India-China Border Roads

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India-China Border Roads (ICBR) project[1] is a Government of India programme for developing the infrastructure along the Sino-Indian border by constructing strategic roads.[2] After China has significantly upgraded infrastructure in the Tibetan Autonomous Region with five airbases, an extensive rail network and more than 58,000 km of roads,[3] India is said to be playing catch-up.[4]

As of May 2021, India is constructing at least 177 roads in two phases of over 10,023 km length along its Line of Actual Control (LAC) with China under the “Border Infrastructure and Management Fund" (BIMF) of Ministry of Home Affairs, including 73 roads of 3,323 km length under ICBR-I (Phase-I) approved in 2005 and additional 104 roads of more than 6,700 km length under ICBR-II (Phase-II) approved in 2020.[5][6][7] India has set up an inter-departmental "Empowered Committee" (EC) headed by the Ministry of Defence to expedite the issue resolution and timely completion of ICBR infrastructure after the delay in forest/wildlife clearance and land acquisition, rugged terrain, limited working season due to winter and rains, scarcity of construction material, etc. resulted in the missed deadlines in the past.[8] Some of the important already completed projects include the Darbuk-Shayok-Daulat Beg Oldie Road (DS-DBO) and Atal Tunnel under Rohtang Pass; and the under-construction important projects include the Sela Tunnel in Arunachal Pradesh and a road-cum-rail tunnel under the Brahmaputra river in Assam.[9]

Several entities are responsible for constructing ICBR, including Border Roads Organisation (BRO) which handles the bulk of the ICBR road construction work,[2] NHAI, MoDNER, Central Public Works Department (CPWD), National Projects Construction Corporation (NPCC), PWDs of respective states and others. The BRO is responsible for constructing at least 94 ICBR roads, including 61 of the 73 ICBR-I roads and at least 32 of 104 ICBR-II roads.[10] At least 67% of the road network assigned to BRO falls under ICBR.[2]

By end of March 2021, of the 61 ICBR-I roads assigned to BRO, connectivity on 59 roads have been achieved and among these 52 have been black topped, 7 more roads will be black topped by March 2022 and remaining 2 roads will be black topped by March 2023.[11]

History

Strategic infastructure requirements

See also: Sino-Indian War, Line of Actual Control, and Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China

In the wake of heightened road and track construction work undertaken by China along India's Northern & Eastern Frontiers, India constituted a China Study Group (CSG) in 1997, to study the requirement of road communication, along the China border for brisk movement of troops in the event of armed conflict. At the end of the study, the CSG identified a network of 73 roads, called the India-China Border Roads (ICBR), to be developed along the Indo-China border. The Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) in 1999 approved the construction of these roads by the Border Roads Organisation (BRO) under the Ministry of Defence. The project was to be completed by 2006 but the deadline was then extended to 2012. The Standing Committee on Defence, a body for legislative oversight, appraised strategic road connectivity in 2018. With regard to the slow pace of construction of border roads, the Border Roads Organisation stated to the committee:[12]

It would not be incorrect to say that few years back the philosophy of our nation was that we should not make roads as near to the border as possible. That philosophy is telling today very clearly as to why we do not have roads. It is only couple of years back that we suddenly decided a change of philosophy and said no, we must go as far forward as possible. It is going to take time. Unfortunately, the time cannot be compressed. Whatever we can do, it will take time.

— BRO, 50th Report, Standing Committee on Defence (2018-19)

Reasons such as climate, geography, land acquisition and natural disasters also accounted for the delays.[13] In 2013 the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government took multiple administrative decisions to speed up construction. The 2017 Doklam standoff further raised the profile of the issue with the Modi government for border infrastructure along the China border.[13]

Requirement for strategic roads

Ministry of Defence submitted a total operational requirement of 852 roads of length 30118 km to the BRO. Out of this, border roads have been classified under the Long Term Roll on Works Plan (LTRoWP); that is 530 roads spanning 22803 km including 73 ICBRs. The work structure for the ICBRs is divided among different agencies. Out of the 73 ICBRs, BRO was responsible for 61 roads while the remaining to other departments such as the National Buildings Construction Corporation (NBCC), Central Public Works Department (CPWD), National Projects Construction Corporation (NPCC) and state public works departments.[12] ICBRs are present in Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh. Arunachal Pradesh has the most proposed ICBRs numbering 27.[12]

Funds were also diverted from "General Staff (GS) roads"[lower-alpha 1] to ICBRs.[7]

ICBR project phases

ICBR-I or Phase-1

Phase-1 or ICBR-1 project was conceived in 1999 with a target completion date of 2012 to construct 73 strategic ICBRs of nearly 4000 km length.[7][2] It was approved in 2005.[7] Of the 73 ICBR in Phase-1, the construction of 61 roads was assigned to BRO and remaining 12 to CPWD.[14] Of the 61 roads assigned to BRO, 12 roads of 1,064.14 km length in Ladakh, 5 roads of 116.99 km length in Himachal Pradesh, 14 roads of 355 km length in Uttarakhand, 3 roads of 61.98 km length in Sikkim, and 27 roads of 1,725.46 km length are in Arunachal Pradesh.[11] ICBR-I is seen as a successor of BRO's Project HIMANK which was initiated in 1985 for the construction of border roads in Ladkah.

Current status: As of March 2021, of the 61 ICBR-I roads assigned to BRO, connectivity on 59 roads of 3,205.16 km length have been achieved and only 29 km out of 118.41 km length of remaining 2 roads remains unconnected. Of these 61 roads where connectivity has been achieved, 42 roads of 1,530.38 km have been paved with the black top, 10 roads will be black topped by the end of March 2021, 7 more roads by March 2022 and remaining 2 roads will be black topped by March 2023.[11]

ICBR-II or Phase-2

ICBR-II was approved in 2020-21 fiscal budget,[6] to construct additional 104 roads of more than 6,700 km length.[8][5] The proposal for the Phase 2 was first conceived in 2013 with the goal of constructing 32 roads along the border,[10] expanded version of which was approved in 2020 with inclusion of additional roads.[6][10] Amid the India-China skirmishes, the government asked all bodies to speed up the construction of the roads.[10] Additional labour was also sent to these areas to assist in speeding up construction.[10]

ICBR-II covers construction of several roads, 18 feet wide foot tracks and border out posts (BoPs) connecting several LAC Border Patrol Points (PP) and Border Personnel Meeting points (BPM Points). As of 2021, in Arunachal Pradesh alone under the ICBR-II India is building 57 roads, 32 helipads, 47 BoPs, 12 staging camps for ITBP and many 18 ft tracks.[6]

BIMF funding and progress of construction

ICBR infrastructure is funded by the “Border Infrastructure and Management Fund" (BIMF) which provides funding for India's border infrastructures along Bangladesh, Pakistan and China borders.[6]

Spending on ICBR tripled between 2016 and 2020, from ₹4,600 crore (US$640 million) to ₹11,800 crore (US$1.7 billion).[15] Annual funding was as follows: INR 11,800 crore in 2020-21, INR 8,050 crore in 2019-20, INR 6,700 crore in 2018-19, INR 5450 crore in 2017-18, between INR 3,300 crore to INR 4,600 crore annually from 2008 to 2016.[14]

Due to significantly increased annual funding, the ICBR road construction picked up pace after 2014:

  • Road length construction completed: 4,764 km roads during 2014-20 versus 3,610 km during 2008-14.[14]
  • Mountain formation-cutting completed: 470 km during 2017-20 versus 230 km during 2008-17.[14]
  • Bridges completed: 14,450 metres length during 2014-20 versus 7,270 metres during 2008-14.[14]
  • Road tunnels completed: 6 tunnels during 2014-20 including Atal Tunnel at Rohtang Pass in the Himachal Pradesh versus 1 tunnel during 2008-14. 19 more road tunnels were under planning and/or construction stage in June 2020.[14]

List of ICBRs

Types of ICBR

Of the 73 ICBR of 3812 km, 61 of 3323.57 km were assigned to BRO, which have been subdivided as follows based on their usage type. China Study Group had identified roads vital for defending the whole LAC at national level. Ministry of Defence had identified sub-national level inter-state and regional roads vital for larger military logistics, which were assigned to CPWD and state PWDs. ITBP which mans the forward staging areas and frontier posts on the LAC had identified strategic roads to connect the individual posts to the main trunk and arterial roads.[16]

as of January 2021
Type of roads Phase Usage Roads Comments and citation
Total # Completed # In-progress
BRO-CSG
(China Study Group) 		I Main hub-and-spoke
(national level) 		13 6 7 [16]
BRO-GSR
(General Staff Roads) 		I Main hub-and-spoke
(military Division level) 		35 14 21 [16]
BRO-ITBP I Last-mile connectivity
(local frontier) 		13 8 5 To connect Border Posts (BP)s and Patrol Points (PPs).[16]
Other I Main hub-and-spoke
(inter-state or state level) 		12 12 0 [16]
Total All 73 40 32 [16]

Bridges

See also: Bridges on Brahmaputra River

ICBR has numerous large and small bridges. Following 20 large bridges are more vital and are being specifically tracked by the government and the parliamentary committee on defence. Please help expand this by adding the names of bridges.

Sr No Name of Road Phase State Bridges Comments and citation
Total # Completed # In-progress
1 Balipara-Charduar-Tawang I Arunachal Pradesh 2 1 1 [16]
2 Orang-Kalaktang-Shergaon-Rupa-Tenga I Arunachal Pradesh 7 5 2 [16]
3 BJG-LGG I Arunachal Pradesh 2 0 2 [16]
4 Joshimath-Malari I Uttarakhand 5 1 4 [16]
5 Darbuk Shyok-Daulat Beg Oldie (DS-DBO) I Ladakh 4 0 4 [16]
Total 20 7 13

Roads

Phase-I alone has 73 roads, please help expand this incomplete list:[12]

Sr No Name of Road Phase State Sector Length Bridges Completed Comments and citation
1 Orang - Kalaktang –Shergaon- Roopa- Tenga (OKSRT) I Assam/ Arunachal Pradesh Tawang 158 Kalaktang, Gajni, Shikari, Sher, Balemu, Bomnag, Haflong Yes It provides alternate access to Tawang along the eastern flank of the another road NH13 which also goes to Tawang. It runs between Bhutan border and NH13.
Ref.[17]
2 Jang-Ramasapper I Arunachal Pradesh Tawang 64 - Yes It provides access to Tawang and forms the northern/upper part of NH13. It was completed in 2016-17.[18]
Ref:[19]
3 Sangestar – Kharsangla I Arunachal Pradesh Tawang 16 - Yes It lies very close to and southeast of Bum La Pass, north of Tawang, east of Lumpo and it forms the part of Bum La Road.
Ref:[20]
4 Ghastoli- Rattakona I Uttarakhand Nelang-Pulam Sumda (Chamoli district), Bara Hoti (Chamoli district) 18 - Yes[16] Ref:[21]
5 Nelong-Naga I Uttarakhand Nelang-Pulam Sumda (Chamoli district) 8.10 - Yes
Ref:[22]
6 Naga-Sonam-Kumal I Uttarakhand Nelang-Pulam Sumda (Chamoli district) 11.65 Jadganga River bridge Yes Nelang-Naga road forks into 2 roads, on each leading to Sonam and Jadhang IBTP BoP.
Ref:[23][22]
7 Naga-Jadhang I Uttarakhand Nelang-Pulam Sumda (Chamoli district) 5.5 - Yes[16]
Ref:
8 Sumna-Rimkhim I Uttarakhand Bara Hoti (Chamoli district) 14 - Yes Ref:[24]
9 LGG (Lungro/Lungaro Grazing Ground)-Mukto village-Teli I Arunachal Pradesh Tawang 53 - Yes[16] It provides alternative access to Tawang. LGG, 17 km from Tawang town, is part of Bomdir Basti village.[25][26] In Feb 2021 work was going on,[27] with 27–36 km remaining.[26]
10 Tame Chung Chung-Taksing I Arunachal Pradesh Upper Subansiri district 54 - Yes Tame Chung Chung is west of Limeking. Taksing is close to the border on the Subansiri River, and forms the entry point to the Asaphila forest which is disputed.
Ref:[28][29]
11 Tame Chung Chung - Maja (Maza) Arunachal Pradesh Upper Subansiri district 47.38 - Yes[16] Maja is the location of Indian border outpost near the LAC on the Tsari Chu river.
Ref:[30]
12 Yarlung-Lamang Arunachal Pradesh Mechuka (Shi Yomi district) 18.58 - Yes[16] Lamang is last Indian outpost on LAC near along the Indo-China border near Mechuka. Yarlung post is en-route Lamang.[31]
Ref:[32]
13 Tr Jn-Bheem Base-Dokala Sikkim India-China-Bhutan Tri-junction 19.72 - Yes [33][34]
14 Tato-Manigong-Tadagade Arunachal Pradesh Mechuka (Shi Yomi district) 89.70 - 93% (Jan 2021)[16] Tato is 47 km southwest of Mechuka, Manigong is 9 km west of Mechuka, Tadagade is 33 km from Manigong. 93% complete in Jan 20221.[16]
15 Joshimath-Malari Uttarakhand Bara Hoti (Chamoli district) 62.67 Dhak, Tamak, Suraithota, Subaigadhera Yes (2016)[35] Bara Hoti disputed sector is 100 km from Joshimath. Joshimath-Malari road forks to 2 different ITBP posts at Malari, to Sumna-Rimkhim post in the east and another post to the west.
Ref:[36] ITBP has 42 BoPs (border outposts) in Bara Hoti sector and Mana Pass area (Nelang-Pulam Sumda sector).[37]
Ref:[24]
16 Malari-Girthidobla Uttarakhand Bara Hoti (Chamoli district) - Yes (2016)[35]
[24]
17 Girthidobla-Sumna Uttarakhand Bara Hoti (Chamoli district) - Yes (2016)[35]
Ref: [24]
18 Sumna-Rimkhim Uttarakhand Bara Hoti (Chamoli district) - Yes (2016)[35]
Ref: [24]
19 Musapani-Ghastoli Uttarakhand Nelang-Pulam Sumda (Chamoli district), Bara Hoti (Chamoli district) 9.52 - Yes[16]
20 Nacho-Tame Chung Chung Arunachal Pradesh Upper Subansiri district 78.45 - Yes[16] [38]
21 LGG-Mukto-Teli Arunachal Pradesh Tawang 53 - [39]
22 Leh-Upshi-Sarchu Ladakh Leh–Manali Highway 249.62 - Yes
23 Tawaghat-Ghatiabagarh Uttarakhand Kalapani territory 19.51 - Yes [40]
24 Bona -Gelling Arunachal Pradesh Upper Siang district - Yes[16] Gelling is last Indian post on LAC. Gelling lies northeast of Bona.
25 Harong - Chushul Ladakh Chushul - Yes[16] Chushul to Pooh road is also being constructed, which will connect Hanley and Chusul in Ladkah to Pooh in Himachal. This will connect to new road between Kharcham in Himachal to Harsil in Uttarakhand.
26 Sasoma - Saserla Ladakh DBO - No In addition to existing DBO-Shyok Road, Sasoma–Saser La Road will provide alternate connectivity to DBO. Formation cutting and end-to-end connectivity achieved, paving is yet to be done.
27 Shyok-DBO I Ladakh DBO Yes Shyok Gang-I, Shyok Gang-II, Shyok Gang-II, Shyok-II
28 Koyul – Photila – Chisumle - Zurasar Ladakh Nimmu–Padum–Darcha road - Yes This will provide 3rd road link to Leh from Mainland. Other being Srinagar to Leh, Manali-Sarchu-Upshi-Leh Road.
Ref:[41]
29 Nemo-Padum-Darcha Himachal Pradesh/Ladakh Nimmu–Padum–Darcha road - Yes First all weather road to Ladakh. Third access route to Ladakh.[42][43][44]
30 Ghatiabagarh-Lipulekh I Uttarakhand Kalapani territory 80 - Yes [45]
31 BJG-LGG Arunachal Pradesh Tawang 45 Yes Tawangchu-II/ Tawangchu-III
Ref:[46]
32 Balipara-Charduar-Tawang Arunachal Pradesh Tawang 334 - Yes It connects Tezpur in Assam to Tamang. br>Ref:[47]
33 Gangtok- Chunghang Sikkim Northeast Sikkim - Yes
34 Khinzemane-Zemithang I Arunachal Pradesh Tawang - Yes In the Tawang sector, Khinzemane is right on the LAC, close to the Namka Chu river.

Ref:[20][48]

35 Marsimikla-Hot Springs Ladakh DBO - Yes[16] This area lies off the eastern end of Shyok-DBO Road.
Ref:[41]
36 Phobrang-Marsimikla Ladakh DBO - Yes[16] Ref:[41] This road connects mainland to previous road (item 35).
37 Mana-Mana Pass 56 km Uttarakhand Nelang-Pulam Sumda - Yes
Ref:[41]
38 Munsiyari-Milam Uttarakhand Bara Hoti - Yes
Ref:[41]

Related geo-strategic projects

Geostrategic initiatives

Border airport and ALG projects

See also: Indian Airbases, Chinese Airbases, Indian Army bases, and China's bases along LAC
Western Theater Command of China, area under integrated command.

The People's Liberation Army's Western Theater Command is responsible for the defense of China along the whole line of actual control with India.[49] The Indian Armed Forces has divided the LAC into 3 sectors - the western sector across Ladakh and the Chinese-controlled Aksai Chin, the central sector across Himachal Pradesh and Uttrakhand, and the eastern sector across Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.[50] Similarly, the Indian Airforce has the Prayagraj-based Western Air Command, Delhi-based Central Air Command, and Shillong-based Eastern Air Command to cover the LAC.

  • Uttrakhand has 350 km border with Tibet.[37]
    • Chinyalisaur Airport ALG serves disputed Bara Hoti and Nelang-Pulam Sumda sector. ITBP has 42 BoPs (border outposts) in Bara Hoti sector and Mana Pass area (Nelang-Pulam Sumda sector).[37]
    • Pithoragarh Airport ALG serves disputed Kalapani territory.

Border bridge projects

  • Teesta River road bridge in Sikkim, already completed in 2020 will serve Doklam sector.
  • Teesta River railway bridge, under construction in July 2020 and on target for completion by December 2020.[59]
  • New bridges on Brahmaputra River in Assam will serve Arunachal Pradesh in Eastern Sector.

Border railway projects

Main article: Strategic rail lines of India

India's Ministry of Defence (MoD) has identified at least 15 new geostrategic rail lines to be constructed near the China, Pakistan and Nepal borders for troop deployments.[60] In comparison, China has built lines up to Shigatse in Tibet, with plans to connect it to Nepal and further to India.[61] After these lines were proposed by the ministry of defense in 2013, the Government of India approved the initial surveys of all 14 lines in 2014,[62] Some of these as well as other related projects are as follows:

Border road projects

  • Sikkim
    • Bagrakote-Gangtok Highway: 250km-long road originating from NH17 (NH31 as per old numbering) near Bagrakote in the Dooars to Gangtok is being upgraded to national highway standard in July 2020 by the National Highway and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited. It passes through Algarah-Lava-Rishyap (in West Bengal on Sikkim border)-Rhenock-Rorathang-Pakyong-Ranipool to Gangtok. In addition to the existing landslide-prone NH10 Sevoke-Gangtok Highway, this will provide the alternate access to state capital Gangtok and beyond to India China border.[59]

Border tunnel projects

As of June 2020, ICBRs included a total of 26 road tunnels, of which 7 were complete and 19 road tunnels were under planning stage.[14] As of November 2017, BRO was constructing 17 road tunnels of a total length of 100 km, on some of the 73 strategic roads on Sino-Indian border to provide the year-round all-weather rail and road surface connectivity. Some of these tunnels have dual road and rail usage. Presently, road access to high altitude posts on Sino-India border is closed for six months every year due to snowfall and rain, and supplies are through airlift only. These tunnels will reduce the travel time and operational costs, and eliminate the risk of avalanche and landslide. Some of these tunnels are under construction while others are still in planning stage. A list of tunnels, from west to east along the Indo-Chinese border, is as follows:[64][65]

SN Sector Name State Length in km Operational Status/Comment
1 Eastern Zoji La Jammu and Kashmir N On Srinagar-Kargil-Leh NH1.
2 Eastern Lungalacha La Ladakh On Leh-Manali Highway.
3 Eastern Bara-lacha la Ladakh On Leh-Manali Highway.
4 Eastern Tanglang La Ladakh On Leh-Manali Highway.
5 Eastern Shingo La near Nimo Himachal Pradesh On Leh-Manali Highway.
6 Central Rohtang Tunnel Himachal Pradesh On Leh-Manali Highway.
7 Central Char Dham multiple rail/road tunnels Uttrakhand See Char Dham Rail and Road projects.
8 Western Theng Pass Sikkim 0.578 On NH310A between Chungthang and Tung in North Sikkim.
9 Western Nechipu Pass Arunachal Pradesh Near Bomdila and Sela Pass tunnels on NH13 Bogibeel Assam to Tawang.
10 Western Bomdila Arunachal Pradesh N Near Bomdila and Sela Pass tunnels on "NH13 Bogibeel-Tawang.
11 Western Sela Pass Arunachal Pradesh N Near Bomdila and Sela Pass tunnels on "NH13 Bogibeel-Tawang.

Sea ports and waterways projects

See also: Sagarmala, List of National Waterways in India, and Andaman and Nicobar Command

Sagarmala port development project and Waterways projects will also enhance geostrategic capabilities along LAC and elsewhere. Following waterway projects in Assam on Brahmaputra River and its tributaries are of geostrategic importance for the movement of military assets:

SN Sector Code Name State Length in km Operational Comment
1 Eastern NW2 Sadiya-Dhubri stretch of Brahmaputra River Assam 891 Y
2 Eastern NW6 Aai River Assam 121
3 Eastern NW16 Barak River Assam 121 Y
4 Eastern NW18 Beki River Assam 73 Y
5 Eastern NW30 Dihing River Assam 114 Y
6 Eastern NW31 Dhansiri River-Chathe River Assam 110 N
7 Eastern NW32 Dikhu River Assam 63 N
8 Eastern NW33 Doyans River Assam, Nagaland 61 N
9 Eastern NW57 Kopili River Assam 46 N
10 Eastern NW62 Lohit River Assam 100 N
11 Eastern NW82 Puthimari River Assam 72 N
12 Eastern NW95 Subansiri River Assam 111 N
13 Eastern NW38 Gangadhar River Assam, West Bengal 62

Under-river tunnel

  1. Gohpur–Numaligarh under-river tunnel, is an under construction tunnel under the Brahmaputra river[66]

Mobile and internet connectivity

In June 2020, it was announced that 54 villages in the Ladakh region; including the Demchok is among the 19 in Kargil, 11 in Zanskar and 7 in Nubra Valley; will receive mobile phone connectivity from Jio via the satellite connected towers under the Universal Service Obligation Funding (USOF) programme.[67]

Radars

Northeast connectivity projects

See also

India-China border infrastructure

Geostrategic
Similar rail development
Similar roads development
Similar ports and river transport development
Similar air transport development
General

Notes

  1. ↑ "GS roads ensure inter-valley and inter-sector movement along the LAC"

References

  1. ↑ India to accelerate construction of roads along Chinese border: Sources, India Today, 17 June 2020.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Singh, Rahul (2019-02-13). "Speed up road construction along China border: Parliamentary panel asks BRO". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 2020-06-18.
  3. ↑ "China planning building spree in Tibet as India tensions rise, sources say". Reuters.
  4. ↑ Pratik Jakhar, India and China race to build along a disputed frontier, BBC News, 30 July 2020.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 India-China Border Row: India Continues To Upgrade Border Infrastructure As Chinese PLA Looks To Pre-Empt India, EurAsian Times, 4 May 2021.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Critical road on China border being constructed in Ladakh: MHA, The Hindu, 15 March 2021.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Gurung, Shaurya Karanbir (2018-04-20). "Shortage of funds delaying strategic roads along China border". The Economic Times. Retrieved 2020-06-18.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Another 6,700-km roads to come up along LAC, The Tribune, 17 March 2021.
  9. ↑ "Amid Ladakh standoff with China, India puts border roads in fast lane". Deccan Chronicle. 2020-06-02. Retrieved 2020-06-18.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 Singh, Jitendra Bahadur (17 June 2020). "India to accelerate construction of roads along Chinese border: Sources". India Today. Retrieved 2020-06-18.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Massive boost to infra along India-China border; Connectivity on 59 strategically important roads achieved, Financialo Express, 16 March 2021.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Standing Committee on Defence (February 2019) Fiftieth Report: Provision of all weather road connectivity under Border Roads Organisation (BRO) and other agencies up to International borders as well as the strategic areas including approach roads- An appraisal. Ministry of Defence, Lok Sabha Secretariat, Government of India. Archived from the original on 19 June 2020.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Dubey, Amitabh (3 July 2020). "How True Is the Claim that Modi Govt Is the Architect of the Border Roads Project?". The Wire. Retrieved 2020-09-07.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 Govt to expedite work on 32 road prrojects along border with China: Officials, Times of India, 23 June 2020.
  15. ↑ Tripathi, Rahul (2020-07-05). "India's spending on LAC roads has tripled in 4 years". The Economic Times. Retrieved 2020-07-07.
  16. ↑ 16.00 16.01 16.02 16.03 16.04 16.05 16.06 16.07 16.08 16.09 16.10 16.11 16.12 16.13 16.14 16.15 16.16 16.17 16.18 16.19 16.20 16.21 16.22 16.23 Defence Committee Action Taken Report, Parliament of India, Feb 2021.
  17. ↑ "Kiren Rijiju inaugurates Orang-Kalaktang- Shergaon-Rupa-Tenga Road | Arunachal24". 2016-10-17. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  18. ↑ [ cohttp://164.100.47.193/lsscommittee/Defence/16_Defence_50.pdf STANDING COMMITTEE ON DEFENCE], Lok Sabha Secretariat, 11 Feb 2019.
  19. ↑ K P Purushotham (2017) History of Project Vartak. Border Roads Organisation, India. pg 8.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Desk, Sentinel Digital (2019-02-11). "Border Roads Organization To Speed Up Road Work In Arunachal - Sentinelassam". www.sentinelassam.com. Retrieved 2020-06-19. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  21. ↑ "Struggling with 73 roads, govt plans 55 more on China border". Deccan Herald. 2016-05-09. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 "BRO constructs two strategically important roads on China border". The Pioneer. 2019-06-07. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  23. ↑ "BRO completes road project, reaching Nelong valley becomes convenient". The Statesman. 2019-06-06. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 "BRO officials asked to speed up pending road projects". Hindustan Times. 2018-02-20. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  25. ↑ India defeats China after 34 years to reclaims 202 acres of strategic land in Arunachal's Sumdorong Chu Valley. DNA India, 26 Octo 2020.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 BRO links Mukto-Teli, Telegraph, 10 Feb 2018.
  27. ↑ Amid LAC deployments, parliamentary panel flags delays in border road construction, The Tribune, 13 Feb 2021.
  28. ↑ ANI (2018-05-17). "BRO creates history through road link to China border". Business Standard India. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  29. ↑ Niharika Mandhana, India Moves Mountains to Build Military Road to China Border, The Wall Street Journal, 5 April 2017.
  30. ↑ "BRO links remote villages on Indo-China border". Outlook India. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  31. ↑ Arunachal Pradesh Speaker & Minister meet jawans of ITBP at Lamang Post, The Sentinel, 17 March 2021.
  32. ↑ "Govt to build 27 roads along India-China Border". One India. 2006-12-13. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  33. ↑ Som, Vishnu (3 October 2019). "How 7-Hour Journey On Mule Track To Doklam Now Takes Army Only 40 Minutes". NDTV. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  34. ↑ "Doklam: one motorable road complete, second to be constructed by March 2021". The Economic Times. 2019-10-03. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 After 24 years of work, strategic military outpost near India China border, Times of India, 2016.
  36. ↑ "Joshimath-Malari highway inaugurated". www.projectstoday.com. 26 December 2019. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 Eyeing national security, Uttarakhand, ITBP to improve border infrastructure, Hindustan Times, 18 July 2020.
  38. ↑ "BRO toeing Army targets on Indo-China border roads: ADG". Arunachal Observer. 2018-05-20. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  39. ↑ Das, Pranab Kumar (10 February 2018). "BRO links Mukto-Teli". Telegraph India. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  40. ↑ "Nepal Objects Road Passing Through Lipulekh Pass, India Reacts". Outlook India. 10 May 2020. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.3 41.4 Gurung, Shaurya Karanbir (2020-06-13). "3,500 Jharkhand workers to be hired for Ladakh road projects". The Economic Times. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  42. ↑ Sharma, Suresh (11 September 2019). "Zanskar celebrates as new 'road' brings it 600km closer to Himachal Pradesh | Shimla News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  43. ↑ "Govt pushes hard to complete 1st all-weather route to Ladakh". Hindustan Times. 2020-08-25. Retrieved 2020-09-01.
  44. ↑ "India laying new road between Ladakh and Darcha in Himachal Pradesh". Livemint. 2020-08-26. Retrieved 2020-09-01.
  45. ↑ Nandi, Shreya (2020-05-08). "BRO opens new 80-km road for Kailash Mansarovar pilgrims". Livemint. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  46. ↑ Ministry of Environment & Forests (10 March 2011). AGENDA FOR THE FOREST ADVISORY COMMITTEE MEETING CONVENED. Government of India
  47. ↑ Desk, Sentinel Digital (2018-08-29). "Balipara-Charduar-Tawang Road to be completed by 2021 - Sentinelassam". www.sentinelassam.com. Retrieved 2020-06-19. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  48. ↑ "Work on border roads intensified: BRO DG | The Arunachal Times". The Arunachal Times. 10 February 2019. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  49. ↑ "Eye on India, China raises Tibet military command rank | Central Tibetan Administration". tibet.net. Retrieved 2016-10-01.
  50. ↑ "Twisting India's Chicken's Neck". lowyinstitute.org. Retrieved 2020-07-18.
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 51.3 India plans AGL strips, Deccan Herald, 2014.
  52. ↑ Parma valley ALG, cogitasia.com.
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 53.3 Himachal Pradesh: Demand for airstrip in Spiti area, TImes of India, 17 July 2020.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 54.3 54.4 54.5 IAF to have seven AGL in Arunachal Pradesh, Economic Times, 2018.
  55. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  56. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  57. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  58. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/scurry-to-finish-rail-and-road-links-to-india-china-border/cid/1782001 Scurry to finish rail and road links to border], The Telegraph, 16 July 2020.
  60. ↑ India to lay 14 strategic railway lines near China, Pakistan border, Pakistan Today, APRIL 4, 2014.
  61. ↑ Real reason why India is building 14 strategic rail lines, International Business Times, Dec 1, 2016.
  62. ↑ Government gives go-ahead to 4 strategic rail lines along China border, Indian Express, October 22, 2014.
  63. ↑ "Modi, Xi Jinping and Six Years of Battle for the Psychological High Ground". The Wire. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  64. ↑ "For year-round border security, India plans tunnels on China border.", Economic Times, 6 November 2017.
  65. ↑ "Voyants bagged Independent Engineer Services in Arunachal Pradesh"
  66. ↑ Chaturvedi, Amit, ed. (2020-07-14). "Centre gives in-principle approval for tunnel under the Brahmaputra amid tension with China: Report". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 2020-09-03.
  67. ↑ "54 villages in Ladakh to get mobile connectivity". The Tribune. 26 June 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 Jha, Prashant (17 October 2019). "Doppler radars will be installed in Uttarakhand by March 2020". The Times of India. Retrieved 2020-09-18.
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 69.2 Verma, Lalmani (2020-09-12). "IAF plans to set up Air Defence Radars in 3 Uttarakhand districts". The Indian Express. Retrieved 2020-09-18.

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