Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram: Difference between revisions

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{{Hinduism}}
{{Hinduism}}
'''''Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram''''' (also called '''Ram Dhun''') is a notable [[bhajan]] ([[Hindu]] devotional song) widely popularised by [[Mahatma Gandhi]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dalton |first=Dennis |author-link=Dennis Dalton |page=109|title=Mahatma Gandhi: Nonviolent Power in Action |year=1993 |publisher=Columbia University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R6AUDU_54PwC&pg=PA109 |isbn=0-231-12237-3}}</ref> The most popular version of this bhajan was set to tune by Hindustani classical musician, [[Pandit Vishnu Digambar Paluskar]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Arunachalam|first=Param|date=2015-10-02|title=Gandhi Jayanti: Remembering Bapuji through 5 evocative songs|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/column-gandhi-jayanti-remembering-bapuji-through-5-evocative-songs-2130616|access-date=2020-08-15|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref>
"'''Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram'''" (also called '''Ram Dhun''') is a [[bhajan]] (devotional song) widely popularised by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and set to tune by [[Vishnu Digambar Paluskar]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Dalton|first=Dennis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R6AUDU_54PwC&pg=PA109|title=Mahatma Gandhi: Nonviolent Power in Action|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1993|isbn=0-231-12237-3|page=109|author-link=Dennis Dalton}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sinha|first=Manjari|date=2008-08-08|title=Tuned to excellence|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Tuned-to-excellence/article15399563.ece|access-date=2009-04-27|work=The Hindu}}</ref>


== Origins ==
== History ==
The precise origins of the Ramdhun are not entirely clear;<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lal|first=Vinay|url=https://southasia.ucla.edu/history-politics/gandhi/raghupati-raghav-rajaram/|title=Experiments with Truth: Gandhi and Images of Nonviolence|publisher=The Menil Collection|year=2014|editor-last=Helfenstein|editor-first=Josef|location=Houston|pages=244-45|chapter=Raghupati Raghav Raja Ram|editor-last2=Newland|editor-first2=Joseph N.}}</ref> but it is likely derived from the ''[[Ramcharitmanas]]'', written by [[Tulsidas]].
The precise origins of the Ramdhun are not entirely clear and the composer remains unknown.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Lal|first=Vinay|url=https://southasia.ucla.edu/history-politics/gandhi/raghupati-raghav-rajaram/|title=Experiments with Truth: Gandhi and Images of Nonviolence|publisher=The Menil Collection|year=2014|editor-last=Helfenstein|editor-first=Josef|location=Houston|pages=244–45|chapter=Raghupati Raghav Raja Ram|editor-last2=Newland|editor-first2=Joseph N.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is the Hindu Right's Appropriation of Gandhi Possible?|url=https://thewire.in/history/hindu-rights-gandhi-appropriation|access-date=2021-06-22|website=The Wire}}</ref>


''Loka-Rāmāyaṇa—'' a collection of folk songs based on the Ramcharitmanas— compiled by folk musician [[Bindhyabasini Devi]], has this ''loka bhajan'' in ''kirtan dhun:''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Vohra|first=Asha Rani|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a5nX7-fA9n4C&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA104&dq=%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A3&hl=en|title=Nari Kalakar|date=2009-01-01|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|isbn=978-81-907341-1-0|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Devi|first=Vindhya Basini|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F45jAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&q=%22%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE+%E0%A5%A4+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AD+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE+%E0%A5%A4%E0%A5%A4+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%81+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE+%E0%A5%A4+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A7+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE+%E0%A5%A4%E0%A5%A4+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81+%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%22&hl=en|title=Loka-rāmāyaṇa: Śrīmad Gosvāmi Tulasīdāsa jī viracita Śrī Rāmacarita Mānasa para ādhārita|date=1998|publisher=Madhyapradeśa Tulasī Akādemī|language=hi}}</ref>
The song was extensively used by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] to project a secular and composite vision of Indian society — it was sung during the [[Salt March|1930 Salt March]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Gandhi/Dandi.html|title=Dandi: Salt March |access-date= 2007-11-16 |publisher=Lal, Vinay. University of California, Los Angeles }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2019-10-02|title=On Gandhi Jayanti, remembering Mahatma's most beloved hymns — from Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram to Lead, Kindly Light-Living News , Firstpost|url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/on-gandhi-jayanti-remembering-mahatmas-most-beloved-hymns-from-raghupati-raghava-raja-ram-to-lead-kindly-light-7431061.html|access-date=2021-06-22|website=Firstpost}}</ref>
 
{| class="wikitable"
: रघुपति राघव राजा राम । पतित पावन सीताराम ॥
|+Lyrics of the Ramdhun
: जय रघुनन्दन जय घनश्याम । जानकी बल्लभ सीताराम ॥
!Hindi<ref name="Beck2006">{{cite book|author=Guy L. Beck|title=Sacred Sound: Experiencing Music in World Religions|date=17 July 2006|publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University Press|isbn=978-0-88920-421-8|editor=Guy L. Beck|page=137|chapter=Hinduism and music|author-link=Guy Beck|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-IeHbqAfSsC&pg=FA137}}</ref>
: निस दिन रटु मन जपु मन नाम । अबध सरयु सीताराम ॥
!Transliteration ([[IAST]])<ref name="Beck2006" />
: सरयु धन धन अजोधा धाम । जहां बिराजत सीताराम ॥
!Translation<ref name="Beck2006" />
: सुमिरन कर मन आठों याम । अबध सरयु सीताराम ॥
|-
==Gandhi's version==
|
This is the most common version, created by Mahatma Gandhi and put to music by [[Vishnu Digambar Paluskar]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Tuned-to-excellence/article15399563.ece|title=Tuned to excellence|last=Sinha |first=Manjari|date=2008-08-08|work=The Hindu|access-date=2009-04-27}}</ref> which was sung by Gandhi and his followers as they walked the 241 mile (387 km) [[Salt Satyagraha|Salt March to Dandi]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Gandhi/Dandi.html|title=Dandi: Salt March |access-date= 2007-11-16 |publisher=Lal, Vinay. University of California, Los Angeles }}</ref>
 
The [[Hindi]] lyrics of the ''bhajan'' along with their translation, by historian and musicologist Guy Beck, are as follows:<ref name="Beck2006">{{cite book|author=Guy L. Beck|author-link=Guy Beck|editor=Guy L. Beck|title=Sacred Sound: Experiencing Music in World Religions|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-IeHbqAfSsC&pg=FA137|date=17 July 2006|publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University Press|isbn=978-0-88920-421-8|page=137|chapter=Hinduism and music}}</ref>
 
'''Hindi''', created by Mahatma Gandhi
:रघुपति राघव राजाराम,
:रघुपति राघव राजाराम,
:पतित पावन सीताराम
:पतित पावन सीताराम
Line 30: Line 25:
:सब को सन्मति दे भगवान
:सब को सन्मति दे भगवान


:राम रहीम करीम समान  
:राम रहीम करीम समान
:हम सब है उनकी संतान
:हम सब है उनकी संतान


:सब मिला मांगे यह वरदान  
:सब मिला मांगे यह वरदान
:हमारा रहे मानव का ज्ञान
:हमारा रहे मानव का ज्ञान
 
|
'''Transliteration''' ([[IAST]])
:raghupati rāghava rājārāma,
:raghupati rāghava rājārāma,
:patita pāvana sītārāma
:patita pāvana sītārāma
Line 43: Line 37:
:bhaja pyāre tu sītārāma
:bhaja pyāre tu sītārāma


:ishwara allaha tero nāma
:īśvara allāha tero nāma
:saba ko sanmati de bhagavāna
:saba ko sanmati de bhagavāna


:rāma rahīma karīma samāna
:rāma rahīma karīma samāna
:hama saba hai unaki santāna
:hama saba hai unakī santāna


:saba milā māṅge yaha varadāna  
:saba milā māṅge yaha varadāna
:hamārā rahe mānava kā jñāna
:hamārā rahe mānava kā jñāna
 
|
'''Translation'''
:O [[Rama|Lord Rama]], descendant of Raghu, Uplifter of the fallen.  
:O [[Rama|Lord Rama]], descendant of Raghu, Uplifter of the fallen.  
:You and your beloved consort [[Sita]] are to be worshipped.  
:You and your beloved consort [[Sita]] are to be worshipped.
:All names of God refer to the same Supreme Being,  
:All names of God refer to the same Supreme Being,  
::including [[Ishvara]] and the Muslim [[Allah]].  
::including [[Ishvara]] and the Muslim [[Allah]].
:O Lord, Please give peace and brotherhood to everyone,  
:O Lord, Please give peace and brotherhood to everyone,  
::as we are all your children.  
::as we are all your children.
:We all request that this eternal wisdom of humankind prevail.
:We all request that this eternal wisdom of humankind prevail.
Gandhi modified the original ''bhajan'' by adding the mention of Allah, to make the song more secular-looking and to spread the message of reconciliation between Hindus and Muslims.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Handoo|first=Jawaharlal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ThbaAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22raghupati+raghav+raja+ram%22&q=%22raghupati+raghav+raja+ram%22&hl=en|title=Folklore in Modern India|date=1998|publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages|isbn=978-81-7342-053-5|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2019-10-02|title=On Gandhi Jayanti, remembering Mahatma's most beloved hymns — from Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram to Lead, Kindly Light-Living News , Firstpost|url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/on-gandhi-jayanti-remembering-mahatmas-most-beloved-hymns-from-raghupati-raghava-raja-ram-to-lead-kindly-light-7431061.html|access-date=2021-06-22|website=Firstpost}}</ref>
|}
 
== "Original" version ==
The following is considered by many to be the original version; allegedly taken from ''Shri Nama Ramayanam'', written by "17th-century [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] poet Shri Lakshmanacharya":<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is the Hindu Right’s Appropriation of Gandhi Possible?|url=https://thewire.in/history/hindu-rights-gandhi-appropriation|access-date=2021-06-22|website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Shivakumar|first=K. N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BgAUEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA67&dq=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE&hl=en|title=Shlokas and Bhajans: with general knowledge and subhashitams|date=2021-01-14|publisher=Sangeet Bharati|language=en}}</ref>
 
: रघुपति राघव राजा राम ।
: पतित पावन सीताराम ॥प॥
 
: सुंदर विग्रह मेघश्याम
: गंगा तुलसी शालग्राम
: भद्रगिरीश्वर सीताराम
: भक्तजनप्रिय सीताराम
: जानकीरमण सीताराम
: जयजय राघव सीताराम ॥१॥
 
: जल में राम ताल में राम
: सारे जग में तू हि राम
: राम राम राम राम
: प्रेम से बोलो जै सियाराम ॥२॥
 
: कौसल्या के प्यारे राम
: दशरथ राज दुलारे राम
: राम राम राम राम
: प्रेम से बोलो जै सियाराम ॥३॥
 
: जग में जो सो सुन्दर राम
: सीता राम जै जै श्री हनुमान ॥४॥
 
'''Transliteration''' ([[IAST]])
 
: raghupati rāghava rājā rām
: patita pāvana sītārām ॥P॥
 
: sundara vigraha mēghasḥyām
: gangā tuḷasi sḥālagrām ।
: bhadragirīshwara sītārām
: bhaktajanapriya sītārām ।
: jānakiramaṇa sītārām
: jayajaya rāghava sītārām ॥1॥
 
: jal mein rām tal mein rām
: sāre jag mein tū hi rām
: rām rām rām rām
: prēm se bōlō jai siyārām ॥2॥
 
: kausalyā ke pyāre rām
: dashratha rāj dulāre rām
: rām rām rām rām
: prēm se bōlō jai siyārām ॥3॥
 
: jag mein jō sō sundar nām
: sitā rām jai shrī hanumān ॥4॥
 
'''Translation'''
 
: O King Raghava (Rama)! Chief of the Raghu dynasty, the descendant of King Raghu.
: O the consort of Sita! The uplifter of those who have fallen.
 
: You are dark-skinned and good looking like rain clouds.
: You are prayed in the form of [[Shaligram|Shalagram]] with [[Tulsi in Hinduism|Tulasi]] and [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]] [[Ganges|water]].
: O the consort of Sita! You are the Lord of [[Bhadrachalam]] hill.
: O the one dearest to the devotees!
: O the loved one of Janaki!
: Victory to you, the descendant of the Raghu dynasty and consort of Sita!{{Refn|This first stanza is called "Ram Dhun".|group=note}}
 
: Ram is in water, Ram is in the shore,
: Ram is everywhere in life.
: From your heart, say "Jai Siya Ram".
 
: The darling of [[Kausalya]],
: the pet of King [[Dasharatha|Dashratha]].
: From your heart, say "Jai Siya Ram".
 
: Sita and Ram are the two beautiful names in the world.
: Victory to Shri [[Hanuman]]!
 
However, the Nama Ramayana written by Shri Lakshmanacharya (who actually died in 1919) doesn't contain the verse "Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram", and is totally different.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Videhatmananda|first=Swami|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ipbDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT96&dq=%22%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE+-+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A3%22&hl=en|title=श्रीरामनामसंकीर्तन की कहानी / Sri Ramanamsankirtan Ki Kahani|date=2018-05-17|publisher=Ramakrishna Math, Nagpur|isbn=978-93-88046-80-0|language=hi}}</ref>
 
== Other versions ==
 
* The song "Raghupati Raghav Rajaram" from the 1948 movie ''[[Shri Ram Bhakta Hanuman]]'' has the following lyrics:<ref>{{Citation|title=Raghupati Raghav Rajaram {{!}} रघुपति राघव राजा राम {{!}} Shree Ram Bhakta Hanuman Song|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uev4gPDdq_M|language=en|access-date=2021-06-29}}</ref>
:: जय रघुनन्दन जय सियाराम,
:: जानकी वल्लभ सीताराम ।
 
:: दशरथ राजदुलारे राम,
:: कौशल्या के प्यारे राम,
:: भक्तों के रखवाले राम,
:: जग के पालनहारे राम ।
 
:: रघुपति राघव राजा राम,
:: पतित पावन सीताराम ॥
 
* Another version known as "Ram Kirtan" is as follows:<ref>{{Cite book|last=Śarmā|first=Jagannātha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5AInAQAAIAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&q=%22%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%22&hl=en|title=Devī devatāoṃ kī āratiyāṃ|date=1961|publisher=Dehātī Pustaka Bhaṇḍāra|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0p3-aaTlBrAC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA25&dq=%22Ram+Kirtan%22&hl=en|title=Sanatan Daily Prayer|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.|isbn=978-81-288-0484-7|language=en}}</ref>
 
:: रघुपति राघव राजा राम पतित पावन सीताराम ।
:: ईश्वर शिव तेरा नाम सबको सुमति दे भगवान ॥ रघु ०
:: जय रघुनन्दन जय सियाराम जानकी बल्लभ सीताराम ॥
:: कपिपति लंकापति अभिराम, जय मारुतसुत पुरण काम ॥
 
* Here is an excerpt from yet another version:<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=10cKAQAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%22&q=%22%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%22&hl=en|title=Kalyāṇa|date=1986|language=hi}}</ref>
 
:: रघुपति राघव राजा राम, पतित-पावन सीताराम ॥
:: सीताराम सीताराम, भज प्यारे तू सीताराम ॥
:: राम-कृष्ण हैं तेरे नाम । सब को सन्मति दे भगवान ॥
:: दीन-दयालु राजाराम, पतित-पावन सीताराम ॥


==In popular culture==
==In popular culture==

Revision as of 15:05, 4 November 2021

"Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram" (also called Ram Dhun) is a bhajan (devotional song) widely popularised by Mahatma Gandhi and set to tune by Vishnu Digambar Paluskar.[1][2][3]

History

The precise origins of the Ramdhun are not entirely clear and the composer remains unknown.[1][4]

The song was extensively used by Mahatma Gandhi to project a secular and composite vision of Indian society — it was sung during the 1930 Salt March.[5][6]

Lyrics of the Ramdhun
Hindi[7] Transliteration (IAST)[7] Translation[7]
रघुपति राघव राजाराम,
पतित पावन सीताराम
सीताराम सीताराम,
भज प्यारे तू सीताराम
ईश्वर अल्लाह तेरो नाम,
सब को सन्मति दे भगवान
राम रहीम करीम समान
हम सब है उनकी संतान
सब मिला मांगे यह वरदान
हमारा रहे मानव का ज्ञान
raghupati rāghava rājārāma,
patita pāvana sītārāma
sītārāma, sītārāma,
bhaja pyāre tu sītārāma
īśvara allāha tero nāma
saba ko sanmati de bhagavāna
rāma rahīma karīma samāna
hama saba hai unakī santāna
saba milā māṅge yaha varadāna
hamārā rahe mānava kā jñāna
O Lord Rama, descendant of Raghu, Uplifter of the fallen.
You and your beloved consort Sita are to be worshipped.
All names of God refer to the same Supreme Being,
including Ishvara and the Muslim Allah.
O Lord, Please give peace and brotherhood to everyone,
as we are all your children.
We all request that this eternal wisdom of humankind prevail.

In popular culture

See also

Notes

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Lal, Vinay (2014). "Raghupati Raghav Raja Ram". In Helfenstein, Josef; Newland, Joseph N. (eds.). Experiments with Truth: Gandhi and Images of Nonviolence. Houston: The Menil Collection. pp. 244–45.
  2. Dalton, Dennis (1993). Mahatma Gandhi: Nonviolent Power in Action. Columbia University Press. p. 109. ISBN 0-231-12237-3.
  3. Sinha, Manjari (8 August 2008). "Tuned to excellence". The Hindu. Retrieved 27 April 2009.
  4. "Is the Hindu Right's Appropriation of Gandhi Possible?". The Wire. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
  5. "Dandi: Salt March". Lal, Vinay. University of California, Los Angeles. Retrieved 16 November 2007.
  6. "On Gandhi Jayanti, remembering Mahatma's most beloved hymns — from Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram to Lead, Kindly Light-Living News , Firstpost". Firstpost. 2 October 2019. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
  7. 7.0 7.1 7.2 Guy L. Beck (17 July 2006). "Hinduism and music". In Guy L. Beck (ed.). Sacred Sound: Experiencing Music in World Religions. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-88920-421-8.
  8. Utho Utho He Bharat Tumhaare - उठो-उठो हे भरत तुम्हारे, retrieved 28 June 2020
  9. "दे दी हमें आज़ादी बिना खड्ग बिना ढाल - de dii hame.n aazaadii binaa khaD.hg binaa Dhaal / जागृति-(Jaagriti)". www.lyricsindia.net. Retrieved 28 June 2020.

Bibliography

  • Dalton, Dennis (1993). Mahatma Gandhi: Nonviolent Power in Action. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-12237-3.