E. C. George Sudarshan: Difference between revisions

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| birth_date        = {{nowrap|{{Birth date|df=yes|1931|09|16}}}}
| birth_date        = {{nowrap|{{Birth date|df=yes|1931|09|16}}}}
| death_date        = {{nowrap|{{death date and age|df=y|2018|05|13|1931|09|16}}}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Ennackal Chandy George Sudarshan September 16, 1931 - May 13, 2018|url=http://www.beckchapels.com/memsol.cgi?user_id=2104766|access-date=17 May 2018|publisher=Beck Funeral Home|date=15 May 2018}}</ref>
| death_date        = {{nowrap|{{death date and age|df=y|2018|05|13|1931|09|16}}}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Ennackal Chandy George Sudarshan September 16, 1931 - May 13, 2018|url=http://www.beckchapels.com/memsol.cgi?user_id=2104766|access-date=17 May 2018|publisher=Beck Funeral Home|date=15 May 2018}}</ref>
| death_place      = [[Austin]], [[Texas]], [[ United States]]
| death_place      = [[Austin, Texas]], United States
| birth_place      = [[Pallam]], [[Travancore]], [[ British India]]
| birth_place      = [[Pallom]], [[Travancore]], [[British India]]
| citizenship      = [[Americans|American]]
| citizenship      =
| nationality      = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| alma_mater        = [[CMS College Kottayam]]<br>[[Madras Christian College]]<br>[[University of Madras]]<br>[[University of Rochester]]
| alma_mater        = [[CMS College Kottayam]]<br>[[Madras Christian College]]<br>[[University of Madras]]<br>[[University of Rochester]]
| doctoral_advisor  = [[Robert Marshak]]
| doctoral_advisor  = [[Robert Marshak]]
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| footnotes        =  
| footnotes        =  
| field            = [[Theoretical physics]]
| field            = [[Theoretical physics]]
| work_institution  = [[University of Texas at Austin]]<br>[[Indian Institute of Science]]<br>[[Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai]] <br>[[Harvard University]]<br>[[University of Rochester]] <br>[[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]]
| work_institution  = [[University of Texas at Austin]]<br>[[Syracuse University]]<br>[[Indian Institute of Science]]<br>[[Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai]] <br>[[Harvard University]]<br>[[University of Rochester]] <br>[[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]]
| prizes            = {{ublist|2010&nbsp;[[Dirac Medal of the ICTP|ICTP Dirac Medal]] |2007&nbsp;[[Padma Vibhushan]] |2006&nbsp;[[Majorana Prize]] |1985&nbsp;[[TWAS Prize]] |1977&nbsp;Bose Medal |1976&nbsp;[[Padma Bhushan]] |1970&nbsp;C. V. Raman Award}}
| prizes            = {{ublist|2010&nbsp;[[Dirac Medal of the ICTP|ICTP Dirac Medal]] |2007&nbsp;[[Padma Vibhushan]] |2006&nbsp;[[Majorana Prize]] |1985&nbsp;[[TWAS Prize]] |1977&nbsp;Bose Medal |1976&nbsp;[[Padma Bhushan]] |1970&nbsp;C. V. Raman Award}}
| spouse            = {{marriage|Lalita Rau|1954|1990}}<br />{{marriage|Bhamathi Gopalakrishnan|1990}}
| spouse            = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Lalita Rau|1954|1990}}
* {{marriage|Bhamathi Gopalakrishnan|1990}}
}}
| children          = 3
| children          = 3
|mother = Achamma<ref name="Bhamathi2021"/>
| mother           = Achamma<ref name="Bhamathi2021"/>
|father = Ipe Chandy<ref name="Bhamathi2021"/>
| father           = Ipe Chandy<ref name="Bhamathi2021"/>
}}
}}
'''Ennackal Chandy George Sudarshan''' (also known as '''E. C. G. Sudarshan'''; 16 September 1931 &ndash; 13 May 2018)<ref name="Bhamathi2021">{{cite journal
'''Ennackal Chandy George Sudarshan''' (also known as '''E. C. G. Sudarshan'''; 16 September 1931 &ndash; 13 May 2018)<ref name="Bhamathi2021">{{cite journal
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  | volume = 10
  | volume = 10
  | issue =  
  | issue =  
  | pages = 75-104
  | pages = 75–104
  | year = 2021
  | year = 2021
  | doi = 10.12743/quanta.v10i1.174
  | doi = 10.12743/quanta.v10i1.174
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/acclaimed-scientist-ecg-sudarshan-passes-away-in-texas-physicist-1.2809679 | title=Acclaimed scientist ECG Sudarshan passes away in Texas | date=14 May 2018 | newspaper=Mathrubhumi | access-date=21 December 2018}}</ref> was an Indian-American theoretical [[physicist]] and a professor at the [[University of Texas]]. Sudarshan has been credited with numerous contributions to the field of theoretical physics, including [[Glauber–Sudarshan P representation]], [[V-A theory]], [[tachyon]]s, [[quantum Zeno effect]], [[open quantum system]] and [[Lindblad equation]], [[spin–statistics theorem]], non-invariance groups, positive maps of density matrices, and quantum computation.  
| s2cid = 245482293
| doi-access = free
| url = https://quanta.ws/ojs/index.php/quanta/article/view/174/144
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/acclaimed-scientist-ecg-sudarshan-passes-away-in-texas-physicist-1.2809679 | title=Acclaimed scientist ECG Sudarshan passes away in Texas | date=14 May 2018 | newspaper=Mathrubhumi | access-date=21 December 2018}}</ref> was an [[Indian Americans|Indian American]]<ref>[https://s3.cern.ch/inspire-prod-files-0/0cc0dff327a3c9470c3dba13cab58f9d Luis J. Boya, Laudatio for E. C. G. SUDARSHAN On his 75th BirthDay. Jaca, (HU), Spain, 18 September 2006, Journal of Physics: Conference Series 87 (2007) 012001 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/87/1/012001]</ref> theoretical [[physicist]] and a professor at the [[University of Texas]]. Sudarshan has been credited with numerous contributions to the field of theoretical physics, including [[Glauber–Sudarshan P representation]], [[V-A theory]], [[tachyon]]s, [[quantum Zeno effect]], [[open quantum system]] and [[Lindbladian|quantum master equations]], [[spin–statistics theorem]], non-invariance groups, positive maps of density matrices, and quantum computation.


==Early life==
==Early life==
Ennackal Chandy George Sudarshan was born in [[Pallom]], [[Kottayam]], [[Travancore]], [[ British India]]. He was raised in a [[Saint Thomas Christians|Syrian Christian family]], but later left the religion.{{r|Clayton-2002|p=243|quote =I was born in an Orthodox Christian family. I was very deeply immersed in it, and so by the age of seven I had read the entire Bible from Genesis to Revelation two or three times. I was not quite satisfied with Christianity, and gradually I got more and more involved with traditional Indian ideas.}}{{r|Clayton-2002|p=243|quote =PC: Did your training as a scientist contribute at all to your growing dissatisfaction with the church?
Ennackal Chandy George Sudarshan was born in [[Pallom]], [[Kottayam]], [[Travancore]], [[British India]]. He was raised in a [[Saint Thomas Christians|Syrian Christian family]], but later left the religion and converted to [[Hinduism]] following his marriage.{{r|Clayton-2002|p=243|quote =I was born in an Orthodox Christian family. I was very deeply immersed in it, and so by the age of seven I had read the entire Bible from Genesis to Revelation two or three times. I was not quite satisfied with Christianity, and gradually I got more and more involved with traditional Indian ideas.}}{{r|Clayton-2002|p=243|quote =PC: Did your training as a scientist contribute at all to your growing dissatisfaction with the church?
GS: No. It was simply that I found that the people who professed to practice were really not practicing. In other words, there was a great deal of show and not that much genuine spiritual experience. Further, a God "out there" did not fully satisfy me.}}{{r|Clayton-2002|p=250|quote =God is not an isolated event, something separate from the universe. God is the universe.}} He married Lalita Rau on December 20, 1954 and they have three sons, Alexander, Arvind (deceased) and Ashok.<ref name="utphysicshistory"/> George and Lalita were divorced in 1990 and he married Bhamathi Gopalakrishnan in Austin, Texas.<ref name="utphysicshistory"/>
GS: No. It was simply that I found that the people who professed to practice were really not practicing. In other words, there was a great deal of show and not that much genuine spiritual experience. Further, a God "out there" did not fully satisfy me.}}{{r|Clayton-2002|p=250|quote =God is not an isolated event, something separate from the universe. God is the universe.}} He married Lalita Rau on 20 December 1954, and they have three sons, Alexander, Arvind (deceased) and Ashok.<ref name="utphysicshistory"/> George and Lalita were divorced in 1990 and he married Bhamathi Gopalakrishnan in Austin, Texas.<ref name="utphysicshistory"/>


He studied at [[CMS College Kottayam]],<ref name=Ht>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/05/stories/2008070556000300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080802160931/http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/05/stories/2008070556000300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 August 2008|title=A proud moment for CMS College: Prof. Sudarshan delights all at his alma mater |date=5 July 2008|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=5 April 2010}}</ref> and graduated with honors from the [[Madras Christian College]] in 1951. He obtained his [[master's degree]] at the [[University of Madras]] in 1952. He moved to [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] (TIFR) and worked there for a brief period with [[Homi J. Bhabha|Homi Bhabha]] as well as others. Subsequently, he moved to [[University of Rochester]] in [[New York (state)|New York]] to work under [[Robert Marshak]] as a graduate student. In 1958, he received his [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] degree from the University of Rochester. At this point he moved to [[Harvard University]] to join [[Julian Schwinger]] as a postdoctoral fellow.
He studied at [[CMS College Kottayam]],<ref name=Ht>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/05/stories/2008070556000300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080802160931/http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/05/stories/2008070556000300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 August 2008|title=A proud moment for CMS College: Prof. Sudarshan delights all at his alma mater |date=5 July 2008|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=5 April 2010}}</ref> and graduated with honors from the [[Madras Christian College]] in 1951. Sudarshan obtained his [[master's degree]] at the [[University of Madras]] in 1952. He moved to [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] (TIFR) and worked there for a brief period with Dr. [[Homi J. Bhabha|Homi Bhabha]] as well as others. Subsequently, he moved to [[University of Rochester]] in [[New York (state)|New York]] to work under Prof. [[Robert Marshak]] as a graduate student. In 1958, he received his [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] degree from the University of Rochester. At this point he moved to [[Harvard University]] to join Prof. [[Julian Schwinger]] as a postdoctoral fellow.


==Career==
==Career==
Sudarshan made significant contributions to several areas of physics. He was the originator (with [[Robert Marshak]]) of the V-A theory of the [[weak force]] (later propagated by [[Richard Feynman]] and [[Murray Gell-Mann]]), which eventually paved the way for the electroweak theory. Feynman acknowledged Sudarshan's contribution in 1963 stating that the V-A theory was discovered by Sudarshan and Marshak and publicized by Gell-Mann and himself.<ref>''The beat of a different drum: The life and science of Richard Feynman'' by J. Mehra Clarendon Press Oxford (1994), p. 477, and references 29 and 40 therein</ref> He also developed a [[quantum]] representation of [[coherent light]] later known as [[Glauber–Sudarshan P representation|Glauber–Sudarshan representation]] (for which controversially Glauber was awarded the 2005 Nobel prize in Physics ignoring Sudarshan's contributions).
Sudarshan made significant contributions to several areas of physics. He was the originator (with [[Robert Marshak]]) of the V-A theory of the [[weak force]] (later propagated by [[Richard Feynman]] and [[Murray Gell-Mann]]), which eventually paved the way for the electroweak theory. Feynman acknowledged Sudarshan's contribution in 1963 stating that the V-A theory was discovered by Sudarshan and Marshak and publicized by Gell-Mann and himself.<ref>''The beat of a different drum: The life and science of Richard Feynman'' by J. Mehra Clarendon Press Oxford (1994), p. 477, and references 29 and 40 therein</ref> He also developed a [[quantum]] representation of [[coherent light]] later known as [[Glauber–Sudarshan P representation|Glauber–Sudarshan representation]] (for which controversially Glauber was awarded the 2005 Nobel prize in Physics ignoring Sudarshan's contributions).
[[File:ECG Weinberg.jpg|thumb|alt=George Sudarshan and Steven Weinberg at Austin.|George Sudarshan and Steven Weinberg at Austin.]]
 
Sudarshan's most significant work may have been his contribution to the field of [[quantum optics]]. His theorem proves the equivalence of classical wave optics to quantum optics. The theorem makes use of the Sudarshan representation. This representation also predicts optical effects that are purely quantum, and cannot be explained classically. Sudarshan was also the first to propose the existence of [[tachyon]]s, particles that travel faster than light.<ref>''Time Machines: Time Travel in Physics, Metaphysics, and Science Fiction'', p. 346, by [[Paul J. Nahin]]</ref> He developed a fundamental formalism called dynamical maps to study the theory of [[open quantum system]]. He, in collaboration with Baidyanath Misra, also proposed the [[quantum Zeno effect]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Sudarshan | first1 = E. C. G. | last2 = Misra | first2 = B. | title = The Zeno's paradox in quantum theory | journal = Journal of Mathematical Physics | volume = 18 | issue = 4 | pages = 756–763 |year=1977 |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/51139/1/211-pub.pdf| doi = 10.1063/1.523304| bibcode=1977JMP....18..756M}}</ref>
Sudarshan's most significant work may have been his contribution to the field of [[quantum optics]]. His theorem proves the equivalence of classical wave optics to quantum optics. The theorem makes use of the Sudarshan representation. This representation also predicts optical effects that are purely quantum, and cannot be explained classically. Sudarshan was also an advocate for the existence of [[tachyon]]s, particles that travel faster than light.<ref>''Time Machines: Time Travel in Physics, Metaphysics, and Science Fiction'', p. 346, by [[Paul J. Nahin]]</ref> He developed a fundamental formalism called dynamical maps to study the theory of [[open quantum system]]. He, in collaboration with Baidyanath Misra, also proposed the [[quantum Zeno effect]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Sudarshan | first1 = E. C. G. | last2 = Misra | first2 = B. | title = The Zeno's paradox in quantum theory | journal = Journal of Mathematical Physics | volume = 18 | issue = 4 | pages = 756–763 |year=1977 |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/51139/1/211-pub.pdf| doi = 10.1063/1.523304| bibcode=1977JMP....18..756M| osti = 7342282 }}</ref>


Sudarshan and collaborators initiated the "Quantum theory of charged-particle beam optics", by working out the focusing action of a magnetic quadrupole using the [[Dirac equation]].<ref>[[Ramaswamy Jagannathan|R. Jagannathan]], [[Rajiah Simon|R. Simon]], E. C. G. Sudarshan and [[Narasimhaiengar Mukunda|N. Mukunda]],
Sudarshan and collaborators initiated the "Quantum theory of charged-particle beam optics", by working out the focusing action of a magnetic quadrupole using the [[Dirac equation]].<ref>[[Ramaswamy Jagannathan|R. Jagannathan]], [[Rajiah Simon|R. Simon]], E. C. G. Sudarshan and [[Narasimhaiengar Mukunda|N. Mukunda]],
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(Academic Press, Logo, San Diego, 1996), Vol. 97, 257–358 (1996).</ref>
(Academic Press, Logo, San Diego, 1996), Vol. 97, 257–358 (1996).</ref>


He taught at the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] (TIFR), University of Rochester, [[Syracuse University]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Catterall |first1=Simon |last2=Hubisz |first2=Jay |last3=Balachandran |first3=Aiyalam |last4=Schechter |first4=Joe |title=Elementary Particle Physics at Syracuse. Final Report |date=5 January 2013 |page=14 |url=https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1095082 |access-date=26 February 2021 |publisher=[[Syracuse University]] |language=English}}</ref> and Harvard. From 1969 onwards, he was a professor of Physics at The University of Texas at Austin and a senior professor at the [[Indian Institute of Science]]. He worked as the director of the [[Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai|Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Chenna]]<nowiki/>i, India, for five years during the 1980s dividing his time between India and USA. During his tenure, he transformed it into a centre of excellence. He also met and held many discussions with philosopher [[J. Krishnamurti]]. He was felicitated on his 80th birthday, at IMSc Chennai<ref>{{cite news|title=Sudarshan Fest|url=http://www.imsc.res.in/~semadm/blurb/sudarshan-fest.pdf|date=16 September 2011}}</ref> on 16 September 2011. His areas of interest included [[elementary particle physics]], [[quantum optics]], [[quantum information]], [[quantum field theory]], [[gauge field theories]], [[classical mechanics]] and foundations of physics. He was also deeply interested in [[Vedanta]], on which he lectured frequently.
He taught at the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] (TIFR), University of Rochester, [[Syracuse University]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Catterall |first1=Simon |last2=Hubisz |first2=Jay |last3=Balachandran |first3=Aiyalam |last4=Schechter |first4=Joe |date=5 January 2013 |title=Elementary Particle Physics at Syracuse. Final Report |url=https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1095082 |journal=Office of Scientific and Technical Information |language=English |publisher=[[Syracuse University]] |page=14 |doi=10.2172/1095082 |osti=1095082 |access-date=26 February 2021}}</ref> and Harvard. From 1969 onwards, he was a professor of physics at the University of Texas at Austin and a senior professor at the [[Indian Institute of Science]]. He worked as the director of the [[Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai|Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Chennai]], India, for five years during the 1980s dividing his time between India and USA. During his tenure, he transformed it into a centre of excellence. He also met and held many discussions with philosopher [[J. Krishnamurti]]. He was felicitated on his 80th birthday, at IMSc Chennai<ref>{{cite news|title=Sudarshan Fest|url=http://www.imsc.res.in/~semadm/blurb/sudarshan-fest.pdf|date=16 September 2011}}</ref> on 16 September 2011. His areas of interest included [[elementary particle physics]], [[quantum optics]], [[quantum information]], [[quantum field theory]], [[gauge field theories]], [[classical mechanics]] and foundations of physics. He was also deeply interested in [[Vedanta]], on which he lectured frequently.{{fact|date=June 2025}}


==Controversy regarding Nobel Prize==
==Controversy regarding Nobel Prize==
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  | volume = 10
  | volume = 10
  | issue = 7
  | issue = 7
  | pages = 277-279
  | pages = 277–279
  | year = 1963
  | year = 1963
  | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.10.277
  | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.10.277
}}</ref> and sent a preprint to Glauber. Glauber informed Sudarshan of similar results and asked to be acknowledged in the latter's paper, while criticizing Sudarshan in his own paper.<ref name="Physicist Sudarshan's omission questioned">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/12/02/stories/2005120206181100.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |title=Physicist Sudarshan's omission questioned |date=2 December 2005 }}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> "Glauber criticized Sudarshan’s representation, but his own was unable to generate any of the typical quantum optics phenomena, hence he introduces what he calls a P-representation, which was Sudarshan’s representation by another name", wrote a physicist. "This representation, which had at first been scorned by Glauber, later becomes known as the [[Glauber–Sudarshan P representation|Glauber–Sudarshan representation]]."<ref name="ECG Sudarshan, physicist who proposed faster than light theory, dies at 86">{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/science/ecg-sudarshan-physicist-who-proposed-faster-than-light-theory-dies-at-86/story-STfgrT2o5xC2tC7olCFS0I.html |title=ECG Sudarshan, physicist who proposed faster than light theory, dies at 86 |date=14 May 2018 |website=www.hindustantimes.com |language=en |access-date=20 December 2018}}</ref>
| bibcode = 1963PhRvL..10..277S
}}</ref> and sent a preprint to Glauber. Glauber informed Sudarshan of similar results and asked to be acknowledged in the latter's paper, while criticizing Sudarshan in his own paper.<ref name="Physicist Sudarshan's omission questioned">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/12/02/stories/2005120206181100.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |title=Physicist Sudarshan's omission questioned |date=2 December 2005 }}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> "Glauber criticized Sudarshan's representation, but his own was unable to generate any of the typical quantum optics phenomena, hence he introduces what he calls a P-representation, which was Sudarshan's representation by another name", wrote a physicist. "This representation, which had at first been scorned by Glauber, later becomes known as the [[Glauber–Sudarshan P representation|Glauber–Sudarshan representation]]."<ref name="ECG Sudarshan, physicist who proposed faster than light theory, dies at 86">{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/science/ecg-sudarshan-physicist-who-proposed-faster-than-light-theory-dies-at-86/story-STfgrT2o5xC2tC7olCFS0I.html |title=ECG Sudarshan, physicist who proposed faster than light theory, dies at 86 |date=14 May 2018 |website=www.hindustantimes.com |language=en |access-date=20 December 2018}}</ref>


Sudarshan was passed over for the Physics Nobel Prize on more than one occasion, leading to [[Nobel Prize controversies#Physics|controversy]] in 2005 when several physicists wrote to the Swedish Academy, protesting that Sudarshan should have been awarded a share of the Prize for the Sudarshan diagonal representation (also known as Glauber–Sudarshan representation) in quantum optics, for which [[Roy J. Glauber]] won his share of the prize.<ref>{{cite web | last = Zhou | first = Lulu | title = Scientists Question Nobel | work = The Harvard Crimson | date = 6 December 2005 | url = http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=510342 | access-date = 22 February 2008 | archive-date = 4 February 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120204151327/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2005/12/6/scientists-question-nobel-a-group-of/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> Sudarshan and other physicists sent a letter to the Nobel Committee claiming that the P representation had more contributions of "Sudarshan" than "Glauber".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Epstein |first1=David |title=Nobel Doubts |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2005/12/07/nobel-doubts |access-date=26 February 2021 |work=[[Inside Higher Ed]] |date=December 7, 2005 |language=en}}</ref> The letter goes on to say that Glauber criticized Sudarshan's theory—before renaming it the "P representation" and incorporating it into his own work. In an unpublished letter to ''The New York Times'', Sudarshan calls the "Glauber–Sudarshan representation" a misnomer, adding that "literally all subsequent theoretic developments in the field of Quantum Optics make use of" Sudarshan's work— essentially, asserting that he had developed the breakthrough.<ref name="UT Austin Mourns Passing of George Sudarshan, Titan of 20th Century Physics">{{Cite web |url=https://cns.utexas.edu/news/ut-austin-mourns-passing-of-george-sudarshan-titan-of-20th-century-physics |title=UT Austin Mourns Passing of George Sudarshan, Titan of 20th Century Physics |date=20 December 2018 |website=cns.utexas.edu |language=en-gb |access-date=20 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="First Runner-up">{{Cite web |url=http://seedmagazine.com/content/article/first_runner-up/ |title=First Runner-up |date=20 December 2018 |website=seedmagazine.com |access-date=20 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121806/http://seedmagazine.com/content/article/first_runner-up/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=unfit }}</ref>
Sudarshan was passed over for the Physics Nobel Prize on more than one occasion, leading to [[Nobel Prize controversies#Physics|controversy]] in 2005 when several physicists wrote to the Swedish Academy, protesting that Sudarshan should have been awarded a share of the Prize for the Sudarshan diagonal representation (also known as Glauber–Sudarshan representation) in quantum optics, for which [[Roy J. Glauber]] won his share of the prize.<ref>{{cite web | last = Zhou | first = Lulu | title = Scientists Question Nobel | work = The Harvard Crimson | date = 6 December 2005 | url = http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=510342 | access-date = 22 February 2008 | archive-date = 4 February 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120204151327/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2005/12/6/scientists-question-nobel-a-group-of/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> Sudarshan and other physicists sent a letter to the Nobel Committee claiming that the P representation had more contributions of "Sudarshan" than "Glauber".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Epstein |first1=David |title=Nobel Doubts |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2005/12/07/nobel-doubts |access-date=26 February 2021 |work=[[Inside Higher Ed]] |date=7 December 2005 |language=en}}</ref> The letter goes on to say that Glauber criticized Sudarshan's theory—before renaming it the "P representation" and incorporating it into his own work. In an unpublished letter to ''The New York Times'', Sudarshan calls the "Glauber–Sudarshan representation" a misnomer, adding that "literally all subsequent theoretic developments in the field of Quantum Optics make use of" Sudarshan's work— essentially, asserting that he had developed the breakthrough.<ref name="UT Austin Mourns Passing of George Sudarshan, Titan of 20th Century Physics">{{Cite web |url=https://cns.utexas.edu/news/ut-austin-mourns-passing-of-george-sudarshan-titan-of-20th-century-physics |title=UT Austin Mourns Passing of George Sudarshan, Titan of 20th Century Physics |date=20 December 2018 |website=cns.utexas.edu |language=en-gb |access-date=20 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="First Runner-up">{{Cite web |url=http://seedmagazine.com/content/article/first_runner-up/ |title=First Runner-up |date=20 December 2018 |website=seedmagazine.com |access-date=20 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121806/http://seedmagazine.com/content/article/first_runner-up/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=unfit }}</ref>


In 2007, Sudarshan told the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', "The 2005 Nobel prize for Physics was awarded for my work, but I wasn't the one to get it. Each one of the discoveries that this Nobel was given for work based on my research."<ref name="HT">{{cite news | last = Mehta | first = Neha | title = Physicist cries foul over Nobel miss | newspaper = [[Hindustan Times]] | date = 4 April 2007 | url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=4430ef80-19e7-4a1f-93ab-f1861c2d5753& | access-date = 22 February 2008 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080320234139/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=4430ef80-19e7-4a1f-93ab-f1861c2d5753& | archive-date = 20 March 2008 }}</ref> Sudarshan also commented on not being selected for the 1979 Nobel, "[[Steven Weinberg]], [[Sheldon Glashow]] and [[Abdus Salam]] built on work I had done as a 26-year-old student. If you give a prize for a building, shouldn’t the fellow who built the first floor be given the prize before those who built the second floor?"<ref name="HT"/>
In 2007, Sudarshan told the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', "The 2005 Nobel prize for Physics was awarded for my work, but I wasn't the one to get it. Each one of the discoveries that this Nobel was given for work based on my research."<ref name="HT">{{cite news | last = Mehta | first = Neha | title = Physicist cries foul over Nobel miss | newspaper = [[Hindustan Times]] | date = 4 April 2007 | url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=4430ef80-19e7-4a1f-93ab-f1861c2d5753& | access-date = 22 February 2008 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080320234139/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=4430ef80-19e7-4a1f-93ab-f1861c2d5753& | archive-date = 20 March 2008 }}</ref> Sudarshan also commented on not being selected for the 1979 Nobel, "[[Steven Weinberg]], [[Sheldon Glashow]] and [[Abdus Salam]] built on work I had done as a 26-year-old student. If you give a prize for a building, shouldn't the fellow who built the first floor be given the prize before those who built the second floor?"<ref name="HT"/>


==Awards==
==Awards==


* [[Honorary doctorate]] by [[University of Kerala]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-21 |title=KU to confer honorary doctorates on Narlikar, Kris Gopalakrishnan  |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/ku-to-confer-honorary-doctorates-on-narlikar-kris-gopalakrishnan/article29185917.ece |access-date=2020-11-05 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* [[Honorary doctorate]] by [[University of Kerala]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-21 |title=KU to confer honorary doctorates on Narlikar, Kris Gopalakrishnan  |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/ku-to-confer-honorary-doctorates-on-narlikar-kris-gopalakrishnan/article29185917.ece |access-date=2020-11-05 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* Kerala Sastra Puraskaram for lifetime accomplishments in science, 2013
* Kerala Sastra Puraskaram for lifetime accomplishments in science, 2013<ref>{{cite news |date=24 January 2013 |title=Sudarshan against Plan panel proposal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sudarshan-against-plan-panel-proposal/article4339291.ece |access-date=25 February 2026 |work=The Hindu |quote=on his arrival to receive the first Kerala Sastra Puraskaram (State award for lifetime accomplishments in science)}}</ref>
* [[Dirac Medal of the ICTP]], 2010
* [[Dirac Medal of the ICTP]], 2010
* [[Padma Vibhushan]], second highest civilian award from the [[Government of India]], 2007
* [[Padma Vibhushan]], second highest civilian award from the [[Government of India]], 2007<ref name=":0" />
* [[Majorana Prize]], 2006
* [[Majorana Prize]], 2006
* First [[Prize]] in [[Physics]], 1985
* Presidential Citation Award from the [[University of Texas at Austin|University of Texas]] at Austin, 2006<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leahy |first=Cory |date=2007-01-08 |title=Award Recipients to be Recognized at The University of Texas at Austin |url=https://news.utexas.edu/2007/01/08/award-recipients-to-be-recognized-at-the-university-of-texas-at-austin/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=UT News |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[TWAS Prize]], 1985
* The first [[TWAS Prize]] in Physics awarded by the [[World Academy of Sciences]], 1985<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://pubs.aip.org/physicstoday/article/72/4/63/827429/Ennackal-Chandy-George-Sudarshan |access-date=2023-10-20 |journal=Physics Today |doi=10.1063/pt.3.4190|title=Ennackal Chandy George Sudarshan|date=2019 |last1=Balasubramanya |first1=M. K. |last2=Srinivas |first2=M. D. |volume=72 |issue=4 |page=63 |bibcode=2019PhT....72d..63B }}</ref>
* Bose Medal, 1977
* Bose Medal, 1977<ref name=":0" />
* [[Padma Bhushan]], third highest civilian award from the [[Government of India]], 1976<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>
* [[Padma Bhushan]], third highest civilian award from the [[Government of India]], 1976<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>
* C V Raman Award, 1970
* C. V. Raman Award, 1970<ref>{{cite news |date=14 May 2018 |title=Renowned theoretical physicist E C G Sudarshan passes away |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/theoretical-physicist-e-c-g-sudarshan-dead-5176030/lite/ |access-date=25 February 2026 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite news |date=14 May 2018 |title=E.C.G. Sudarshan, theoretical physicist nominated for Nobel 9 times, passes away |url=https://theprint.in/science/e-c-g-sudarshan-theoretical-physicist-nominated-for-nobel-9-times-passes-away/58385/?amp |access-date=25 February 2026 |work=ThePrint |quote=He was the recipient of the... Bose Medal (1977), Padma Bhushan (1976), and the C.V. Raman Award (1970).}}</ref>


==Books==
==Books==
* 1961: (with [[Robert Marshak]]) ''Introduction to Elementary Particle Physics'', Interscience Publishers, [https://books.google.ca/books?id=FN55AAAAIAAJ Google Books snippet view]
* 1961: (with [[Robert Marshak]]) ''Introduction to Elementary Particle Physics'', Interscience Publishers, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FN55AAAAIAAJ Google Books snippet view]
* 1968: (with [[John R. Klauder]]) ''Fundamentals of Quantum Optics'', Dover Books {{ISBN|0486450082}} [https://books.google.ca/books?id=rbSfWTrKwnAC&printsec=frontcover Google Books preview of 2006 edition]
* 1968: (with [[John R. Klauder]]) ''Fundamentals of Quantum Optics'', Dover Books {{ISBN|0486450082}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=rbSfWTrKwnAC Google Books preview of 2006 edition]
* 1974: (with [[N. Mukunda]]) ''Classical Dynamics: a modern perspective'', World Scientific {{ISBN|9814730017}} [https://books.google.ca/books?id=ETg8DQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:GcCd7QxvphgC Google Books preview of 2015 edition]
* 1974: (with [[N. Mukunda]]) ''Classical Dynamics: a modern perspective'', World Scientific {{ISBN|9814730017}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=ETg8DQAAQBAJ&q=editions:GcCd7QxvphgC Google Books preview of 2015 edition]
* 1998: (with [[Ian Duck]]) ''Pauli and the Spin–Statistics Theorem'', World Scientific, {{ISBN|9814497452}} [https://books.google.ca/books?id=_A7tCgAAQBAJ Google Books preview]
* 1998: (with [[Ian Duck]]) ''Pauli and the Spin–Statistics Theorem'', World Scientific, {{ISBN|9814497452}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=_A7tCgAAQBAJ Google Books preview]
* 1999: (with [[Tony Rothman]]) ''Doubt and Certainty: The celebrated academy debates on science, mysticism, and reality'', Basic Books {{ISBN|0738201693}}
* 1999: (with [[Tony Rothman]]) ''Doubt and Certainty: The celebrated academy debates on science, mysticism, and reality'', Basic Books {{ISBN|0738201693}}
* 2004: (with Giampiero Esposito and Giuseppe Marmo) ''From Classical to Quantum Mechanics: An Introduction to the Formalism, Foundations and Applications'', Cambridge University Press {{ISBN|1139450549}} [https://books.google.ca/books?id=STGH8fuDhe0C Google Books preview]
* 2004: (with Giampiero Esposito and Giuseppe Marmo) ''From Classical to Quantum Mechanics: An Introduction to the Formalism, Foundations and Applications'', Cambridge University Press {{ISBN|1139450549}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=STGH8fuDhe0C Google Books preview]
* 2014: (with Giampiero Esposito, Giuseppe Marmo, and Gennaro Miele) ''Advanced Concepts in Quantum Mechanics'', Cambridge University Press {{ISBN|9781107076044}}
* 2014: (with Giampiero Esposito, Giuseppe Marmo, and Gennaro Miele) ''Advanced Concepts in Quantum Mechanics'', Cambridge University Press {{ISBN|9781107076044}}


==See also==
==See also==


*[[Padma Bhushan#List of Awardees|Winners of Padma Bhushan]]
*[[Padma Bhushan#List of awardees|Winners of Padma Bhushan]]


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Indian Institute of Science faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]
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[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
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Latest revision as of 17:26, 25 February 2026


George Sudarshan
E. C. G. Sudarshan at TIFR Mumbai in 2009
Born(1931-09-16)16 September 1931
Pallom, Travancore, British India
Died13 May 2018(2018-05-13) (aged 86)[1]
Austin, Texas, United States
Alma materCMS College Kottayam
Madras Christian College
University of Madras
University of Rochester
Known forCoherent states
Optical equivalence theorem
Glauber–Sudarshan representation
GKSL equation
V-A theory
Tachyon
Quantum Zeno effect
Open quantum system
Spin–statistics theorem
Spouse(s)
Lalita Rau
(
m. 1954⁠–⁠1990)
Bhamathi Gopalakrishnan
​
(
m. 1990)
Children3
Awards
Scientific career
FieldsTheoretical physics
InstitutionsUniversity of Texas at Austin
Syracuse University
Indian Institute of Science
Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai
Harvard University
University of Rochester
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
Doctoral advisorRobert Marshak
Doctoral studentsMohammad Aslam Khan Khalil
Narasimhaiengar Mukunda

Ennackal Chandy George Sudarshan (also known as E. C. G. Sudarshan; 16 September 1931 – 13 May 2018)[2][3] was an Indian American[4] theoretical physicist and a professor at the University of Texas. Sudarshan has been credited with numerous contributions to the field of theoretical physics, including Glauber–Sudarshan P representation, V-A theory, tachyons, quantum Zeno effect, open quantum system and quantum master equations, spin–statistics theorem, non-invariance groups, positive maps of density matrices, and quantum computation.

Early life[edit | edit source]

Ennackal Chandy George Sudarshan was born in Pallom, Kottayam, Travancore, British India. He was raised in a Syrian Christian family, but later left the religion and converted to Hinduism following his marriage.[5]:243[5]:243[5]:250 He married Lalita Rau on 20 December 1954, and they have three sons, Alexander, Arvind (deceased) and Ashok.[6] George and Lalita were divorced in 1990 and he married Bhamathi Gopalakrishnan in Austin, Texas.[6]

He studied at CMS College Kottayam,[7] and graduated with honors from the Madras Christian College in 1951. Sudarshan obtained his master's degree at the University of Madras in 1952. He moved to Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) and worked there for a brief period with Dr. Homi Bhabha as well as others. Subsequently, he moved to University of Rochester in New York to work under Prof. Robert Marshak as a graduate student. In 1958, he received his Ph.D. degree from the University of Rochester. At this point he moved to Harvard University to join Prof. Julian Schwinger as a postdoctoral fellow.

Career[edit | edit source]

Sudarshan made significant contributions to several areas of physics. He was the originator (with Robert Marshak) of the V-A theory of the weak force (later propagated by Richard Feynman and Murray Gell-Mann), which eventually paved the way for the electroweak theory. Feynman acknowledged Sudarshan's contribution in 1963 stating that the V-A theory was discovered by Sudarshan and Marshak and publicized by Gell-Mann and himself.[8] He also developed a quantum representation of coherent light later known as Glauber–Sudarshan representation (for which controversially Glauber was awarded the 2005 Nobel prize in Physics ignoring Sudarshan's contributions).

Sudarshan's most significant work may have been his contribution to the field of quantum optics. His theorem proves the equivalence of classical wave optics to quantum optics. The theorem makes use of the Sudarshan representation. This representation also predicts optical effects that are purely quantum, and cannot be explained classically. Sudarshan was also an advocate for the existence of tachyons, particles that travel faster than light.[9] He developed a fundamental formalism called dynamical maps to study the theory of open quantum system. He, in collaboration with Baidyanath Misra, also proposed the quantum Zeno effect.[10]

Sudarshan and collaborators initiated the "Quantum theory of charged-particle beam optics", by working out the focusing action of a magnetic quadrupole using the Dirac equation.[11][12]

He taught at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), University of Rochester, Syracuse University,[13] and Harvard. From 1969 onwards, he was a professor of physics at the University of Texas at Austin and a senior professor at the Indian Institute of Science. He worked as the director of the Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Chennai, India, for five years during the 1980s dividing his time between India and USA. During his tenure, he transformed it into a centre of excellence. He also met and held many discussions with philosopher J. Krishnamurti. He was felicitated on his 80th birthday, at IMSc Chennai[14] on 16 September 2011. His areas of interest included elementary particle physics, quantum optics, quantum information, quantum field theory, gauge field theories, classical mechanics and foundations of physics. He was also deeply interested in Vedanta, on which he lectured frequently.[citation needed]

Controversy regarding Nobel Prize[edit | edit source]

Sudarshan began working on quantum optics at the University of Rochester in 1960. Two years later, Glauber criticized the use of classical electromagnetic theory in explaining optical fields, which surprised Sudarshan because he believed the theory provided accurate explanations. Sudarshan subsequently wrote a paper expressing his ideas[15] and sent a preprint to Glauber. Glauber informed Sudarshan of similar results and asked to be acknowledged in the latter's paper, while criticizing Sudarshan in his own paper.[16] "Glauber criticized Sudarshan's representation, but his own was unable to generate any of the typical quantum optics phenomena, hence he introduces what he calls a P-representation, which was Sudarshan's representation by another name", wrote a physicist. "This representation, which had at first been scorned by Glauber, later becomes known as the Glauber–Sudarshan representation."[17]

Sudarshan was passed over for the Physics Nobel Prize on more than one occasion, leading to controversy in 2005 when several physicists wrote to the Swedish Academy, protesting that Sudarshan should have been awarded a share of the Prize for the Sudarshan diagonal representation (also known as Glauber–Sudarshan representation) in quantum optics, for which Roy J. Glauber won his share of the prize.[18] Sudarshan and other physicists sent a letter to the Nobel Committee claiming that the P representation had more contributions of "Sudarshan" than "Glauber".[19] The letter goes on to say that Glauber criticized Sudarshan's theory—before renaming it the "P representation" and incorporating it into his own work. In an unpublished letter to The New York Times, Sudarshan calls the "Glauber–Sudarshan representation" a misnomer, adding that "literally all subsequent theoretic developments in the field of Quantum Optics make use of" Sudarshan's work— essentially, asserting that he had developed the breakthrough.[20][21]

In 2007, Sudarshan told the Hindustan Times, "The 2005 Nobel prize for Physics was awarded for my work, but I wasn't the one to get it. Each one of the discoveries that this Nobel was given for work based on my research."[22] Sudarshan also commented on not being selected for the 1979 Nobel, "Steven Weinberg, Sheldon Glashow and Abdus Salam built on work I had done as a 26-year-old student. If you give a prize for a building, shouldn't the fellow who built the first floor be given the prize before those who built the second floor?"[22]

Awards[edit | edit source]

Books[edit | edit source]

  • 1961: (with Robert Marshak) Introduction to Elementary Particle Physics, Interscience Publishers, Google Books snippet view
  • 1968: (with John R. Klauder) Fundamentals of Quantum Optics, Dover Books ISBN 0486450082 Google Books preview of 2006 edition
  • 1974: (with N. Mukunda) Classical Dynamics: a modern perspective, World Scientific ISBN 9814730017 Google Books preview of 2015 edition
  • 1998: (with Ian Duck) Pauli and the Spin–Statistics Theorem, World Scientific, ISBN 9814497452 Google Books preview
  • 1999: (with Tony Rothman) Doubt and Certainty: The celebrated academy debates on science, mysticism, and reality, Basic Books ISBN 0738201693
  • 2004: (with Giampiero Esposito and Giuseppe Marmo) From Classical to Quantum Mechanics: An Introduction to the Formalism, Foundations and Applications, Cambridge University Press ISBN 1139450549 Google Books preview
  • 2014: (with Giampiero Esposito, Giuseppe Marmo, and Gennaro Miele) Advanced Concepts in Quantum Mechanics, Cambridge University Press ISBN 9781107076044

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ "Ennackal Chandy George Sudarshan September 16, 1931 - May 13, 2018". Beck Funeral Home. 15 May 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Bhamathi, Gopalakrishnan (2021). "George Sudarshan: Perspectives and Legacy". Quanta. 10: 75–104. doi:10.12743/quanta.v10i1.174. S2CID 245482293.
  3. ↑ "Acclaimed scientist ECG Sudarshan passes away in Texas". Mathrubhumi. 14 May 2018. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
  4. ↑ Luis J. Boya, Laudatio for E. C. G. SUDARSHAN On his 75th BirthDay. Jaca, (HU), Spain, 18 September 2006, Journal of Physics: Conference Series 87 (2007) 012001 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/87/1/012001
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Clayton, Philip (2002). "George Sudarshan". In Richardson, W. Mark; Russell, Robert John; Clayton, Philip; Wegter-McNelly, Kirk (eds.). Science and the Spiritual Quest: New Essays by Leading Scientists. London: Routledge. ISBN 9780415257664.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Ennackal Chandy George Sudarshan (September 16, 1931 – May 13, 2018)". Austin, Texas: University of Texas. 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  7. ↑ "A proud moment for CMS College: Prof. Sudarshan delights all at his alma mater". The Hindu. 5 July 2008. Archived from the original on 2 August 2008. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
  8. ↑ The beat of a different drum: The life and science of Richard Feynman by J. Mehra Clarendon Press Oxford (1994), p. 477, and references 29 and 40 therein
  9. ↑ Time Machines: Time Travel in Physics, Metaphysics, and Science Fiction, p. 346, by Paul J. Nahin
  10. ↑ Sudarshan, E. C. G.; Misra, B. (1977). "The Zeno's paradox in quantum theory" (PDF). Journal of Mathematical Physics. 18 (4): 756–763. Bibcode:1977JMP....18..756M. doi:10.1063/1.523304. OSTI 7342282.
  11. ↑ R. Jagannathan, R. Simon, E. C. G. Sudarshan and N. Mukunda, Quantum theory of magnetic electron lenses based on the Dirac equation, Physics Letters A, 134, 457–464 (1989).
  12. ↑ R. Jagannathan and S. A. Khan, Quantum theory of the optics of charged particles, Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics, Editors: Peter W. Hawkes, B. Kazan and T. Mulvey, (Academic Press, Logo, San Diego, 1996), Vol. 97, 257–358 (1996).
  13. ↑ Catterall, Simon; Hubisz, Jay; Balachandran, Aiyalam; Schechter, Joe (5 January 2013). "Elementary Particle Physics at Syracuse. Final Report". Office of Scientific and Technical Information. Syracuse University: 14. doi:10.2172/1095082. OSTI 1095082. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
  14. ↑ "Sudarshan Fest" (PDF). 16 September 2011.
  15. ↑ Sudarshan, Ennackal Chandy George (1963). "Equivalence of semiclassical and quantum mechanical descriptions of statistical light beams". Physical Review Letters. 10 (7): 277–279. Bibcode:1963PhRvL..10..277S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.10.277.
  16. ↑ "Physicist Sudarshan's omission questioned". The Hindu. 2 December 2005.[dead link]
  17. ↑ "ECG Sudarshan, physicist who proposed faster than light theory, dies at 86". www.hindustantimes.com. 14 May 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2018.
  18. ↑ Zhou, Lulu (6 December 2005). "Scientists Question Nobel". The Harvard Crimson. Archived from the original on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 22 February 2008.
  19. ↑ Epstein, David (7 December 2005). "Nobel Doubts". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
  20. ↑ "UT Austin Mourns Passing of George Sudarshan, Titan of 20th Century Physics". cns.utexas.edu. 20 December 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2018.
  21. ↑ "First Runner-up". seedmagazine.com. 20 December 2018. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 December 2018.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Mehta, Neha (4 April 2007). "Physicist cries foul over Nobel miss". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 20 March 2008. Retrieved 22 February 2008.
  23. ↑ "KU to confer honorary doctorates on Narlikar, Kris Gopalakrishnan". The Hindu. 21 August 2019. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
  24. ↑ "Sudarshan against Plan panel proposal". The Hindu. 24 January 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2026. on his arrival to receive the first Kerala Sastra Puraskaram (State award for lifetime accomplishments in science)
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 "E.C.G. Sudarshan, theoretical physicist nominated for Nobel 9 times, passes away". ThePrint. 14 May 2018. Retrieved 25 February 2026. He was the recipient of the... Bose Medal (1977), Padma Bhushan (1976), and the C.V. Raman Award (1970).
  26. ↑ Leahy, Cory (8 January 2007). "Award Recipients to be Recognized at The University of Texas at Austin". UT News. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
  27. ↑ Balasubramanya, M. K.; Srinivas, M. D. (2019). "Ennackal Chandy George Sudarshan". Physics Today. 72 (4): 63. Bibcode:2019PhT....72d..63B. doi:10.1063/pt.3.4190. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
  28. ↑ "Padma Awards" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 October 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
  29. ↑ "Renowned theoretical physicist E C G Sudarshan passes away". The Indian Express. 14 May 2018. Retrieved 25 February 2026.

External links[edit | edit source]

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