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| alt                = Angiras
| alt                = Angiras
| caption            = An 18th-century painting of Angiras
| caption            = An 18th-century painting of Angiras
| religion          = [[Hinduism]]
| religion          = [[Historical Vedic religion]]
| spouse            = Surūpa, Smriti
| spouse            = Surūpa, Smriti
| parents            = [[Brahma]] or [[Agni]] (father; as per [[Puranic]] scriptures)
| parents            = [[Brahma]] or [[Agni]] (father; as per [[Puranic]] scriptures)
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{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}


'''Angiras''' or '''Angira''' ([[Sanskrit]]: {{lang|sa|अङ्गिरा}} / ''{{IAST|áṅgirā}}'', pronounced {{IPA-sa|ɐ́ŋɡiɽɐ:|}}) was a Vedic [[rishi]] (sage) of [[Hinduism]]. He is described in the ''[[Rigveda]]'' as a teacher of divine knowledge, a mediator between men and gods, as well as stated in other hymns to be the first of [[Agni]]-devas (fire gods).<ref name="Dalal2010p29">{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC|year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|pages=29–30}}</ref><ref name="Williams2008p55">{{cite book|author=George M. Williams|title=Handbook of Hindu Mythology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7LOZfwCDpEC&pg=PA55|year=2008|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-533261-2|pages=55–56}}</ref> In some texts, he is considered to be one of the seven great sages or ''[[Saptarishi]]s'', but in others he is mentioned but not counted in the list of seven great sages.<ref>{{cite book|author=John Brough|title=The Early Brahmanical System of Gotra and Pravara: A Translation of the Gotra-Pravara-Manjari of Purusottama-Pandita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QZhtAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA66| year=2013| publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-62398-9|page=66}}</ref> In some manuscripts of ''Atharvaveda'', the text is attributed to "Atharvangirasah", which is a compound of [[Rishi|sage]] [[Atharvan]] and Angira.<ref>{{cite book|author=Maurice Bloomfield|author-link=Maurice Bloomfield| title= Atharvaveda| url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.180555|year=1899|publisher=K.J. Trübner|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.180555/page/n11 7]–11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Moriz Winternitz|author-link1=Moriz Winternitz|author2=V. Srinivasa Sarma|title=A History of Indian Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRfuJFRV_O8C&pg=PA109|year=1996|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0264-3|pages=109–111}}</ref> The student family of Angira are called "Angira",<ref name="Dalal2010p29"/><ref name=Wilkins/> and they are credited to be the authors of some hymns in the first, second, fifth, eighth, ninth, and tenth books of the ''Rigveda''.<ref name=jamisonangiras>{{cite book|author1=Stephanie Jamison|author2=Joel Brereton|title=The Rigveda: 3-Volume Set|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fgzVAwAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-972078-1|pages=1673, 1675, 1679, 1684, 1689–1693}}</ref> By the time of the composition of the Rigveda, the Angirases were an old [[Rishi]] clan, and were stated to have participated in several events.<ref name=":0">{{cite encyclopedia|title= Ṛṣis|encyclopedia= Brill’s Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online|year= 2012|last= Witzel|first= Michael|publisher= Brill}}</ref>
'''Angiras''' ({{langx|sa|अङ्गिरस्}} (stem), {{IAST3|Aṅgiras}}, {{IPA|sa|'ɐŋɡirɐs}}, nominative singular {{langx|sa|अङ्गिराः}}, {{IAST3|Aṅgirāḥ}}, {{IPA|sa|'ɐŋɡirɐ:h}}, rendered '''Angirā''' in Hindi) was a Vedic [[rishi]] (sage) of [[Hinduism]]. He is described in the ''[[Rigveda]]'' as a teacher of divine knowledge, a mediator between men and gods, as well as stated in other hymns to be the first of [[Agni]]-devas (fire gods).<ref name="Dalal2010p29">{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC|year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|pages=29–30}}</ref><ref name="Williams2008p55">{{cite book|author=George M. Williams|title=Handbook of Hindu Mythology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7LOZfwCDpEC&pg=PA55|year=2008|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-533261-2|pages=55–56}}</ref> In some texts, he is considered to be one of the seven great sages or ''[[Saptarishi]]s'', but in others he is mentioned but not counted in the list of seven great sages.<ref>{{cite book|author=John Brough|title=The Early Brahmanical System of Gotra and Pravara: A Translation of the Gotra-Pravara-Manjari of Purusottama-Pandita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QZhtAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA66| year=2013| publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-62398-9|page=66}}</ref> In some manuscripts of ''Atharvaveda'', the text is attributed to "Atharvangirasah", which is a compound of [[Rishi|sage]] [[Atharvan]] and Angira.<ref>{{cite book|author=Maurice Bloomfield|author-link=Maurice Bloomfield| title= Atharvaveda| url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.180555|year=1899|publisher=K.J. Trübner|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.180555/page/n11 7]–11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Moriz Winternitz|author-link1=Moriz Winternitz|author2=V. Srinivasa Sarma|title=A History of Indian Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRfuJFRV_O8C&pg=PA109|year=1996|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0264-3|pages=109–111}}</ref> The student family of Angira are called "Angira",<ref name="Dalal2010p29"/><ref name=Wilkins/> and they are credited to be the authors of some hymns in the first, second, fifth, eighth, ninth, and tenth books of the ''Rigveda''.<ref name=jamisonangiras>{{cite book|author1=Stephanie Jamison|author2=Joel Brereton|title=The Rigveda: 3-Volume Set|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fgzVAwAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-972078-1|pages=1673, 1675, 1679, 1684, 1689–1693}}</ref> By the time of the composition of the Rigveda, the Angirases were an old [[Rishi]] clan, and were stated to have participated in several events.<ref name=":0">{{cite encyclopedia|title= Ṛṣis|encyclopedia= Brill’s Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online|year= 2012|last= Witzel|first= Michael|publisher= Brill}}</ref>


==Texts==
==Texts==
Many hymns of the ''Rigveda'' credit the Angirases as their authors,<ref name=jamisonangiras/> mainly in Mandalas I and VIII.<ref name=":0" /> Various Angirasa sub-clans, including the Śunahotras, the Gautamas, and the Bhāradvājas composed Mandalas II, IV, and VI respectively.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mahadevan|first=Thennilapuram P.|date=2011|title=The Ṛṣi index of the Vedic Anukramaṇī system and the Pravara lists: Toward a Pre-history of the Brahmans|url=https://crossasia-journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/ejvs/article/view/320/309|journal=Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies|volume=18|pages=137}}</ref>
Many hymns of the ''Rigveda'' credit the Angirases as their authors,<ref name=jamisonangiras/> mainly in Mandalas I and VIII.<ref name=":0" /> Various Angirasa sub-clans, including the Śunahotras, the Gautamas, and the Bhāradvājas composed Mandalas II, IV, and VI respectively.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mahadevan|first=Thennilapuram P.|date=2011|title=The Ṛṣi index of the Vedic Anukramaṇī system and the Pravara lists: Toward a Pre-history of the Brahmans|url=https://crossasia-journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/ejvs/article/view/320/309|journal=Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies|volume=18|pages=137|access-date=24 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204132/https://crossasia-journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/ejvs/article/view/320/309|url-status=dead}}</ref>


Other than crediting authorship, the Vedic texts mention sage Angiras in various roles such as a fire priest or a singer. For example, the allegorical hymn 3.31 of the ''Rigveda'' calls him a singer:
Other than crediting authorship, the Vedic texts mention sage Angiras in various roles such as a fire priest or a singer. For example, the allegorical hymn 3.31 of the ''Rigveda'' calls him a singer:
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|''Rigveda 3.31.7''|Translator: Tatyana J. Elizarenkova<ref>{{cite book|author=Tatyana J. Elizarenkova|title=Language and Style of the Vedic Rsis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-B0Y-IwTQAC|year=1995|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-1668-6|page=238}}</ref>}}
|''Rigveda 3.31.7''|Translator: Tatyana J. Elizarenkova<ref>{{cite book|author=Tatyana J. Elizarenkova|title=Language and Style of the Vedic Rsis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-B0Y-IwTQAC|year=1995|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-1668-6|page=238}}</ref>}}


In the Vedic tradition linked to the ''Atharvaveda'', sage Atharvan was more revered while sage Angiras was controversial. The auspicious practices, virtues and the pursuit of good for others were attributed to Atharvan, while the hostile sorcery and pursuit of harm unto others were attributed to Angiras.<ref>{{cite book|author=Charles Rockwell Lanman|title=Atharva-veda Saṁhitā|url=https://archive.org/details/atharvavedasahi05lanmgoog|year=1904|publisher=Harvard University |pages=[https://archive.org/details/atharvavedasahi05lanmgoog/page/n583 1039]–1040}}</ref> According to [[Max Muller]] – a professor of Sanskrit and Indology at the Oxford University, the sage Angiras in Vedic literature is different from the plural term ''Angirasa'', and these terms refer to different people. The ''Angiras'' rishi is different from the group of sorcerers in ''Atharvaveda'' also named ''Angirasa'', and according to Muller, the Vedic rishi is also different from a class of divine beings who too are called ''Angirasa'' in the Vedic texts and described as "sprung from coals (''angara'')".<ref>{{cite book|author=F. Max Muller|title=The Sacred Books of the East: Index, Volume 50|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c8SRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA46|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=1-135-79045-0|pages=45–46}}</ref>
According to [[Max Muller]]—a professor of Sanskrit and Indology at the [[University of Oxford|Oxford University]]—the sage Angiras in Vedic literature is different from the plural term ''Angirasa'', and these terms refer to different people. The ''Angiras'' rishi is different from the group of sorcerers in ''Atharvaveda'' also named ''Angirasa'', and according to Muller, the Vedic rishi is also different from a class of divine beings who too are called ''Angirasa'' in the Vedic texts and described as "sprung from coals (''angara'')".<ref>{{cite book|author=F. Max Muller|title=The Sacred Books of the East: Index, Volume 50|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c8SRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA46|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=1-135-79045-0|pages=45–46}}</ref>


In Buddhist Pali canonical texts such as ''[[Digha Nikaya]]'', Tevijja Sutta describes a discussion between the Buddha and Vedic scholars of his time. The [[Buddha]] names ten [[rishi]]s, calls them "early sages" and makers of ancient verses that have been collected and chanted in his era, and among those ten rishis is Angiras.<ref name=walshe188f>{{cite book|author=Maurice Walshe|title=The Long Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Digha Nikaya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uj86AwAAQBAJ |year=2005|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-86171-979-2|pages=188–189}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|The Buddha names the following as "early sages" of Vedic verses, "Atthaka (either Ashtavakra or Atri), Vamaka, Vamadeva, Vessamitta (Visvamitra), Yamataggi, Angirasa, Bharadvaja, Vasettha (Vashistha), Kassapa (Kashyapa) and Bhagu (Bhrigu)".<ref name=walshe188f/>}}
In Buddhist Pali canonical texts such as ''[[Digha Nikaya]]'', Tevijja Sutta describes a discussion between the Buddha and Vedic scholars of his time. The [[Buddha]] names ten [[rishi]]s, calls them "early sages" and makers of ancient verses that have been collected and chanted in his era, and among those ten rishis is Angiras.<ref name=walshe188f>{{cite book|author=Maurice Walshe|title=The Long Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Digha Nikaya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uj86AwAAQBAJ |year=2005|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-86171-979-2|pages=188–189}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|The Buddha names the following as "early sages" of Vedic verses, "Atthaka (either Ashtavakra or Atri), Vamaka, Vamadeva, Vessamitta (Visvamitra), Yamataggi, Angirasa, Bharadvaja, Vasettha (Vashistha), Kassapa (Kashyapa) and Bhagu (Bhrigu)".<ref name=walshe188f/>}}
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The name Angirasas is applied generically to several Puranic individuals. Further, the Vedic sage Angiras appears in medieval Hindu texts with contradictory roles as well as many different versions of his birth, marriage and biography.<ref name="Williams2008p55"/> In some, he is described to be the son of [[Brahma]], in others he is one of many [[Prajapatis]]. Depending on the legend, he has one, two or four wives.<ref name="Williams2008p55"/> In one myth, his wife is stated to be [[Surūpa]] and his sons are Utathya, Samvartana and Brahaspati.<ref>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/67 67]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref> Other accounts say that he married Smriti (memory), the daughter of Daksha and later married Svadha (oblation).<ref name=Wilkins>{{cite book|title=Hindu Mythology|last=Wilkins|first=W.J.|pages=369–70|publisher=D.K. Printworld (P) Limited|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-246-0234-4|year=2003}}</ref> Yet other Puranic accounts state, he married ''Shubha'' and they had seven daughters named after aspects of "fire" and a son named [[Brihaspati]].<ref name="Dalal2010p29"/> In some legends, sage Brihaspati is his son.<ref name="Williams2008p55"/>
The name Angirasas is applied generically to several Puranic individuals. Further, the Vedic sage Angiras appears in medieval Hindu texts with contradictory roles as well as many different versions of his birth, marriage and biography.<ref name="Williams2008p55"/> In some, he is described to be the son of [[Brahma]], in others he is one of many [[Prajapatis]]. Depending on the legend, he has one, two or four wives.<ref name="Williams2008p55"/> In one myth, his wife is stated to be [[Surūpa]] and his sons are Utathya, Samvartana and Brahaspati.<ref>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/67 67]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref> Other accounts say that he married Smriti (memory), the daughter of Daksha and later married Svadha (oblation).<ref name=Wilkins>{{cite book|title=Hindu Mythology|last=Wilkins|first=W.J.|pages=369–70|publisher=D.K. Printworld (P) Limited|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-246-0234-4|year=2003}}</ref> Yet other Puranic accounts state, he married ''Shubha'' and they had seven daughters named after aspects of "fire" and a son named [[Brihaspati]].<ref name="Dalal2010p29"/> In some legends, sage Brihaspati is his son.<ref name="Williams2008p55"/>


According to one legend, Angirasa turned his senses inwards and meditated on [[Para Brahman]], the creator of the creator, for several years.  The great Tejas he got by birth had multiplied infinitely by his penance. He attained many divine qualities, powers,  and riches, and control over many worlds. But he was oblivious of all the worldly attainments and did not stop his penance. Due to this penance he became one with the Para-Brahman and thus attained the state of “Brahmarshi”. He had visions of many Vedic Mantras and brought them to this earthly world.  He is credited as being the source of great number of Vedic Hymns and mantras and also believed to have introduced fire-worship along with sage [[Bhrigu]].<ref name=Wilkins/>
According to one legend, Angirasa turned his senses inwards and meditated on [[Para Brahman]], the creator of the creator, for several years.  The great Tejas he got by birth had multiplied infinitely by his penance. He attained many divine qualities, powers,  and riches, and control over many worlds. But he was oblivious of all the worldly attainments and did not stop his penance. Due to this penance he became one with the Para-Brahman and thus attained the state of “Brahmarishi”. He had visions of many Vedic Mantras and brought them to this earthly world.  He is credited as being the source of great number of Vedic Hymns and mantras and also believed to have introduced fire-worship along with sage [[Bhrigu]].<ref name=Wilkins/>


He is one of Saptarishis in the Puranic mythologies.<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/tantra/maha/maha00.htm Inhabitants of the Worlds] Mahanirvana Tantra, translated by Arthur Avalon, ([[John Woodroffe|Sir John Woodroffe]]), 1913, Introduction and Preface. The Rishi are seers who know, and by their knowledge are the makers of shastra and "see" all mantras. The word comes from the root rish Rishati-prapnoti sarvvang mantrang jnanena pashyati sangsaraparangva, etc. The seven great Rishi or saptarshi of the first manvantara are Marichi, Atri, Angiras, Pulaha, Kratu, Pulastya, and Vashishtha. In other manvantara there are other ''sapta-rishi''. In the present manvantara the seven are '''Kashyapa''', Atri, Vashishtha, Vishvamitra, Gautama, Jamadagni, Bharadvaja. To the Rishi the Vedas were revealed. Vyasa taught the Rigveda so revealed to Paila, the Yajurveda to Vaishampayana, the Samaveda to Jaimini, Atharvaveda to Samantu, and Itihasa and Purana to Suta. The three chief classes of Rishi are the Brah-marshi, born of the mind of Brahma, the Devarshi of lower rank, and Rajarshi or Kings who became Rishis through their knowledge and austerities, such as Janaka, Ritaparna, etc. Thc Shrutarshi is makers of Shastras, as Sushruta. The Kandarshi are of the Karmakanda, such as Jaimini.</ref>
He is one of Saptarishis in the [[Puranas]].<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/tantra/maha/maha00.htm Inhabitants of the Worlds] Mahanirvana Tantra, translated by Arthur Avalon, ([[John Woodroffe|Sir John Woodroffe]]), 1913, Introduction and Preface. The Rishi are seers who know, and by their knowledge are the makers of shastra and "see" all mantras. The word comes from the root rish Rishati-prapnoti sarvvang mantrang jnanena pashyati sangsaraparangva, etc. The seven great Rishi or saptarshi of the first manvantara are Marichi, Atri, Angiras, Pulaha, Kratu, Pulastya, and Vashishtha. In other manvantara there are other ''sapta-rishi''. In the present manvantara the seven are '''Kashyapa''', Atri, Vashishtha, Vishvamitra, Gautama, Jamadagni, Bharadvaja. To the Rishi the Vedas were revealed. Vyasa taught the Rigveda so revealed to Paila, the Yajurveda to Vaishampayana, the Samaveda to Jaimini, Atharvaveda to Samantu, and Itihasa and Purana to Suta. The three chief classes of Rishi are the Brah-marshi, born of the mind of Brahma, the Devarshi of lower rank, and Rajarshi or Kings who became Rishis through their knowledge and austerities, such as Janaka, Ritaparna, etc. Thc Shrutarshi is makers of Shastras, as Sushruta. The Kandarshi are of the Karmakanda, such as Jaimini.</ref>


Ghora of the Angiras family is identified by some scholars as [[Neminatha]], the twenty-second ''[[tirthankara]]'' in [[Jainism]].{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=23}}
Ghora of the Angiras family is identified by some scholars as [[Neminatha]], the twenty-second ''[[tirthankara]]'' in [[Jainism]].{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=23}}
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==See also==
==See also==
*[[Angra Mainyu]] ("wrong spirit" or "enemy spirit", according to [[Zoroastrianism]])
*[[Angra Mainyu]] ("wrong spirit" or "enemy spirit", according to [[Zoroastrianism]])
*[[Bṛhaspati|Dirghatamas]] (grandson of Angiras, a great sage born blind. Father of [[Gautama Maharishi]])
*[[Dirghatamas]] (grandson of Angiras, a great sage born blind. Father of [[Gautama Maharishi]])
*[[Bhrigu]] (father of [[Shukra]]charya, guru of [[asura]]s)
*[[Bhrigu]] (father of [[Shukra]]charya, guru of [[asura]]s)


==Notes==
==References==
===Notes===
{{reflist|group=note}}
{{reflist|group=note}}
==References==
===Citations===
===Citations===
{{reflist|30em}}
{{reflist|30em}}

Latest revision as of 00:37, 26 February 2026

For other uses, see Angiras (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Angiris.
Angiras
Angiras
An 18th-century painting of Angiras
Personal
ReligionHistorical Vedic religion
SpouseSurūpa, Smriti
ChildrenUtathya, Brihaspati and other children[1]
ParentsBrahma or Agni (father; as per Puranic scriptures)


Angiras (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist. (stem), IAST: Aṅgiras, sa, nominative singular Script error: The function "langx" does not exist., IAST: Aṅgirāḥ, sa, rendered Angirā in Hindi) was a Vedic rishi (sage) of Hinduism. He is described in the Rigveda as a teacher of divine knowledge, a mediator between men and gods, as well as stated in other hymns to be the first of Agni-devas (fire gods).[1][2] In some texts, he is considered to be one of the seven great sages or Saptarishis, but in others he is mentioned but not counted in the list of seven great sages.[3] In some manuscripts of Atharvaveda, the text is attributed to "Atharvangirasah", which is a compound of sage Atharvan and Angira.[4][5] The student family of Angira are called "Angira",[1][6] and they are credited to be the authors of some hymns in the first, second, fifth, eighth, ninth, and tenth books of the Rigveda.[7] By the time of the composition of the Rigveda, the Angirases were an old Rishi clan, and were stated to have participated in several events.[8]

Texts[edit | edit source]

Many hymns of the Rigveda credit the Angirases as their authors,[7] mainly in Mandalas I and VIII.[8] Various Angirasa sub-clans, including the Śunahotras, the Gautamas, and the Bhāradvājas composed Mandalas II, IV, and VI respectively.[8][9]

Other than crediting authorship, the Vedic texts mention sage Angiras in various roles such as a fire priest or a singer. For example, the allegorical hymn 3.31 of the Rigveda calls him a singer:

The most inspired one came, assuming a friendly attitude,
The rock made ripe (its) fruit for the one who performs the kind deed,
The young hero attained (his aim) with the youths, assuming a warlike attitude,
And here right away, the singing Angiras appeared.

— Rigveda 3.31.7, Translator: Tatyana J. Elizarenkova[10]

According to Max Muller—a professor of Sanskrit and Indology at the Oxford University—the sage Angiras in Vedic literature is different from the plural term Angirasa, and these terms refer to different people. The Angiras rishi is different from the group of sorcerers in Atharvaveda also named Angirasa, and according to Muller, the Vedic rishi is also different from a class of divine beings who too are called Angirasa in the Vedic texts and described as "sprung from coals (angara)".[11]

In Buddhist Pali canonical texts such as Digha Nikaya, Tevijja Sutta describes a discussion between the Buddha and Vedic scholars of his time. The Buddha names ten rishis, calls them "early sages" and makers of ancient verses that have been collected and chanted in his era, and among those ten rishis is Angiras.[12][note 1]

Life in Puranas[edit | edit source]

The name Angirasas is applied generically to several Puranic individuals. Further, the Vedic sage Angiras appears in medieval Hindu texts with contradictory roles as well as many different versions of his birth, marriage and biography.[2] In some, he is described to be the son of Brahma, in others he is one of many Prajapatis. Depending on the legend, he has one, two or four wives.[2] In one myth, his wife is stated to be Surūpa and his sons are Utathya, Samvartana and Brahaspati.[13] Other accounts say that he married Smriti (memory), the daughter of Daksha and later married Svadha (oblation).[6] Yet other Puranic accounts state, he married Shubha and they had seven daughters named after aspects of "fire" and a son named Brihaspati.[1] In some legends, sage Brihaspati is his son.[2]

According to one legend, Angirasa turned his senses inwards and meditated on Para Brahman, the creator of the creator, for several years. The great Tejas he got by birth had multiplied infinitely by his penance. He attained many divine qualities, powers, and riches, and control over many worlds. But he was oblivious of all the worldly attainments and did not stop his penance. Due to this penance he became one with the Para-Brahman and thus attained the state of “Brahmarishi”. He had visions of many Vedic Mantras and brought them to this earthly world. He is credited as being the source of great number of Vedic Hymns and mantras and also believed to have introduced fire-worship along with sage Bhrigu.[6]

He is one of Saptarishis in the Puranas.[14]

Ghora of the Angiras family is identified by some scholars as Neminatha, the twenty-second tirthankara in Jainism.[15]

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

Notes[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ The Buddha names the following as "early sages" of Vedic verses, "Atthaka (either Ashtavakra or Atri), Vamaka, Vamadeva, Vessamitta (Visvamitra), Yamataggi, Angirasa, Bharadvaja, Vasettha (Vashistha), Kassapa (Kashyapa) and Bhagu (Bhrigu)".[12]

Citations[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Roshen Dalal (2010). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books. pp. 29–30. ISBN 978-0-14-341421-6.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 George M. Williams (2008). Handbook of Hindu Mythology. Oxford University Press. pp. 55–56. ISBN 978-0-19-533261-2.
  3. ↑ John Brough (2013). The Early Brahmanical System of Gotra and Pravara: A Translation of the Gotra-Pravara-Manjari of Purusottama-Pandita. Cambridge University Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-107-62398-9.
  4. ↑ Maurice Bloomfield (1899). Atharvaveda. K.J. Trübner. pp. 7–11.
  5. ↑ Moriz Winternitz; V. Srinivasa Sarma (1996). A History of Indian Literature. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 109–111. ISBN 978-81-208-0264-3.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Wilkins, W.J. (2003). Hindu Mythology. New Delhi: D.K. Printworld (P) Limited. pp. 369–70. ISBN 81-246-0234-4.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Stephanie Jamison; Joel Brereton (2014). The Rigveda: 3-Volume Set. Oxford University Press. pp. 1673, 1675, 1679, 1684, 1689–1693. ISBN 978-0-19-972078-1.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Witzel, Michael (2012). "Ṛṣis". Brill’s Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online. Brill.
  9. ↑ Mahadevan, Thennilapuram P. (2011). "The Ṛṣi index of the Vedic Anukramaṇī system and the Pravara lists: Toward a Pre-history of the Brahmans". Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 18: 137. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
  10. ↑ Tatyana J. Elizarenkova (1995). Language and Style of the Vedic Rsis. State University of New York Press. p. 238. ISBN 978-0-7914-1668-6.
  11. ↑ F. Max Muller (2004). The Sacred Books of the East: Index, Volume 50. Routledge. pp. 45–46. ISBN 1-135-79045-0.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Maurice Walshe (2005). The Long Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Digha Nikaya. Simon and Schuster. pp. 188–189. ISBN 978-0-86171-979-2.
  13. ↑ Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam (ed.). India through the ages. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. 67.
  14. ↑ Inhabitants of the Worlds Mahanirvana Tantra, translated by Arthur Avalon, (Sir John Woodroffe), 1913, Introduction and Preface. The Rishi are seers who know, and by their knowledge are the makers of shastra and "see" all mantras. The word comes from the root rish Rishati-prapnoti sarvvang mantrang jnanena pashyati sangsaraparangva, etc. The seven great Rishi or saptarshi of the first manvantara are Marichi, Atri, Angiras, Pulaha, Kratu, Pulastya, and Vashishtha. In other manvantara there are other sapta-rishi. In the present manvantara the seven are Kashyapa, Atri, Vashishtha, Vishvamitra, Gautama, Jamadagni, Bharadvaja. To the Rishi the Vedas were revealed. Vyasa taught the Rigveda so revealed to Paila, the Yajurveda to Vaishampayana, the Samaveda to Jaimini, Atharvaveda to Samantu, and Itihasa and Purana to Suta. The three chief classes of Rishi are the Brah-marshi, born of the mind of Brahma, the Devarshi of lower rank, and Rajarshi or Kings who became Rishis through their knowledge and austerities, such as Janaka, Ritaparna, etc. Thc Shrutarshi is makers of Shastras, as Sushruta. The Kandarshi are of the Karmakanda, such as Jaimini.
  15. ↑ Natubhai Shah 2004, p. 23.

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