module in clean room
| image_size        =  
| image_size        =  
| mission_type      = [[Moon|Lunar]] [[Lunar lander|lander]], [[Lunar rover|rover]],  [[Propulsion]] Module
| mis
| operator          = [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO)
{{ubl|[[Lunar lander|Lander]]|[[Lunar rover|Rover]]|[[Propulsion|Propulsion module]]}}
| operator          = [[ISRO]]
| COSPAR_ID          =  
| COSPAR_ID          =  
| SATCAT            =  
| SATCAT            =  
| website            = {{url|https://hindizoom.com/chandrayaan-3-launch-live/}}
| website            = {{url| www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3_New.html}}
| mission_duration  = * ''[[Vikram (spacecraft)|Vikram]]'' lander: ≤ 14 days (planned) <br/>
| mission_duration  = {{time interval|July 14, 2023|show=ymd}} (elapsed)<br/>
* ''[[Pragyan (rover)|Pragyan]] rover: ≤ 14 days (planned)(equal to one lunar day as the equipment works on solar energy)https://hindizoom.com/chandrayaan-3-launch-live/
* Propulsion module: ≤ 3 to 6 months (planned)
* ''[[Vikram (spacecraft)|Vikram]]'' lander: ≤ 14 days (planned)  
* ''[[Pragyan (rover)|Pragyan]]'' rover: ≤ 14 days (planned)
|Landing_site  = "69.367621S,32.348126E"
| spacecraft_type    =  
| spacecraft_type    =  
| spacecraft_bus    = Chandrayaan
| spacecraft_bus    = Chandrayaan
| manufacturer      = [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO)
| manufacturer      = ISRO
| launch_mass        = 3900 kg
| launch_mass        = 3900 kg
| payload_mass      = Propulsion Module:  2148 kg <br/>  Lander Module (Vikram): 1752 kg including Rover (Pragyan) of 26 kg <br/>  Total: 3900 kg
| payload_mass      = Propulsion Module:  2148.00 kg <br/>  Lander Module (Vikram): 1752 kg including Rover (Pragyan) of 26 kg <br/>  Total: 3900.00 kg
| dimensions        = <!--{{convert| |x| | | |abbr=on}}-->
| dimensions        = <!--{{convert| |x| | | |abbr=on}}-->
| power              = Propulsion Module: 758 W Lander Module: 738W, WS with Bias Rover: 50W
| power              = Propulsion Module: 758 W Lander Module: 738W, WS with Bias Rover: 50W
| launch_date        = {{start-date|14 July 2023}} 14:35 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], (9:05 [[UTC]])<ref name="scheduled launch">{{Cite news|title=ISRO to launch moon mission Chandrayaan-3 on July 14. Check details|date=2023-07-06 |url=https://hindizoom.com/chandrayaan-3-launch-live/ |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
| launch_date        = {{start-date|14 July 2023}} 14:35:17 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], (9:05:17 [[UTC]])<ref name="scheduled launch">{{Cite news |title=ISRO to launch moon mission Chandrayaan-3 on July 14. Check details |date=2023-07-06 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/chandrayaan3-to-be-launched-on-july-14-announces-isro-101688644208853.html |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |archive-date=8 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708231639/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/chandrayaan3-to-be-launched-on-july-14-announces-isro-101688644208853.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Successful launch">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-14 |title=Chandrayaan-3 Launch LIVE Updates: Chandrayaan 3 successfully separated from LVM, injected to internal orbit |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/chandrayaan3-launch-live-updates-india-moon-mission-isro-sriharikota-news-isro-india-space-isro-live-11689296703954.html |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=mint |archive-date=17 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717125056/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/chandrayaan3-launch-live-updates-india-moon-mission-isro-sriharikota-news-isro-india-space-isro-live-11689296703954.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| launch_rocket      = [[LVM3]] M4
| launch_rocket      = [[LVM3]] M4
| launch_site        = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]
| launch_site        = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]
| launch_contractor  = [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] ([[ISRO]])
| launch_contractor  = ISRO
| interplanetary    = {{Infobox spaceflight/IP
| interplanetary    = {{Infobox spaceflight/IP
   | type            = lander
   | type            = lander
   | object          = [[Moon]]
   | object          = [[Moon]]
   | component      = [[Rover (space exploration)|Rover]]
   | component      = [[Rover (space exploration)|Rover]]
   | arrival_date    = 23 August 2023<ref name="Landing date">{{Cite news|date=2023-07-06|title=Chandrayaan-3 launch on July 14; August 23-24 preferred landing dates |url=https://hindizoom.com/chandrayaan-3-launch-live/ |access-date=2023-07-07|website=THE TIMES OF INDIA}}</ref>
   | arrival_date    = {{start-date|23 August 2023}} 17:47 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], (12:17 [[UTC]]) (planned) <ref name="Landing date">{{Cite news|date=2023-07-06|title=Chandrayaan-3 launch on July 14; August 23-24 preferred landing dates|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-moon-mission-chandrayaan-3-to-be-launched-on-july-14-at-2-35pm/articleshow/101547465.cms|access-date=2023-07-07|website=THE TIMES OF INDIA|archive-date=8 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708100402/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-moon-mission-chandrayaan-3-to-be-launched-on-july-14-at-2-35pm/articleshow/101547465.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-07-14|title=ANI on Twitter|url=https://twitter.com/ANI/status/1679802059015745537|access-date=2023-07-14|archive-date=17 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717125550/https://twitter.com/ANI/status/1679802059015745537|url-status=live}}</ref>
   | location        = 69.367621 S, 32.348126 E<ref name="Landing site">{{cite web |title=Mission homepage |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3_New.html |access-date=29 June 2023}}</ref>
   | location        = 69.367621 S, 32.348126 E<ref name="Landing site">{{cite web |title=Mission homepage |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3_New.html/ |access-date=29 June 2023 |archive-date=23 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623133254/https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3_New.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}}<br>(between [[Manzinus (crater)|Manzinus C]] and [[Simpelius (crater)|Simpelius N]] craters)<ref>{{cite web|title=India launches Chandrayaan-3 mission to the lunar surface|date=14 July 2023|url=https://physicsworld.com/a/india-launches-chandrayaan-3-mission-to-the-lunar-surface/|publisher=Physicsworld|access-date=15 July 2023|archive-date=17 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717125057/https://physicsworld.com/a/india-launches-chandrayaan-3-mission-to-the-lunar-surface/|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
| insignia    =Chandrayaan-3 logo.png
|insignia_caption =Two official Chandrayaan-3 mission patches
|insignia_size=300px
| programme          = [[Chandrayaan programme]]
| programme          = [[Chandrayaan programme]]
| previous_mission  = [[Chandrayaan-2]]
| previous_mission  = [[Chandrayaan-2]]
| next_mission      = [[Lunar Polar Exploration Mission]]
| next_mission      = [[Lunar Polar Exploration Mission]]
}}
|}}


'''Chandrayaan-3''' ({{trans|"mooncraft"}};<ref>[[Monier Monier-Williams]], ''A Sanskrit-English Dictionary'' (1899): ''[[Chandra|candra]]'':  "[...] m. the moon (also personified as a deity Mn. &c)" ''yāna'': "[...] n.  a vehicle of any kind , carriage , wagon , vessel , ship , [...]"</ref><ref name="CY2_FAQ2">{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-faq|title=Chandrayaan-2 FAQ|access-date=24 August 2019|quote=The name Chandrayaan means "Chandra- Moon, Yaan-vehicle", – in Indian languages (Sanskrit and Hindi), – the lunar spacecraft|archive-date=29 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629122319/https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-faq|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{audio|Chandrayaan.ogg|pronunciation}}) is the third [https://hindizoom.com/chandrayaan-3-launch-live/ lunar exploration] mission by the [https://hindizoom.com/chandrayaan-3-launch-live/ Indian Space Research Organisation] (ISRO).<ref>{{cite web|title=Press Meet - Briefing by Dr. K. Sivan, Chairman, ISRO|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/01-jan-2020/press-meet-briefing-dr-k-sivan-chairman-isro|website=isro.gov.in|date=2020-01-01|access-date=2020-01-03|archive-date=5 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005155551/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/01-jan-2020/press-meet-briefing-dr-k-sivan-chairman-isro|url-status=dead}}</ref> It consists of a lander and a rover similar to [https://hindizoom.com/chandrayaan-3-launch-live/ Chandrayaan-2], but does not have an orbiter. Its propulsion module behaves like a communication relay satellite. The propulsion module carries the lander and rover configuration until the spacecraft is in a 100 km lunar orbit.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=2 January 2020 |title=Chandrayaan-3 to cost Rs 615 crore, launch could stretch to 2021 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-to-cost-rs-615--crore-launch-could-stretch-to-2021/articleshow/73055941.cms |access-date=3 January 2020 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN3}}</ref>
'''Chandrayaan-3''' (Devanagari: चन्द्रयान-3) is the third and most recent lunar Indian Space Research exploration mission under the [[Chandrayaan programme]]. It consists of a lander named [[Vikram (spacecraft)|Vikram]] and a rover named ''[[Pragyan (rover)|Pragyan]]'' similar to [[Chandrayaan-2]], but does not have an orbiter. Its propulsion module behaves like a communication relay satellite. The propulsion module carries the lander and rover configuration until the spacecraft is in a 100 km lunar orbit.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=2 January 2020 |title=Chandrayaan-3 to cost Rs 615 crore, launch could stretch to 2021 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-to-cost-rs-615--crore-launch-could-stretch-to-2021/articleshow/73055941.cms |access-date=3 January 2020 |newspaper=The Times of India |archive-date=19 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119155006/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-to-cost-rs-615--crore-launch-could-stretch-to-2021/articleshow/73055941.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN3 |access-date=10 June 2022 |archive-date=8 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608231611/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN3 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:LVM3 M4, Chandrayaan-3 - Launch vehicle at the Second Launch Pad (SLP) of SDSC-SHAR, Sriharikota 06.webp|thumb|LVM3 M4, Chandrayaan-3 - Launch vehicle at the Second Launch Pad (SLP) of SDSC-SHAR, Sriharikota]]


Following [https://hindizoom.com/chandrayaan-3-launch-live/ Chandrayaan-2], where a last-minute software glitch in the [https://hindizoom.com/chandrayaan-3-launch-live/ soft landing] guidance software led to the failure of the lander's soft landing attempt after a successful orbital insertion, another lunar mission was proposed.<ref name="Failure report">{{cite news|last=Guptan|first=Mahesh|title=How did Chandrayaan 2 fail? ISRO finally has the answer|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2019/11/16/how-did-chandrayaan-2-fail-isro-answer.html|newspaper=The Week|date=2019-11-16|access-date=2020-01-03}}</ref>
Following Chandrayaan-2, where a last-minute glitch in the landing guidance software led to the lander crashing after entering [[lunar orbit]], another lunar mission was proposed.<ref name="Failure report">{{cite news|last=Guptan|first=Mahesh|title=How did Chandrayaan 2 fail? ISRO finally has the answer|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2019/11/16/how-did-chandrayaan-2-fail-isro-answer.html|newspaper=The Week|date=2019-11-16|access-date=2020-01-03|archive-date=19 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219143203/https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2019/11/16/how-did-chandrayaan-2-fail-isro-answer.html|url-status=live}}</ref>


The launch of Chandrayaan-3 took place at July 14, 2023, at 2:35 pm IST.<ref name="ISRO_Chandrayaan3">{{cite web |title=Chandrayaan-3 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3.html |website=www.isro.gov.in |access-date=14 July 2023}}</ref>
The launch of Chandrayaan-3 took place on 14 July 2023, at 2:35 pm IST<ref name="ISRO_Chandrayaan3">{{cite web |title=Chandrayaan-3 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3.html |website=www.isro.gov.in |access-date=14 July 2023 |archive-date=10 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710170915/https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and lunar injection of 100 km circular polar orbit was completed successfully as part of phase one.<ref name="Successful launch" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-14 |title=Chandrayaan 3 Launch Live: India's Chandrayaan-3 moon mission lifts off from Sriharikota |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-launch-live-updates-isro-moon-landing-mission-countdown-launch-time-sriharkota-how-to-watch/liveblog/101739131.cms |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=17 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717084941/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-launch-live-updates-isro-moon-landing-mission-countdown-launch-time-sriharkota-how-to-watch/liveblog/101739131.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The lander and rover are expected to land near the [[lunar south pole]] region on 23 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-06 |title=Chandrayaan-3 launch on 14 July, lunar landing on 23 or 24 August |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/chandrayaan-3-launch-scheduled-for-july-14-at-235-pm/article67049236.ece |access-date=2023-07-14 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=11 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711031538/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/chandrayaan-3-launch-scheduled-for-july-14-at-235-pm/article67049236.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>


== Background/History ==
The Chandrayaan-3 mission is a stepping stone towards ISRO’s future interplanetary missions. The key idea is technology demonstration of crucial capability to soft land on lunar surface safely that the earlier mission could not achieve.<ref>[https://www.scientificeuropean.co.uk/sciences/space/isro-launches-chandrayaan-3-moon-mission/ ‘ISRO Launches Chandrayaan-3 Moon Mission’]. Scientific European. Retrieved 2023-07-14</ref>
In the second phase of the [[Chandrayaan programme]] to demonstrate soft landing on the Moon, ISRO launched [[Chandrayaan-2]] on board a [[LVM 3 | Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM 3)]] [[launch vehicle]] consisting of an orbiter, a lander and a rover. The lander was scheduled to touchdown on the lunar surface in September 2019 to deploy the [[Pragyan (rover)|Pragyan rover]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-launch-put-off-india-israel-in-lunar-race-for-4th-position/articleshow/65275012.cms|title=Chandrayaan-2 launch put off: India, Israel in lunar race for 4th position|newspaper=The Times of India |first=Surendra|last=Singh|date=5 August 2018|access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/ISRO-chief-signals-Indias-readiness-for-Chandrayaan-II-mission/articleshow/51178528.cms|title=ISRO chief signals India's readiness for Chandrayaan II mission|newspaper=The Times of India|first=Jaideep|last=Shenoy|date=28 February 2016|access-date=2020-01-03}}</ref>


Earlier reports had emerged about a collaboration with [[Japan]] on a mission to the [[lunar south pole]] where [[India]] would be providing the lander while Japan would provide both launcher and rover. The mission may include site sampling and lunar night survival technologies.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-next-moon-shot-will-be-bigger-in-pact-with-japan/articleshow/71030437.cms|title=India's next Moon shot will be bigger, in pact with Japan|date=2019-07-07|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2020-01-03|quote=For our next mission — Chandrayaan-3 — which will be accomplished in collaboration with [[JAXA]] (Japanese Space Agency), we will invite other countries too to participate with their payloads.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://astrotalkuk.org/episode-82-jaxa-and-international-collaboration-with-professor-fujimoto-masaki/|title=Episode 82: JAXA and International Collaboration with Professor Fujimoto Masaki|date=2019-01-04 |website=Astro talk UK|access-date=2020-01-03}}</ref>
== Background ==
As part of the [[Chandrayaan programme]] to demonstrate soft landing on the Moon, ISRO launched [[Chandrayaan-2]] on board a [[LVM3 | Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM3)]] [[launch vehicle]] consisting of an orbiter, a lander and a rover.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-a-shot-in-the-arm-for-gaganyaan-1/articleshow/101769970.cms|title=Chandrayaan-3 a shot in the arm for Gaganyaan-1|newspaper=The Times of India|date=15 July 2023|access-date=15 July 2023|archive-date=17 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717125055/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-a-shot-in-the-arm-for-gaganyaan-1/articleshow/101769970.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The lander was scheduled to touchdown on the lunar surface in September 2019 to deploy the [[Pragyan (rover)|Pragyan rover]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-launch-put-off-india-israel-in-lunar-race-for-4th-position/articleshow/65275012.cms|title=Chandrayaan-2 launch put off: India, Israel in lunar race for 4th position|newspaper=The Times of India|first=Surendra|last=Singh|date=5 August 2018|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-date=19 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819060901/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-launch-put-off-india-israel-in-lunar-race-for-4th-position/articleshow/65275012.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/ISRO-chief-signals-Indias-readiness-for-Chandrayaan-II-mission/articleshow/51178528.cms|title=ISRO chief signals India's readiness for Chandrayaan II mission|newspaper=The Times of India|first=Jaideep|last=Shenoy|date=28 February 2016|access-date=2020-01-03|archive-date=20 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720105059/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/ISRO-chief-signals-Indias-readiness-for-Chandrayaan-II-mission/articleshow/51178528.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>


The subsequent failure of the Vikram lander led to the pursuit of another mission to demonstrate the landing capabilities needed for the [[Lunar Polar Exploration Mission]] proposed in partnership with Japan for 2025.<ref name='Wire_Nov2019'>[https://thewire.in/space/isro-chandrayaan-3-lunar-lander-rover-gaganyaan ISRO Will Embark on Chandrayaan-3 by November 2020 for Another Landing Attempt] ''The Wire'',  14 November 2019</ref> During mission critical flight operations, the [[ESTRACK|European Space Tracking (ESTRACK)]] operated by [[European Space Agency|European Space Agency (ESA)]] will support the mission according to a contract.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ESA and Indian space agency ISRO agree on future cooperation |url=https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Operations/ESA_Ground_Stations/ESA_and_Indian_space_agency_ISRO_agree_on_future_cooperation |access-date=2022-04-16 |website=www.esa.int |language=en}}</ref>
The [[ESTRACK|European Space Tracking (ESTRACK)]] operated by [[European Space Agency|European Space Agency (ESA)]] will support the mission according to a contract. Under the new cross-support arrangement, ESA tracking support could be provided for upcoming ISRO missions such as those of India’s first human spaceflight
programme, [[Gaganyaan]], the Chandrayaan-3 lunar lander and the Aditya-L1 solar research mission. In return, future ESA missions will receive similar support from ISRO’s own tracking stations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ESA and Indian space agency ISRO agree on future cooperation |url=https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Operations/ESA_Ground_Stations/ESA_and_Indian_space_agency_ISRO_agree_on_future_cooperation |access-date=2022-04-16 |website=www.esa.int |language=en |archive-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321160634/https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Operations/ESA_Ground_Stations/ESA_and_Indian_space_agency_ISRO_agree_on_future_cooperation |url-status=live }}</ref>


== Objective==
== Objective==


ISRO has set three main objectives for the Chandrayaan-3 mission, which includes:
ISRO has set three main objectives for the Chandrayaan-3 mission, which include:


#Getting a lander safe and soft landing on the surface of the Moon.
#Getting a lander to land safely and softly on the surface of the Moon.
#Observing and demonstrating the rover’s loitering capabilities on the Moon
#Observing and demonstrating the rover’s loitering capabilities on the Moon.
#In-site scientific observation making scientific experiments on the chemical and natural elements, soil, water, etc. available on the surface of the Moon to better understand and practice the composition of the Moon. Interplanetary refers to the development and demonstration of new technologies required for missions between two planets.{{cn|date=July 2023}}
#In-site observation & conducting experiments on the materials available on the lunar surface to better understand composition of the Moon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Space Research Organisation |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/ |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=www.isro.gov.in |archive-date=2 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002232539/https://www.isro.gov.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>


== Design ==
== Design ==
[[File:Chandrayaan-3 Integrated Module - Views.webp|thumb|Chandrayaan-3 Integrated Module - Views]]
[[File:Chandrayaan-3 Integrated Module - Views.webp|thumb|Chandrayaan-3 Integrated Module - Views]]
Chandrayaan-3 comprises three main components
Chandrayaan-3 comprises three main components:


'''Propulsion Module'''
'''Propulsion Module:'''
[[File:Chandrayaan-3 Propulsion Module.webp|thumb|Chandrayaan-3 Propulsion Module]]
[[File:Chandrayaan-3 Propulsion Module.webp|thumb|Chandrayaan-3 Propulsion Module]]


The propulsion module will carry the lander and rover configuration till 100 km lunar orbit. It is a box-like structure with one large solar panel mounted on one side and a large cylinder on top (the Intermodular Adapter Cone) that acts as a mounting structure for the lander. In addition to the lander, the module carries a payload called Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE)  to study the spectral and polarimetric measurements of Earth from the lunar orbit.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />  
The propulsion module will carry the lander and rover configuration till 100 km lunar orbit. It is a box-like structure with one large solar panel mounted on one side and a large cylinder on top (the Intermodular Adapter Cone) that acts as a mounting structure for the lander. <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />  


'''Lander'''
'''Lander:'''
[[File:Chandrayaan-3 Lander.webp|thumb|Chandrayaan-3 Lander]]
[[File:Chandrayaan-3 Lander.webp|thumb|Chandrayaan-3 Lander]]


The lander is responsible for the soft landing on the Moon. It is also box-shaped, with four landing legs and four landing thrusters of 800 newtons each. It will carry the rover and various scientific instruments to perform in-site analysis.
The lander is responsible for the soft landing on the Moon. It is also box-shaped, with four landing legs and four landing thrusters of 800 newtons each. It will be carrying the rover and various scientific instruments to perform in-site analysis.


The lander for Chandrayaan-3 will have only four throttle-able engines,<ref>{{cite web |last=Agrawal |first=Mayank |date=July 14, 2023 |title=Chandrayaan-3 Rover: A New Mission to Explore the Moon |url=https://examtiper.com/chandrayaan-3-rover-a-new-mission-to-explore-moon/ |url-status=live |access-date=July 14, 2023 |website=Examtiper}}</ref> unlike ''[[Vikram (spacecraft)|Vikram]]'' on Chandrayaan-2 which had five 800 [[Newton (unit)|Newtons]] engines with a fifth one being centrally mounted with a fixed thrust. Additionally, the Chandrayaan-3 lander will be equipped with a [[Laser Doppler velocimetry|Laser Doppler Velocimeter]] (LDV).<ref>{{cite news|title=Chandrayaan-3 plans indicate failures in Chandrayaan-2|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-plans-indicate-failures-in-chandrayaan-2/articleshow/72128771.cms|last=Kumar|first=Chethan|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121090445/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-plans-indicate-failures-in-chandrayaan-2/articleshow/72128771.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=19 November 2019 |archive-date=21 November 2019|access-date=15 September 2020}}</ref> The impact legs are made stronger compared to Chandrayaan-2 and increased instrumentation redundancy. ISRO is working on improving the structural rigidity and adding multiple contingency systems.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shaurya |date=2022-10-21 |title=Chandrayaan-3 To Be More Robust, Have Contingency Systems Onboard, Says ISRO Chief |url=https://www.news18.com/news/tech/chandrayaan-3-to-be-more-robust-have-contingency-systems-onboard-says-isro-chief-6216451.html |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
The lander for Chandrayaan-3 will have only four throttle-able engines, unlike ''[[Vikram (spacecraft)|Vikram]]'' on Chandrayaan-2 which had five 800 [[Newton (unit)|Newtons]] engines with a fifth one being centrally mounted with a fixed thrust.{{cn|date=July 2023}} Additionally, the Chandrayaan-3 lander will be equipped with a [[Laser Doppler velocimetry|Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV)]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Chandrayaan-3 plans indicate failures in Chandrayaan-2|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-plans-indicate-failures-in-chandrayaan-2/articleshow/72128771.cms|last=Kumar|first=Chethan|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121090445/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-plans-indicate-failures-in-chandrayaan-2/articleshow/72128771.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=19 November 2019 |archive-date=21 November 2019|access-date=15 September 2020}}</ref> The impact legs are made stronger compared to Chandrayaan-2 and increased instrumentation redundancy. ISRO is working on improving the structural rigidity and adding multiple contingency systems.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shaurya |date=2022-10-21 |title=Chandrayaan-3 To Be More Robust, Have Contingency Systems Onboard, Says ISRO Chief |url=https://www.news18.com/news/tech/chandrayaan-3-to-be-more-robust-have-contingency-systems-onboard-says-isro-chief-6216451.html |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=22 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022080431/https://www.news18.com/news/tech/chandrayaan-3-to-be-more-robust-have-contingency-systems-onboard-says-isro-chief-6216451.html |url-status=live }}</ref>


'''Rover'''
'''Rover:'''
[[File:Chandrayaan-3 Rover.webp|thumb|Chandrayaan-3 Rover]]''Chandrayaan-3 Rover Overview:''
[[File:Chandrayaan-3 Rover.webp|thumb|Chandrayaan-3 Rover]]''Chandrayaan-3 Rover Overview:''


* Six-wheeled design
* Six-wheeled design
* Weight of 26 kilograms (57 pounds)
* Weight of {{convert|26|kg|lb|abbr=off}}
* Range of 500 meters (1,640 feet)
* Range of {{convert|500|m|ft}}
* Dimensions : {{convert|917|mm|ft}} x {{convert|750|mm|ft}} x {{convert|397|mm|ft}}
* Scientific instruments including cameras, spectrometers, and a drill
* Scientific instruments including cameras, spectrometers, and a drill
* Expected lifespan of one [[lunar day]] (14 Earth days)
* Expected lifespan of one [[lunar day]] (14 Earth days)
Line 92: Line 99:
* The evolution of the Moon’s atmosphere
* The evolution of the Moon’s atmosphere


The Chandrayaan-3 Rover is a major step forward for India’s space program. It is a testament to the country’s growing technological capabilities, and it is sure to make significant contributions to our understanding of the Moon.
==Instruments==
'''Lander'''
* Chandra's Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) will measure the thermal conductivity and temperature of the lunar surface.
* Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) will measure the seismicity around the landing site.
* Langmuir Probe (LP) will estimate the plasma density and its variations.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Missions/LVM3/LVM3M4_Chandrayaan3_brochure.pdf| title=ISRO Chandrayaan 3 brochure}}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710120424/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Missions/LVM3/LVM3M4_Chandrayaan3_brochure.pdf |date=10 July 2023 }}</ref>
 
'''Rover'''
 
* Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS) will derive the chemical composition and infer mineralogical composition of the lunar surface.
* Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS) will determine the elemental composition (Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, Fe) of lunar soil and rocks around the lunar landing site.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Missions/LVM3/LVM3M4_Chandrayaan3_brochure.pdf| title=ISRO Chandrayaan 3 brochure}}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710120424/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Missions/LVM3/LVM3M4_Chandrayaan3_brochure.pdf |date=10 July 2023 }} </ref>
 
'''Propulsion Module'''
*Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE) to study the spectral and polarimetric measurements of Earth from the lunar orbit in the near-infrared (NIR) wavelength range (1-1.7 μm).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />


{{Multiple image |total_width=600 | align=center
| image1 = APXS payload.png
| caption1 = Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APSX) payload on the Rover
| image2 = ChaSTE payload.png
| caption2 = Chandra’s Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) payload on the Lander
| image3 = ILSA payload.png
| caption3 = Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) payload on the Lander
| image4 = LIBS payload.png
| caption4 = Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS) payload on the Rover
| image5 = Rambha-payload.png
| caption5 = Langmuir Probe (RAMBHA-LP) payload on the Lander
| image6 = SHAPE payload.png
| caption6 = Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE) payload on the Propulsion Module.
}}
==Launch==
[[File:LVM3 M4, Chandrayaan-3 - Launch vehicle lifting off from the Second Launch Pad (SLP) of SDSC-SHAR, Sriharikota 03.webp|thumb|LVM3 M4, Chandrayaan-3 - Launch vehicle lifting off from the Second Launch Pad (SLP) of SDSC-SHAR, Sriharikota]]
Chandrayaan-3 was launched on 14 July 2023, at 2:35 pm IST as scheduled, from [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] [[Second Launch Pad]] in [[Sriharikota]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India. The spacecraft has been effectively placed in the trajectory it will take to reach the moon. It is anticipated that the Chandrayaan-3 mission will achieve a soft landing on the lunar South Pole region on 23 August.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://scroll.in/latest/1052635/chandrayan-3-lifts-off-for-mission-to-moon | title=Chandrayan-3 lifts off on mission to the moon | date=14 July 2023 | access-date=14 July 2023 | archive-date=17 July 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717125057/https://scroll.in/latest/1052635/chandrayan-3-lifts-off-for-mission-to-moon | url-status=live }}</ref>
Choosing the month of July for the launch of Chandrayaan 3 was a special move because of a calculation made by ISRO regarding the closeness of Earth and Moon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-14 |title=Chandrayaan 3: Know why July is important for ISRO |url=https://www.news9live.com/knowledge/chandrayaan-3-know-why-july-is-important-for-isro-2213186 |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=News9live |language=en-US |archive-date=17 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717125111/https://www.news9live.com/knowledge/chandrayaan-3-know-why-july-is-important-for-isro-2213186 |url-status=live }}</ref>
On August 5, the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] achieved a successful Lunar-Orbit Insertion (LOI), successfully placing the Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft into orbit around the [[Moon]]. The LOI operation was carried out from the ISRO Telemetry, Tracking, and Command Network (ISTRAC) located in [[Bengaluru]]. The manoeuvre commenced at 7 p.m. and was completed with precision. This significant achievement marks a significant milestone in India's space exploration efforts and brings the Chandrayaan-3 mission closer to its intended objectives. <ref>{{cite web |last1=THE HINDU BUREAU |title=Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft enters lunar orbit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/chandrayaan-3-enters-lunar-orbit/article67161942.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=6 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Grey |first=Charles |date=2023-08-06 |title=India's Chandrayaan-3 Successfully Inserted Into Lunar Orbit |url=https://airspacenews.net/indias-chandrayaan-3-successfully-inserted-into-lunar-orbit/ |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=AIR SPACE News |language=en-US}}</ref>
==Mission profile==
==Mission profile==
{{multiple image
{{multiple image
| align = center
| align = center
| direction = horizontal
| direction = horizontal
| width = 350px
| width = 240px
| header = Animation of Chandrayaan-3
| header = Animation of Chandrayaan-3
| image1 = Animation of Chandrayaan-3 around Earth.gif
| image1 = Animation of Chandrayaan-3 around Earth - Orbit raising.gif
| caption1 = Around the Earth
| caption1 = Around the Earth - Orbit raising phase
| image2 = Animation of Chandrayaan-3 around Moon.gif
| image2 = Animation of Chandrayaan-3 around Earth.gif
| caption2 = Around the Moon
| caption2 = Around the Earth
| image3 = Animation of Chandrayaan-3 around Moon.gif
| caption3 = Around the Moon
| footer = {{legend2|Magenta| Chandrayaan-3}}{{·}}{{legend2| RoyalBlue| Earth}}{{·}}{{legend2|Lime| Moon}}
| footer = {{legend2|Magenta| Chandrayaan-3}}{{·}}{{legend2| RoyalBlue| Earth}}{{·}}{{legend2|Lime| Moon}}
}}
}}


==Orbit raising and station keeping==
The satellite was launched aboard the [[LVM3]]-M4 rocket in the afternoon of 14 July 2023, at 2:35 pm IST to a [[Parking orbit|EPO]] perigee of {{convert|170|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}. This will be followed by a series of orbit raising operations (using an on-board [[Liquid Apogee Motor|LAM]] and chemical thrusters to place the satellite in the [[Trans-lunar injection]] orbit.
[[File:Chandrayaan-3 – Mission Profile.webp|thumb|Chandrayaan-3 orbital maneuver ]]
{| cellpadding="2" style="margin:0 auto; text-align:center;" class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2"| #
! rowspan="2"| Date/<br/>Time (UTC)
! rowspan="2"| LAM burn time
! colspan="2"| Height achieved
! rowspan="2"| Inclination
! rowspan="2"| Orbital period
! rowspan="2"| References
|-
! Apogee || Perigee
|-
|-
!colspan=8|Earth bound maneuvers
|-
| 1 || 15 July 2023  || {{N/A}} || {{convert|41762|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{convert|173|km|mi|abbr=on}} || 21.3°{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}} || {{N/A}} || <ref name=CH3-ISRO>{{cite web |title=Chandrayaan-3 |publisher=ISRO |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |url=https://twitter.com/isro/status/1680239822110162944/photo/1 |title=The first orbit raising operation|number=1680239822110162944|user=isro |date=2023-07-15 |access-date=2023-07-15}}</ref>
|-
| 2 || 17 July 2023 || {{N/A}} || {{convert|41603|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{convert|226|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} ||  <ref name=CH3-ISRO/><ref>{{cite tweet |url=https://twitter.com/isro/status/1680845817903722497?t=l5YDw4bfrCHUVzPyJ_wMRA&s=19 |title=The second orbit raising operation|number=1680845817903722497|user=isro |date=2023-07-17 |access-date=2023-07-17}}</ref>
|-
| 3 || 18 July 2023 || {{N/A}} || {{convert|51400|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{convert|228|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || <ref>{{cite tweet |url=https://twitter.com/isro/status/1681293895341162499 |title=The third orbit raising operation|number=1681236337024974850|user=isro |date=2023-07-18 |access-date=2023-07-18}}</ref>
|-
| 4 || 20 July 2023 || {{N/A}} || {{convert|71351|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{convert|233|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || <ref name=CH3-ISRO/><ref>{{Cite tweet |url=https://twitter.com/isro/status/1681960236347965440 |title=The fourth orbit raising operation|number=1681960236347965440|user=isro |date=2023-07-20 |access-date=2023-07-20}}</ref>
|-
| 5 || 25 July 2023 || {{N/A}} || {{convert|127603|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{convert|236|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || <ref name="TWISRO-250723">{{Cite tweet |url=https://twitter.com/isro/status/1683767962560512000 | title=The fifth orbit raising operation|number=1683767962560512000|user=isro |date=2023-07-25 |access-date=2023-07-25}}
</ref>
|-
!colspan=8|Trans Lunar Injection
|-
| 1 || 31 July 2023 || {{N/A}} || {{convert|369328|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{convert|288|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || <ref>{{cite tweet |url=https://twitter.com/isro/status/1686327939280035840 |title=Chandrayaan-3 update|number=1686327939280035840|user=isro |date=2023-08-01 |access-date=2023-08-05}}</ref>
|-''''''Bold text''''''
!colspan=8|Lunar Bound Maneuvers
|-
| 1 || 5 August 2023
| {{convert|1835|sec|min|abbr=on}} ||  {{convert|18074|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{convert|164|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{N/A}} || Approx. {{convert|21|h|min|abbr=on}} || <ref>{{cite tweet |url=https://twitter.com/isro/status/1687859829803466753?t=qoIyMeH8oP405bbdzFNMNw&s=19 |title=Lunar Orbit Injection (LOI)|number=1687384615215124480|user=isro |date=2023-08-04 |access-date=2023-08-05}}</ref>
|-
| 2 ||6 August 2023
| {{N/A}} ||  {{convert|4313|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{convert|170|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || <ref>{{cite tweet |url=https://twitter.com/isro/status/1688248504458846208?s=20|title= Chandrayaan-3 Mission|number=1688248504458846208|user=isro |date=2023-08-06 |access-date=2023-08-06}}</ref>
|-
|3
| 9 August 2023
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|4
| 14 August 2023
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|5
| 20 August 2023
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!colspan=8|Lander Module Separation
|-
|1
| August 2023
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!colspan=8|Landing
|-
|1
| 23 August 2023
|
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Mission life ===
=== Mission life ===
Carrying Lander Module & Rover upto ~100 x 100 km launch injection. Subsequently, operation of experimental payload for a period of 3 to 6 months.
Carrying Lander Module & Rover upto ~100 x 100 km launch injection. Subsequently, operation of experimental payload for a period of 3 to 6 months.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Missions/LVM3/LVM3M4_Chandrayaan3_brochure.pdf| title=ISRO Chandrayaan 3 brochure}}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710120424/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Missions/LVM3/LVM3M4_Chandrayaan3_brochure.pdf |date=10 July 2023 }}</ref>
 
== Mission executives==
*ISRO Chairperson: S.Somanath
*Mission Director: S. Mohanakumar
*Associate Mission Director: G. Narayanan
*Vehicle Director: Biju C Thomas
*Associate Vehicle Director: P. K. Sudeesh Kumar
*Spacecraft Director: P. Veeramuthuvel


== Funding ==
== Funding ==
In December 2019, it was reported that ISRO requested the initial funding of the project, amounting to {{INRConvert|75|c}}, out of which {{INRConvert|60|c}} will be for meeting expenditure towards machinery, equipment and other capital expenditure, while the remaining {{INRConvert|15|c}} is sought under revenue expenditure head.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-seeks-75-crore-more-from-centre-for-chandrayaan-3/articleshow/72421303.cms|title=ISRO seeks 75 crore more from Centre for Chandrayaan-3|date=2019-12-08|first=Chethan|last=Kumar|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2019-12-08}}</ref>
In December 2019, it was reported that ISRO requested the initial funding of the project, amounting to {{INRConvert|75|c|lk=on}}, out of which {{INRConvert|60|c}} will be for meeting expenditure towards machinery, equipment and other capital expenditure, while the remaining {{INRConvert|15|c}} is sought under revenue expenditure head.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-seeks-75-crore-more-from-centre-for-chandrayaan-3/articleshow/72421303.cms|title=ISRO seeks 75 crore more from Centre for Chandrayaan-3|date=2019-12-08|first=Chethan|last=Kumar|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2019-12-08|archive-date=20 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120005130/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-seeks-75-crore-more-from-centre-for-chandrayaan-3/articleshow/72421303.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>


Confirming the existence of the project, ISRO's former chairman [[K. Sivan]] stated that the cost would be around {{INRConvert|615|c|lk=|year=2020}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-to-cost-rs-615-crore-launch-could-stretch-to-2021/articleshow/73055941.cms|title=Chandrayaan-3 to cost Rs 615 crore, launch could stretch to 2021 |date=2020-01-02|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2020-01-03}}</ref>
Confirming the existence of the project, ISRO's former chairman [[K. Sivan]] stated that the estimated cost would be around {{INRConvert|615|c|lk=|year=2020}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-to-cost-rs-615-crore-launch-could-stretch-to-2021/articleshow/73055941.cms|title=Chandrayaan-3 to cost Rs 615 crore, launch could stretch to 2021|date=2020-01-02|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2020-01-03|archive-date=30 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230181930/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-to-cost-rs-615-crore-launch-could-stretch-to-2021/articleshow/73055941.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-15 |title=How much did India's Chandrayaan-3 lunar mission cost? |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/science/chandrayaan-3-cost-budget-isro-launch-july-14-space-lunar-mission-moon-landing-17222551.htm |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=[[CNBC]] |archive-date=17 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717125549/https://www.cnbctv18.com/science/chandrayaan-3-cost-budget-isro-launch-july-14-space-lunar-mission-moon-landing-17222551.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
* [[Moon landing]]
* [[Chandrayaan programme]] – Indian lunar exploration programme
* [[Lunar Polar Exploration Mission|LUPEX]]
* [[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme]] – Indian in space programme
* [[Chandrayaan-2]]
* [[Mangalyaan programme]] – Indian Mars exploration programme
* [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]
* [[Shukrayaan]] – India's venus exploration mission
* [[List of missions to the Moon]]
* [[Aditya-L1]] – India's sun observation mission
* [[ISRO space station|Indian space station]] - Indian space station in space
* [[Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System|NavIC]] - Indian alternative to GPS
* [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] – India's national space agency
* [[List of missions to the Moon]] – Missions to the Moon
* [[Moon landing]] – Mission targeted at controlled landing on moon


== References ==
== References ==
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{{Indian spacecraft}}
{{Indian spacecraft}}
<!-- {{Solar System probes}} -->
<!-- {{Solar System probes}} -->
{{Future spaceflights}}
{{Orbital launches in 2023}}


[[Category:Missions to the Moon]]
[[Category:Missions to the Moon]]

Revision as of 10:39, 7 August 2023


Chandrayaan-3
Chandrayaan-3 Integrated Module in clean-room 02.webp
Chandrayaan-3 Integrated Module in clean room
OperatorISRO
COSPAR ID{{#property:P247}}
Websitewww.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3_New.html
Mission duration1 year, 11 months and 2 days (elapsed)
  • Propulsion module: ≤ 3 to 6 months (planned)
  • Vikram lander: ≤ 14 days (planned)
  • Pragyan rover: ≤ 14 days (planned)
Spacecraft properties
BusChandrayaan
ManufacturerISRO
Launch mass3900 kg
Payload massPropulsion Module: 2148.00 kg
Lander Module (Vikram): 1752 kg including Rover (Pragyan) of 26 kg
Total: 3900.00 kg
PowerPropulsion Module: 758 W Lander Module: 738W, WS with Bias Rover: 50W
Start of mission
Launch date14 July 2023 (2023-07-14) 14:35:17 IST, (9:05:17 UTC)[1][2]
RocketLVM3 M4
Launch siteSatish Dhawan Space Centre
ContractorISRO
Moon lander
Spacecraft componentRover
Landing date23 August 2023 (2023-08-23) 17:47 IST, (12:17 UTC) (planned) [3][4]
Landing site69.367621 S, 32.348126 E[5]

(between Manzinus C and Simpelius N craters)[6]
Chandrayaan-3 logo.png
Two official Chandrayaan-3 mission patches  

Chandrayaan-3 (Devanagari: चन्द्रयान-3) is the third and most recent lunar Indian Space Research exploration mission under the Chandrayaan programme. It consists of a lander named Vikram and a rover named Pragyan similar to Chandrayaan-2, but does not have an orbiter. Its propulsion module behaves like a communication relay satellite. The propulsion module carries the lander and rover configuration until the spacecraft is in a 100 km lunar orbit.[7][8]

Following Chandrayaan-2, where a last-minute glitch in the landing guidance software led to the lander crashing after entering lunar orbit, another lunar mission was proposed.[9]

The launch of Chandrayaan-3 took place on 14 July 2023, at 2:35 pm IST[10] and lunar injection of 100 km circular polar orbit was completed successfully as part of phase one.[2][11] The lander and rover are expected to land near the lunar south pole region on 23 August 2023.[12]

The Chandrayaan-3 mission is a stepping stone towards ISRO’s future interplanetary missions. The key idea is technology demonstration of crucial capability to soft land on lunar surface safely that the earlier mission could not achieve.[13]

Background

As part of the Chandrayaan programme to demonstrate soft landing on the Moon, ISRO launched Chandrayaan-2 on board a Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM3) launch vehicle consisting of an orbiter, a lander and a rover.[14] The lander was scheduled to touchdown on the lunar surface in September 2019 to deploy the Pragyan rover.[15][16]

The European Space Tracking (ESTRACK) operated by European Space Agency (ESA) will support the mission according to a contract. Under the new cross-support arrangement, ESA tracking support could be provided for upcoming ISRO missions such as those of India’s first human spaceflight programme, Gaganyaan, the Chandrayaan-3 lunar lander and the Aditya-L1 solar research mission. In return, future ESA missions will receive similar support from ISRO’s own tracking stations.[17]

Objective

ISRO has set three main objectives for the Chandrayaan-3 mission, which include:

  1. Getting a lander to land safely and softly on the surface of the Moon.
  2. Observing and demonstrating the rover’s loitering capabilities on the Moon.
  3. In-site observation & conducting experiments on the materials available on the lunar surface to better understand composition of the Moon.[18]

Design

Chandrayaan-3 Integrated Module - Views

Chandrayaan-3 comprises three main components:

Propulsion Module:

Chandrayaan-3 Propulsion Module

The propulsion module will carry the lander and rover configuration till 100 km lunar orbit. It is a box-like structure with one large solar panel mounted on one side and a large cylinder on top (the Intermodular Adapter Cone) that acts as a mounting structure for the lander. [8][7]

Lander:

Chandrayaan-3 Lander

The lander is responsible for the soft landing on the Moon. It is also box-shaped, with four landing legs and four landing thrusters of 800 newtons each. It will be carrying the rover and various scientific instruments to perform in-site analysis.

The lander for Chandrayaan-3 will have only four throttle-able engines, unlike Vikram on Chandrayaan-2 which had five 800 Newtons engines with a fifth one being centrally mounted with a fixed thrust.[citation needed] Additionally, the Chandrayaan-3 lander will be equipped with a Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV).[19] The impact legs are made stronger compared to Chandrayaan-2 and increased instrumentation redundancy. ISRO is working on improving the structural rigidity and adding multiple contingency systems.[20]

Rover:

Chandrayaan-3 Rover

Chandrayaan-3 Rover Overview:

  • Six-wheeled design
  • Weight of 26 kilograms (57 pounds)
  • Range of 500 metres (1,600 ft)
  • Dimensions : 917 millimetres (3.009 ft) x 750 millimetres (2.46 ft) x 397 millimetres (1.302 ft)
  • Scientific instruments including cameras, spectrometers, and a drill
  • Expected lifespan of one lunar day (14 Earth days)
  • Communication with the lander and ground control team in India

The Chandrayaan-3 Rover is expected to make a number of important scientific discoveries, including:

  • The composition of the lunar surface
  • The presence of water ice in the lunar soil
  • The history of lunar impacts
  • The evolution of the Moon’s atmosphere

Instruments

Lander

  • Chandra's Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) will measure the thermal conductivity and temperature of the lunar surface.
  • Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) will measure the seismicity around the landing site.
  • Langmuir Probe (LP) will estimate the plasma density and its variations.[21]

Rover

  • Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS) will derive the chemical composition and infer mineralogical composition of the lunar surface.
  • Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS) will determine the elemental composition (Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, Fe) of lunar soil and rocks around the lunar landing site.[22]

Propulsion Module

  • Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE) to study the spectral and polarimetric measurements of Earth from the lunar orbit in the near-infrared (NIR) wavelength range (1-1.7 μm).[8][7]
Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APSX) payload on the Rover
Chandra’s Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) payload on the Lander
Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) payload on the Lander
Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS) payload on the Rover
Langmuir Probe (RAMBHA-LP) payload on the Lander
Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE) payload on the Propulsion Module.

Launch

LVM3 M4, Chandrayaan-3 - Launch vehicle lifting off from the Second Launch Pad (SLP) of SDSC-SHAR, Sriharikota

Chandrayaan-3 was launched on 14 July 2023, at 2:35 pm IST as scheduled, from Satish Dhawan Space Centre Second Launch Pad in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh, India. The spacecraft has been effectively placed in the trajectory it will take to reach the moon. It is anticipated that the Chandrayaan-3 mission will achieve a soft landing on the lunar South Pole region on 23 August.[23]

Choosing the month of July for the launch of Chandrayaan 3 was a special move because of a calculation made by ISRO regarding the closeness of Earth and Moon.[24]

On August 5, the Indian Space Research Organisation achieved a successful Lunar-Orbit Insertion (LOI), successfully placing the Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft into orbit around the Moon. The LOI operation was carried out from the ISRO Telemetry, Tracking, and Command Network (ISTRAC) located in Bengaluru. The manoeuvre commenced at 7 p.m. and was completed with precision. This significant achievement marks a significant milestone in India's space exploration efforts and brings the Chandrayaan-3 mission closer to its intended objectives. [25][26]

Mission profile

Animation of Chandrayaan-3
Around the Earth - Orbit raising phase
Around the Earth
Around the Moon
   Chandrayaan-3 ·    Earth ·    Moon

Orbit raising and station keeping

The satellite was launched aboard the LVM3-M4 rocket in the afternoon of 14 July 2023, at 2:35 pm IST to a EPO perigee of 170 km (106 mi). This will be followed by a series of orbit raising operations (using an on-board LAM and chemical thrusters to place the satellite in the Trans-lunar injection orbit.

Chandrayaan-3 orbital maneuver
# Date/
Time (UTC) 		LAM burn time Height achieved Inclination Orbital period References
Apogee Perigee
Earth bound maneuvers
1 15 July 2023 N/A 41,762 km (25,950 mi) 173 km (107 mi) 21.3°[citation needed] N/A [27][28]
2 17 July 2023 N/A 41,603 km (25,851 mi) 226 km (140 mi) N/A N/A [27][29]
3 18 July 2023 N/A 51,400 km (31,900 mi) 228 km (142 mi) N/A N/A [30]
4 20 July 2023 N/A 71,351 km (44,335 mi) 233 km (145 mi) N/A N/A [27][31]
5 25 July 2023 N/A 127,603 km (79,289 mi) 236 km (147 mi) N/A N/A [32]
Trans Lunar Injection
1 31 July 2023 N/A 369,328 km (229,490 mi) 288 km (179 mi) N/A N/A [33]
Lunar Bound Maneuvers
1 5 August 2023 1,835 sec[convert: unknown unit] 18,074 km (11,231 mi) 164 km (102 mi) N/A Approx. 21 h (1,300 min) [34]
2 6 August 2023 N/A 4,313 km (2,680 mi) 170 km (110 mi) N/A N/A [35]
3 9 August 2023
4 14 August 2023
5 20 August 2023
Lander Module Separation
1 August 2023
Landing
1 23 August 2023

Mission life

Carrying Lander Module & Rover upto ~100 x 100 km launch injection. Subsequently, operation of experimental payload for a period of 3 to 6 months.[36]

Mission executives

  • ISRO Chairperson: S.Somanath
  • Mission Director: S. Mohanakumar
  • Associate Mission Director: G. Narayanan
  • Vehicle Director: Biju C Thomas
  • Associate Vehicle Director: P. K. Sudeesh Kumar
  • Spacecraft Director: P. Veeramuthuvel

Funding

In December 2019, it was reported that ISRO requested the initial funding of the project, amounting to ₹75 crore (US$8.6 million), out of which ₹60 crore (US$6.9 million) will be for meeting expenditure towards machinery, equipment and other capital expenditure, while the remaining ₹15 crore (US$1.7 million) is sought under revenue expenditure head.[37]

Confirming the existence of the project, ISRO's former chairman K. Sivan stated that the estimated cost would be around ₹615 crore (US$71 million).[38][39]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "ISRO to launch moon mission Chandrayaan-3 on July 14. Check details". Hindustan Times. 6 July 2023. Archived from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Chandrayaan-3 Launch LIVE Updates: Chandrayaan 3 successfully separated from LVM, injected to internal orbit". mint. 14 July 2023. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  3. ↑ "Chandrayaan-3 launch on July 14; August 23-24 preferred landing dates". THE TIMES OF INDIA. 6 July 2023. Archived from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  4. ↑ "ANI on Twitter". 14 July 2023. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  5. ↑ "Mission homepage". Archived from the original on 23 June 2023. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
  6. ↑ "India launches Chandrayaan-3 mission to the lunar surface". Physicsworld. 14 July 2023. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 "Chandrayaan-3 to cost Rs 615 crore, launch could stretch to 2021". The Times of India. 2 January 2020. Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 "NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details". Archived from the original on 8 June 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  9. ↑ Guptan, Mahesh (16 November 2019). "How did Chandrayaan 2 fail? ISRO finally has the answer". The Week. Archived from the original on 19 February 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  10. ↑ "Chandrayaan-3". www.isro.gov.in. Archived from the original on 10 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  11. ↑ "Chandrayaan 3 Launch Live: India's Chandrayaan-3 moon mission lifts off from Sriharikota". The Times of India. 14 July 2023. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  12. ↑ "Chandrayaan-3 launch on 14 July, lunar landing on 23 or 24 August". The Hindu. 6 July 2023. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 11 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  13. ↑ ‘ISRO Launches Chandrayaan-3 Moon Mission’. Scientific European. Retrieved 2023-07-14
  14. ↑ "Chandrayaan-3 a shot in the arm for Gaganyaan-1". The Times of India. 15 July 2023. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
  15. ↑ Singh, Surendra (5 August 2018). "Chandrayaan-2 launch put off: India, Israel in lunar race for 4th position". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 19 August 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  16. ↑ Shenoy, Jaideep (28 February 2016). "ISRO chief signals India's readiness for Chandrayaan II mission". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 20 July 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  17. ↑ "ESA and Indian space agency ISRO agree on future cooperation". www.esa.int. Archived from the original on 21 March 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
  18. ↑ "Indian Space Research Organisation". www.isro.gov.in. Archived from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  19. ↑ Kumar, Chethan (19 November 2019). "Chandrayaan-3 plans indicate failures in Chandrayaan-2". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 21 November 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  20. ↑ Sharma, Shaurya (21 October 2022). "Chandrayaan-3 To Be More Robust, Have Contingency Systems Onboard, Says ISRO Chief". News18. Archived from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
  21. ↑ "ISRO Chandrayaan 3 brochure" (PDF).Archived 10 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ↑ "ISRO Chandrayaan 3 brochure" (PDF).Archived 10 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine
  23. ↑ "Chandrayan-3 lifts off on mission to the moon". 14 July 2023. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  24. ↑ "Chandrayaan 3: Know why July is important for ISRO". News9live. 14 July 2023. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  25. ↑ THE HINDU BUREAU. "Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft enters lunar orbit". The Hindu. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
  26. ↑ Grey, Charles (6 August 2023). "India's Chandrayaan-3 Successfully Inserted Into Lunar Orbit". AIR SPACE News. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 "Chandrayaan-3". ISRO.
  28. ↑ @isro (15 July 2023). "The first orbit raising operation" (Tweet). Retrieved 15 July 2023 – via Twitter.
  29. ↑ @isro (17 July 2023). "The second orbit raising operation" (Tweet). Retrieved 17 July 2023 – via Twitter.
  30. ↑ @isro (18 July 2023). "The third orbit raising operation" (Tweet). Retrieved 18 July 2023 – via Twitter.
  31. ↑ @isro (20 July 2023). "The fourth orbit raising operation" (Tweet). Retrieved 20 July 2023 – via Twitter.
  32. ↑ @isro (25 July 2023). "The fifth orbit raising operation" (Tweet). Retrieved 25 July 2023 – via Twitter.
  33. ↑ @isro (1 August 2023). "Chandrayaan-3 update" (Tweet). Retrieved 5 August 2023 – via Twitter.
  34. ↑ @isro (4 August 2023). "Lunar Orbit Injection (LOI)" (Tweet). Retrieved 5 August 2023 – via Twitter.
  35. ↑ @isro (6 August 2023). "Chandrayaan-3 Mission" (Tweet). Retrieved 6 August 2023 – via Twitter.
  36. ↑ "ISRO Chandrayaan 3 brochure" (PDF).Archived 10 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine
  37. ↑ Kumar, Chethan (8 December 2019). "ISRO seeks 75 crore more from Centre for Chandrayaan-3". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  38. ↑ "Chandrayaan-3 to cost Rs 615 crore, launch could stretch to 2021". The Times of India. 2 January 2020. Archived from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  39. ↑ "How much did India's Chandrayaan-3 lunar mission cost?". CNBC. 15 July 2023. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2023.

External links

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