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{{Short description|Herding caste in India}}
{{Short description|Shepherd caste in India}}
{{About|the pastoral community in Maharashtra and Goa|the similarly-named tribe and language found in Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha and Chhattisgarh - [[Oraon|Dhangad]] (tribe) and [[Kurukh language|Dhangar]] (kurukh language dialect)||the town in Sagar district, India|Dhangar, Madhya Pradesh}}
{{About|the pastoral community in Maharashtra and Goa|the similarly-named tribe and language found in Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha and Chhattisgarh - [[Oraon people|Dhangad]] (tribe) and [[Kurukh language|Dhangar]] (Kurukh language dialect)||the town in Sagar district, India|Dhangar, Madhya Pradesh}}
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{{Cleanup rewrite|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2014}}


'''Dhangar''' is a herding caste of people found in the [[India]]n states of [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]], [[Goa]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]]. They are referred as '''Gavli''' in southern Maharashtra, Goa and northern Karnataka, and '''Ahir''' in northern Maharashtra ([[Khandesh |Khandesh region]]).<ref name="Malhotra 1982"/><ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Govt gives another push to get ST tag for Dhangar-Gouly |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/78005762.cms |work=The Times of India |agency=Associated Press |date=2020-09-09 |access-date=2020-09-09}}</ref><ref name="Malhotra 2001"/>{{sfnp|Shashi |2011|p=47}} Some Gavlis live in forested hill tracts of India's [[Western Ghats]].<ref name="Malhotra 1982">{{cite journal |title=Ecology of a pastoral caste: Gavli Dhangars of peninsular India| url=http://library.isical.ac.in:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10263/1447/HE-10-1-1982-P107-143.pdf |first=K. C. |last=Malhotra |journal=Human Ecology |volume=10 |issue=1 |date=March 1982 |pages=107–143 |doi=10.1007/BF01531107| s2cid=154253698 }}</ref> Gavli, also known as Dange or Mhaske, and Ahir are a sub-caste of Dhangar. However, there are many distinct [[Gavli]] castes in [[Maharashtra]] and [[Gavli#Dhangar Gavli|Dhangar Gavli]] is one of them.{{sfnp|Rao|1979|p=129}}{{sfnp|Enthoven|1990|p=368}}{{sfnp|Feldhaus|1989|p=101}}
The '''Dhangars''' is a caste or clan whose members are found in the [[India]]n states of [[Maharashtra]], northern [[Karnataka]], [[Goa]], and [[Madhya Pradesh]]. They are referred to as '''Gavli Dhangars''' in northern Maharashtra ([[Khandesh |Khandesh region]]) and the forested hill tracts of India's [[Western Ghats]].<ref name="Malhotra 1982">{{cite journal |last=Malhotra |first=K. C. |date=March 1982 |title=Ecology of a pastoral caste: Gavli Dhangars of peninsular India |url=http://library.isical.ac.in:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10263/1447/HE-10-1-1982-P107-143.pdf |journal=Human Ecology |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=107–143 |doi=10.1007/BF01531107 |s2cid=154253698}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Govt gives another push to get ST tag for Dhangar-Gouly |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/78005762.cms |work=The Times of India |via=Associated Press |date=2020-09-09 |access-date=2020-09-09}}</ref><ref name="Malhotra 2001" />{{sfnp|Shashi|2011|p=47}} There are many distinct [[Gavli]] castes in [[Maharashtra]], and [[Gavli#Dhangar Gavli|Dhangar Gavli]] is one of them.{{sfnp|Rao|1979|p=129}}{{sfnp|Enthoven|1990|p=368}}{{sfnp|Feldhaus|1989|p=101}}
[[File:Dhangar Tribal from Maharashtra DSCF6109 (2).JPG|thumb|Dhangar tribal from [[Maharashtra]]]]


==History==
==History==


===Etymology===
===Etymology===
The word "''Dhangar''" is inscribed in a Buddhist cave in [[Pune district]] of Maharashtra. It is believed that this inscription has its origin between the first and the third century AD. Multiple theories have been proposed for the origin of the word Dhangar. It may be associated with a term for "cattle wealth". [[Bhagwan Lal Indraji]] maintains that it is derived from Sanskrit word Dhang which means hill.{{sfnp|Shashi|2006|p=183}} Syed Siraj-Ul-Hassan noted that some people of his time believed the term to come from the Sanskrit "''dhenugar''" ("cattle herder") but dismissed that etymology as being "fictitious".{{sfnp|Hassan|1989|p=166}} In [[Kannada]], the word Danagãra means cowherd and is derived from Dana which means cattle. Dana is the [[tadbhava]] of Dhana, which comes from Go-dhana which means cattle in [[Sanskrit]].<ref name="Joshi">{{cite journal |last1= Joshi |first1= S. B.|date=1952 |title=ETYMOLOGY OF PLACE-NAMES PAṬṬI-HAṬṬI: Some observations on the History of Mahārāṣṭra & Karṇāṭaka  |url= http://www.jstor.org/stable/41784634|journal= Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|volume=33 |issue=1/4 |pages=41–56 |jstor= 41784634|issn=0378-1143}}</ref>
The word "''Dhangar''" is inscribed in a Buddhist cave in [[Pune district]] of Maharashtra. It is believed that this inscription has its origin between the first and the third century AD. Multiple theories have been proposed for the origin of the word Dhangar. It may be associated with a term for "cattle wealth". [[Bhagwan Lal Indraji]] maintains that it is derived from the Sanskrit word ''Dhang'' which means 'hill'.{{sfnp|Shashi|2006|p=183}} Syed Siraj-Ul-Hassan noted that some people of his time believed the term to come from the Sanskrit "''dhenugar''" ("cattle herder") but dismissed that etymology as being "fictitious".{{sfnp|Hassan|1989|p=166}} In [[Kannada]], the word ''Danagãra'' means 'cowherd' and is derived from ''Dana'' which means 'cattle'. Dana is the [[tadbhava]] of ''Dhana'', which comes from ''Go-dhana'', meaning 'cattle' in [[Sanskrit]].<ref name="Joshi">{{cite journal |last1= Joshi |first1= S. B.|date=1952 |title=ETYMOLOGY OF PLACE-NAMES PAṬṬI-HAṬṬI: Some observations on the History of Mahārāṣṭra & Karṇāṭaka  |url= http://www.jstor.org/stable/41784634|journal= Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|volume=33 |issue=1/4 |pages=41–56 |jstor= 41784634|issn=0378-1143}}</ref>


According to [[Shamba Joshi]], Hatakara-Dhanagara ([[Hatkar]]-Dhangar) is a compound of two words of the same meaning. In [[Old Kannada]], the meaning of Hatti-Kara ([[Hatkar]]) is Gavli (milkman/cowherd) and Hatti means cattle pen or fold. Patti in [[Tamil Language|Tamil]] would mean cowstall, sheepfold, a measure of land sufficient for sheepfold, cattle pound, a hamlet, a village, a place. He observes that Hatti-Karas are descendents of Patti-Janas, people who were settled in the south of [[Narmada River]] during the middle ages. This region was called Hatta-Desa. He theorizes that the word [[Marhatta|Mar-Hatta]] comes from the word Hatta-Desa, the settlement of Hatti-Karas. After the 12th century AD, the civil strife between the [[Yadavas of Devagiri]] and [[Halebidu]] ([[Hoysala Empire|Hoysala]]'s capital) split this land into two, into Marhätta and Karnätaka. [[Samarth Ramdas|Saint Ramdas]] refers to the two parts, Hatak for Marhätta and Karnatak for Karnätaka, in one of his [[Arti (Hinduism)|Aratis]].<ref name="Joshi Ramdas">{{cite journal|last1= Joshi |first1= S. B.|date=1952 |title=ETYMOLOGY OF PLACE-NAMES PAṬṬI-HAṬṬI: Some observations on the History of Mahārāṣṭra & Karṇāṭaka  |url= http://www.jstor.org/stable/41784634|journal= Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|volume=33 |issue=1/4 |pages=41–56|jstor= 41784634| quote=जयदेवी जयदेवी जयवेद माते, हाटक कर्नाटक करुणा कल्लोळी |issn=0378-1143}}</ref>
According to [[Shamba Joshi]], Hatakara-Dhanagara ([[Hatkar]]-Dhangar) is a compound of two words of the same meaning.<ref name="Joshi Ramdas">{{cite journal|last1= Joshi |first1= S. B.|date=1952 |title=ETYMOLOGY OF PLACE-NAMES PAṬṬI-HAṬṬI: Some observations on the History of Mahārāṣṭra & Karṇāṭaka  |url= http://www.jstor.org/stable/41784634|journal= Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|volume=33 |issue=1/4 |pages=41–56|jstor= 41784634| quote=जयदेवी जयदेवी जयवेद माते, हाटक कर्नाटक करुणा कल्लोळी |issn=0378-1143}}</ref>


===Subdivisions===
===Subdivisions===


Initially there were twelve tribes of Dhangar, and they had a [[division of labour]] amongst brothers of one family. The nation around [[Hingoli district|Hingoli]] was called Bara-Hatti which means country of twelve Hatkar-Dhangars. These twelve tribes later formed three sub-divisions and one half-division. These three being [[Hatkar]] (shepherd), [[Gavli#Dhangar Gavli|Gavli]] or Dange (cowherd) and [[Khutekar]] (wool and blanket weaver)/Sangar. The half-division is called [[Khatik]] (butcher). All sub-castes fall in either of these divisions.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Landscapes in Conflict: Flocks, Hero-stones, and Cult in Early Medieval Maharashtra |first=Ajay |last=Dandekar |journal=Studies in History |date=August 1991 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=301–324 |doi=10.1177/025764309100700207 |s2cid=162355452 }}</ref>{{sfnp|Feldhaus|1989|p=126}} The number three and a half is not a random selection but has a religious and cosmological significance.{{sfnp|Sontheimer|1975|p=140}}
Initially there were twelve tribes of Dhangar, and they had a [[division of labour]] amongst brothers of one family. The nation around [[Hingoli district|Hingoli]] was called Bara-Hatti which means country of twelve Hatkar-Dhangars. These twelve tribes later formed three sub-divisions and one half-division. These three being [[Hatkar]] (shepherd), [[Gavli#Dhangar Gavli|Gavli]] or Dange (cowherd) and [[Khutekar]] (wool and blanket weaver)/Sangar. All sub-castes fall in either of these divisions.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Landscapes in Conflict: Flocks, Hero-stones, and Cult in Early Medieval Maharashtra |first=Ajay |last=Dandekar |journal=Studies in History |date=August 1991 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=301–324 |doi=10.1177/025764309100700207 |s2cid=162355452 }}</ref>{{sfnp|Sontheimer|1975|p=140}}


===Historical migrations===
===Historical migrations===


The archaeological evidence and ethnographic data suggest that the contemporary Dhangar castes are the result of more than one migration from North-West [[India]], between 4000 and 10000 BC.<ref name="Malhotra 2001"/> The density and distribution patterns of the different groups of Dhangars seem to have been guided by the suitability of the region for the sustenance of the animals that they traditionally maintained and the products of those animals on which the specific groups subsisted. Ethno-historic investigations among the Dhangars suggest that the Kannade, [[Kuruba|Unnikankan]] and [[Kuruba|Kurmar]] who speak [[Kannada]] were originally from [[Karnataka]] and might have migrated to the present habitats in [[Maharashtra]] at different points of time. Whereas [[Hatkar]], Zende, Thellari and Dange trace their origin to a single caste in the remote past, Shegars or [[Sagar Rajput(caste)|Sagar Rajputs]] claim that they have nothing to do with the Dhangars and are descendents from [[Rajputs]] of [[Rajasthan]]. [[Ahirs]] speak "[[Khandeshi|Ahrani]]", also known as [[Gawali Dialect of Melghat|Gavli boli]],<ref>Critical Enquiry Vol.VI Issue IV. Oct.- Dec. 2014</ref> a mixed dialect of [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and are closely related to the Ladshe and Dange who have supposedly come from [[Gujarat]]. On the other hand, [[Gadaria|Gadhari]]-Nikhar and [[Gadaria|Gadhari]]-Dhangar, having migrated from [[North India]], speak [[Hindi]]. Telangi speaks [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and probably migrated from [[Andhra Pradesh]], the remaining groups speak [[Marathi language|Marathi]]. The [[Khatik]]s are said to have derived from Khutekars.<ref name="Malhotra 2001">{{cite journal |title=Patterns of Variation in a Caste-Cluster of Dhangars of Maharashtra, India| url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/44612 |first=K. C. |last=Malhotra |journal=Collegium Antropologicum |volume=25 |issue=2 |date=Dec 2001 |pages=425–42 |pmid=11811272}}</ref><ref name="Maha OBC"/>
The archaeological evidence and ethnographic data suggest that the contemporary Dhangar castes are the result of more than one migration from North-West [[India]], between 4000 and 10000 BC.<ref name="Malhotra 2001"/> The density and distribution patterns of the different groups of Dhangars seem to have been guided by the suitability of the region for the sustenance of the animals that they traditionally maintained and the products of those animals on which the specific groups subsisted. Ethno-historic investigations among the Dhangars suggest that the Kannade, [[Kuruba|Unnikankan]] and [[Kuruba|Kurmar]] who speak [[Kannada]] were originally from [[Karnataka]] and might have migrated to the present habitats in [[Maharashtra]] at different points of time. Whereas [[Hatkar]], Zende, Thellari and Dange trace their origin to a single caste in the remote past, Shegars or [[Sagar Rajput]]s claim that they have nothing to do with the Dhangars and are descendants from [[Rajputs]] of [[Rajasthan]]. [[Ahirs]] speak "[[Khandeshi|Ahrani]]", also known as [[Gawali Dialect of Melghat|Gavli boli]],<ref>Critical Enquiry Vol.VI Issue IV. Oct.- Dec. 2014</ref> a mixed dialect of [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and are closely related to the Ladshe and Dange who have supposedly come from [[Gujarat]]. On the other hand, [[Gadaria|Gadhari]]-Nikhar and [[Gadaria|Gadhari]]-Dhangar, having migrated from [[North India]], speak [[Sanskrit and Hindi]]. Telangi speaks [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and probably migrated from [[Andhra Pradesh]], the remaining groups speak [[Marathi language|Marathi]].<ref name="Malhotra 2001">{{cite journal |title=Patterns of Variation in a Caste-Cluster of Dhangars of Maharashtra, India| url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/44612 |first=K. C. |last=Malhotra |journal=Collegium Antropologicum |volume=25 |issue=2 |date=Dec 2001 |pages=425–42 |pmid=11811272}}</ref><ref name="Maha OBC"/>


===Past occupation===
===Past occupation===


The Gavli or Dange Dhangars found in the coastal strip practiced cattle/buffalo herding and [[shifting cultivation]].<ref name="Malhotra 1982"/> [[Ahir]], [[Gadaria|Gadhri]]-Nikhar, Halmat, Khutekar, [[Kuruba|Kurmar-Unnikankan]], Mendhe, [[Sagar Rajput(caste)|Shegar]], Telangi, [[Kuruba|Unnikankan]] and Zade herded sheep and wove woolen blankets. [[Gadaria|Gadhri]]-Dhangar, Hande, [[Hatkar]], [[Kuruba|Hattikankan]], Kannade, [[Kuruba|Kurmar-hattikankan]] and Zende reared only Sheep. However, Hatkars in Sangli district also maintained cattle and some Zendes used to maintain ponies. Thellaris herded both sheep and cattle. Sangars were weavers of woolen blankets. Khatik Dhangars sold sheep/goat meat, but did not rear sheep.<ref name="Malhotra 1977">{{cite journal |title=Haptoglobin and acid phosphatase gene distributions in the Dhangars of Maharashtra, India| url=https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/jgen/063/01/0039-0045 |first=K. C. |last=Malhotra |journal=Journal of Genetics |volume=63 |issue=1 |date=April 1977 |pages=39–45 |doi=10.1007/BF02984224| s2cid=25217479 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gadgil |first1=Madhav |last2=Malhotra |first2=K. C. |year=1981 |title=The ecological basis of the geographical distribution of the Dhangars a pastoral caste cluster of Maharashtra |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/64217/1/28-pub-ocr.pdf |journal=South Asian Anthropologist |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=49–59}}</ref>{{sfnp|Guha|1993|p=84}} In the past, some Dhangars were [[Inamdar (feudal title)|Inamdar]]s and some were tenure-holders, holding lands either by a share or by paying a lump sum for a certain period.{{sfnp|Enthoven |1990|p=321}}
The Gavli or Dange Dhangars found in the coastal strip practiced cattle/buffalo/sheep herding and [[shifting cultivation]].<ref name="Malhotra 1982"/> [[ahir]], Halmat, Khutekar, [[Kuruba|Kurmar-Unnikankan]], Mendhe, [[Sagar Rajput|Shegar]], Telangi, [[Kuruba|Unnikankan]] and Zade herded sheep and wove woolen blankets. Dhangar, Hande, [[Hatkar]], [[Kuruba|Hattikankan]], Kannade, [[Kuruba|Kurmar-hattikankan]] and Zende reared only Sheep. However, Hatkars in Sangli district also maintained cattle and some Zendes used to maintain ponies. Thellaris herded both sheep and cattle. Sangars were weavers of woolen blankets.<ref name="Malhotra 1977">{{cite journal |title=Haptoglobin and acid phosphatase gene distributions in the Dhangars of Maharashtra, India| url=https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/jgen/063/01/0039-0045 |first=K. C. |last=Malhotra |journal=Journal of Genetics |volume=63 |issue=1 |date=April 1977 |pages=39–45 |doi=10.1007/BF02984224| s2cid=25217479 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gadgil |first1=Madhav |last2=Malhotra |first2=K. C. |year=1981 |title=The ecological basis of the geographical distribution of the Dhangars a pastoral caste cluster of Maharashtra |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/64217/1/28-pub-ocr.pdf |journal=South Asian Anthropologist |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=49–59}}</ref>{{sfnp|Guha|1993|p=84}} In the past, some Dhangars were [[Inamdar (feudal title)|Inamdar]]s and some were tenure-holders, holding lands either by a share or by paying a lump sum for a certain period.{{sfnp|Enthoven |1990|p=321}}


[[Image:Ponies used by Dhangar tribe of Maharashtra IMG 1795 (5).JPG|thumb|[[Ponies]] used by Dhangar tribe of [[Maharashtra]]]]
[[Image:Ponies used by Dhangar tribe of Maharashtra IMG 1795 (5).JPG|thumb|[[Ponies]] used by Dhangar tribe of [[Maharashtra]]]]
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===Role in the Maratha Empire===
===Role in the Maratha Empire===


Dhangars are noted for their martial qualities. A large number of [[Shivaji]]'s most trusted [[Mawalas]] or [[Maratha]] footmen were West-[[Pune]] Dhangars.{{sfnp|Singh|2004|p=498}} On the other hand, [[Hatkar]] Dhangars, who are found mainly in the former [[Nizam state]], especially in [[Nanded]], [[Parbhani]] and [[Vidarbha]], are known as [[Bargi]] Dhangars or "shepherds with the spears" and were perhaps [[Bargi]]rs or mounted troopers during the time of the [[Maratha Empire]]. However, [[Bargi]] or Bande Dhangar is a distinct sub-caste from them.{{sfnp|Singh|2004|p=498}}{{sfnp|Pathak|2009|p=52}} Hatkars were in the army of [[Shivaji]] in large numbers and were known for their bravery in the [[Maratha Empire]]. "Naik" and "Rao" were the titles given to them. [[Hatkar]]s were a dread to others and even [[Nizam]] was afraid of them. It is on the historical record that for restraining the Hatkars, Nizam had sought help from the [[British Indian army]].{{sfnp|Pathak|2009|p=52}} While some sources claim [[Malhar Rao Holkar]], Founder of the [[Indore State|Maratha Indore state]], belonged to the Hatkar Dhangar sub-caste, the [[bakhar]]s of [[Holkar|Holkar dynasty]] say that he was a Khutekar Dhangar.{{sfnp|Sontheimer|1975|p=139}} {{Quote|text="The three great tribes which compose the [[Maratha]] caste are the [[Kunbi]] or farmer, The Dhangar or shepherd, and the [[Gavli|Goala]] or cowherd. To this original cause may perhaps be ascribed that great simplicity of manner which distinguishes the [[Maratha]] people".<ref>{{cite book |last=Russell |first=Robert Vane |author-link= Robert_Vane_Russell |date=2020-09-28 |title= The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India, Volume IV of IV |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Tribes_and_Castes_of_the_Central_Pro/T59oDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=dhangar |publisher=Library of Alexandria |isbn=9781465583024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Constable |first1=Philip |access-date=2020-11-28 |title=The Marginalization of a Dalit Martial Race in Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Western India. |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages= 439–478|year=2001|doi=10.2307/2659700|jstor=2659700 |pmid=18268829 |quote=While the bulk of Shivaji's men were naturally Marathas, they included not only the allied castes of Dhangars and Gowalas, shepherds and herdsmen, but many who had no claim to kinship. For example Shivaji's famous infantry was composed largely of Bhandaris and Kolis. The Ramoshis... who afterwards formed the infantry of Haidar and Tipu in Mysore, were relied an for the capture of the hill forts, while the outcaste Mahars and Mangs served in his artillery, and in the garrisons of these forts -  Patrick Cadell|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2659700}}</ref>|author=Colonel Tone, Commander of a regiment in the [[Peshwa]]'s army in 1798}} {{Quote|text=
Dhangars are noted for their martial qualities. A large number of [[Shivaji]]'s most trusted [[Mawalas]] or [[Maratha]] footmen were West-[[Pune]] Dhangars.{{sfnp|Singh|2004|p=498}} On the other hand, [[Hatkar]] Dhangars, who are found mainly in the former [[Nizam state]], especially in [[Nanded]], [[Parbhani]] and [[Vidarbha]], are known as [[Bargi]] Dhangars or "shepherds with the spears" and were perhaps [[Bargi]]rs or mounted troopers during the time of the [[Maratha Empire]]. However, [[Bargi]] or Bande Dhangar is a distinct sub-caste from them.{{sfnp|Singh|2004|p=498}}{{sfnp|Pathak|2009|p=52}} Hatkars were in the army of [[Shivaji]] in large numbers and were known for their bravery in the [[Maratha Empire]]. "Naik" and "Rao" were the titles given to them. [[Hatkar]]s were a dread to others and even [[Nizam]] was afraid of them. It is on the historical record that for restraining the Hatkars, Nizam had sought help from the [[British Indian army]].{{sfnp|Pathak|2009|p=52}} While some sources claim [[Malhar Rao Holkar]], Founder of the [[Indore State|Maratha Indore state]], belonged to the Hatkar Dhangar sub-caste, the [[bakhar]]s of [[House of Holkar|Holkar dynasty]] say that he was a Khutekar Dhangar.{{sfnp|Sontheimer|1975|p=139}} {{Blockquote|text="The three great tribes which compose the [[Maratha]] caste are the [[Kunbi]] or farmer, The Dhangar or shepherd, and the [[Gavli|Goala]] or cowherd. To this original cause may perhaps be ascribed that great simplicity of manner which distinguishes the [[Maratha]] people".<ref>{{cite book |last=Russell |first=Robert Vane |author-link= Robert Vane Russell |date=2020-09-28 |title= The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India, Volume IV of IV |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T59oDwAAQBAJ&q=dhangar |publisher=Library of Alexandria |isbn=9781465583024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Constable |first1=Philip |access-date=2020-11-28 |title=The Marginalization of a Dalit Martial Race in Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Western India. |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages= 439–478|year=2001|doi=10.2307/2659700|jstor=2659700 |pmid=18268829 |s2cid=40219522 |quote=While the bulk of Shivaji's men were naturally Marathas, they included not only the allied castes of Dhangars and Gowalas, shepherds and herdsmen, but many who had no claim to kinship. For example Shivaji's famous infantry was composed largely of Bhandaris and Kolis. The Ramoshis... who afterwards formed the infantry of Haidar and Tipu in Mysore, were relied an for the capture of the hill forts, while the outcaste Mahars and Mangs served in his artillery, and in the garrisons of these forts -  Patrick Cadell|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2659700|url-access=subscription }}</ref>|author=Colonel Tone, Commander of a regiment in the [[Peshwa]]'s army in 1798}} {{Blockquote|text=
In fact, the word "[[Maratha]]" in its narrower use is applied to a society in which Rajputs or quasi-[[Rajput]]s, at the top, with [[Kunbi]]s (farmers), Dhangars (shepherds), and [[Gavli|Goalas]] (cowherds) practise hypergamy,  each group taking wives from the one below, causing a superfluity of women at the top and a scarcity at the bottom of the social scale.{{sfnp|Hutton|1961|p=19}}|author=[[John Henry Hutton]], former chair of [[William Wyse Professor of Social Anthropology]] at the [[University of Cambridge]]}}
In fact, the word "[[Maratha]]" in its narrower use is applied to a society in which Rajputs or quasi-[[Rajput]]s, at the top, with [[Kunbi]]s (farmers), Dhangars (shepherds), and [[Gavli|Goalas]] (cowherds) practise hypergamy,  each group taking wives from the one below, causing a superfluity of women at the top and a scarcity at the bottom of the social scale.{{sfnp|Hutton|1961|p=19}}|author=[[John Henry Hutton]], former chair of [[William Wyse Professor of Social Anthropology]] at the [[University of Cambridge]]}}
===Relationship with Deccan Yadavas===
The word ''Yadava'' does not have known [[Indo European]] etymology. According to [[Franklin Southworth]], it might be of [[Dravidian Languages|Dravidian]] origin, meaning "herder". Yadu means goat or sheep in [[Tamil Language|Tamil]] and Yaduvan means goat/sheep-herd. He further claims that Yadava is the original word and mythical [[Yadu]] is derived from Yadava by back-formation.{{sfnp|Erdosy |1995|p=266}} Similarly, Kuri means goat or sheep in Kannada and [[Kuruba]] means shepherd.{{sfnp|Shashi |2011|p=15}} While in [[Kannada Language|Kannada]] Danagara/Hattikara/Gavli means cowherd/milkman,<ref name="Joshi" /> in [[Marathi Language|Marathi]] Dhangar/[[Hatkar]] (derived from Danagara/Hattikara) refers to shepherd and Gavli means cowherd/milkman.{{sfnp|Dhere |2011|p=241}} Similarly in [[Telugu Language|Telugu]], the word [[Golla (caste)|Golla]] is synonymous with Gavli but both Gollas and [[Kuruba|Kuruvas]] (Kuruba) engage in sheep/goat and cattle pastoralism, in that they either herd exclusively sheep, or a mixed herd of sheep and goats, or cattle.{{sfnp|Vignesha|1993|p=47}}<ref name="Ethnohistory of pastoralism" /> According to Sontheimer, [[Golla (caste)|Gollas]] and [[Hatkar]]-Dhangars underwent an occupational change from cattle keeping to sheep pastoralism because of the operational advantages offered by the sheep/goat pastoral system in the semi-arid grasslands.<ref name="murthy" /> The original worshippers of pastoralist god [[Vitthal]] – the Gollas and Kurubas of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Karnataka]] and [[Gavli]]s and Dhangars of [[Maharashtra]], especially southern Maharashtra – are continued to be called "Yāḍavas" in Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. Similar to them, several royal families who enhanced the magnificence of Vitthal's worship are called "Yādavas". These families elevated their traditional pastoralist god (Vitthal) into a form of [[Vishnu]]-[[Krishna]] and accorded high prestige to his worship.{{sfnp|Dhere |2011|p=237-238}}
[[Yadavas of Devagiri|Seuna Yadavas]] and [[Hoysala|Hoysala Yadavas]] were originally pastoralists, and ruled [[Marhatta (region)|Marhatta]] and [[Karnataka]] respectively.{{sfnp|Dhere |2011|p=247}}<ref name="Joshi"/> Furthermore, Hoysalas was a [[Kannadiga]] power and epigraphic evidence suggests that Seunas too emerged from a [[Kannada]]-speaking background.{{sfnp|Novetzke|2016|pp=51-54}} In one of his [[Arati]]s, [[Samarth Ramdas|Saint Ramdas]] mentions that, because of the civil strife between [[Yadavas of Devagiri|Seunas]] and [[Hoysala]]s, the country of [[Hatkar]]s (Hatta-Desa) was split into Hatak ([[Marhatta (region)|Marhatta]]) and Karnatak ([[Karnataka]]).<ref name="Joshi Ramdas"/> In [[Old Kannada]], Hatti-Kara ([[Hatkar]]) means Gavli (cowherd).<ref name="Joshi"/> According to the traditional sources, [[Devagiri]], the capital of Seuna Yadavas, was founded by a king who was a Dhangar Gavli.{{sfnp|Feldhaus|1989|p=101}}{{sfnp|Wink|2001|p=231}} Moreover, [[Yadavas of Devagiri|Seunas]] are traditionally called "Gavli Kings".{{sfnp|Dhere |2011|p=247}}
Apart from Seunas and Hoysalas, [[Vijayanagara Empire]]'s founders of the [[Sangama dynasty]],{{sfnp|Dhere |2011|p=243|ps=: A donative inscription of Harihara II states (Upādhyāy 1945: 23–24), “Śrī Saṅgameśvara was in the laudable Yadu family known as Yādavas, who are praiseworthy because of being born in the lineage of the Moon (Soma).” Another inscription affirms, “Lord Viṣṇu himself descended in the form of Saṅgam with the purpose of being born in the Moon (Candra) lineage.” Elsewhere Saṅgam was praised by saying that he adorned the Yadu lineage with his virtues the way the arrival of spring increases the beauty of all the seasons. Such claims make it clear that the founder of the Vijayanagar empire considered himself a Yādava.}} [[Pallava]]s,{{sfnp|Dhere |2011|p=237,243|ps=: The history of South India shows clearly that all the southern royal dynasties who arose from pastoralist, cowherd groups gained Kshatriya status by claiming to be Moon lineage Kshatriyas, by taking Yadu as their ancestor, and by continually keeping alive their pride in being 'Yadavas'. Many dynasties in South India, from the Pallavas to the Yadavarayas, were originally members of pastoralist, cowherd groups and belonged to Kuruba lineages.}} <ref>{{cite book |last=Iyer |first= L.K. |date= 1988|title=The Mysore Tribes and Castes Volume 1 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Mysore_Tribes_and_Castes/6EDcBSHGZaIC?hl=en&gbpv=0 |publisher=The Mysore University, Mysore, 1935 |page= 68|isbn=9780836425352}}</ref> [[Rashtrakuta]]s of [[Malkhed]],  and rulers of [[Pakanadu]] and [[Kammanadu]] also claimed Yadava lineage.<ref name="Ethnohistory of pastoralism">{{cite journal |last1=Murthy|first1=M.L.K.|date=1993-02-01 |title=Ethnohistory of pastoralism: A study of Kuruvas and Gollas |journal=Studies in History |volume=9|issue= 1|pages=33–41 |doi= 10.1177/025764309300900102|s2cid=161569571|quote=section: Kingship and Kshatriyization of the Pastoral Communities}}</ref> This claim legitimized the process of Aryanization.{{sfnp|Dhavalikar |2014|p=274}} According to [[Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere|R. C. Dhere]], two factors made it easy for medieval South Indian pastoralist groups to associate themselves to the famous [[Yadu]] family from the [[Puranas]] to which [[Lord Krishna]] belonged. First, by occupation these South Indian groups were herdsmen, cattle herders, just like the famous [[Yadava|Yādavas]] in the Puranas. Secondly, the Puranas family were "Yādavas" and the South Indian pastoralists were "Yāḍavas". The difference between "ḍ" and "d" is subtle, and so [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] "Yāḍavas" became [[Sanskrit]]ized "Yādavas".{{sfnp|Dhere |2011|p=241}}
{{Quote|text=The claim to "Yaduvamsha" was very popular in ancient and medieval India. Many dynasties were eager to associate themselves with the Yaduvamsha in which was born the great hero [[Yadu]]. This may not be altogether without any specific reason. It is difficult to find undisputably [[Brahmin]] and [[Kshatriya]] dynasties, particularly after the [[Pallava]]s. Most of the dynasties belonged to the [[Shudra]] caste. But most of them had become powerful ruling families of importance. Their political power and their lowly origin had to be reconciled by assuming a higher status for themselves. In such cases Yaduvamsha came in very handy and hence most of the dynasties professed to belong to Yaduvamsha. This claim gave them a higher status they very much liked to have.{{sfnp|Dhere |2011|p=246,247}}|author=Historian A. V. Narasimha Murthy}}
{{Quote|text=The political, social, and religious history of the medieval period allows us to conclude that most of the royal families who connected themselves with Yadava clan, and who connected their god ([[Vitthal]]) with [[Krishna]], arose from pastoralist groups.{{sfnp|Dhere |2011|p=246,247}}|author=[[Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere]], a scholar of the religious traditions of Maharashtra}} [[Vitthal|Lord Vitthal]] is of [[Kannada]] origin and has Dhangar roots.<ref name="Irina">{{cite journal |last=Glushkova|first=Irina|year=2000|title="GIVE ME BACK MY BLANKET!" : VARKARI SAINTS STRIVING FOR THEIR BODIES (Metaphor and Metonymy in the Construction of Divinity)|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/41694605|journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|volume=81|issue=1/4|pages=15–34|ISSN=0378-1143}}</ref> He is still worshiped by Dhangars in his original pastoralist form. In Dhangar traditions he survives as a Gavli cowherd and continues his relationship with Dhangar's renowned popular god [[Biroba]].{{sfnp|Dhere |2011|p=248}} [[Vithoba]] and Biroba are considered brothers by Dhangars and they worship them as inseparable companions.{{sfnp|Zelliot|1988|p=170}} However, Initially they were worshiped independently among Dhangars.<ref name="Irina"/> Present day [[Vithoba Temple|Temple of Vitthal at Pandharpur]], his original center of worship, is still surrounded by many Dhangar settlements and displays numerous marks of previous Kannada influence.{{sfnp|Dhere |2011|p=237}} [[Kuruba]]s worship these gods as [[Vitthal]] and [[Beerappa|Birappa]].{{sfnp|Dhere |2011|p=241,242}} [[Virupaksha Temple, Hampi|Virupaksha]], [[Virabhadra]], [[Beerappa|Birappa]] and [[Biroba]] are the same god and are a form of [[Shiva]]. Virupaksha is a sanskritized version of ''Virupa'', where Virupa means strange looking or ugly, indicating the strange three eyes of Shiva and ''aksha'' in [[Sanskrit]] means eyes. Birappa, also known as Virappa, and Biroba are honorific versions of ''Virupa'', where "''-appa''" and "''-ba''" are honorific suffixes indicating fatherhood in [[Kannada]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] respectively. According to the traditional sources, founders of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], who belonged to the [[Sangama dynasty]], were of [[Kuruba]] origin.{{sfnp|Dhere |2011|p=243-244}} Virupaksha was their family deity ([[kuladevata]]) and became the principal deity of the state during their reign.{{sfnp|Eaton|2005|p=82}} Moreover, Biroba/Birappa has been exclusively a god of the Dhangars and Kurubas.<ref name="murthy"/> On the other hand, [[Vithoba]] and [[Venkateshwara]] are derived from the same god and are forms of [[Vishnu]]. However, they were initially worshiped as a form of Shiva and underwent vaishnavization process to be worshiped as a form Vishnu.{{sfnp|Novetzke|2005|p=116}}{{sfnp|Dhere|2011|p=237,239,240,267}}  Yadava dynasties worshiped Vishnu and Shiva as a unity which are seen in the forms like Vithoba-Biroba, Vitthal-Birappa and Virupaksha-Vitthal.{{sfnp|Dhere |2011|p=238-242}} Emperors of Vijayanagara were devoted to both Virupaksha (earlier worshiped as Birappa) and Vitthal and built/extended their temples at both [[Hampi]] and [[Lepakshi]], and Virabhadra temple at Lepakshi.<ref>{{cite book|author=National Geographic|title=Sacred Places of a Lifetime: 500 of the World's Most Peaceful and Powerful Destinations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jNqDFSxR8-MC&pg=PA123|year=2008|publisher=National Geographic Society|isbn=978-1-4262-0336-7|pages=123–124}}</ref>{{sfnp|Dhere |2011|p=241-245}} Similarly, during the reign of [[Yadavas of Devagiri|Seunas]] and [[Hoysalas]] the temple of Vitthal at [[Pandharpur]], under their care, grew from a small pastoral deity site to a major temple complex.{{sfnp|Novetzke|2016|p=94}} Furthermore, Yadava Kings (Yadavarayas) of [[Tondaimandalam]] enhanced the worship of  Venkateshwara and built/extended [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Venkateshwara Temple]] at [[Tirupati]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/yadavas-hail-restoration-of-golla-mirasi/article31816586.ece|title=Yadavas hail restoration of 'Golla Mirasi|website=www.thehindu.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614094930/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/yadavas-hail-restoration-of-golla-mirasi/article31816586.ece|archive-date=11 August 2020|access-date=12 June 2020}}</ref>{{sfnp|Dhere |2011|p=239}}
Another form of [[Shiva]] worshiped by Dhangars in Maharashtra is [[Khandoba|Malhar]] ([[Khandoba]]). When [[Holkars]], who were of Dhangar origin, came to power in the [[Maratha Empire]], they increased the splendor of the worship of Malhar, who was their [[Kuladevata]]. [[Jejuri#Khandoba Temple|Jejuri temple]] of Khandoba was substantially enlarged by Holkar queen [[Ahilyabai Holkar]] and her general [[Tukojirao Holkar]].{{sfnp|Dhere|2011|p=237}}{{sfnp|Michell|2014|p=78}} Similar to Dhangars, the [[Kuruba|Kuruvas]] in southwestern [[Andhra Pradesh]] worship [[Mallikarjuna Jyotirlinga|Mallikãrjuna]], the [[Kuruba]]s in northwestern [[Karnataka]] and northwestern Andhra Pradesh are devotees of [[Mailar Mallanna Temple|Mailãr]], and the [[Golla (caste)|Gollas]] in Andhra Pradesh are worshipers of [[Mailar Mallanna Temple|Mallanna]]. All of these gods are said to be incarnations of [[Shiva]]. They are not completely identical and share many common features. Historically, they may be traced back to a prototype god who made his appearance in the early [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ([[Sangam literature|Sangam]]) literature of the second to fourth century AD in which he is called [[Kartikeya|Murukan]]. Murukan, who is later identified with [[Kartikeya|Kãrttikeya]] or Skanda, has especially one feature in common with other gods, namely that they all have two wives. One of his wife comes from the settled advanced communities who were either agricultural, but with a propensity towards cattle keeping, or the once influential merchant groups. The second wife of the god, often regarded as a concubine, comes from the pastoral communities.<ref name="murthy">{{cite journal |last1=Sontheimer |first1=Günther D. |last2=Murty|first2=M. L. K. |year=1980|title=Prehistoric Background to Pastoralism in the Southern Deccan in the Light of Oral Traditions and Cults of Some Pastoral Communities |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40460587 |journal=Anthropos |volume=75 |issue=1/2 |pages=163–184|jstor=40460587 }}</ref>


===Relationship with Yadavs===
===Relationship with Yadavs===
According to the [[1891 Census of India]], the pastoral class of Indian population was divided into two groups. First group was called cattle graziers which included [[Ahirs]], [[Gopas]], [[Gavli|Gawali]] and [[Golla (caste)|Golla]]. The second group was called shepherds which included [[Gadaria]], Dhangars, [[Kuruba]], [[Konar (caste)|Idaiyan]], [[Bharwad]] and [[Rabari]].<ref>{{cite report |author=Presented to both Houses of Parliament by command of her majesty |date= 1893-07-10|title=General Report on Census of India, 1891.|url=http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/ideologie/data/CensusIndia/CensusIndia1891/CensusIndia1891GeneralReport.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201028033412/http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/ideologie/data/CensusIndia/CensusIndia1891/CensusIndia1891GeneralReport.pdf|archive-date= 28 October 2020}}</ref>
According to the [[1891 Census of India]], the pastoral class of Indian population was divided into two groups. First group was called cattle graziers which included [[Ahirs]], [[Gopas]], [[Gavli|Gawali]] and [[Golla (caste)|Golla]]. The second group was called shepherds which included [[Gadaria]], Dhangars, [[Kuruba]], [[Konar (caste)|Idaiyan]], [[Bharwad]] and [[Rabari]].<ref>{{cite report |author=Presented to both Houses of Parliament by command of her majesty |date= 1893-07-10|title=General Report on Census of India, 1891.|url=http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/ideologie/data/CensusIndia/CensusIndia1891/CensusIndia1891GeneralReport.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201028033412/http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/ideologie/data/CensusIndia/CensusIndia1891/CensusIndia1891GeneralReport.pdf|archive-date= 28 October 2020}}</ref>


In the early 1920s, the leaders from the North Indian [[Ahir]] and the Maharashtrian [[Gavli]] community, who founded [[All-India Yadav Mahasabha]], insisted cowherds, herdsmen and milksellers all over India to call themselves Yadav, adopt the last name "Yadav", and practice vegetarianism and teetotalism. Various communities, all over India, who were traditionally involved in cattle related occupations enthusiastically followed these recommendations.{{sfnp|Rao|1979|p=141}} They claimed descendancy from the [[Yadu]] dynasty of the [[puranas]], hence the term ''Yadav'', through the [[Abhira]] tribe and [[Lord Krishna]], a cowherd, is the hero-god of Abhiras. This effort was part of the process of [[Sanskritization]] and Aryanization. Soon, the adoption of the name Yadav began to take traction.{{sfnp|Jaffrelot|2003|p=189,194-196}}{{sfnp|Gooptu|2001|p=205–210}}{{sfnp|Rao|1979|p=141}}
In the early 1920s, the leaders from the North Indian [[Ahir]] and the Maharashtrian [[Gavli]] which were ritually considered as lower castes and formed the bulk of landless peasants in Gangetic plains, founded [[All India Yadav Mahasabha]] (AIYM) in order to lay claims to Yadava identity through sanskritisation of their constituents and by re-imagining a glorified past based on a fabricated descent from the mythical [[Yadava|Yadu]]. Many castes across India adopted Yadav as the last name, illustrating claimed descent from Yadu. They also started practicing vegetarianism and teetotalism. Various communities, all over India, who were traditionally involved in cattle related occupations enthusiastically followed these recommendations.{{sfnp|Rao|1979|p=141}} This effort was part of the process of [[Sanskritization]] and Aryanization.{{sfnp|Jaffrelot|2003|p=189-196}}{{sfnp|Gooptu|2001|p=205–210}}{{sfnp|Rao|1979|p=141}}
 
Today, the [[Yadav]] society consist of different allied castes of several denominations such as Ahir in [[North India]], Thetwar and Raot in [[Madhya Pradesh]], Gavli in [[Maharashtra]], Idaiyan in [[Tamil Nadu]], Golla in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Karnataka]], and Gopas in [[West Bengal|Bengal]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Rao |first=M. S. A. |date=1964-08-29 |title= Caste and the Indian Army |url= https://www.epw.in/journal/1964/35/special-articles/caste-and-indian-army.html|magazine= Economic and Political Weekly |publisher=epw}}</ref> On the other hand, Dhangar society in India includes Dhangars in Maharashtra and [[Goa]], Gadaria in North India, Bharwad in [[Gujarat]], and Kuruba both in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. However, [[Gavli#Dhangar Gavli|Dhangar Gavli]] is a distinct caste from [[Gavli#Dabholis and Chevlis|Yadav Gavli]] in [[Maharashtra]] and [[Goa]].<ref name="Malhotra 1982" /><ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Govt gives another push to get ST tag for Dhangar-Gouly |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/78005762.cms |work=The Times of India |agency=Associated Press |date=2020-09-09 |access-date=2020-09-09}}</ref>{{sfnp|Hassan|1989|p=166}} Moreover, [[Ahirs]] of Maharashtra prefer to be known as Ahir Dhangars and [[Maratha]]s of [[Indore]] (Madhya Pradesh), like [[Holkar]]s, call themselves Dhangar Ahir. In North India the Ahirs, who call themselves [[Yadav]], were at one time a wing of Dhangar society. Ahir is one of the [[gotra]] of Dhangars.{{sfnp|Shashi |2011|p=29,44,47}} Historians such as P. M. Chandorkar has used epigraphical evidence to argue that Ahirs and Gavlis are representative of the ancient [[Yadavas]] and [[Abhira tribe|Abhiras]] mentioned in the classical [[Sanskrit]] works. Furthermore, [[Khandesh|Khandesh region]] of [[Maharashtra]], at one point ruled by the Abhiras, was formerly known as the land of the Ahirs, and Ahirs in the present day Khandesh region speak [[Marathi Language|Marathi]] dialect which is continued to be called [[Ahirani]].{{sfnp|Guha|2006|p=47|ps=:P. M. Chandorkar, using both literary and epigraphic sources has argued that the modern Ahirs and Gavlis - until recently cattle-keepers - should be identified with the Yadavas and Abhiras of the classical Sanskrit texts. He also notes that Khandesh, on the margin of the central Indian forests, was earlier known as the land of the Ahirs, and the local Marathi dialect continued to be called Ahirani.}}
 
==Varna status==
The Dhangars as a caste are a cluster of many endogamous communities which are traditionally categorised as [[Shudra]] along with the cultivators [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha]] [[Kunbi]]s and the artisan caste such as Kumbhars.{{sfnp|Guha|1993|p=83}}{{sfnp|Singh|2004|p=496}} According to [[Shyam Singh Shashi]], 80 percent of [[gotras]] of Dhangars are similar to [[kshatriya]]s though 15 percent resembles those of [[Brahmins]], [[Vaishyas]] and backward classes.{{sfnp|Shashi |2011|p=34}} While the social status of Dhangars outside Konkan region is on par with Marathas and Kunbis, in Konkan Dhangars are ranked below them. The status was determined by the essential economic importance of their occupation. Dhangars were seasonal migrants to Konkan and while they had good and enduring relationships with farmers they provided only a valuable supplement to agriculture.{{sfnp|Feldhaus|1989|p=105}}
 
The Shegar Dhangars, also known as [[Sagar Rajput(caste)|Sagar Rajputs]], were previously identified as shepherd by occupation and Shudra by Varna but later they changed their surname to [[Rajput]] and started  wearing [[sacred thread]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Robert Eric |last=Frykenberg|title=Land Tenure and Peasant in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gOLSAAAAMAAJ|year=1984|publisher=Manohar|page=197|quote=Another example of castes' successful efforts to raise their sacred status to twice-born are the Sagar Rajputs of Poona district. Previously they were considered to be Dhangars—shepherds by occupation and Shudras by traditional varna. However, when their economic strength increased and they began to acquire land, they found a genealogist to trace their ancestry back to a leading officer in Shivaji's army, changed their names from Dhangars to Sagar Rajputs, and donned the sacred thread.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=B. S. | last1=Baviskar|first2=D. W. |last2=Attwood|title=Inside-Outside: Two Views of Social Change in Rural India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jVQtBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA389|date=2013-10-30|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=9788132118657|page=389|quote= As one example among thousands, a small caste living partly in the Nira Valley was formerly known as Shegar Dhangar and more recently as Sagar Rajput}}</ref>


Dhangars employ [[Brahmins]] for religious and ceremonial purposes, and these [[Brahmins]] are received on terms of equality by other [[Brahmins]]. When Brahmins are not easily available, the elders of the caste perform the ceremonies. The marriage ceremonies of Dhangars do not differ much from those of [[Maratha]] [[Kunbis]].{{sfnp|Enthoven |1990|p=317}}
Dhangar society in India includes Dhangars in Maharashtra and [[Goa]], Gadaria in North India, Bharwad in [[Gujarat]], and Kuruba both in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. However, [[Gavli#Dhangar Gavli|Dhangar Gavli]] is a distinct caste from [[Gavli#Dabholis and Chevlis|Yadav Gavli]] in [[Maharashtra]] and [[Goa]].<ref name="Malhotra 1982" /><ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Govt gives another push to get ST tag for Dhangar-Gouly |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/78005762.cms |work=The Times of India |via=Associated Press |date=2020-09-09 |access-date=2020-09-09}}</ref>{{sfnp|Hassan|1989|p=166}} Moreover, [[Ahirs]] of Maharashtra prefer to be known as Ahir Dhangars and [[Maratha]]s of [[Indore]] (Madhya Pradesh), like [[House of Holkar|Holkar]]s, call themselves Dhangar gadaria. In North India the gadaria, who call themselves dhangar, were at one time a wing of Dhangar society. Ahir is one of the [[gotra]] of Dhangars.{{sfnp|Shashi |2011|p=29,44,47}}


===Affirmative action: Reservation in India===
==Rajputisation attempt==


As per India's [[Reservation in India|system of reservation]], Dhangars are classified as [[Other Backward Class]] in Goa,<ref name="Goa OBC">{{cite report |author=Central Commission for Backward Classes |date= 2020-10-20|title=Central List of OBCs Goa|url=http://www.ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLv%2BpzkDbfVwy7KkMoLIvvaceTAbtkdOdl%2F2XEmG8ajygAg6ldNVbPZ9|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201020162529/http://www.ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLv%2BpzkDbfVwy7KkMoLIvvaceTAbtkdOdl%2F2XEmG8ajygAg6ldNVbPZ9|archive-date= 20 October 2020}}</ref> Karnataka,<ref name="Karnataka OBC">{{cite report |author=Central Commission for Backward Classes |date= 2020-10-20|title=Central List of OBCs Karnataka|url= http://www.ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLsThxqt53NPf0ggPwu7BzPqq3bdU2%2bMS4jCYieqRNO1XcIozUEJpyYh|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181222014246/http://www.ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLsThxqt53NPf0ggPwu7BzPqq3bdU2%2bMS4jCYieqRNO1XcIozUEJpyYh|archive-date= 22 December 2018}}</ref> Gujarat,<ref name="Gujarat OBC">{{cite report |author=Central Commission for Backward Classes |date= 2020-10-20|title=Central List of OBCs Gujarat|url= http://ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLuo5Ww%2FEcQPqeqoATXAB7p%2FQEBF7wOoZVUZeNdA4Fs5xoHN3KPmF8ST|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201020030745/http://ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLuo5Ww%2FEcQPqeqoATXAB7p%2FQEBF7wOoZVUZeNdA4Fs5xoHN3KPmF8ST|archive-date= 20 October 2020}}</ref> Madhya Pradesh,<ref name="MP OBC">{{cite report |author=Central Commission for Backward Classes |date= 2020-10-20|title=Central List of OBCs Madhya Pradesh|url= http://ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLuPAiTDwaBMRTkcitPtwFoYM%2FvPkOo88fWK%2Fs%2FLWkaxMKHeos%2Fc%2FKys|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201020030327/http://ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLuPAiTDwaBMRTkcitPtwFoYM%2FvPkOo88fWK%2Fs%2FLWkaxMKHeos%2Fc%2FKys|archive-date= 20 October 2020}}</ref> Chhattisgarh,<ref name="Chhattisgarh OBC">{{cite report |author=Central Commission for Backward Classes |date= 2020-10-20|title=Central List of OBCs Chattisgarh|url= http://ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLvU0s0yRV7aeb13aoM90cT9ioOuR4xIGRL%2FPpW8Y55aF3GqmP%2B6qk0h|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201020030536/http://ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLvU0s0yRV7aeb13aoM90cT9ioOuR4xIGRL%2FPpW8Y55aF3GqmP%2B6qk0h|archive-date= 20 October 2020}}</ref> Uttar Pradesh,<ref name="UP OBC">{{cite report |author=Central Commission for Backward Classes |date= 2020-10-20|title=Central List of OBCs Uttar Pradesh|url= http://www.ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLvxbegUDuc3MN4eB5E3Ecc1drRPAf1qXQ%2Bl0IqIfhjN1xHrf4i2h5g0|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201020162131/http://www.ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLvxbegUDuc3MN4eB5E3Ecc1drRPAf1qXQ%2Bl0IqIfhjN1xHrf4i2h5g0|archive-date= 20 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="firstpost">{{cite news |last=Nangal |first=Preeti |date=2019-08-29 |title=Adivasis and the Indian State: Deliberately misclassified as SC, Dhangar tribe in UP is being deprived of its constitutional rights| quote=As recent as on 17 January 2019, the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Research and Training Institute (SCSTRTI) wrote a letter to the Principal Secretary to the Government of Uttar Pradesh stating the difference between Dhangar and Gaderia, and that the Hindi version of the word Dhangar is धंगड़ as per the Gazette notification issued in 1950 by the President/Indian Government. Therefore, the Gadaria community’s धनगर cannot be included in the SC category since they are not a sub-caste in Dhangar and rather belong to the OBC category in the state of Uttar Pradesh. |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/adivasis-and-the-indian-state-deliberately-misclassified-as-sc-dhangar-tribe-in-up-is-being-deprived-of-its-constitutional-rights-7249071.html |work= Firstpost.com |location= Mumbai| access-date=2019-08-29}}</ref> Uttarakhand<ref name="UK OBC">{{cite report |author=Central Commission for Backward Classes |date= 2020-10-20|title=Central List of OBCs Uttarakhand|url= http://www.ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLsuCb9GxzA3FUXPNZAkS8Kj%2BVqdHT8iuedaGzNgriEQksoNWttsla2n|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201020162328/http://www.ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLsuCb9GxzA3FUXPNZAkS8Kj%2BVqdHT8iuedaGzNgriEQksoNWttsla2n|archive-date= 20 October 2020}}</ref> and Delhi.<ref name="Delhi OBC">{{cite report |author=Central Commission for Backward Classes |date= 2020-10-20|title=Central List of OBCs Delhi|url= http://ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLvYWWarIfsJpAU09izbLPYElcezG29yU0iGiE06dFe%2F6LJkoytsMWec|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201020030522/http://ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLvYWWarIfsJpAU09izbLPYElcezG29yU0iGiE06dFe%2F6LJkoytsMWec|archive-date= 20 October 2020}}</ref> In Maharashtra, they are classified as a [[Nomadic tribes in India|Nomadic Tribe]], which comes under [[Other Backward Class]] category.<ref name="Maha OBC">{{cite report |author=Central Commission for Backward Classes |date= 2020-10-20|title=Central List of OBCs Maharashtra|url=http://www.ncbc.nic.in/user_panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLsN%2BCCWgSsv8%2BuAyaBuDqnRoSLrvXbEEJTY%2By0eazrlMjhC5BUvBdUU|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201110054503/http://www.ncbc.nic.in/user_panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLsN%2BCCWgSsv8%2BuAyaBuDqnRoSLrvXbEEJTY%2By0eazrlMjhC5BUvBdUU|archive-date= 10 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="Ghoge">{{cite news |last=Ghoge |first=Ketaki |date=2019-06-28 |title=Maharashtra's OBC communities not happy with HC ruling on Maratha quota|archive-date=2020-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110054828/https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/maharashtra-s-obc-communities-not-happy-with-hc-ruling-on-maratha-quota/story-pq34ilhSwQwNS4z0ZlWaqO.html|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/maharashtra-s-obc-communities-not-happy-with-hc-ruling-on-maratha-quota/story-pq34ilhSwQwNS4z0ZlWaqO.html|quote=The Dhangars come under nomadic tribe category within the larger OBC quota in Maharashtra, but were promised reservation under scheduled tribes in 2014}}</ref><ref name="Jog">{{cite news |last=Jog |first=Sanjay |date=2020-09-21 |title=Maharashtra Dhangar community to launch statewide agitation to press for quota under ST category|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110055210/https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/maharashtra-dhangar-community-to-launch-statewide-agitation-to-press-for-quota-under-st-category#bypass-sw|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/maharashtra-dhangar-community-to-launch-statewide-agitation-to-press-for-quota-under-st-category#bypass-sw|quote=At present, the Dhangar community gets 3.5 per cent quota in government jobs and education under Nomadic Tribe (C) category, which comes under OBC category.|archive-date=2020-11-10}}</ref> According to [[Gail Omvedt]] and [[Bharat Patankar]], The group considering themselves "highest" in the [[Other Backward Class]] category are mainly the peasant castes ([[Jat]] and [[Kurmi]] in north India, [[Kunbi]] in Maharashtra, [[Vellalar]] in south India, etc), close to these are the herding ([[Yadav]], Dhangar, [[Kuruba]]) and gardening ([[Mali caste|Mali]], [[Saini]]) communities. Ranging below these are the various artisan and service groups – goldsmiths, blacksmiths, potters, barbers, washermen etc.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.is/Gi7cu |title= Who are OBCs?|last=Omvedt |first=Gail |date=2012-04-10|access-date=2012-04-10 |quote=There is a great hierarchy among the OBCs.  The group considering themselves "highest" are the mainly peasant castes (Jats and Kurmis in north India, Kunbis in Maharashtra, Vellalas in south India, etc); close to these are the herding (Yadavas, Dhangars, Korbis) and gardening (Malis, Sainis) communities.  Ranging below these are the various artisan and service groups – goldsmiths, blacksmiths, potters, barbers, washermen etc.  This linkage of caste with profession is unique to the Indian caste system.  Ambedkar had described caste as a "graded hierarchy" with a ascending ladder of status and a descending degree of contempt; Phule had talked of how the "ignorant Kunbi looked down on the ignorant Mahar, the ignorant Mahar scorned the ignorant Mang" – these were expressions of this hierarchy of caste, in which every group tried to claim a higher status than another.}}</ref>
The Shegar Dhangars, also known as [[Sagar Rajput]]s, were previously identified as shepherd by occupation and Shudra by Varna but later they changed their surname to [[Rajput]] and started  wearing [[sacred thread]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Robert Eric |last=Frykenberg|title=Land Tenure and Peasant in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gOLSAAAAMAAJ|year=1984|publisher=Manohar|page=197|quote=Another example of castes' successful efforts to raise their sacred status to twice-born are the Sagar Rajputs of Poona district. Previously they were considered to be Dhangars—shepherds by occupation and Shudras by traditional varna. However, when their economic strength increased and they began to acquire land, they found a genealogist to trace their ancestry back to a leading officer in Shivaji's army, changed their names from Dhangars to Sagar Rajputs, and donned the sacred thread.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=B. S. | last1=Baviskar|first2=D. W. |last2=Attwood|title=Inside-Outside: Two Views of Social Change in Rural India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jVQtBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA389|date=2013-10-30|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=9788132118657|page=389|quote= As one example among thousands, a small caste living partly in the Nira Valley was formerly known as Shegar Dhangar and more recently as Sagar Rajput}}</ref>


==Culture==
==Culture==
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==Current situation==
==Current situation==
Traditionally being shepherds, cowherds, buffalo keepers, blanket and wool weavers, butchers and farmers, the Dhangars were late to take up modern-day education. In [[Maharashtra]], the Dhangars are classified as a [[Nomadic tribes in India|Nomadic Tribe]] but in 2014 were seeking to be reclassified as a [[Scheduled Tribe]] in India's [[Reservation in India|system of reservation]].<ref name=quota>{{cite news |title=Demands for quotas from new groups add to Maharashtra govt's woes|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-demands-for-quotas-from-new-groups-add-to-maharashtra-govt-s-woes-1960607 |date=10 February 2014 |first=Dhaval |last=Kulkarni |work=DNA |access-date=2014-06-17}}</ref> The Dhangar community's population in Maharashtra is around one [[crore]] (ten million), which is 9% of the total 11.25 crore (112.5 million) population of the state. [[Devendra Fadnavis]], former [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]], had said that "The situation of the Dhangars in some areas of the state was worse than that of [[Scheduled Tribe]]s, and the government was committed to providing them reservation under the [[Scheduled Tribe|ST]] category".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/who-are-dhangars-why-demand-for-st-status-is-a-challenge-for-maharashtra-5283820/|title=Who are Dhangars, why demand for ST status is a challenge for Maharashtra|date=2018-07-31|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-10-17}}</ref>
Traditionally being shepherds, cowherds, buffalo keepers, blanket and wool weavers, butchers and farmers, the Dhangars were late to take up modern-day education. In [[Maharashtra]], the Dhangars are classified as a [[Nomadic tribes in India|Nomadic Tribe]] but in 2014 were seeking to be reclassified as a [[Scheduled Tribe]] in India's [[Reservation in India|system of reservation]].<ref name=quota>{{cite news |title=Demands for quotas from new groups add to Maharashtra govt's woes|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-demands-for-quotas-from-new-groups-add-to-maharashtra-govt-s-woes-1960607 |date=10 February 2014 |first=Dhaval |last=Kulkarni |work=DNA |access-date=2014-06-17}}</ref> The Dhangar community's population in Maharashtra is around 1.5 crore, which is 13% of the total 11.25 crore (112.5 million) population of the state. [[Devendra Fadnavis]], former [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]], had said that "The situation of the Dhangars in some areas of the state was worse than that of [[Scheduled Tribe]]s, and the government was committed to providing them reservation under the [[Scheduled Tribe|ST]] category".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Maharashtra Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis promises quota for Dhangar community |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/maharashtra-chief-minister-devendra-fadnavis-promises-quota-for-dhangar-community/articleshow/45755174.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-09-20}}</ref>
 
===Reservation===
 
As per India's [[Reservation in India|system of reservation]], Dhangars are classified as [[Other Backward Class]] in Goa,<ref name="Goa OBC">{{cite report |author=Central Commission for Backward Classes |date= 2020-10-20|title=Central List of OBCs Goa|url=http://www.ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLv%2BpzkDbfVwy7KkMoLIvvaceTAbtkdOdl%2F2XEmG8ajygAg6ldNVbPZ9|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201020162529/http://www.ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLv%2BpzkDbfVwy7KkMoLIvvaceTAbtkdOdl%2F2XEmG8ajygAg6ldNVbPZ9|archive-date= 20 October 2020}}</ref> Karnataka,<ref name="Karnataka OBC">{{cite report |author=Central Commission for Backward Classes |date= 2020-10-20|title=Central List of OBCs Karnataka|url= http://www.ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLsThxqt53NPf0ggPwu7BzPqq3bdU2%2bMS4jCYieqRNO1XcIozUEJpyYh|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181222014246/http://www.ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLsThxqt53NPf0ggPwu7BzPqq3bdU2%2bMS4jCYieqRNO1XcIozUEJpyYh|archive-date= 22 December 2018}}</ref> Gujarat,<ref name="Gujarat OBC">{{cite report |author=Central Commission for Backward Classes |date= 2020-10-20|title=Central List of OBCs Gujarat|url= http://ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLuo5Ww%2FEcQPqeqoATXAB7p%2FQEBF7wOoZVUZeNdA4Fs5xoHN3KPmF8ST|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201020030745/http://ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLuo5Ww%2FEcQPqeqoATXAB7p%2FQEBF7wOoZVUZeNdA4Fs5xoHN3KPmF8ST|archive-date= 20 October 2020}}</ref> Madhya Pradesh,<ref name="MP OBC">{{cite report |author=Central Commission for Backward Classes |date= 2020-10-20|title=Central List of OBCs Madhya Pradesh|url= http://ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLuPAiTDwaBMRTkcitPtwFoYM%2FvPkOo88fWK%2Fs%2FLWkaxMKHeos%2Fc%2FKys|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201020030327/http://ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLuPAiTDwaBMRTkcitPtwFoYM%2FvPkOo88fWK%2Fs%2FLWkaxMKHeos%2Fc%2FKys|archive-date= 20 October 2020}}</ref> Chhattisgarh,<ref name="Chhattisgarh OBC">{{cite report |author=Central Commission for Backward Classes |date= 2020-10-20|title=Central List of OBCs Chattisgarh|url= http://ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLvU0s0yRV7aeb13aoM90cT9ioOuR4xIGRL%2FPpW8Y55aF3GqmP%2B6qk0h|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201020030536/http://ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLvU0s0yRV7aeb13aoM90cT9ioOuR4xIGRL%2FPpW8Y55aF3GqmP%2B6qk0h|archive-date= 20 October 2020}}</ref> Uttar Pradesh,<ref name="UP OBC">{{cite report |author=Central Commission for Backward Classes |date= 2020-10-20|title=Central List of OBCs Uttar Pradesh|url= http://www.ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLvxbegUDuc3MN4eB5E3Ecc1drRPAf1qXQ%2Bl0IqIfhjN1xHrf4i2h5g0|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201020162131/http://www.ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLvxbegUDuc3MN4eB5E3Ecc1drRPAf1qXQ%2Bl0IqIfhjN1xHrf4i2h5g0|archive-date= 20 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="firstpost">{{cite news |last=Nangal |first=Preeti |date=2019-08-29 |title=Adivasis and the Indian State: Deliberately misclassified as SC, Dhangar tribe in UP is being deprived of its constitutional rights| quote=As recent as on 17 January 2019, the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Research and Training Institute (SCSTRTI) wrote a letter to the Principal Secretary to the Government of Uttar Pradesh stating the difference between Dhangar and Gaderia, and that the Hindi version of the word Dhangar is धंगड़ as per the Gazette notification issued in 1950 by the President/Indian Government. Therefore, the Gadaria community’s धनगर cannot be included in the SC category since they are not a sub-caste in Dhangar and rather belong to the OBC category in the state of Uttar Pradesh. |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/adivasis-and-the-indian-state-deliberately-misclassified-as-sc-dhangar-tribe-in-up-is-being-deprived-of-its-constitutional-rights-7249071.html |work= Firstpost.com |location= Mumbai| access-date=2019-08-29}}</ref> Uttarakhand<ref name="UK OBC">{{cite report |author=Central Commission for Backward Classes |date= 2020-10-20|title=Central List of OBCs Uttarakhand|url= http://www.ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLsuCb9GxzA3FUXPNZAkS8Kj%2BVqdHT8iuedaGzNgriEQksoNWttsla2n|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201020162328/http://www.ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLsuCb9GxzA3FUXPNZAkS8Kj%2BVqdHT8iuedaGzNgriEQksoNWttsla2n|archive-date= 20 October 2020}}</ref> and Delhi.<ref name="Delhi OBC">{{cite report |author=Central Commission for Backward Classes |date= 2020-10-20|title=Central List of OBCs Delhi|url= http://ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLvYWWarIfsJpAU09izbLPYElcezG29yU0iGiE06dFe%2F6LJkoytsMWec|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201020030522/http://ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLvYWWarIfsJpAU09izbLPYElcezG29yU0iGiE06dFe%2F6LJkoytsMWec|archive-date= 20 October 2020}}</ref> In Maharashtra, they are classified as a [[Nomadic tribes in India|Nomadic Tribe]], which comes under [[Other Backward Class]] category.<ref name="Maha OBC">{{cite report |author=Central Commission for Backward Classes |date= 2020-10-20|title=Central List of OBCs Maharashtra|url=http://www.ncbc.nic.in/user_panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLsN%2BCCWgSsv8%2BuAyaBuDqnRoSLrvXbEEJTY%2By0eazrlMjhC5BUvBdUU|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201110054503/http://www.ncbc.nic.in/user_panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLsN%2BCCWgSsv8%2BuAyaBuDqnRoSLrvXbEEJTY%2By0eazrlMjhC5BUvBdUU|archive-date= 10 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="Ghoge">{{cite news |last=Ghoge |first=Ketaki |date=2019-06-28 |title=Maharashtra's OBC communities not happy with HC ruling on Maratha quota|archive-date=2020-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110054828/https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/maharashtra-s-obc-communities-not-happy-with-hc-ruling-on-maratha-quota/story-pq34ilhSwQwNS4z0ZlWaqO.html|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/maharashtra-s-obc-communities-not-happy-with-hc-ruling-on-maratha-quota/story-pq34ilhSwQwNS4z0ZlWaqO.html|quote=The Dhangars come under nomadic tribe category within the larger OBC quota in Maharashtra, but were promised reservation under scheduled tribes in 2014}}</ref><ref name="Jog">{{cite news |last=Jog |first=Sanjay |date=2020-09-21 |title=Maharashtra Dhangar community to launch statewide agitation to press for quota under ST category|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110055210/https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/maharashtra-dhangar-community-to-launch-statewide-agitation-to-press-for-quota-under-st-category#bypass-sw|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/maharashtra-dhangar-community-to-launch-statewide-agitation-to-press-for-quota-under-st-category#bypass-sw|quote=At present, the Dhangar community gets 3.5 per cent quota in government jobs and education under Nomadic Tribe (C) category, which comes under OBC category.|archive-date=2020-11-10}}</ref>


===Dhangar vs Dhangad issue in Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra===
===Dhangar vs Dhangad issue in Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra===
Dhangar (shepherds) is a sub-caste of the [[Gadaria]] caste in [[Delhi]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Chhattisgarh]], the [[Kuruba]] caste in Karnataka and the [[Bharwad]] caste in [[Gujarat]].<ref name="MP OBC"/><ref name="Delhi OBC"/><ref name="Chhattisgarh OBC"/><ref name="Karnataka OBC"/><ref name="Gujarat OBC"/> Gadaria, Kuruba and Bharwad are classified as [[Other Backward Class]] in those respective states, including Gadaria in [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Uttarakhand]], in India's [[Reservation in India|system of reservation]].<ref name="UK OBC"/><ref name="UP OBC"/> In [[Maharashtra]], the Dhangars come under [[Nomadic tribes in India|Nomadic Tribe]] category within the larger [[Other Backward Class]] category.<ref name="Maha OBC"/><ref name="Ghoge"/><ref name="Jog"/>
Dhangar (shepherds) is a sub-caste of the [[Gadaria]] caste in [[Delhi]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Chhattisgarh]], the [[Kuruba]] caste in Karnataka and the [[Bharwad]] caste in [[Gujarat]].<ref name="MP OBC"/><ref name="Delhi OBC"/><ref name="Chhattisgarh OBC"/><ref name="Karnataka OBC"/><ref name="Gujarat OBC"/> Gadaria, Kuruba are classified as [[Other Backward Class]] in those respective states while Bharwad is classified as [[Scheduled Tribe]] in Gujarat, in India's [[Reservation in India|system of reservation]].<ref name="UK OBC"/><ref name="UP OBC"/> In [[Maharashtra]], the Dhangars come under [[Nomadic tribes in India|Nomadic Tribe]] category within the larger [[Other Backward Class]] category.<ref name="Maha OBC"/><ref name="Ghoge"/><ref name="Jog"/>
On the other hand, Dhangad (cultivators), also known as [[Oraon]], Dhanka and Dom, are listed as [[Scheduled Tribes]] in the states of Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and [[Orissa]]. In [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]] and [[West Bengal]] Dhangad or Dom is listed as [[Scheduled Caste]] whereas [[Oraon]] as [[Scheduled Tribe]].<ref>{{cite report |author=Government of India |date= 2020-03-31|title=2011 Census of India Scheduled Caste |url= https://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/SC%20Lists.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201020025118/https://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/SC%20Lists.pdf|archive-date= 20 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |author=Government of India |date= 2020-03-31|title=2011 Census of India Scheduled Tribe|url= http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf|archive-date= 7 November 2013}}</ref>
On the other hand, Dhangad (cultivators), also known as [[Oraon people|Oraon]], Dhanka and Dom, are listed as [[Scheduled Tribes]] in the states of Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and [[Orissa]]. In [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]] and [[West Bengal]] Dhangad or Dom is listed as [[Scheduled Caste]] whereas Oraon as [[Scheduled Tribe]].<ref>{{cite report |author=Government of India |date= 2020-03-31|title=2011 Census of India Scheduled Caste |url= https://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/SC%20Lists.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201020025118/https://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/SC%20Lists.pdf|archive-date= 20 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |author=Government of India |date= 2020-03-31|title=2011 Census of India Scheduled Tribe|url= http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf|archive-date= 7 November 2013}}</ref>


According to the 27th report of Standing Committee on Labour and Welfare with regards to SCs and STs order (Second Amendment) Bill, 2002:<ref>{{cite report |author=Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Government of India |date= December 2002|title=27th report of Standing Committee on Labour and Welfare with regards to SCs and STs order (Second Amendment) Bill, 2002|url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/65979/1/13_Labour_27.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201024014153/https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/65979/1/13_Labour_27.pdf|archive-date= 24 October 2020}}</ref>{{Quote|text= There are two distinct communities having similar nomenclature, one is Dhangad which is a sub-group of Oraon, a Scheduled Tribe appearing at S.No..36 of the List of Scheduled Tribes. The traditional occupation of this community is cultivation. There is another community known as 'Dhangar' whose traditional occupation is cattle rearing and weaving of woolens. The 'Dhangad' and the 'Dhangar' are two distinct communities having no ethnic affinity at all. The Dhangars who are shepherds have been notified as Nomadic tribe in the State of Maharashtra. Therefore, there is no printing mistake in the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Amendment) Act, 1976 through which the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950 was amended.}}
According to the 27th report of Standing Committee on Labour and Welfare with regards to SCs and STs order (Second Amendment) Bill, 2002:<ref>{{cite report |author=Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Government of India |date= December 2002|title=27th report of Standing Committee on Labour and Welfare with regards to SCs and STs order (Second Amendment) Bill, 2002|url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/65979/1/13_Labour_27.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201024014153/https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/65979/1/13_Labour_27.pdf|archive-date= 24 October 2020}}</ref>{{Blockquote|text= There are two distinct communities having similar nomenclature, one is Dhangad which is a sub-group of Oraon, a Scheduled Tribe appearing at S.No..36 of the List of Scheduled Tribes. The traditional occupation of this community is cultivation. There is another community known as 'Dhangar' whose traditional occupation is cattle rearing and weaving of woolens. The 'Dhangad' and the 'Dhangar' are two distinct communities having no ethnic affinity at all. The Dhangars who are shepherds have been notified as Nomadic tribe in the State of Maharashtra. Therefore, there is no printing mistake in the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Amendment) Act, 1976 through which the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950 was amended.}}


On 17 January 2019, the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Research and Training Institute (SCSTRTI) wrote a letter to the Principal Secretary to the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] stating the difference between Dhangar and [[Gadaria]], and that the [[Hindi Language|Hindi]] version of the word Dhangar is धंगड़ (Dhangad), which is classified as [[Scheduled Caste]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], as per the Gazette notification issued in 1950 by the [[President of India|President]]/[[Indian Government]]. They recommended that the [[Gadaria]] community's धनगर (Dhangar) should not be included in the [[Scheduled Caste]] category and rather belong to the [[Other Backward Class]] category in the state of Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="firstpost"/>
On 17 January 2019, the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Research and Training Institute (SCSTRTI) wrote a letter to the Principal Secretary to the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] stating the difference between Dhangar and [[Gadaria]], and that the [[Hindi Language|Hindi]] version of the word Dhangar is धंगड़ (Dhangad), which is classified as [[Scheduled Caste]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], as per the Gazette notification issued in 1950 by the [[President of India|President]]/[[Indian Government]]. They recommended that the [[Gadaria]] community's धनगर (Dhangar) should not be included in the [[Scheduled Caste]] category and rather belong to the [[Other Backward Class]] category in the state of Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="firstpost"/>


==Notable people==
==Notable people==
{{Main|List of Kurubas and Dhangars}}
 
* [[Malhar Rao Holkar]] (1694-1766), Maratha founder of the [[Holkar]] [[Indore State]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Ramusack |first=Barbara N. |author-link=Barbara Ramusack |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kz1-mtazYqEC&pg=PA35 |title=The Indian Princes and their States |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |isbn=9781139449083 |series=The New Cambridge History of India |page=35}}</ref><ref name="Jones">{{cite book |last=Jones |first=Rodney W. |url=https://archive.org/details/urbanpoliticsini0000jone |title=Urban Politics in India: Area, Power, and Policy in a Penetrated System |publisher=University of California Press |year=1974 |page=[https://archive.org/details/urbanpoliticsini0000jone/page/25 25] |isbn=978-0-520-02545-5 |url-access=registration}}</ref>
* [[Ahilyabai Holkar]] (31 May 1725 – 13 August 1795), Queen of the Indore State.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khanolkar |first=D.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6aU4AAAAIAAJ&q=Mankoji+Sindhia,+a+scion+of+a+respectable+Dhangar |title=Marathwada University Journal - Volumes 17-18 |date=1979 |publisher=Marathwada University |page=67 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharya |first=Sabyasachi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f-jBIp3iWdEC&dq=ahilyabai+holkar+dhangar&pg=PA40 |title=Education and the Disprivileged Nineteenth and Twentieth Century India |date=2002 |publisher=Orient BlackSwan |isbn=9788125021926 |page=40 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Yashwant Rao Holkar]] (1797-1811), King of the Indore State.<ref>{{cite news |last=Deshpande |first=Devidas |date=August 2019 |title=They'd like you to caste your vote |url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/cover-story/theyd-like-you-to-caste-your-vote/articleshow/31976070.cms}}</ref>
* [[Anna Dange]], former minister in [[Maharashtra]] government.<ref>{{cite news |date=2006-09-30 |title=Former BJP minister Dange joins NCP |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-former-bjp-minister-dange-joins-ncp-1055981 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002124327/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-former-bjp-minister-dange-joins-ncp-1055981 |archive-date=2 October 2017}}</ref>
* [[Anil Anna Gote]], current member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Government positive about the reservation of Dhangar community: Uddhav Thackeray |url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/politics/maharashtra-government-positive-on-dhangar-reservation-says-cm-uddhav-thackeray-56499 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114175808/https://www.mumbailive.com/en/politics/maharashtra-government-positive-on-dhangar-reservation-says-cm-uddhav-thackeray-56499 |archive-date=14 November 2020}}</ref>
* [[Chandrakant Kavlekar]], current [[List of deputy chief ministers of Goa|Deputy Chief Minister of Goa]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Goa |first=HCN |date=August 2019 |title=Dy CM Babu Kavlekar on appointment of Shri N. D. Agrawal (G.C.S) as Advisor for Dhangars community |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sEy697JXQCs}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=July 2019 |title=Goa Gets Four New Ministers in Cabinet Reshuffle, Chandrakant Kavlekar to Become New Deputy CM |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/goa-gets-4-new-ministers-in-cabinet-rejig-chandrakant-kavlekar-sworn-in-as-new-dy-cm-2228587.html}}</ref>
* [[Dattatray Vithoba Bharne]], current state minister in Maharashtra government.<ref>{{cite news |date=2019-11-02 |title=Vidhansabhet Dhangar samajachi sankhya pachavarun ekvar |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/thane-kokan-news/navi-mumbai/dhangar-community-numbers-one-to-five-in-the-assembly/articleshow/71858273.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113024152/https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/thane-kokan-news/navi-mumbai/dhangar-community-numbers-one-to-five-in-the-assembly/articleshow/71858273.cms |archive-date=13 November 2020}}</ref>
* [[Ganpatrao Deshmukh]], former cabinet minister and current [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] from [[Sangola]], holds record for longest serving MLA (1962 to present).<ref>{{cite news |last=Mhaske |first=Pandurang |date=October 2014 |title=At 94, Deshmukh ready for 11th term |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/at-94-deshmukh-ready-for-11th-term/articleshow/44882071.cms}}</ref>
* [[Gopichand Padalkar]], current member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]] from Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite news |author=Alok Deshpande |date=2019-10-01 |title=BJP poaches Dhangar leader to take on Ajit Pawar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bjp-poaches-dhangar-leader-to-take-on-ajit-pawar/article29560332.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201113022937/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bjp-poaches-dhangar-leader-to-take-on-ajit-pawar/article29560332.ece |archive-date=2020-11-13}}</ref>
* [[Mahadev Jankar]], founder of the Rashtriya Samaj Party, former cabinet minister and current member of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra Cabinet expansion: 11 ministers sworn in, Shiv Sena chief Uddhav Thackeray skips ceremony |date=8 July 2016 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/maharshtra-cabinet-expansion-shiv-sena-uddhav-thackeray-skips-ceremony-327985-2016-07-08 |access-date=2016-07-09}}</ref>
* [[Ram Shinde]], former minister in Maharashtra government.<ref>{{cite news |author=Mrityunjay Bose |date=2019-10-18 |title=Pawar vs Ram Shinde, an eyeball to eyeball conflict |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/assembly-election-2019/man-found-dead-in-greater-noida-family-claims-he-was-mentally-unstable-880438.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201113023320/https://www.deccanherald.com/assembly-election-2019/man-found-dead-in-greater-noida-family-claims-he-was-mentally-unstable-880438.html |archive-date=2020-11-13}}</ref>
* [[Vikas Mahatme]], [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament]] in [[Rajya Sabha]] for Maharashtra. He has been awarded [[Padma Shri]] for his contribution to ophthalmology and social work.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dr Vikas Mahatme raises Dhangar reservation demand in Rajya Sabha - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/mahatme-raises-dhangar-reservation-demand-in-rajya-sabha/articleshow/65155847.cms |access-date=2018-09-16 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
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* {{cite book|last=Michell|first=George |year=2014|title=Southern India: A Guide to Monuments Sites & Museums |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Southern_India/GdBbBAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=holkar+khandoba&pg=PT78&printsec=frontcover |publisher=Roli Books|isbn=9788174369208}}
* {{cite book|last=Michell|first=George |year=2014|title=Southern India: A Guide to Monuments Sites & Museums |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GdBbBAAAQBAJ&dq=holkar+khandoba&pg=PT78 |publisher=Roli Books|isbn=9788174369208}}
* {{cite book|last=Jiwan|first=Pani|year=2000|title=Celebration of life:Indian folk dances|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/004172999|location= |publisher=Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Govt. of India|isbn=8123007906}}
* {{cite book|last=Jiwan|first=Pani|year=2000|title=Celebration of life:Indian folk dances|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/004172999|location= |publisher=Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Govt. of India|isbn=8123007906}}
* {{citation|last=Eaton|first = Richard M | title = A social history of the Deccan, 1300–1761: eight Indian lives|volume=8|isbn=978-0-521-25484-7|series=[[The New Cambridge History of India]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DNNgdBWoYKoC|year=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|issue=v. 1}}
* {{citation|last=Eaton|first = Richard M | title = A social history of the Deccan, 1300–1761: eight Indian lives|volume=8|isbn=978-0-521-25484-7|series=[[The New Cambridge History of India]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DNNgdBWoYKoC|year=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|issue=v. 1}}
* {{Cite book|last=Vignesha|first=M. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BCXbAAAAMAAJ&q=golla+gopala|title=Sociology of Animal Husbandry: Studies Made in Five Villages in Karanataka|date=1993|publisher=Associated Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-85211-33-6}}
* {{Cite book|last=Vignesha|first=M. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BCXbAAAAMAAJ&q=golla+gopala|title=Sociology of Animal Husbandry: Studies Made in Five Villages in Karanataka|date=1993|publisher=Associated Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-85211-33-6}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7PDr-QF4YmYC&q=Pandharinath+Vithoba&pg=PA170|title = The Experience of Hinduism: Essays on Religion in Maharashtra|last=Zelliot|first=Eleanor|author-link2=Berntsen, Maxine |year=1988|isbn = 0-88706-662-3|publisher = SUNY Press|access-date=2008-09-20}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7PDr-QF4YmYC&q=Pandharinath+Vithoba&pg=PA170|title = The Experience of Hinduism: Essays on Religion in Maharashtra|last=Zelliot|first=Eleanor|author-link2=Berntsen, Maxine |year=1988|isbn = 0-88706-662-3|publisher = SUNY Press|access-date=2008-09-20}}
* {{cite book|title=Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0SJ73GHSCF8C&q=panduranga&pg=PA132|last=Novetzke |first=Christian Lee|year=2005 |publisher =SUNY Press|isbn=0-7914-6415-6|chapter = A Family Affair: Krishna comes to Pandharpur and makes Himself at Home|author-link2=Guy L. Beck|author-link1=Christian Lee Novetzke}}
* {{cite book|title=Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0SJ73GHSCF8C&q=panduranga&pg=PA132|last=Novetzke |first=Christian Lee|year=2005 |publisher =SUNY Press|isbn=0-7914-6415-6|chapter = A Family Affair: Krishna comes to Pandharpur and makes Himself at Home|author-link2=Guy L. Beck|author-link1=Christian Lee Novetzke}}
* {{cite book|last=Rao|first=M. S. A.|author-link1=M. S. A. Rao|year=1979|title= Social movements and social transformation: a study of two backward classes movements in India |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Social_Movements_and_Social_Transformati.html?id=tZAiAAAAMAAJ |location=Delhi |publisher=Macmillan |ASIN=B0007BG71S}}
* {{cite book|last=Rao|first=M. S. A.|author-link1=M. S. A. Rao|year=1979|title= Social movements and social transformation: a study of two backward classes movements in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tZAiAAAAMAAJ |location=Delhi |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=9780333902554}} [https://archive.org/details/socialmovementss0000raom Alt URL]
* {{Cite book|first = Sumit |last=Guha|title=Environment and Ethnicity in India, 1200-1991| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GSa5blriOYcC&pg=PA47|year=2006| publisher = University of Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-02870-7}}
* {{Cite book|first = Sumit |last=Guha|title=Environment and Ethnicity in India, 1200-1991| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GSa5blriOYcC&pg=PA47|year=2006| publisher = University of Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-02870-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Feldhaus|first=Anne|author-link=Anne Feldhaus|editor-last=Sontheimer|editor-first=Gunther-Dietz|title=Pastoral Deities in Western India
* {{cite book|last=Feldhaus|first=Anne|author-link=Anne Feldhaus|editor-last=Sontheimer|editor-first=Gunther-Dietz|title=Pastoral Deities in Western India
|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Pastoral_Deities_in_Western_India/rvaEQgAACAAJ?hl=en|year=1989|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195055009}}
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rvaEQgAACAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195055009}}


* {{cite book|last=Wink|first=Andre|year=2001|title=Nomads in the Sedentary World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-v_RORENFbMC&pg=PA231&dq=gavli+dhangar|publisher=Routledge (Taylor and Francis Group)|isbn=9780203037201}}
* {{cite book|last=Wink|first=Andre|year=2001|title=Nomads in the Sedentary World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-v_RORENFbMC&dq=gavli+dhangar&pg=PA231|publisher=Routledge (Taylor and Francis Group)|isbn=9780203037201}}


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
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* [https://www.dhangar.org/dhangar_gotra_list.php Dhangar gotra list]
* [https://www.dhangar.org/dhangar_gotra_list.php Dhangar gotra list]
* [http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/Y2647E/y2647e17.htm Pastoral People Worldwide] at [[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]]
* [http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/Y2647E/y2647e17.htm Pastoral People Worldwide] at [[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]]
 
{{Social groups of Maharashtra}}{{Ethnic and social groups of Goa and the Konkan| state=collapsed}}
{{Khatik clans |state=collapsed|Sonkar=}}
{{Ahir clans |state=collapsed}}
{{Rajput Groups| state=collapsed}}
 
{{Ethnic and social groups of Goa and the Konkan| state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Dhangar| ]]
[[Category:Herding castes]]
[[Category:Dhangar]]
[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Social groups of Goa]]
[[Category:Social groups of Goa]]
[[Category:Ahir]]
[[Category:Ahir]]

Latest revision as of 07:49, 5 March 2026


This article is about the pastoral community in Maharashtra and Goa. For the similarly-named tribe and language found in Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha and Chhattisgarh - Dhangad (tribe) and Dhangar (Kurukh language dialect), see Dhangar (disambiguation). For the town in Sagar district, India, see Dhangar, Madhya Pradesh.


The Dhangars is a caste or clan whose members are found in the Indian states of Maharashtra, northern Karnataka, Goa, and Madhya Pradesh. They are referred to as Gavli Dhangars in northern Maharashtra (Khandesh region) and the forested hill tracts of India's Western Ghats.[1][2][3][4] There are many distinct Gavli castes in Maharashtra, and Dhangar Gavli is one of them.[5][6][7]

History[edit | edit source]

Etymology[edit | edit source]

The word "Dhangar" is inscribed in a Buddhist cave in Pune district of Maharashtra. It is believed that this inscription has its origin between the first and the third century AD. Multiple theories have been proposed for the origin of the word Dhangar. It may be associated with a term for "cattle wealth". Bhagwan Lal Indraji maintains that it is derived from the Sanskrit word Dhang which means 'hill'.[8] Syed Siraj-Ul-Hassan noted that some people of his time believed the term to come from the Sanskrit "dhenugar" ("cattle herder") but dismissed that etymology as being "fictitious".[9] In Kannada, the word Danagãra means 'cowherd' and is derived from Dana which means 'cattle'. Dana is the tadbhava of Dhana, which comes from Go-dhana, meaning 'cattle' in Sanskrit.[10]

According to Shamba Joshi, Hatakara-Dhanagara (Hatkar-Dhangar) is a compound of two words of the same meaning.[11]

Subdivisions[edit | edit source]

Initially there were twelve tribes of Dhangar, and they had a division of labour amongst brothers of one family. The nation around Hingoli was called Bara-Hatti which means country of twelve Hatkar-Dhangars. These twelve tribes later formed three sub-divisions and one half-division. These three being Hatkar (shepherd), Gavli or Dange (cowherd) and Khutekar (wool and blanket weaver)/Sangar. All sub-castes fall in either of these divisions.[12][13]

Historical migrations[edit | edit source]

The archaeological evidence and ethnographic data suggest that the contemporary Dhangar castes are the result of more than one migration from North-West India, between 4000 and 10000 BC.[3] The density and distribution patterns of the different groups of Dhangars seem to have been guided by the suitability of the region for the sustenance of the animals that they traditionally maintained and the products of those animals on which the specific groups subsisted. Ethno-historic investigations among the Dhangars suggest that the Kannade, Unnikankan and Kurmar who speak Kannada were originally from Karnataka and might have migrated to the present habitats in Maharashtra at different points of time. Whereas Hatkar, Zende, Thellari and Dange trace their origin to a single caste in the remote past, Shegars or Sagar Rajputs claim that they have nothing to do with the Dhangars and are descendants from Rajputs of Rajasthan. Ahirs speak "Ahrani", also known as Gavli boli,[14] a mixed dialect of Gujarati and Marathi and are closely related to the Ladshe and Dange who have supposedly come from Gujarat. On the other hand, Gadhari-Nikhar and Gadhari-Dhangar, having migrated from North India, speak Sanskrit and Hindi. Telangi speaks Telugu and probably migrated from Andhra Pradesh, the remaining groups speak Marathi.[3][15]

Past occupation[edit | edit source]

The Gavli or Dange Dhangars found in the coastal strip practiced cattle/buffalo/sheep herding and shifting cultivation.[1] ahir, Halmat, Khutekar, Kurmar-Unnikankan, Mendhe, Shegar, Telangi, Unnikankan and Zade herded sheep and wove woolen blankets. Dhangar, Hande, Hatkar, Hattikankan, Kannade, Kurmar-hattikankan and Zende reared only Sheep. However, Hatkars in Sangli district also maintained cattle and some Zendes used to maintain ponies. Thellaris herded both sheep and cattle. Sangars were weavers of woolen blankets.[16][17][18] In the past, some Dhangars were Inamdars and some were tenure-holders, holding lands either by a share or by paying a lump sum for a certain period.[19]

Ponies used by Dhangar tribe of Maharashtra

Dhangars were also known for producing fine breeds of cattle and ponies. Khillari cattle, a mixture with a breed of Mysore, was pioneered by a Dhangar of Nashik named Gowdia who owned cattle in Mysore state.[20] Similarly, Dhangar or Khilari pony is considered the best breed of ponies in Deccan. It is believed that their superior excellence is due to the Dhangar's practice of castrating them.[21]

Role in the Maratha Empire[edit | edit source]

Dhangars are noted for their martial qualities. A large number of Shivaji's most trusted Mawalas or Maratha footmen were West-Pune Dhangars.[22] On the other hand, Hatkar Dhangars, who are found mainly in the former Nizam state, especially in Nanded, Parbhani and Vidarbha, are known as Bargi Dhangars or "shepherds with the spears" and were perhaps Bargirs or mounted troopers during the time of the Maratha Empire. However, Bargi or Bande Dhangar is a distinct sub-caste from them.[22][23] Hatkars were in the army of Shivaji in large numbers and were known for their bravery in the Maratha Empire. "Naik" and "Rao" were the titles given to them. Hatkars were a dread to others and even Nizam was afraid of them. It is on the historical record that for restraining the Hatkars, Nizam had sought help from the British Indian army.[23] While some sources claim Malhar Rao Holkar, Founder of the Maratha Indore state, belonged to the Hatkar Dhangar sub-caste, the bakhars of Holkar dynasty say that he was a Khutekar Dhangar.[24]

"The three great tribes which compose the Maratha caste are the Kunbi or farmer, The Dhangar or shepherd, and the Goala or cowherd. To this original cause may perhaps be ascribed that great simplicity of manner which distinguishes the Maratha people".[25][26]

— Colonel Tone, Commander of a regiment in the Peshwa's army in 1798

In fact, the word "Maratha" in its narrower use is applied to a society in which Rajputs or quasi-Rajputs, at the top, with Kunbis (farmers), Dhangars (shepherds), and Goalas (cowherds) practise hypergamy, each group taking wives from the one below, causing a superfluity of women at the top and a scarcity at the bottom of the social scale.[27]

— John Henry Hutton, former chair of William Wyse Professor of Social Anthropology at the University of Cambridge

Relationship with Yadavs[edit | edit source]

According to the 1891 Census of India, the pastoral class of Indian population was divided into two groups. First group was called cattle graziers which included Ahirs, Gopas, Gawali and Golla. The second group was called shepherds which included Gadaria, Dhangars, Kuruba, Idaiyan, Bharwad and Rabari.[28]

In the early 1920s, the leaders from the North Indian Ahir and the Maharashtrian Gavli which were ritually considered as lower castes and formed the bulk of landless peasants in Gangetic plains, founded All India Yadav Mahasabha (AIYM) in order to lay claims to Yadava identity through sanskritisation of their constituents and by re-imagining a glorified past based on a fabricated descent from the mythical Yadu. Many castes across India adopted Yadav as the last name, illustrating claimed descent from Yadu. They also started practicing vegetarianism and teetotalism. Various communities, all over India, who were traditionally involved in cattle related occupations enthusiastically followed these recommendations.[29] This effort was part of the process of Sanskritization and Aryanization.[30][31][29]

Dhangar society in India includes Dhangars in Maharashtra and Goa, Gadaria in North India, Bharwad in Gujarat, and Kuruba both in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. However, Dhangar Gavli is a distinct caste from Yadav Gavli in Maharashtra and Goa.[1][32][9] Moreover, Ahirs of Maharashtra prefer to be known as Ahir Dhangars and Marathas of Indore (Madhya Pradesh), like Holkars, call themselves Dhangar gadaria. In North India the gadaria, who call themselves dhangar, were at one time a wing of Dhangar society. Ahir is one of the gotra of Dhangars.[33]

Rajputisation attempt[edit | edit source]

The Shegar Dhangars, also known as Sagar Rajputs, were previously identified as shepherd by occupation and Shudra by Varna but later they changed their surname to Rajput and started wearing sacred thread.[34][35]

Culture[edit | edit source]

Khandoba (literally "father swordsman"), the guardian deity of the Deccan is the favorite god of the caste and is worshiped every Sunday and on Saturday – the light sixth of Margashirsha day – with offerings of sweetmeats. Vithoba of Pandharpur is worshiped daily in every household.[36][37] Biroba and Mhaskoba are other popular gods amongst Dhangars.[38][39]

Gaja Nach, which literally means the dance of elephant, is a traditional dance of the Dhangars. Since it is considered auspicious, the dance is also performed at the time of temple festivals. The dancers also hold colorful scarves which when moved in a swaying manner suggest the fanning of elephant's ears.[40]

Dhangari Ovi is a type of folk singing, which is about women's work songs and the epic-length performances of Dhangars, in which sung verses alternate with narrative passages in prose.[41]

Current situation[edit | edit source]

Traditionally being shepherds, cowherds, buffalo keepers, blanket and wool weavers, butchers and farmers, the Dhangars were late to take up modern-day education. In Maharashtra, the Dhangars are classified as a Nomadic Tribe but in 2014 were seeking to be reclassified as a Scheduled Tribe in India's system of reservation.[42] The Dhangar community's population in Maharashtra is around 1.5 crore, which is 13% of the total 11.25 crore (112.5 million) population of the state. Devendra Fadnavis, former Chief Minister of Maharashtra, had said that "The situation of the Dhangars in some areas of the state was worse than that of Scheduled Tribes, and the government was committed to providing them reservation under the ST category".[43]

Reservation[edit | edit source]

As per India's system of reservation, Dhangars are classified as Other Backward Class in Goa,[44] Karnataka,[45] Gujarat,[46] Madhya Pradesh,[47] Chhattisgarh,[48] Uttar Pradesh,[49][50] Uttarakhand[51] and Delhi.[52] In Maharashtra, they are classified as a Nomadic Tribe, which comes under Other Backward Class category.[15][53][54]

Dhangar vs Dhangad issue in Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra[edit | edit source]

Dhangar (shepherds) is a sub-caste of the Gadaria caste in Delhi, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, the Kuruba caste in Karnataka and the Bharwad caste in Gujarat.[47][52][48][45][46] Gadaria, Kuruba are classified as Other Backward Class in those respective states while Bharwad is classified as Scheduled Tribe in Gujarat, in India's system of reservation.[51][49] In Maharashtra, the Dhangars come under Nomadic Tribe category within the larger Other Backward Class category.[15][53][54] On the other hand, Dhangad (cultivators), also known as Oraon, Dhanka and Dom, are listed as Scheduled Tribes in the states of Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa. In Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal Dhangad or Dom is listed as Scheduled Caste whereas Oraon as Scheduled Tribe.[55][56]

According to the 27th report of Standing Committee on Labour and Welfare with regards to SCs and STs order (Second Amendment) Bill, 2002:[57]

There are two distinct communities having similar nomenclature, one is Dhangad which is a sub-group of Oraon, a Scheduled Tribe appearing at S.No..36 of the List of Scheduled Tribes. The traditional occupation of this community is cultivation. There is another community known as 'Dhangar' whose traditional occupation is cattle rearing and weaving of woolens. The 'Dhangad' and the 'Dhangar' are two distinct communities having no ethnic affinity at all. The Dhangars who are shepherds have been notified as Nomadic tribe in the State of Maharashtra. Therefore, there is no printing mistake in the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Amendment) Act, 1976 through which the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950 was amended.

On 17 January 2019, the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Research and Training Institute (SCSTRTI) wrote a letter to the Principal Secretary to the Government of Uttar Pradesh stating the difference between Dhangar and Gadaria, and that the Hindi version of the word Dhangar is धंगड़ (Dhangad), which is classified as Scheduled Caste in Uttar Pradesh, as per the Gazette notification issued in 1950 by the President/Indian Government. They recommended that the Gadaria community's धनगर (Dhangar) should not be included in the Scheduled Caste category and rather belong to the Other Backward Class category in the state of Uttar Pradesh.[50]

Notable people[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Malhotra, K. C. (March 1982). "Ecology of a pastoral caste: Gavli Dhangars of peninsular India" (PDF). Human Ecology. 10 (1): 107–143. doi:10.1007/BF01531107. S2CID 154253698.
  2. ↑ "Govt gives another push to get ST tag for Dhangar-Gouly". The Times of India. 9 September 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020 – via Associated Press.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Malhotra, K. C. (December 2001). "Patterns of Variation in a Caste-Cluster of Dhangars of Maharashtra, India". Collegium Antropologicum. 25 (2): 425–42. PMID 11811272.
  4. ↑ Shashi (2011), p. 47.
  5. ↑ Rao (1979), p. 129.
  6. ↑ Enthoven (1990), p. 368.
  7. ↑ Feldhaus (1989), p. 101.
  8. ↑ Shashi (2006), p. 183.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Hassan (1989), p. 166.
  10. ↑ Joshi, S. B. (1952). "ETYMOLOGY OF PLACE-NAMES PAṬṬI-HAṬṬI: Some observations on the History of Mahārāṣṭra & Karṇāṭaka". Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 33 (1/4): 41–56. ISSN 0378-1143. JSTOR 41784634.
  11. ↑ Joshi, S. B. (1952). "ETYMOLOGY OF PLACE-NAMES PAṬṬI-HAṬṬI: Some observations on the History of Mahārāṣṭra & Karṇāṭaka". Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 33 (1/4): 41–56. ISSN 0378-1143. JSTOR 41784634. जयदेवी जयदेवी जयवेद माते, हाटक कर्नाटक करुणा कल्लोळी
  12. ↑ Dandekar, Ajay (August 1991). "Landscapes in Conflict: Flocks, Hero-stones, and Cult in Early Medieval Maharashtra". Studies in History. 7 (2): 301–324. doi:10.1177/025764309100700207. S2CID 162355452.
  13. ↑ Sontheimer (1975), p. 140.
  14. ↑ Critical Enquiry Vol.VI Issue IV. Oct.- Dec. 2014
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Central Commission for Backward Classes (20 October 2020). Central List of OBCs Maharashtra (Report). Archived from the original on 10 November 2020.
  16. ↑ Malhotra, K. C. (April 1977). "Haptoglobin and acid phosphatase gene distributions in the Dhangars of Maharashtra, India". Journal of Genetics. 63 (1): 39–45. doi:10.1007/BF02984224. S2CID 25217479.
  17. ↑ Gadgil, Madhav; Malhotra, K. C. (1981). "The ecological basis of the geographical distribution of the Dhangars a pastoral caste cluster of Maharashtra" (PDF). South Asian Anthropologist. 2 (2): 49–59.
  18. ↑ Guha (1993), p. 84.
  19. ↑ Enthoven (1990), p. 321.
  20. ↑ Mehta (1984), p. 747.
  21. ↑ Watt (2014), p. 295.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Singh (2004), p. 498.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Pathak (2009), p. 52.
  24. ↑ Sontheimer (1975), p. 139.
  25. ↑ Russell, Robert Vane (28 September 2020). The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India, Volume IV of IV. Library of Alexandria. ISBN 9781465583024.
  26. ↑ Constable, Philip (2001). "The Marginalization of a Dalit Martial Race in Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Western India". The Journal of Asian Studies. 60 (2): 439–478. doi:10.2307/2659700. JSTOR 2659700. PMID 18268829. S2CID 40219522. Retrieved 28 November 2020. While the bulk of Shivaji's men were naturally Marathas, they included not only the allied castes of Dhangars and Gowalas, shepherds and herdsmen, but many who had no claim to kinship. For example Shivaji's famous infantry was composed largely of Bhandaris and Kolis. The Ramoshis... who afterwards formed the infantry of Haidar and Tipu in Mysore, were relied an for the capture of the hill forts, while the outcaste Mahars and Mangs served in his artillery, and in the garrisons of these forts - Patrick Cadell
  27. ↑ Hutton (1961), p. 19.
  28. ↑ Presented to both Houses of Parliament by command of her majesty (10 July 1893). General Report on Census of India, 1891 (PDF) (Report). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 October 2020.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Rao (1979), p. 141.
  30. ↑ Jaffrelot (2003), p. 189-196.
  31. ↑ Gooptu (2001), p. 205–210.
  32. ↑ "Govt gives another push to get ST tag for Dhangar-Gouly". The Times of India. 9 September 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020 – via Associated Press.
  33. ↑ Shashi (2011), p. 29,44,47.
  34. ↑ Frykenberg, Robert Eric (1984). Land Tenure and Peasant in South Asia. Manohar. p. 197. Another example of castes' successful efforts to raise their sacred status to twice-born are the Sagar Rajputs of Poona district. Previously they were considered to be Dhangars—shepherds by occupation and Shudras by traditional varna. However, when their economic strength increased and they began to acquire land, they found a genealogist to trace their ancestry back to a leading officer in Shivaji's army, changed their names from Dhangars to Sagar Rajputs, and donned the sacred thread.
  35. ↑ Baviskar, B. S.; Attwood, D. W. (30 October 2013). Inside-Outside: Two Views of Social Change in Rural India. SAGE Publications. p. 389. ISBN 9788132118657. As one example among thousands, a small caste living partly in the Nira Valley was formerly known as Shegar Dhangar and more recently as Sagar Rajput
  36. ↑ Cashman (1975), p. 11.
  37. ↑ Hassan (1989), p. 169.
  38. ↑ Dhere (2011), p. 246,247.
  39. ↑ Zelliot (1988), p. 117.
  40. ↑ Jiwan (2000), p. 63.
  41. ↑ Dhere (2011), p. 292.
  42. ↑ Kulkarni, Dhaval (10 February 2014). "Demands for quotas from new groups add to Maharashtra govt's woes". DNA. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
  43. ↑ "Maharashtra Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis promises quota for Dhangar community". The Economic Times. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
  44. ↑ Central Commission for Backward Classes (20 October 2020). Central List of OBCs Goa (Report). Archived from the original on 20 October 2020.
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Central Commission for Backward Classes (20 October 2020). Central List of OBCs Karnataka (Report). Archived from the original on 22 December 2018.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Central Commission for Backward Classes (20 October 2020). Central List of OBCs Gujarat (Report). Archived from the original on 20 October 2020.
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Central Commission for Backward Classes (20 October 2020). Central List of OBCs Madhya Pradesh (Report). Archived from the original on 20 October 2020.
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Central Commission for Backward Classes (20 October 2020). Central List of OBCs Chattisgarh (Report). Archived from the original on 20 October 2020.
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 Central Commission for Backward Classes (20 October 2020). Central List of OBCs Uttar Pradesh (Report). Archived from the original on 20 October 2020.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Nangal, Preeti (29 August 2019). "Adivasis and the Indian State: Deliberately misclassified as SC, Dhangar tribe in UP is being deprived of its constitutional rights". Firstpost.com. Mumbai. Retrieved 29 August 2019. As recent as on 17 January 2019, the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Research and Training Institute (SCSTRTI) wrote a letter to the Principal Secretary to the Government of Uttar Pradesh stating the difference between Dhangar and Gaderia, and that the Hindi version of the word Dhangar is धंगड़ as per the Gazette notification issued in 1950 by the President/Indian Government. Therefore, the Gadaria community's धनगर cannot be included in the SC category since they are not a sub-caste in Dhangar and rather belong to the OBC category in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Central Commission for Backward Classes (20 October 2020). Central List of OBCs Uttarakhand (Report). Archived from the original on 20 October 2020.
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 Central Commission for Backward Classes (20 October 2020). Central List of OBCs Delhi (Report). Archived from the original on 20 October 2020.
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Ghoge, Ketaki (28 June 2019). "Maharashtra's OBC communities not happy with HC ruling on Maratha quota". Archived from the original on 10 November 2020. The Dhangars come under nomadic tribe category within the larger OBC quota in Maharashtra, but were promised reservation under scheduled tribes in 2014
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Jog, Sanjay (21 September 2020). "Maharashtra Dhangar community to launch statewide agitation to press for quota under ST category". Archived from the original on 10 November 2020. At present, the Dhangar community gets 3.5 per cent quota in government jobs and education under Nomadic Tribe (C) category, which comes under OBC category.
  55. ↑ Government of India (31 March 2020). 2011 Census of India Scheduled Caste (PDF) (Report). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2020.
  56. ↑ Government of India (31 March 2020). 2011 Census of India Scheduled Tribe (PDF) (Report). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 November 2013.
  57. ↑ Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Government of India (December 2002). 27th report of Standing Committee on Labour and Welfare with regards to SCs and STs order (Second Amendment) Bill, 2002 (PDF) (Report). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 October 2020.
  58. ↑ Ramusack, Barbara N. (2004). The Indian Princes and their States. The New Cambridge History of India. Cambridge University Press. p. 35. ISBN 9781139449083.
  59. ↑ Jones, Rodney W. (1974). Urban Politics in India: Area, Power, and Policy in a Penetrated System. University of California Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-520-02545-5.
  60. ↑ Khanolkar, D.D. (1979). Marathwada University Journal - Volumes 17-18. Marathwada University. p. 67.
  61. ↑ Bhattacharya, Sabyasachi (2002). Education and the Disprivileged Nineteenth and Twentieth Century India. Orient BlackSwan. p. 40. ISBN 9788125021926.
  62. ↑ Deshpande, Devidas (August 2019). "They'd like you to caste your vote".
  63. ↑ "Former BJP minister Dange joins NCP". 30 September 2006. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017.
  64. ↑ "Government positive about the reservation of Dhangar community: Uddhav Thackeray". Archived from the original on 14 November 2020.
  65. ↑ Goa, HCN (August 2019). "Dy CM Babu Kavlekar on appointment of Shri N. D. Agrawal (G.C.S) as Advisor for Dhangars community".
  66. ↑ "Goa Gets Four New Ministers in Cabinet Reshuffle, Chandrakant Kavlekar to Become New Deputy CM". July 2019.
  67. ↑ "Vidhansabhet Dhangar samajachi sankhya pachavarun ekvar". 2 November 2019. Archived from the original on 13 November 2020.
  68. ↑ Mhaske, Pandurang (October 2014). "At 94, Deshmukh ready for 11th term".
  69. ↑ Alok Deshpande (1 October 2019). "BJP poaches Dhangar leader to take on Ajit Pawar".{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  70. ↑ "Maharashtra Cabinet expansion: 11 ministers sworn in, Shiv Sena chief Uddhav Thackeray skips ceremony". 8 July 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2016.
  71. ↑ Mrityunjay Bose (18 October 2019). "Pawar vs Ram Shinde, an eyeball to eyeball conflict".{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  72. ↑ "Dr Vikas Mahatme raises Dhangar reservation demand in Rajya Sabha - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 16 September 2018.

Bibliography[edit | edit source]

Further reading[edit | edit source]

  • Baviskar, B.S., "Co-operatives and caste in Maharashtra: A case study". Sociological Bulletin, XVIII:2:1969:148-166.
  • Chaubey Ganesh, "The Dhangar Songs", Folklore, Vol. I No 4, Calcutta, 1958, pp. 22–25.
  • Malhotra, K., 1980a, "Inbreeding among the four Dhangar castes of Maharashtra. India". Collegium antropologicum, 3.
  • Malhotra, K., 1980b, "Matrimonial distances among four Dhangar castes of Maharashtra", South Asian Anthropology, 1.
  • Malhotra, K., 1984, "Population structure among the Dhangar caste cluster of Maharashtra", in J.R. Lukacs (ed.), The People of South Asia.
  • Prasad Satyanarain. "Modern education among the tribals of Bihar in the second half of the 19th century". Man in India, LI:4:1971:365-393.
  • Saksena, R.N., and Chinchalkar, "Dhangars and Gadariyas: The Most backward divisions of Indian tribes and caste". Vanyajati, XXV:2: 1977:14–17.
  • Prof. Prabhu N Kokane,"Socio-Legal" Identification of Scheduled Castes/Tribes & Backward Classes (2007). Nanded, Maharashtra.

External links[edit | edit source]

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