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{{Short description|A devotional song popularised by Gandhi}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Hinduism}}
{{Hinduism}}
'''''Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram''''' (also called '''Ram Dhun''') is a notable [[bhajan]] ([[Hindu]] devotional song) widely popularised by [[Mahatma Gandhi]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dalton |first=Dennis |author-link=Dennis Dalton |page=109|title=Mahatma Gandhi: Nonviolent Power in Action |year=1993 |publisher=Columbia University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R6AUDU_54PwC&pg=PA109 |isbn=0-231-12237-3}}</ref> The most popular version of this bhajan was set to tune by Hindustani classical musician, [[Pandit Vishnu Digambar Paluskar]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Arunachalam|first=Param|date=2015-10-02|title=Gandhi Jayanti: Remembering Bapuji through 5 evocative songs|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/column-gandhi-jayanti-remembering-bapuji-through-5-evocative-songs-2130616|access-date=2020-08-15|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref>
"'''Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram'''" (also called '''Ram Dhun''') is a [[bhajan]] (devotional song) widely popularised by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and set to tune by [[Vishnu Digambar Paluskar]] in [[Raga]] ''Mishra [[Gara (raga)|Gara]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Lal |first=Vinay |url=https://southasia.ucla.edu/history-politics/gandhi/raghupati-raghav-rajaram/ |title=Experiments with Truth: Gandhi and Images of Nonviolence |publisher=The Menil Collection |year=2014 |editor-last=Helfenstein |editor-first=Josef |location=Houston |pages=244–45 |chapter=Raghupati Raghav Raja Ram |editor-last2=Newland |editor-first2=Joseph N.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Dalton|first=Dennis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R6AUDU_54PwC&pg=PA109|title=Mahatma Gandhi: Nonviolent Power in Action|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1993|isbn=0-231-12237-3|page=109|author-link=Dennis Dalton}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sinha|first=Manjari|date=2008-08-08|title=Tuned to excellence|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Tuned-to-excellence/article15399563.ece|access-date=2009-04-27|work=The Hindu}}</ref>


== Origins ==
== History ==
The precise origins of the Ramdhun are not entirely clear;<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lal|first=Vinay|url=https://southasia.ucla.edu/history-politics/gandhi/raghupati-raghav-rajaram/|title=Experiments with Truth: Gandhi and Images of Nonviolence|publisher=The Menil Collection|year=2014|editor-last=Helfenstein|editor-first=Josef|location=Houston|pages=244-45|chapter=Raghupati Raghav Raja Ram|editor-last2=Newland|editor-first2=Joseph N.}}</ref> but it is likely derived from the ''[[Ramcharitmanas]]'', written by [[Tulsidas]].
The precise origins of the song are not entirely clear.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lal|first=Vinay|url=https://southasia.ucla.edu/history-politics/gandhi/raghupati-raghav-rajaram/|title=Experiments with Truth: Gandhi and Images of Nonviolence|publisher=The Menil Collection|year=2014|editor-last=Helfenstein|editor-first=Josef|location=Houston|pages=244–45|chapter=Raghupati Raghav Raja Ram|editor-last2=Newland|editor-first2=Joseph N.}}</ref> It is believed to have been either written by [[Tulsidas]] (or based on his work [[Ramcharitmanas]])<ref>{{Cite book |last=Devi |first=Vindhya Basini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F45jAAAAMAAJ&q=%22%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE+%E0%A5%A4+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AD+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE+%E0%A5%A4%E0%A5%A4+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%81+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE+%E0%A5%A4+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A7+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE+%E0%A5%A4%E0%A5%A4+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81+%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%22 |title=Loka-rāmāyaṇa: Śrīmad Gosvāmi Tulasīdāsa jī viracita Śrī Rāmacarita Mānasa para ādhārita |date=1998 |publisher=Madhyapradeśa Tulasī Akādemī |language=hi |author-link=Bindhyabasini Devi}}</ref> or based on a 17th-century sung-prayer by the [[Marathi people|Marathi]] saint-poet [[Samarth Ramdas|Ramdas]].<ref>{{cite thesis |type=PhD |last=Snodgrass |first=Cynthia |date=2007 |title=The Sounds of Satyagraha : Mahatma Gandhi's Use of Sung-Prayers and Ritual |publisher=University of Stirling
|url=https://dspace.stir.ac.uk/bitstream/1893/555/1/Sounds%20of%20Satyagraha.pdf |pages=159}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gokhale |first=Namita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YTknAgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Marathi+saint-poet+Ramdas%22&pg=PT74 |title=In Search Of Sita: Revisiting Mythology |date=2009-10-15 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-5118-420-1 |language=en |author-link=Namita Gokhale}}</ref>


''Loka-Rāmāyaṇa—'' a collection of folk songs based on the Ramcharitmanas— compiled by folk musician [[Bindhyabasini Devi]], has this ''loka bhajan'' in ''kirtan dhun:''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Vohra|first=Asha Rani|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a5nX7-fA9n4C&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA104&dq=%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A3&hl=en|title=Nari Kalakar|date=2009-01-01|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|isbn=978-81-907341-1-0|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Devi|first=Vindhya Basini|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F45jAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&q=%22%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE+%E0%A5%A4+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AD+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE+%E0%A5%A4%E0%A5%A4+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%81+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE+%E0%A5%A4+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A7+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE+%E0%A5%A4%E0%A5%A4+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81+%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%22&hl=en|title=Loka-rāmāyaṇa: Śrīmad Gosvāmi Tulasīdāsa jī viracita Śrī Rāmacarita Mānasa para ādhārita|date=1998|publisher=Madhyapradeśa Tulasī Akādemī|language=hi}}</ref>
[[Anthony Parel]] writes in ''Gandhi's Philosophy and the Quest for Harmony'',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parel |first=Anthony J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQhz0fW0HZUC |title=Gandhi's Philosophy and the Quest for Harmony |date=2006-08-10 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-86715-3 |pages=167 |language=en}}</ref>


: रघुपति राघव राजा राम । पतित पावन सीताराम ॥
{{Quote|text=[t]he origin of Ramdhun is shrouded in legend. According to the legend that he preferred it was composed by the great Hindu poet Tulsidas (1532-1623). While on a pilgrimage visiting the Vishnu temple of Dakore, Northern India, Tulsidas was moved to bargain with Vishnu. Until Vishnu revealed himself as Rama he would not bow his head in prayer. His wish was promptly granted: Rama appeared in his mind with his wife Sita, and three of their devotees. Hence, explains Gandhi, "Ramdhun, meaning intoxication with God [Ram]|author=|title=}}
: जय रघुनन्दन जय घनश्याम । जानकी बल्लभ सीताराम ॥
: निस दिन रटु मन जपु मन नाम । अबध सरयु सीताराम ॥
: सरयु धन धन अजोधा धाम । जहां बिराजत सीताराम ॥
: सुमिरन कर मन आठों याम । अबध सरयु सीताराम ॥
==Gandhi's version==
This is the most common version, created by Mahatma Gandhi and put to music by [[Vishnu Digambar Paluskar]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Tuned-to-excellence/article15399563.ece|title=Tuned to excellence|last=Sinha |first=Manjari|date=2008-08-08|work=The Hindu|access-date=2009-04-27}}</ref> which was sung by Gandhi and his followers as they walked the 241 mile (387 km) [[Salt Satyagraha|Salt March to Dandi]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Gandhi/Dandi.html|title=Dandi: Salt March |access-date= 2007-11-16 |publisher=Lal, Vinay. University of California, Los Angeles }}</ref>


The [[Hindi]] lyrics of the ''bhajan'' along with their translation, by historian and musicologist Guy Beck, are as follows:<ref name="Beck2006">{{cite book|author=Guy L. Beck|author-link=Guy Beck|editor=Guy L. Beck|title=Sacred Sound: Experiencing Music in World Religions|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-IeHbqAfSsC&pg=FA137|date=17 July 2006|publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University Press|isbn=978-0-88920-421-8|page=137|chapter=Hinduism and music}}</ref>
There have been many versions of the Ramdhun, and the version that Mahatma Gandhi used had an "ecumenical flavour" to it. Gandhi modified the original bhajan, adding that the ''Ishwar'' of the Hindus and the ''Allah'' of the Muslims were one and the same,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thapar |first=Romesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HoBDAAAAYAAJ&q=Tulsidas |title=Seminar |publisher= |year=1998 |pages= |language= |quote=Rarely do they bother to point to his innovation of adding ''Ishwar Allah Tero Naam'' to the Tulsidas Ram dhun ''Raghupati Raghav Raja Ram''. |author-link=Romesh Thapar}}</ref> to make the song more secular-looking and to spread the message of reconciliation between Hindus and Muslims.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Handoo|first=Jawaharlal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ThbaAAAAMAAJ&q=%22raghupati+raghav+raja+ram%22|title=Folklore in Modern India|date=1998|publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages|isbn=978-81-7342-053-5|language=en}}</ref> The song was extensively used to project a secular and composite vision of Indian society — it was sung during the [[Salt March|1930 Salt March]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Dandi: Salt March |url=https://southasia.ucla.edu/history-politics/gandhi/dandi-march/ |access-date= |publisher=Lal, Vinay. University of California, Los Angeles}}</ref>


'''Hindi''', created by Mahatma Gandhi
== Lyrics ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Lyrics of the Ramdhun (Gandhi's version)
!Hindi<ref name="Beck2006">{{cite book|author=Guy L. Beck|title=Sacred Sound: Experiencing Music in World Religions|date=17 July 2006|publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University Press|isbn=978-0-88920-421-8|editor=Guy L. Beck|page=137|chapter=Hinduism and music|author-link=Guy Beck|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-IeHbqAfSsC&pg=FA137}}</ref>
!Transliteration ([[IAST]])<ref name="Beck2006" />
!Translation<ref name="Beck2006" />
|-
|
:रघुपति राघव राजाराम,
:रघुपति राघव राजाराम,
:पतित पावन सीताराम
:पतित पावन सीताराम
Line 30: Line 33:
:सब को सन्मति दे भगवान
:सब को सन्मति दे भगवान


:राम रहीम करीम समान  
:राम रहीम करीम समान
:हम सब है उनकी संतान
:हम सब है उनकी संतान


:सब मिला मांगे यह वरदान  
:सब मिला मांगे यह वरदान
:हमारा रहे मानव का ज्ञान
:हमारा रहे मानव का ज्ञान
 
|
'''Transliteration''' ([[IAST]])
:raghupati rāghava rājārāma,
:raghupati rāghava rājārāma,
:patita pāvana sītārāma
:patita pāvana sītārāma
Line 43: Line 45:
:bhaja pyāre tu sītārāma
:bhaja pyāre tu sītārāma


:ishwara allaha tero nāma
:īśvara allāha tero nāma
:saba ko sanmati de bhagavāna
:saba ko sanmati de bhagavāna


:rāma rahīma karīma samāna
:rāma rahīma karīma samāna
:hama saba hai unaki santāna
:hama saba hai unakī santāna


:saba milā māṅge yaha varadāna  
:saba milā māṅge yaha varadāna
:hamārā rahe mānava kā jñāna
:hamārā rahe mānava kā jñāna
 
|
'''Translation'''
:O [[Rama|Lord Rama]], descendant of Raghu, Uplifter of the fallen.  
:O [[Rama|Lord Rama]], descendant of Raghu, Uplifter of the fallen.  
:You and your beloved consort [[Sita]] are to be worshipped.  
:You and your beloved consort [[Sita]] are to be worshipped.
:All names of God refer to the same Supreme Being,  
:All names of God refer to the same Supreme Being,  
::including [[Ishvara]] and the Muslim [[Allah]].  
::including [[Ishvara]] and the Muslim [[Allah]].
:O Lord, Please give peace and brotherhood to everyone,  
:O Lord, Please give peace and brotherhood to everyone,  
::as we are all your children.  
::as we are all your children.
:We all request that this eternal wisdom of humankind prevail.
:We all request that this eternal wisdom of humankind prevail.
Gandhi modified the original ''bhajan'' by adding the mention of Allah, to make the song more secular-looking and to spread the message of reconciliation between Hindus and Muslims.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Handoo|first=Jawaharlal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ThbaAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22raghupati+raghav+raja+ram%22&q=%22raghupati+raghav+raja+ram%22&hl=en|title=Folklore in Modern India|date=1998|publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages|isbn=978-81-7342-053-5|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2019-10-02|title=On Gandhi Jayanti, remembering Mahatma's most beloved hymns — from Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram to Lead, Kindly Light-Living News , Firstpost|url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/on-gandhi-jayanti-remembering-mahatmas-most-beloved-hymns-from-raghupati-raghava-raja-ram-to-lead-kindly-light-7431061.html|access-date=2021-06-22|website=Firstpost}}</ref>
|}
 
== "Original" version ==
The following is considered by many to be the original version; allegedly taken from ''Shri Nama Ramayanam'', written by "17th-century [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] poet Shri Lakshmanacharya":<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is the Hindu Right’s Appropriation of Gandhi Possible?|url=https://thewire.in/history/hindu-rights-gandhi-appropriation|access-date=2021-06-22|website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Shivakumar|first=K. N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BgAUEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA67&dq=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE&hl=en|title=Shlokas and Bhajans: with general knowledge and subhashitams|date=2021-01-14|publisher=Sangeet Bharati|language=en}}</ref>
 
: रघुपति राघव राजा राम ।
: पतित पावन सीताराम ॥प॥
 
: सुंदर विग्रह मेघश्याम
: गंगा तुलसी शालग्राम
: भद्रगिरीश्वर सीताराम
: भक्तजनप्रिय सीताराम
: जानकीरमण सीताराम
: जयजय राघव सीताराम ॥१॥
 
: जल में राम ताल में राम
: सारे जग में तू हि राम
: राम राम राम राम
: प्रेम से बोलो जै सियाराम ॥२॥
 
: कौसल्या के प्यारे राम
: दशरथ राज दुलारे राम
: राम राम राम राम
: प्रेम से बोलो जै सियाराम ॥३॥
 
: जग में जो सो सुन्दर राम
: सीता राम जै जै श्री हनुमान ॥४॥
 
'''Transliteration''' ([[IAST]])
 
: raghupati rāghava rājā rām
: patita pāvana sītārām ॥P॥
 
: sundara vigraha mēghasḥyām
: gangā tuḷasi sḥālagrām ।
: bhadragirīshwara sītārām
: bhaktajanapriya sītārām ।
: jānakiramaṇa sītārām
: jayajaya rāghava sītārām ॥1॥
 
: jal mein rām tal mein rām
: sāre jag mein tū hi rām
: rām rām rām rām
: prēm se bōlō jai siyārām ॥2॥
 
: kausalyā ke pyāre rām
: dashratha rāj dulāre rām
: rām rām rām rām
: prēm se bōlō jai siyārām ॥3॥
 
: jag mein jō sō sundar nām
: sitā rām jai shrī hanumān ॥4॥
 
'''Translation'''
 
: O King Raghava (Rama)! Chief of the Raghu dynasty, the descendant of King Raghu.
: O the consort of Sita! The uplifter of those who have fallen.
 
: You are dark-skinned and good looking like rain clouds.
: You are prayed in the form of [[Shaligram|Shalagram]] with [[Tulsi in Hinduism|Tulasi]] and [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]] [[Ganges|water]].
: O the consort of Sita! You are the Lord of [[Bhadrachalam]] hill.
: O the one dearest to the devotees!
: O the loved one of Janaki!
: Victory to you, the descendant of the Raghu dynasty and consort of Sita!{{Refn|This first stanza is called "Ram Dhun".|group=note}}
 
: Ram is in water, Ram is in the shore,
: Ram is everywhere in life.
: From your heart, say "Jai Siya Ram".
 
: The darling of [[Kausalya]],
: the pet of King [[Dasharatha|Dashratha]].
: From your heart, say "Jai Siya Ram".
 
: Sita and Ram are the two beautiful names in the world.
: Victory to Shri [[Hanuman]]!
 
However, the Nama Ramayana written by Shri Lakshmanacharya (who actually died in 1919) doesn't contain the verse "Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram", and is totally different.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Videhatmananda|first=Swami|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ipbDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT96&dq=%22%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE+-+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A3%22&hl=en|title=श्रीरामनामसंकीर्तन की कहानी / Sri Ramanamsankirtan Ki Kahani|date=2018-05-17|publisher=Ramakrishna Math, Nagpur|isbn=978-93-88046-80-0|language=hi}}</ref>
 
== Other versions ==
 
* The song "Raghupati Raghav Rajaram" from the 1948 movie ''[[Shri Ram Bhakta Hanuman]]'' has the following lyrics:<ref>{{Citation|title=Raghupati Raghav Rajaram {{!}} रघुपति राघव राजा राम {{!}} Shree Ram Bhakta Hanuman Song|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uev4gPDdq_M|language=en|access-date=2021-06-29}}</ref>
:: जय रघुनन्दन जय सियाराम,
:: जानकी वल्लभ सीताराम ।
 
:: दशरथ राजदुलारे राम,
:: कौशल्या के प्यारे राम,
:: भक्तों के रखवाले राम,
:: जग के पालनहारे राम ।
 
:: रघुपति राघव राजा राम,
:: पतित पावन सीताराम ॥
 
* Another version known as "Ram Kirtan" is as follows:<ref>{{Cite book|last=Śarmā|first=Jagannātha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5AInAQAAIAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&q=%22%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%22&hl=en|title=Devī devatāoṃ kī āratiyāṃ|date=1961|publisher=Dehātī Pustaka Bhaṇḍāra|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0p3-aaTlBrAC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA25&dq=%22Ram+Kirtan%22&hl=en|title=Sanatan Daily Prayer|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.|isbn=978-81-288-0484-7|language=en}}</ref>
 
:: रघुपति राघव राजा राम पतित पावन सीताराम ।
:: ईश्वर शिव तेरा नाम सबको सुमति दे भगवान ॥ रघु ०
:: जय रघुनन्दन जय सियाराम जानकी बल्लभ सीताराम ॥
:: कपिपति लंकापति अभिराम, जय मारुतसुत पुरण काम ॥
 
* Here is an excerpt from yet another version:<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=10cKAQAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%22&q=%22%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%22&hl=en|title=Kalyāṇa|date=1986|language=hi}}</ref>
 
:: रघुपति राघव राजा राम, पतित-पावन सीताराम ॥
:: सीताराम सीताराम, भज प्यारे तू सीताराम ॥
:: राम-कृष्ण हैं तेरे नाम । सब को सन्मति दे भगवान ॥
:: दीन-दयालु राजाराम, पतित-पावन सीताराम ॥


==In popular culture==
==In popular culture==


* Elements of the chant were included in the song "Utho Utho he Bharat" in the movie ''[[Bharat Milap]]'' (1942),<ref>{{Citation|title=Utho Utho He Bharat Tumhaare - उठो-उठो हे भरत तुम्हारे|url=https://www.hindigeetmala.net/song/utho_utho_he_bharat_tumhaare.htm|language=en|access-date=2020-06-28}}</ref> in songs of ''[[Shri Ram Bhakta Hanuman]]'' (1948), the song "De Dii Hamen Aazaadii" in the movie ''[[Jagriti]]'' (1954),<ref>{{Cite web|title=दे दी हमें आज़ादी बिना खड्ग बिना ढाल - de dii hame.n aazaadii binaa khaD.hg binaa Dhaal / जागृति-(Jaagriti)|url=https://www.lyricsindia.net/songs/2336|access-date=2020-06-28|website=www.lyricsindia.net}}</ref> ''[[Purab Aur Paschim]]'' (1970) and in the film ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]'' (1998), in the [[Kannada]] film ''[[Gandhinagara]]'' (1968), in the British-Indian movie ''[[Gandhi (movie)|Gandhi]]'' (1982), in the film ''[[Gandhi, My Father]]'' (2007), and in [[Satyagraha – Democracy Under Fire|''Satyagraha'']] (2013).
* Elements of the chant were included in the song "Utho Utho he Bharat" in the movie ''[[Bharat Milap]]'' (1942),<ref>{{Citation|title=Utho Utho He Bharat Tumhaare - उठो-उठो हे भरत तुम्हारे|url=https://www.hindigeetmala.net/song/utho_utho_he_bharat_tumhaare.htm|language=en|access-date=2020-06-28}}</ref> in songs of ''[[Shri Ram Bhakta Hanuman]]'' (1948), the song "De Dii Hamen Aazaadii" in the movie ''[[Jagriti]]'' (1954),<ref>{{Cite web|title=दे दी हमें आज़ादी बिना खड्ग बिना ढाल - de dii hame.n aazaadii binaa khaD.hg binaa Dhaal / जागृति-(Jaagriti)|url=https://www.lyricsindia.net/songs/2336|access-date=2020-06-28|website=www.lyricsindia.net}}</ref> ''[[Purab Aur Paschim]]'' (1970)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Purab aur Pachhim {{!}} Indian Cinema - The University of Iowa |url=https://indiancinema.sites.uiowa.edu/purab-aur-pachhim |access-date= |website=indiancinema.sites.uiowa.edu |language=en |quote=There is also Francis, a French hippie pal of Orphan, who sacrifices his life to save Bharat in a club brawl and then dies requesting, "Pour l'amour de Dieu....votre chanson" (i.e., the Gandhian anthem Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram), while cradled in Bharat and Orphan’s arms in an amazing intercultural pieta.}}</ref> and in the film ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]'' (1998),<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JDpLqgaCVhQC&q=%22Raghupati+Raghav+Raja+Ram%22 |title=Indian Horizons |date=2008 |publisher=Indian Council for Cultural Relations. |pages=55 |language=en |quote=...band of boisterous hippies who energetically throw themselves into singing, "<i>Raghupati Raghav Raja Ram</i>." The re-working of one of Gandhi's favourite hymn is effected through wit, humour, irony and even irreverence.}}</ref> in the [[Kannada]] film ''[[Gandhinagara]]'' (1968),<ref>{{Citation |title=Gandhinagara {{!}} Raghupathi Raghava song |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jJKhT4I_bPs |language=en |access-date=2022-08-27}}</ref> in the British-Indian movie ''[[Gandhi (movie)|Gandhi]]'' (1982),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-18 |title=Songs for the 'Great Soul' |url=https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/archived/rhythmdivine/songs-for-the-27great-soul27/5813272 |access-date=2022-08-27 |website=ABC Radio National |language=en-AU}}</ref> in the film ''[[Gandhi, My Father]]'' (2007),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gandhi My Father: 'Raghupati Raghav Raja Ram' song {{!}} Entertainment - Times of India Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/gandhi-my-father-raghupati-raghav-raja-ram-song/videoshow/47894591.cms |access-date=2022-08-27 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |language=en}}</ref> in [[Satyagraha – Democracy Under Fire|''Satyagraha'']] (2013),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gandhiji's Raghupati Raghav modified for 'Satyagraha' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/gandhijis-raghupati-raghav-modified-for-satyagraha/articleshow/21367641.cms |access-date=2022-08-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> and also in ''[[Krrish 3]]'' (2013).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-09-12 |title=Watch: 'Raghupati Raghav',a new party anthem from Hrithik Roshan's 'Krrish 3' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/watch-raghupati-raghav-a-new-party-anthem-from-hrithik-roshans-krrish-3/ |access-date=2022-08-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* "Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram" was the title of a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] movie produced in 1977.  
* The song is an important [[Motif (literature)|motif]] in the 2006 [[Bollywood]] film, ''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]'', and is featured in the movie.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chopra |first=Vinod |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u4rFDAAAQBAJ |title=Lage Raho Munna Bhai |date=2010 |publisher=Om Books International |isbn=978-93-80069-75-3 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Pete Seeger]] included "Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram" on his album "Strangers and Cousins" (1964) and performed it in Episode 10 of his television series [[Rainbow Quest]].
* [[Pete Seeger]] included "Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram" on his album "Strangers and Cousins" (1964)<ref>{{Citation |title=Pete Seeger - Strangers And Cousins |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/5042126-Pete-Seeger-Strangers-And-Cousins |language=en |access-date=2022-08-27}}</ref> and performed it in Episode 10 of his television series [[Rainbow Quest]].{{cn|date=August 2022}}
* [[Sheila Chandra]] recorded a version titled ''Bhajan'' on her 1992 album ''Weaving My Ancestors' Voices''.
* The game [[Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories]] featured [[Ananda Shankar]]'s version on one of the in-game radio stations, "Radio del Mundo".<ref>{{Citation |title=GTA Liberty City Stories (Radio Del Mundo) Ananda Shankar - Raghupati |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AcIfcUn-R54 |language=en |access-date=2022-08-27}}</ref>
* Many singers such as [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Jagjit Singh]], [[K.S.Chithra]] have recorded the song.
* The game [[Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories]] featured the song on one of the radio stations [[Radio Del Mundo]].
*The song is an important [[Motif (literature)|motif]] in the 2006 [[Bollywood]] film, ''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]'', and is featured in the movie
* [[Rakesh Roshan]]'s superhero film [[Krrish 3]] contains a song named "Raghupati Raghav".
* The arrangement by Jyotishka Dasgupta is an official piece of Grade 2 Electronic Keyboard from [[Trinity College London]], where it is simply named ''Bhajan''.  


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Vaishnava jana to]]
* [[Vaishnava Jana To]]
* [[Hari Tuma Haro]]
* [[Hari Tuma Haro]]
* [[Hanuman Chalisa]]
* [[Hanuman Chalisa]]
* [[Shri Ramachandra Kripalu]]
* [[Shri Ramachandra Kripalu]]
* [[Thumak Chalat Ram Chandra]]
* [[Thumak Chalat Ram Chandra]]
==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Cultural depictions of Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[Category:Bhakti movement]]
[[Category:Bhakti movement]]
[[Category:Bhajan]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional songs]]

Latest revision as of 11:42, 22 July 2023


"Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram" (also called Ram Dhun) is a bhajan (devotional song) widely popularised by Mahatma Gandhi and set to tune by Vishnu Digambar Paluskar in Raga Mishra Gara.[1][2][3]

History[edit]

The precise origins of the song are not entirely clear.[4] It is believed to have been either written by Tulsidas (or based on his work Ramcharitmanas)[5] or based on a 17th-century sung-prayer by the Marathi saint-poet Ramdas.[6][7]

Anthony Parel writes in Gandhi's Philosophy and the Quest for Harmony,[8]

[t]he origin of Ramdhun is shrouded in legend. According to the legend that he preferred it was composed by the great Hindu poet Tulsidas (1532-1623). While on a pilgrimage visiting the Vishnu temple of Dakore, Northern India, Tulsidas was moved to bargain with Vishnu. Until Vishnu revealed himself as Rama he would not bow his head in prayer. His wish was promptly granted: Rama appeared in his mind with his wife Sita, and three of their devotees. Hence, explains Gandhi, "Ramdhun, meaning intoxication with God [Ram]

There have been many versions of the Ramdhun, and the version that Mahatma Gandhi used had an "ecumenical flavour" to it. Gandhi modified the original bhajan, adding that the Ishwar of the Hindus and the Allah of the Muslims were one and the same,[9] to make the song more secular-looking and to spread the message of reconciliation between Hindus and Muslims.[10] The song was extensively used to project a secular and composite vision of Indian society — it was sung during the 1930 Salt March.[11]

Lyrics[edit]

Lyrics of the Ramdhun (Gandhi's version)
Hindi[12] Transliteration (IAST)[12] Translation[12]
रघुपति राघव राजाराम,
पतित पावन सीताराम
सीताराम सीताराम,
भज प्यारे तू सीताराम
ईश्वर अल्लाह तेरो नाम,
सब को सन्मति दे भगवान
राम रहीम करीम समान
हम सब है उनकी संतान
सब मिला मांगे यह वरदान
हमारा रहे मानव का ज्ञान
raghupati rāghava rājārāma,
patita pāvana sītārāma
sītārāma, sītārāma,
bhaja pyāre tu sītārāma
īśvara allāha tero nāma
saba ko sanmati de bhagavāna
rāma rahīma karīma samāna
hama saba hai unakī santāna
saba milā māṅge yaha varadāna
hamārā rahe mānava kā jñāna
O Lord Rama, descendant of Raghu, Uplifter of the fallen.
You and your beloved consort Sita are to be worshipped.
All names of God refer to the same Supreme Being,
including Ishvara and the Muslim Allah.
O Lord, Please give peace and brotherhood to everyone,
as we are all your children.
We all request that this eternal wisdom of humankind prevail.

In popular culture[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. Lal, Vinay (2014). "Raghupati Raghav Raja Ram". In Helfenstein, Josef; Newland, Joseph N. (eds.). Experiments with Truth: Gandhi and Images of Nonviolence. Houston: The Menil Collection. pp. 244–45.
  2. Dalton, Dennis (1993). Mahatma Gandhi: Nonviolent Power in Action. Columbia University Press. p. 109. ISBN 0-231-12237-3.
  3. Sinha, Manjari (8 August 2008). "Tuned to excellence". The Hindu. Retrieved 27 April 2009.
  4. Lal, Vinay (2014). "Raghupati Raghav Raja Ram". In Helfenstein, Josef; Newland, Joseph N. (eds.). Experiments with Truth: Gandhi and Images of Nonviolence. Houston: The Menil Collection. pp. 244–45.
  5. Devi, Vindhya Basini (1998). Loka-rāmāyaṇa: Śrīmad Gosvāmi Tulasīdāsa jī viracita Śrī Rāmacarita Mānasa para ādhārita (in हिन्दी). Madhyapradeśa Tulasī Akādemī.
  6. Snodgrass, Cynthia (2007). The Sounds of Satyagraha : Mahatma Gandhi's Use of Sung-Prayers and Ritual (PDF) (PhD). University of Stirling. p. 159.
  7. Gokhale, Namita (15 October 2009). In Search Of Sita: Revisiting Mythology. Penguin UK. ISBN 978-93-5118-420-1.
  8. Parel, Anthony J. (10 August 2006). Gandhi's Philosophy and the Quest for Harmony. Cambridge University Press. p. 167. ISBN 978-0-521-86715-3.
  9. Thapar, Romesh (1998). Seminar. Rarely do they bother to point to his innovation of adding Ishwar Allah Tero Naam to the Tulsidas Ram dhun Raghupati Raghav Raja Ram.
  10. Handoo, Jawaharlal (1998). Folklore in Modern India. Central Institute of Indian Languages. ISBN 978-81-7342-053-5.
  11. "Dandi: Salt March". Lal, Vinay. University of California, Los Angeles.
  12. 12.0 12.1 12.2 Guy L. Beck (17 July 2006). "Hinduism and music". In Guy L. Beck (ed.). Sacred Sound: Experiencing Music in World Religions. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-88920-421-8.
  13. Utho Utho He Bharat Tumhaare - उठो-उठो हे भरत तुम्हारे, retrieved 28 June 2020
  14. "दे दी हमें आज़ादी बिना खड्ग बिना ढाल - de dii hame.n aazaadii binaa khaD.hg binaa Dhaal / जागृति-(Jaagriti)". www.lyricsindia.net. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
  15. "Purab aur Pachhim | Indian Cinema - The University of Iowa". indiancinema.sites.uiowa.edu. There is also Francis, a French hippie pal of Orphan, who sacrifices his life to save Bharat in a club brawl and then dies requesting, "Pour l'amour de Dieu....votre chanson" (i.e., the Gandhian anthem Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram), while cradled in Bharat and Orphan's arms in an amazing intercultural pieta.
  16. Indian Horizons. Indian Council for Cultural Relations. 2008. p. 55. ...band of boisterous hippies who energetically throw themselves into singing, "Raghupati Raghav Raja Ram." The re-working of one of Gandhi's favourite hymn is effected through wit, humour, irony and even irreverence.
  17. Gandhinagara | Raghupathi Raghava song, retrieved 27 August 2022
  18. "Songs for the 'Great Soul'". ABC Radio National. 18 October 2014. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  19. "Gandhi My Father: 'Raghupati Raghav Raja Ram' song | Entertainment - Times of India Videos". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  20. "Gandhiji's Raghupati Raghav modified for 'Satyagraha' - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  21. "Watch: 'Raghupati Raghav',a new party anthem from Hrithik Roshan's 'Krrish 3'". The Indian Express. 12 September 2013. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  22. Chopra, Vinod (2010). Lage Raho Munna Bhai. Om Books International. ISBN 978-93-80069-75-3.
  23. Pete Seeger - Strangers And Cousins, retrieved 27 August 2022
  24. GTA Liberty City Stories (Radio Del Mundo) Ananda Shankar - Raghupati, retrieved 27 August 2022

Bibliography[edit]

  • Dalton, Dennis (1993). Mahatma Gandhi: Nonviolent Power in Action. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-12237-3.