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List of communist parties in India
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This page contains a list of political parties in India that are aligned with the communist ideology. Most communist parties in India trace their origins to-
- (i) the Communist Party of India, the oldest communist party in India, takes part in parliamentary processes;[1][2][3][4]
- (ii) the All India Forward Bloc which was a faction within the Indian National Congress led by Subhas Chandra Bose,[5][6] the leader of the Indian National Army, which led an armed struggle for independence during World War II.[7] Today AIFB takes part in parliamentary processes;[8]
- (iii) the Revolutionary Socialist Party (India), which is considered the successor to Anushilan Samiti, and Hindustan Socialist Republican Association,[9] the HSRA was an organization that lead an armed revolutionary socialist movement against the British raj[10] (Prominent members include Bhagat Singh,[11] Chandra Shekhar Azad[12]), the Anushilan Samiti believed in using revolutionary violence to end colonial rule, and was led by Aurobindo Gosh. Today RSP takes part in parliamentary processes;[8]
- (iv) the Communist Party of India (Marxist), which split from the Communist Party of India following the Sino-Soviet split,[13] takes part in parliamentary processes;[14]
- (v) and finally, the now-defunct Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist), which was formed after the Naxalbari uprising by radicals from the Communist Party of India (Marxist) and its peasant's wing All India Kisan Sabha.[15][16][17] It gave rise to many groups who carry out a revolutionary socialist armed struggle against the Indian on the lines of Mao Zedong's people's war military stratergy and Charu Majumdar's "Historic Eight Documents",[18][19][20] some splinter factions gave up armed struggle and joined parliamentary processes.[21] (see Naxalite–Maoist insurgency)
Currently, communism is especially prevalent in the states of Kerala, West Bengal, and Tripura. In terms of armed insurgency the red corridor, also called the red zone,[22] is a region that is considerably affected by the Naxalite–Maoist insurgency, the red corridor is in the eastern, central, and southern parts of India more specifically in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Telangana, and West Bengal.[23][24][25][26]
Communist Parties Registered with Election Commission of India[edit]
Communist Parties with National Party Status[edit]
A registered party is recognised as a national party only if it fulfils any one of the three conditions listed below:[27]
- The party wins 2% of seats in the Lok Sabha from at least three different states.[28]
- At a general election to Lok Sabha or Legislative Assembly, the party polls 6% of votes in any four or more states and in addition it wins four Lok Sabha seats.
- The party gets recognition as a state party in four states.
Communist Parties with State Party Status[edit]
A party has to fulfill any of the following conditions for recognition as a state party:
- A party should secure at least 6% of valid votes polled in an election to the state legislative assembly and win at least 2 seats in that state assembly.
- A party should secure at least 6% of valid votes polled in an election to Lok Sabha and win at least 1 seat in Lok Sabha.
- A party should win minimum three percent of the total number of seats or a minimum of three seats in the Legislative Assembly, which ever is higher.
- A party should win at least one seat in the Lok Sabha for every 25 seats or any fraction thereof allotted to that State.
- Under the liberalised criteria, one more clause that it will be eligible for recognition as state party if it secures 8% or more of the total valid votes polled in the state.
| Election Symbol | Party Flag | Name | Abbr. | Ideology | Founded | Leader | Recognised In | Seats in Lok Sabha |
Seats in Rajya Sabha |
Seats in State Assemblies |
Seats in State Councils |
Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
 |
Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)[8] | RSP | Communism Marxism–Leninism[53] Revolutionary socialism |
19 March 1940 | Manoj Bhattacharya[54] | Kerala[8] West Bengal[8] |
1 / 543
|
0 / 245
|
0 / 4,036
|
0 / 426
|
||
|
 |
Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation[55] | CPI-(ML)/ CPIML Liberation |
Communism[56] Marxism–Leninism Maoism[56] |
28 July 1974[57][58][21] | Dipankar Bhattacharya[59][60][61] | Bihar[62] | 0 / 543
|
0 / 245
|
13 / 4,036
|
0 / 426
|
||
Regional Communist Parties[edit]
Parties that are regional in nature and are registered yet unrecognised.
Minor Communist Parties[edit]
Negligible impact on Indian politics, many don't contest elections or organise. Some of these parties used to be important at state or even national level.
Pro Left Front Parties[edit]
Parties that support the Left Front in West Bengal and Tripura-
| Election Symbol/Flag | Name | Abbr. | Leader | Founded | Ideology | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Revolutionary Communist Party of India | RCPI | Biren Deka | 1 August 1934 | Communism Anti-Stalinism[69] |
|||
| Bolshevik Party of India | BPI | Dilip Mathur | 1939 | Communism Marxism–Leninism |
|||
|
All India Forward Bloc | AIFB | Debabrata Biswas | 22 June 1939 | Left-wing nationalism Socialism Anti-imperialism Marxism[70] |
||
| Marxist Forward Bloc | Jaihind Singh | 12 November 1953 | Marxism Left-wing populism |
||||
| Satyashodhak Communist Party | Sharad Patil | 1978 | Marxism Phule thought Ambedkarism Marxism-Phule-Ambedkarism |
||||
|
|
Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy | JSS | A. N. Rajan Babu | 1994 | Communism Marxism |
|
| Communist Marxist Party (Aravindakshan) | CMP(A) | M. V. Rajesh | 2019 | Communism Marxism |
|||
- Communist Marxist Party (Rajeshkumar) led by M. Rajeshkumar
- Revolutionary Socialist Party (Leninist) Kovoor led by Kovoor Kunjumon
- Revolutionary Socialist Party (Leninist) Ambalathara led by Ambalathara Sreedharan Nair
Left United Front Parties[edit]
Parties in opposition to Left Front in West Bengal and Tripura as well as Left Democratic Front in Kerala-
| Logo/Flag | Name | Abbr. | Leader | Founded | Ideology | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist) | SUCI(C) | Provash Ghosh | 24 April 1948 | Communism Marxism–Leninism Shibdas Ghosh Thought Anti-revisionism |
||
|
|
Marxist Communist Party of India (United) | MCPI(U) | Maddikayala Ashok | 2005 | Communism Marxism–Leninism |
||
|
Revolutionary Marxist Party of India | RMPI | Mangat Ram Pasla | 2016 | Communism Marxism–Leninism |
||
Pro UPA Communist Parties[edit]
Part of now defunct Confederation of Indian Communists and Democratic Socialists (CICDS)
- United Communist Party of India led by Mohit Sen
- Communist Marxist Party (John) led by C. P. John
- Party of Democratic Socialism led by Saifuddin Choudhury and Samir Putatundu
- Communist Revolutionary League of India (CRLI) led by Ashim Chatterjee
- Peoples Revolutionary Party of India (Paschimbanga Ganatantrik Manch) led by Sumantha Hira
- Tripura Ganatantrik Manch led by Ajoy Biswas
- Janganotantrik Morcha led by Ajoy Biswas
- Marxist Manch of Assam
- Orissa Communist Party led by Ajay Rout
- Krantikari Samyavadi Party based in Bihar
- Rashtravadi Communist Party based in Uttar Pradesh
- Madhya Pradesh Kisan Mazdoor Adivasi Kranti Dal
Others
Pro-BJP/ NDA Communist Parties[edit]
| Logo/Flag | Name | Abbr. | Leader | Founded | Ideology | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Communist Party of Revolutionary Marxists | CPRM | Ratna Bahadur Rai | 1996 | Communism Marxism |
| ||
Other Communist Parties[edit]
| Logo/Flag | Name | Abbr. | Leader | Founded | Ideology | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
- Lal Nishan Party (Leninvadi)
- New Socialist Alternative
- Telangana Communist Party of India
- Odisha Communist Party
- Bahujana Communist Party
- Lok Sangharsh Morcha
- Revolutionary Socialist Party of Kerala (Bolshevik)
- Revolutionary Socialist Party (Left)
- Communist Marxist Party (Aravindakshan)
Pro-armed struggle Communist Parties[edit]
Moderate Pro-Naxal/ Maoist Communist Parties[edit]
- Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
- Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Class Struggle led by Kanu Sanyal
- Marxist-Leninist Party of India (Red Flag) led by P.C. Unnichekkan
- Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Red Star led by K.N. Ramchandran
- Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) New Democracy led by Yatendra Kumar
- State Organising Committee, Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) led by Leba Chand Tudu
- Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Somnath led by Somnath Chatterjee Ukhra and Pradip Banerjee
- Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Shantipal
- Provisional Central Committee, Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) led by Santosh Rana
- Unity Centre of Communist Revolutionaries of India (Marxist-Leninist) (D.V. Rao)
- Communist Ghadar Party of India
- Communist Party of Bharat led by Ranjan Chakraborty
- Marxist-Leninist Committee led by K. Venkateswar Rao
- Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Praja Pantha
- Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Jan Samvad
- Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Nai Pahal
- Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) New Proletarian
- Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Maharashtra
- Revolutionary Socialist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist)
Extremist Pro-Naxal/ Maoist Communist Parties[edit]
- Communist Party of India (Maoist) led by Muppala Lakshmana Rao
- Revolutionary Communist Centre of India (Marxist-Leninist-Maoist)
- Communist Revolutionary Centre
- Communist Party of United States of India led by Veeranna
- Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Janashakti - Koora Rajanna led by Koora Rajanna
- Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Janashakti - Ranadheer led by Ranadheer
- Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Janashakti - Chandra Pulla Reddy led by Chandra Pulla Reddy
- Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Mahadev Mukherjee) led by Mahadev Mukherjee
- Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Bhaijee
- Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Prajashakti
- Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Prathighatana
- Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Praja Pratighatana
- Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Second Central Committee
- Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Central Team
- Communist Party Reorganisation Centre of India (Marxist-Leninist)
- Communist League of India (Marxist-Leninist) Ramnath
- Communist League of India (Marxist-Leninist) Parikalpana
- Communist League of India (Marxist-Leninist) Revisionist
- Re-organizing Committee, Communist League of India (Marxist-Leninist)
Defunct Communist Parties[edit]
- Marxist Communist Party of India
- Marxist League (India)
- Marxist League of Kerala
- National Democratic Front of Boroland
- National Revolutionary Socialist Party
- Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Naxalbari
- Organising Committee, Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)
- Pakistan Communist Party
- Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) People's War
- Punjab Communist Revolutionary Committee
- Real Communist Party of India
- Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Red Flag
- Revolutionary Communist Centre of India (Maoist)
- Revolutionary Communist Centre of India (Marxist–Leninist)
- Revolutionary Communist Council of India
- Revolutionary Communist Party (India)
- Revolutionary Communist Party of India (Das)
- Revolutionary Communist Party of India (Tagore)
- Revolutionary Communist Unity Centre (Marxist–Leninist)
- Revolutionary Marxist Party
- Revolutionary Socialist Party (Leninist)
- Revolutionary Socialist Party (Sreekandan Nair)
- Revolutionary Socialist Party of India (Marxist)
- Revolutionary Workers Party (India)
- Samyavadi Sangstha
- Socialist Party (Marxist)
- Socialist Workers Party (India)
- Tamil Nadu Communist Party
- Unity Centre of Communist Revolutionaries of India (Marxist–Leninist)
- Unity Centre of Communist Revolutionaries of India (Marxist–Leninist) (Ajmer group)
- Unity Centre of Communist Revolutionaries of India (Marxist–Leninist) (Anand)
- Unity Centre of Communist Revolutionaries of India (Marxist–Leninist) (Harbhajan Sohi)
- Unity Centre of Communist Revolutionaries of India (Marxist–Leninist) Subodh Mitra
- Uttar Pradesh Revolutionary Socialist Party
- Workers and Peasants Party (India)
- Workers Revolutionary Party (India)
- Organising Committee, Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)
Defunct Naxal-Maoist Communist Parties[edit]
Sepratist Communist Parties[edit]
Active Communist Parties[edit]
Manipur[edit]
| Party Flag | Name | Abbr. | Ideology | Founded | Leader | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak | PREPAK | Communism Separatism |
9 November 1977 | |||
|
People's Liberation Army of Manipur | PLA-MP/PLAM | Communism Mao Zedong Thought Separatism |
25 September 1979 | ||
|
|
Kangleipak Communist Party | Communism Marxism–Leninism–Maoism |
14 April 1980 | Ibungo Ngangom |
The KCP has now been divided into numerous factions.[72] | |
|
|
Maoist Communist Party of Manipur | MCPM | Communism Marxism–Leninism–Maoism Separatism |
September 2011 | Chiranglen Sapamcha |
Greater Nepal[edit]
| Party Flag | Name | Abbr. | Ideology | Founded | Leader | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Akhil Bharat Nepali Ekta Samaj | ABNES | Maoism Greater Nepal[73] |
1979 | Bhot Bahadur thapa hemraj Singh gaman khtri |
Defunct Communist Parties[edit]
Bodoland[edit]
| Logo | Name | Abbr. | Leaders | Foundation Year | Dissolution Year | Ideology | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| National Democratic Front of Boroland | NDFB | B. Saoraigwra G. Bidai[74] B.R. Ferrenga |
1986 | 2020 | Ethnic nationalism[75] Marxism Socialism Democracy Separatism |
|
See also[edit]
- Socialism in India
- Communism in India
- Communism in Kerala
- Naxalite
- List of political parties in India
- Politics of India
- List of Naxalite and Maoist groups in India
References[edit]
- ↑ "Recognized National Parties". Election Commission of India.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Brief History of CPI - CPI". Archived from the original on 9 December 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
- ↑ "Foundation of the Communist Party of India (CPI) in 1925: product of (...) - Mainstream". www.mainstreamweekly.net.
- ↑ NOORANI, A. G. "Origins of Indian communism". Frontline.
- ↑ The Calcutta Historical Journal. Vol. 3. University of Calcutta. 1978. p. 59.
- ↑ Padhy 2011, p. 234.
- ↑ Fay 1993, p. viii
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 "List of Political Parties and Election Symbols main Notification Dated 18.01.2013" (PDF). India: Election Commission of India. 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
- ↑ "Origins of the RSP". marxists.org.
- ↑ Gupta (1997)
- ↑ Sawhney, Simona (2012). "Bhagat Singh". Punjab Reconsidered. pp. 377–402. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198078012.003.0054. ISBN 978-0-19-807801-2.
- ↑ Habib, Irfan (September 1997). "Civil Disobedience 1930–31". Social Scientist. 25 (9/10): 43–66. doi:10.2307/3517680. JSTOR 3517680.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 "CIA papers trace split of Indian Communists". The Times of India.
- ↑ "List of Political Parties and Election Symbols main Notification Dated 18 January 2013". India: Election Commission of India. 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
- ↑ "Road to Naxalbari". www.frontline.in. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
- ↑ "Magazine / Reflections : From Naxalbari to Nalgonda". The Hindu. 2004-12-05. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
- ↑ Daily, Peoples. "Spring Thunder Over India". www.marxists.org. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
- ↑ "The Naxalbari Uprising". 30 years of Naxalbari. Archived from the original on 2010-10-31. Retrieved 2018-03-02.
- ↑ Nadeem Ahmed. "Naxalite Ideology: Charu's Eight Documents". The Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 2016-12-21. Retrieved 2018-03-02.
- ↑ "The Hindustan Times". History of Naxalism. Archived from the original on 14 August 2016.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 "Archived copy". www.flonnet.com. Archived from the original on 17 October 2006. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ↑ Bhattacharjee, Sumit (2021-06-26). "When Greyhounds struck in Andhra Pradesh's fading red zone". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2021-11-19.
- ↑ "Armed revolt in the Red Corridor". Mondiaal Nieuws, Belgium. 2008-06-25. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ↑ "Women take up guns in India's red corridor". The Asian Pacific Post. 2008-06-09. Archived from the original on 22 June 2006. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ↑ "Rising Maoists Insurgency in India". Global Politician. 2007-05-13. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ↑ "Bihar ranks third among 10 states hit by Maoist violence". The Times of India.
- ↑ "Dynamics of elevation of political parties to State or National Party". Press Information Bureau. 8 March 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
- ↑ "When is a Political Party recognized as a National or State Party?". FACTLY. 28 January 2017. Archived from the original on 1 January 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
- ↑ "List of Political Parties and Election Symbols main Notification Dated 18.01.2013" (PDF). India: Election Commission of India. 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 October 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 30.5 Chakrabarty, Bidyut (2014). Communism in India: Events, Processes and Ideologies. Oxford University Press. p. 314. ISBN 978-0-199-97489-4.
- ↑ Sada Nand Talwar (1985). Under the Banyan Tree: The Communist Movement in India, 1920-1964. Allied Publishers. p. 28. ISBN 9788170230052.
- ↑ "Brief History of CPI". Archived from the original on 9 December 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
- ↑ "D. Raja takes over as CPI general secretary". The Hindu. 21 July 2019.
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4 "Archived copy". archives.peoplesdemocracy.in. Archived from the original on 15 August 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 35.4 "Bengal LF Support to Sept. 2 Strike". 18 August 2015.
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 36.4 "'Fading partners': Left parties open debate 'against' Cong". 11 June 2016.
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 37.4 SansadTV Bureau. "17 Left parties meet to strengthen unity against "communalism" - Sansad TV". Rstv.nic.in. Retrieved 2022-05-24.
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 38.4 "CPI(M) General Secretary Prakash Karat says efforts on to bring Left forces together".
- ↑ Mahendra Singh Rana (1 January 2006). India Votes: Lok Sabha & Vidhan Sabha Elections 2001–2005. Sarup & Sons. pp. 420–421. ISBN 978-81-7625-647-6.
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 "Alliance Wise and Party Wise Kerala Election Results 2021 LIVE". First Post.
- ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 "Reasons behind JDU-RJD-Congress Mahagathbandhan's massive win in Bihar elections". News18. 2015-11-08. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
- ↑ "Manipur: Six-party alliance, including Congress, CPI, Forward Bloc, named Manipur Progressive Secular Alliance - the Economic Times".
- ↑ 43.0 43.1 "11 IMCWP, Press Communique". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
- ↑ Chakrabarty, Bidyut (2014). Communism in India: Events, Processes and Ideologies. Oxford University Press. p. 314. ISBN 978-0-19-997489-4.
- ↑ "List of Political Parties and Election Symbols main Notification Dated 18 January 2013". India: Election Commission of India. 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
- ↑ 46.0 46.1 "ഇന്ത്യ - ചൈന സംഘർഷം : 1962 ൻ്റെ പാഠങ്ങൾ". www.leftclicknews.com/.
- ↑ 47.0 47.1 "Communist Party in Kerala". CPI(M). Archived from the original on 14 March 2012.
- ↑ "New Central Committee Elected at the 22nd Congress". 22 April 2018. Archived from the original on 27 May 2018. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
- ↑ "Sitaram Yechury re-elected as CPI(M) general secretary".
- ↑ "Biography of Sitaram Yechuri". winentrance.com. 14 March 2011.
- ↑ Bidyut Chakrabarty (13 November 2014). Left Radicalism in India. Routledge. pp. 87–88. ISBN 978-1-317-66805-3.
- ↑ Hamlet Bareh (2001). Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Tripura. Mittal Publications. p. 58. ISBN 978-81-7099-795-5.
- ↑ Bidyut Chakrabarty (2014). Communism in India: Events, Processes and Ideologies. Oxford University Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-19-997489-4.
- ↑ "Indian citizenship act against humanity: Manoj Bhattacharya". prothomalo.com.
- ↑ "Amending Notification regarding Political Parties and their Symbols Dated 01.03.2021". India: Election Commission of India. 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
- ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 "General Programme of CPI(ML)". Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) website. 6 April 2013. Retrieved 2020-03-23.
- ↑ "Archived copy". www.cpiml.org. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ↑ "Naxalism today".
- ↑ Sen, Jai (2012). Imagining Alternatives. Other worlds possible?. Gazipur: Daanish Books. p. 15. ISBN 978-93-81144-14-5.
- ↑ "Organisation". cpiml.org.
- ↑ Bhushan, Ranjit (2016). Maoism in India and Nepal. New York: Routledge. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-315-68549-6.
- ↑ "Amending Notification regarding Political Parties and their Symbol dated 01.03.2021". Election Commission of India. Archived from the original on 26 October 2021.
- ↑ Nedumpara, Jose J. (2004). Political Economy and Class Contradictions: A Study. New Delhi: Anmol Publication. p. 114. ISBN 978-81261-171-85.
- ↑ Bhole B.L., ’Bharatiya Shetakari Kamgar Paksha’ (Marathi) doctoral dissertation, Nagpur University, 1982, p.37.
- ↑ "NCP, Congress to contest 2019 Lok Sabha polls with Peasants and Workers Party of India: Sharad Pawar". Hindustan Times. 2018-12-24. Retrieved 2021-09-21.
- ↑ "Arup Chatterjee MLA of NIRSA Jharkhand contact address & email". nocorruption.in.
- ↑ "MCC MLA announces support to JMM in Jharkhand". Zee News. 8 July 2013.
- ↑ "Arup Chatterjee Election Result Nirsa Live: Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) Election Results 2019 Arup Chatterjee Nirsa Seat". News18.
- ↑ "The Defeat of the Left Front and the Search for Alternative Leftism - Radical Socialist".
- ↑ "Party constitution". India: All India Forward Bloc. 2017. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
- ↑ "BJP embarks on hill drive". www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 2021-02-21.
- ↑ "KCP's ultra-Left turn worries Manipur | Guwahati News - Times of India". The Times of India.
- ↑ "::Ministry of Home Affairs". Mha.gov.in. 2011-12-07. Archived from the original on 25 April 2013. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
- ↑ "Catch me if you can: Bidai". Retrieved 16 March 2018.
- ↑ Andrew T. .H. Tan (18 October 2010). Politics of Terrorism: A Survey. Routledge. p. 190. ISBN 978-1-136-83336-6.
- ↑ "After 34 yrs of armed struggle, NDFB finally disbands itself | India News - Times of India". The Times of India.
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