Bharatpur State: Difference between revisions

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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Short description|Princely state in British India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
 
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox former country
{{Infobox former country
|native_name =  
| native_name           =  
|conventional_long_name = Bharatpur State
| conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Bharatpur
|common_name = Bharatpur
| common_name           = Bharatpur
|era = Medieval India
| era                   = Early-modern India
|year_start = 1722
| year_start             = 1722
|date_start =  
| date_start             = 18 November
|event_start=  
| event_start           =  
|year_end = 1947
| year_end               = 1947
|date_end = 15 August
| date_end               = 15 August
| government_type        = *[[Absolute monarchy]] (1722-1825)
| government_type        = *Tributary of the [[Maratha Confederacy]] under the [[House of Scindia]] (1722–1825)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sunderlal |first1=Pandit |title=How India Lost Her Freedom |date=2018 |publisher=SAGE Publishing |isbn=9789352806423 |page=500 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E4lIDwAAQBAJ&q=Raja+of+Bharatpur+tributaries+Sindhia}}</ref>
*[[Princely state]] (1826-1947)
*[[Princely state]] (1826–1947)
|common_languages=[[Braj Bhasha|Braj]]<br>[[Hindi]]
| common_languages       = [[Braj Bhasha|Braj]]<br>[[Hindi]]
|title_leader=[[Maharaja]]
| title_leader           = [[Maharaja]]
|event_end= End of British seizuranity;<br>[[Instrument of Accession|Accession]] to<br>Dominion of India
| event_end             = End of British suzerainty;<br>[[Instrument of Accession|Accession]] to<br>Dominion of India
|event1 =  
| event1                 =  
|date_event1 =  
| date_event1           =  
|p1 = Mughal Empire
| p1                     = Mughal Empire
|s1 = Dominion of India  
| s1                     = Dominion of India
|flag_p1 = Fictional flag of the Mughal Empire.svg
| flag_p1               =  
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
| flag_s1               = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag = Flag of Bharatpur1.png
| image_map              = {{Switcher|[[File:Jaipur-Bharatpur map.jpg|frameless]]|Show Imperial Gazetteer of India|[[File:1751 map of India from "Historical Atlas of India", by Charles Joppen.jpg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show detailed map|default=1}}
|image_coat = Coat of arms of Bharatpur State.png
| image_map_caption     = Bharatpur State in the [[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]
|image_map = Jaipur-Bharatpur map.jpg
| image_flag            = File:Flag of Bharatpur.svg
|image_map_caption =Bharatpur State in the [[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]
| image_flag2            = File:Flag of the Bharatpur Princely State (1880-c.1943).svg
|stat_area1 = 5,123
| flag_caption          = Flag from 1722 to 1880. Flag from 1880 to 1943.
|stat_year1 = 1931
| today                 = [[Rajasthan]] ([[India]])
|stat_pop1 = 486,954
| leader1               = [[Badan Singh]]
|today     = [[Rajasthan]],<br>[[Republic of India]]
| leader2               = [[Brijendra Singh]]
|footnotes =
| year_leader1           = 1722–1755 (first)
|demonym  =
| year_leader2           = 1929–1947 (last)
|leader1     = [[Badan Singh]]  
| capital               = [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur]]
|leader2     = [[Brijendra Singh]]
|year_leader1 = 1722–1756 (first)
|year_leader2 = 1929–1947 (last)
|capital   = [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur]]
}}
}}
[[File:Deeg Palace.jpg|thumb|225px|[[Deeg Palace]], built in 1772 as a palace for the rulers of Bharatpur State]]
 
[[File:Maharaja Suraj Mal.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Maharaja Suraj Mal]] of Bharatpur (1755–1763)]]
'''Bharatpur''' was a [[princely state]] under British suzerainty. It was ruled by the [[Sinsinwar]] clan of the [[Hindus|Hindu]] [[Jats]]. The state was founded by [[Badan Singh|Maharaja Badan Singh]] in 1722. [[Suraj Mal]] played an important role in the development and expansion of the state. During Suraj Mal's reign  (1755–1763), the annual revenue of the state was 17,500,000 gold coins.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bXWiACEwPR8C&q=Jats+175+lakh+rupees |title=An Advanced History of Modern India |publisher=Macmillan |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-230-32885-3 |pages=420}}</ref>
[[File:Durbar at Bharatpur.jpg|thumb|Durbar at Bharatpur {{circa|1862}}]]
 
[[File:Jaswant Singh of Bharatpur.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Maharaja Jashwant Singh]] of Bharatpur (1853–1893)]]
Under Suraj Mal leadership, the major architecture of this state include the [[Lohagarh Fort]], [[Deeg Palace]] and the [[Keoladeo National Park]], a royal hunting reserve, is a [[World Heritage Site]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2007-03-20 |title=The Hindu : Magazine / Travel : Summer symphony |url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2007/03/18/stories/2007031800200800.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070320232002/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2007/03/18/stories/2007031800200800.htm |archive-date=20 March 2007 |access-date=2025-01-04 }}</ref><ref name=":3" />
 
==History==
The Jat rulers of Deeg and Bharatpur emerged in the medieval period, spreading over parts of the Subah of [[Agra]], including [[Deeg]], [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur]], and [[Mewat]]. During this time, the Jats were zamindars and cultivators causing trouble for the [[Mughal Empire]] alongside [[Gurjar|Gujars]] and Meos. During early time Jats were considered outcasts and jungle inhabitants. According to ''Tarikh-i-Firishta'', in 1026 AD, a band of Jats attacked [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] on his return from Gujarat but were nearly exterminated. In 1397 AD, Timur massacred a group of Jats while marching towards Delhi. In 1526 AD, Babar army was harassed by Jats during his march through Punjab.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Dr Aijaz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yIU3EAAAQBAJ&dq=sinsinwar+jat+rajput&pg=PA174 |title=History of Mewat |date=2021-07-09 |publisher=Alina Books |isbn=978-81-933914-2-6 |language=en}} ''“The first authentic information respecting the remote ancestors of the Jat rulers of Bhartpur is mentioned in Tarikh-i-Firishta, which states that in 1026 AD a band of Jats molested Mahmud of Ghazni on his return from Gujarat and were nearly exterminated by him. In 1397 AD, Timur, marching towards Delhi, fell in with and massacred a horde of the same race, which was even then, noted freebooters. In 1526 AD, the army of Babar was harassed by them on his march through the Punjab.”''</ref>
 
[[File:JatBhurtporeDurbar1860s.jpg|thumb|upright|Royal court of Bharatpur Kingdom during 1860s]]
 
The Bharatpur rulers were [[Jats]] of [[Sinsinwar|Sinsinwar clan]]. According to a mythological origin, they descended from Balchand, a Yadav Rajput, through his sons Vijje and Sijje, born to a Jat concubine. They adopted the Sinsinwar gotra after being rejected as Rajputs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McClenaghan |first=Tony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YQdZlHJ2WTAC&dq=yadav+rajput&pg=PA70 |title=Indian Princely Medals: A Record of the Orders, Decorations, and Medals of the Indian Princely States |date=1996 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-1-897829-19-6 |language=en}}</ref> Ram Pande states that this legend was created "to show superiority of Sinsinwar Jats over other Jats."<ref>{{cite book |last=Pande |first=Ram |title=Bharatpur up to 1826: A Social and Political History of the Jats |date=1970 |publisher=Rama Publishing House |pages=29 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f8-1AAAAIAAJ |oclc=610185303|quote=The legend current in the Durbars of Bharatpur and Karauli till late was that one Balchand, a Yadav Rajput, 19th from Sindpal, a common claimed  ancestor of Bharatpur and Karauli families, one day went out, as was his  custom, on plundering expedition. On the way he met a Jat of Dogar clan,  resident of Jagar, Hindaun in the former State of Jaipur. This Jat was carrying home his wife from Hodal, Balchand made both the Jat and his wife the prisoners and carried them of to his home Sinsini. Balchand  had no family by his own wife and made his Jat prisoner's lady as his concubine and by her had two sons, Viije and Sijje. From that time when  these two sons of Balchand were not admitted in the Rajput clan, they  became Jats. After becoming Jats they proclaimed Sinsinwar as their  Gotra from their own village Sinsini. There are several difficulties in  accepting the story. Firstly, Karauli never had been such a big Stage at  any time that Sinsini could have been a part of it. Secondly, a child's  caste is normally determined by the caste of the father not by that of the  mother. If Balchand's sons were not admitted to a Rajput clan, they  would have been known as Darogas. Probably the purpose of above  legend was to show superiority of Sinsinwar Jats over other Jats. }}</ref>
 
[[File:Dig Fort in Rajasthan in the 1890s.jpg|thumb|225px|View of the [[Deeg]] Fort taken in the 1890s. Deeg was the first capital of the Sinsini Jats established by [[Badan Singh]]. Later the capital was moved to Bharatpur.]]
[[File:Dig Fort in Rajasthan in the 1890s.jpg|thumb|225px|View of the [[Deeg]] Fort taken in the 1890s. Deeg was the first capital of the Sinsini Jats established by [[Badan Singh]]. Later the capital was moved to Bharatpur.]]
[[File:Maharaja Kisan Singh.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Kishan Singh of Bharatpur]] (1918–1929)]]
'''Bharatpur State''', that is also known as the '''Jat State of Bharatpur''', historically known as the '''Kingdom of Bharatpur''', was a [[Hindu]] Kingdom in the northern [[Indian subcontinent]]. It was ruled by the Sinsinwar clan of the [[Hindu]] [[Jat people|Jats]].


==History==
The formation of the state of Bharatpur was a result of revolts by the [[Jat people|Jats]] living in the region around [[Delhi]], [[Agra]], and [[Mathura]] against the imperial [[Mughals]]. Gokula was a prominent Jat zamindar of Tilpat who led a rebellion against the Mughal Empire during the reign of [[Aurangzeb]]. In 1669, he spearheaded the Battle of [[Tilpat]], where Jat farmers revolted against heavy Mughal taxation. Despite initial successes, [[Gokula]] was eventually captured and executed in 1670.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of jats state during 17th century |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/history-of-jats-state-during-17th-century-1442912815-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404134416/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/history-of-jats-state-during-17th-century-1442912815-1 |archive-date=4 April 2024 |access-date=4 April 2024 |website=Jagran Josh|date=22 September 2015 }} “''Gokla: He was the zamindar of Tilpat and one who provided leadership in 1669 AD uprising to the Jat. He was stamped down by the Mughal governor, Hasan Ali.''”</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-04 |title=जानें आगरा के फव्वारा चौक की रोचक कथा और कौन थे वीर गोकुला जाट जिनकी मूर्ति का हुआ अनावरण |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/agra-veer-gokula-jats-statue-unveiled-after-11-months-in-agra-know-glorious-history-nodaa-4681241.html |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi |archive-date=16 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016212959/https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/agra-veer-gokula-jats-statue-unveiled-after-11-months-in-agra-know-glorious-history-nodaa-4681241.html |url-status=live }} “''गोकुला जाट का नाम आगरा के लिए सम्मान की बात है. दरअसल, तिलपतगढ़ी के गोकुला जाट की शौर्यगाथा 1666 से ही लोगों के जुबान पर रही है. जब दिल्ली पर औरंगजेब का शासन था. वीर गोकुला जाट ने औरंगजेब को मालगुजारी देने से इनकार कर दिया था. इससे बौखलाए औरंगजेब ने अपनी सेना युद्ध के लिए मथुरा स्थिति तिलपतगढ़ी भेजी. यह युद्ध 3 दिनों तक चला. वीर गोकुला जाट ने औरंगजेब की सेना के छक्के छुड़ा दिए. हार मानकर औरंगजेब ने 1669 में खुद वीर गोकुला जाट से युद्ध करने के लिए मथुरा पहुंचा. इस युद्ध में औरंगजेब ने वीर गोकुला जाट को बंदी बना लिया.''”</ref>
The formation of the state of Bharatpur was a result of revolts by the [[Jat people|Jats]] living in the region around [[Delhi]], [[Agra]], and [[Mathura]] against the imperial [[Mughals]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Chandra|first=Satish|title=Medieval India|publisher=National Council for Educational Research and Training|year=1990|location=India|pages=Chapter 18 p. 295, 296}}</ref> [[Gokula]], a local Jat [[zamindar]] of Mathura, lead the first of such revolts in 1669. Even though the Jats were defeated and Gokula was executed, the movement was not completely crushed and discontent continued to simmer.<ref name=":0" /> In 1685, there was a second uprising of the Jats under [[Rajaram of Sinsini|Raja Ram Jat]], that was better organized this time and used guerrilla warfare, combining it with loot and plunder.<ref name=":0" /> Now Aurangzeb approached the Kachhwaha ruler [[Bishan Singh]] to crush the uprising and appointed him as the faujdar of Mathura, granting him the entire area in zamindari. Conflict between Jats and Rajputs for zamindari rights also complicated the issue, with Jats primarily being landowners, whereas the Rajputs were primarily revenue collectors.<ref name=":0" /> The Jats put up a stiff resistance but by 1691, [[Rajaram of Sinsini|Raja Ram Jat]] and his successor [[Churaman]] were compelled to submit to the Imperial Mughals. However unrest among Jats continued and later on in the beginning of the 18th century, Churaman, taking advantage of the Mughal civil wars, was able to oust the Rajputs from the area and establish an independent state where Jat chiefs formed the ruling class.<ref name=":0" /> [[Raja Ram Jat]] who also exhumed and burned the remains of [[Akbar]] is known for setting up a small fort at [[Sinsini]]. It was the key foundation of this kingdom.<ref>Chiefs and Leading Families in Rajputana, Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta, 1894, 1903 and 1916.</ref><ref>Kunj Bihari Lal Gupta. The Evolution of the Administration of the former Bharatpur State. Vidya Bhawan Publishers, Jaipur, 1959.</ref><ref>Tony McClenaghan. Indian Princely Medals: A record of the Orders, Decorations and Medals of the Indian Princely States. Lancer Publications, Spantech & Lancer, New Delhi, 1996.</ref>
 
[[File:Silver Rupee of Bharatpur state, struck in Mughal emperor Akbar II, struck in Mahe Indrapur Mint.jpg|thumb|upright|Silver Rupee of Bharatpur state, struck in the name of Mughal emperor [[Akbar II]], Mahe Indrapur Mint.]]
 
[[Rajaram of Sinsini]] succeeded [[Gokula]] and continued the struggle against [[Mughal Empire|Mughal rule]]. He is noted for organising the Jats into a more cohesive force and avenging Gokula’s death by desecrating Akbar’s tomb. Rajaram’s leadership saw several victories against Mughal forces, including the defeat of Mughal Nawab [[Bahadur Khan (Mughal general)]]. He was instrumental in consolidating Jat power in the region until his death in 1688. Now [[Aurangzeb]] approached the [[Kachhwaha|Kachhwaha Rajput]] ruler [[Bishan Singh]] to crush the uprising and appointed him as the faujdar of [[Mathura]], granting him the entire area in zamindari. Conflict between Jats and Rajputs for zamindari rights also complicated the issue, with Jats primarily being landowners, whereas the Rajputs were primarily revenue collectors.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |title=Medieval India |publisher=National Council for Educational Research and Training |year=1990 |location=India |pages=Chapter 18 p. 295, 296}}</ref>
 
The Jats put up a stiff resistance but by 1691, [[Rajaram of Sinsini|Rajaram]] and his successor [[Churaman]] were compelled to submit to the Imperial Mughals. However unrest among Jats continued and later on in the beginning of the 18th century, [[Churaman]], taking advantage of the Mughal civil wars, was able to expel the Rajputs from the area and establish an independent state where Jat chiefs formed the ruling class.<ref name=":0" /> [[Rajaram of Sinsini|Rajaram]] who also exhumed and burned the remains of [[Akbar]] is known for setting up a small fort at [[Sinsini]] and it was a key foundation of this kingdom.<ref>Kunj Bihari Lal Gupta. The Evolution of the Administration of the former Bharatpur State. Vidya Bhawan Publishers, Jaipur, 1959.</ref><ref>Tony McClenaghan. Indian Princely Medals: A record of the Orders, Decorations and Medals of the Indian Princely States. Lancer Publications, Spantech & Lancer, New Delhi, 1996.</ref>
 
[[Suraj Mal|Maharaja Suraj Mal]] was the most prominent ruler of Bharatpur. On 12 June 1761, he captured the significant Mughal city of [[Capture of Agra|Agra]]. During his reign, he melted the two silver doors of the Taj Mahal. Agra remained under Bharatpur’s control until 1774. After Maharaja Suraj Mal’s death, his successors continued to rule over Agra Fort. [[Jawahar Singh|Maharaja Jawahar Singh]] succeeded him, followed by [[Ratan Singh of Bharatpur|Maharaja Ratan Singh]]. During the minority of Maharaja Kehri Singh, Maharaja [[Nahar Singh of Bharatpur|Nawal Singh]] acted as the regent.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K. Natwar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FZ_PwAEACAAJ |title=Maharaja Suraj Mal, 1707-1763: His Life and Times |publisher=Rupa & Company |year=2001 |isbn=978-81-7167-510-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bhatia |first=O. P. Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=smdXAAAAMAAJ&q=suraj+Mal+capture+agra |title=History of India, from 1707 to 1856 |publisher=Surjeet Book Depot |year=1968 |pages=536}}</ref>
[[File:Maharaja Suraj Mal.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Suraj Mal]], most prominent ruler of Bharatpur Kingdom]]
In 1805, war between the [[British Empire|British]] and the [[Holkars]] broke out. [[Ranjit Singh of Bharatpur|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] agreed to help the Holkar and the two Maharajas fell back to the Bharatpur fort. The British surrounded the fort and after three months, Ranjit Singh agreed to peace and signed a treaty with the British, thus becoming a princely state.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Rise and Fall of The Maratha Empire 1750-1818|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8AbPDwAAQBAJ&dq=ranjit+singh+of+bharatpur+help+Yashwantrao+holkar&pg=PT62|last=Nandakumar|first=Sanish|publisher=Notion Press|year=2020|isbn=978-1-647-83961-1|pages=86}}</ref> [[Maharaja Jashwant Singh|Maharaja Jaswant Singh]] of Bharatpur provided great support for the British during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] and this aid was greatly acknowledged by the British. [[Jaswant Singh of Bharatpur|Jaswant Singh]] was made a [[Order of the Star of India|G.C.S.I]] and his personal gun salute was increased.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sahai |first=Jawala |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dMzAxgEACAAJ |title=His Highness Maharaja Jaswant Singh Bahadur, G.C.S.I. of Bharatpur |date=1914 |publisher=Jwala Sahai, retired Nazim & Honorary Magistrate |language=en}}</ref>
 
In August 1947, Bharatpur acceded to the newly independent [[Dominion of India]]. The following year, in 1948, it became part of the [[United States of Matsya|Matsya Union]], and in 1949, it was integrated into the state of [[Rajasthan]]. Members of the Bharatpur royal family have remained active in national and regional politics. Several family members have served as members of parliament and in the state legislature.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-01 |title=Members : Lok Sabha : Singh, Shri Vishvendra |url=http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/Members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=459&lastls=14 |access-date=2025-01-06 |archive-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401085317/http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/Members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=459&lastls=14 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>
 
== List of ''Maharajas'' ==
{{main|List of Maharajas of Bharatpur}}
This section includes list of ''Maharajas'' of Bharatpur in chronological order. The current titular Maharaja of Bharatpur is [[Vishvendra Singh]] since July 1995.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Portrait !! Name of Maharaja !! Reign
!Notes
|-
| [[File:Detail of Raja Badan Singh from a painting from an illustrated 'Sujan Charitra' series, by Ramji, Jaipur School, circa mid-to-late 18th century (cropped).jpg|90x90px]]|| [[Badan Singh]]|| 1722 - 1755
|Founder of the princely state of Bharatpur.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Division |first=Publications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wumhDQAAQBAJ&dq=badan+singh+bharatpur&pg=PT483 |title=THE GAZETTEER OF INDIA Volume 2 |publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting |isbn=978-81-230-2265-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |first= |title=Final Report on the Bharatpur State Settlement (1900-1901) (PDF) |url=https://ia801402.us.archive.org/6/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.35891/2015.35891.Final-Report-On-The-Bharatpur-State-Settlement.pdf |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35891/page/n1/mode/2up |archive-date=20 January 2017 |access-date=6 January 2025 |website=[[Michael O'Dwyer]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Suraj Mal.jpg|70px]]|| [[Suraj Mal]]|| 1755 - 1763
|Son of Badan Singh. He is known for his political acumen and military prowess, he expanded his kingdom significantly and built the formidable [[Lohagarh Fort|Lohagarh]] Fort and [[Deeg Palace]]. He is often referred to as the ''Plato of the Sinsinwar Jat tribe'' or ''Jat Ullyses.''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Natwar-Singh |first=Kunwar |title=Maharaja Suraj Mal, 1707-1763: his life and times |publisher=Rupa and Co |year=2001 |isbn=978-81-7167-510-4 |edition= |location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Brijesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f864EAAAQBAJ&dq=surajmal+bharatpur&pg=PA35 |title=Comprehensive Modern Indian History: From 1707 To The Modern Times |edition=UPSC CSE |publisher=S. Chand Publishing |isbn=978-93-5501-657-7 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Jawahar Singh of Bharatpur.jpg|70px]]|| [[Jawahar Singh]]|| 1763 - 1768
|Son of Suraj Mal. He successfully repelled several attacks, including [[Ahmad Shah Durrani|Ahmad Shah Abdali's]], from Bharatpur. Additionally, he oversaw campaigns against the Marathas and Rohillas. With [[Sikhs|Sikh]] allies' assistance, he seized areas in [[Bundelkhand]] and Northern [[Malwa]] and even sacked Delhi in 1764.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ranavat Manohar Singh Ji |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.347515/page/n3/mode/2up |title=Bharatpur Maharaja Jawahar Singh Jat |date=1973}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath|title=Fall of the Mughal empire |date= |publisher=Orient Longman |isbn=978-81-250-3245-8 |edition= |location=New Delhi }}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Ratan Singh of Bharatpur.jpg|70px]]
|[[Ratan Singh of Bharatpur|Ratan Singh]]
|1768 - 1769
|Brother of [[Jawahar Singh]]. He ruled only for about nine months.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Cotton |first1=James Sutherland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IgG2AAAAIAAJ&dq=Ratan+Singh+of+Bharatpur&pg=PA76 |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India ... |last2=Burn |first2=Sir Richard |last3=Meyer |first3=William |date=1908 |publisher=Clarendon Press |pages=76 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Portrait of Maharaja Kehri Singh of Bharatpur State (cropped).jpg|88x88px]]
|Kehri Singh
|1769 -  1777
|Son (minor) of [[Ratan Singh of Bharatpur|Ratan Singh]]<ref name=":5" />
|-
|[[File:Maharaja Ranjit Singh of Bharatpur.jpg|70px]]
|[[Ranjit Singh of Bharatpur|Ranjit Singh]]
|1777 - 1805
|Son of [[Suraj Mal]]. He participated in the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] on the side of the [[Marathas]] and his forces proved to be a tough match for [[Lord Lake]]<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharatpur Fort and its resistance against British forces |url=https://cmsadmin.amritmahotsav.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?13454#:~:text=The%20origins%20of%20the%20conflict,the%20princely%20state%20in%201805. |access-date=6 January 2025 |website=amritmahotsav.nic.in}} [[Government of India]] ''“The origins of the conflict between the British and the Bharatpur state can be traced to the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]], when the ruler of the state, [[Ranjit Singh of Bharatpur|Ranjit Singh]], formed an alliance with the Marathas against the colonial forces. This angered the British, who ly decided to invade the princely state in 1805”''</ref>
|-
|[[File:Maharaja Randhir Singh.jpg|70px]]
|[[Randhir Singh of Bharatpur|Randhir Singh]]
|1805 - 1823
|Son of [[Ranjit Singh of Bharatpur|Ranjit Singh]]<ref name=":5" />
|-
|[[File:Maharaja Baldeo Singh.jpg|70px]]
|[[Baldeo Singh]]
|1823 - 1825
|Brother of [[Randhir Singh of Bharatpur|Randhir Singh]]<ref name=":5" />
|-
|[[File:Maharaja Balwant Singh.jpg|70px]]
|[[Balwant Singh of Bharatpur|Balwant Singh]]
|1825 - 1853
|Son of [[Baldeo Singh]]<ref name=":5" />
|-
|[[File:Jaswant Singh Bharatpur.jpg|70px]]
|[[Jaswant Singh of Bharatpur|Jaswant Singh]]
|1853 - 1893
|Son of [[Balwant Singh of Bharatpur|Balwant Singh]]<ref name=":5" />
|-
|[[File:Ram Singh of Bharatpur.jpg|70px]]
|[[Ram Singh of Bharatpur|Ram Singh]]
|1893 - 1900
|Son of [[Jaswant Singh of Bharatpur|Jaswant Singh]]<ref name=":5" />
|-
|[[File:Maharaja Kisan Singh.jpg|70px]]
|[[Kishan Singh of Bharatpur|Kishan Singh]]
|1900 - 1929
|Son of [[Ram Singh of Bharatpur|Ram Singh]]<ref name=":5" />
|-
|[[File:Maharaja Brijendra Singh of Bharatpur.jpg|70px]]
|[[Brijendra Singh]]
|1929 - 1947
|He was the last ruler of the [[princely state]] of Bharatpur. He was a [[Member of Parliament]] ([[Lok Sabha]]) 1962–1971. He was deprived of his royal rank, titles and [[Privy Purse in India|honours]] by the [[Government of India]] on 28 December 1971.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh |date=1996 |publisher=Anmol Publ |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 |editor-last=Shashi |editor-first=Shyam Singh |location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-01 |title=…दो घंटे में डूबने वाला था भरतपुर, तब खुद महाराजा कर्नल सवाई बृजेंद्र सिंह ने खोला था अटलबंध का मोरा {{!}} ... Bharatpur was about to drown in two hours |url=https://www.patrika.com/bharatpur-news/bharatpur-was-about-to-drown-in-two-hours-5443318 |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=Patrika News |language=hi |archive-date=4 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204193013/https://www.patrika.com/bharatpur-news/bharatpur-was-about-to-drown-in-two-hours-5443318/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}
 
==Expansion and decline==
{{Main|Battle of Delhi (1764)|Capture of Agra}}
Bharatpur State, founded in 1722 by [[Badan Singh|Maharaja Badan Singh]], saw significant expansion under the leadership of [[Suraj Mal|Maharaja Suraj Mal]], who ruled from 1755 to 1763, was instrumental in consolidating and expanding the state’s territories. During his reign, the state’s revenue reached an impressive 17,500,000 gold coins per annum. [[Suraj Mal|Suraj Mal’s]] strategic alliances and military prowess enabled Bharatpur to withstand numerous invasions, including those from the [[Mughal Empire]] and the [[East India Company]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Majumdar |first1=Ramesh Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dl4HxwEACAAJ |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Maratha supremacy |last2=Dighe |first2=Vishvanath Govind |date=1977 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |language=en}}</ref>


The most prominent ruler of Bharatpur was Maharaja [[Suraj Mal]]. He captured the important Mughal city of [[Agra]] on 12 June 1761.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bhatia|first=O. P. Singh|title=History of India, from 1707 to 1856 |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=smdXAAAAMAAJ&q=suraj+Mal+capture+agra&dq=suraj+Mal+capture+agra&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjzor2Y74HxAhWsyjgGHYWfAMYQ6AEwAXoECAcQAw|year=1968|publisher=Surjeet Book Depot|pages=536}}</ref> He also melted the two [[silver]] doors of the famous [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] monument [[Taj Mahal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Taj Mahal|url=https://southasia.ucla.edu/culture/architecture/taj-mahal/|access-date=2021-05-25|website=MANAS|language=en-US}}</ref> Agra remained in the possession of Bharatpur rulers till 1774.<ref>Prakash Chandra Chandawat: Maharaja Suraj Mal aur unka yug, Jaypal Agencies Agra, 1982, Pages 197–200</ref> After Maharaja Suraj Mal's death, [[Maharaja Jawahar Singh]], [[Maharaja Ratan Singh]] and [[Maharaja Kehri Singh]] (minor) under resident ship of [[Maharaja Nawal Singh]] ruled over [[Agra Fort]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.republicworld.com/india-news/politics/jats-demand-renaming-agra-museum-after-maharaja-surajmal.html|title=Jats demand renaming Agra museum after Maharaja Surajmal, note Shivaji's role|access-date=19 September 2020|newspaper=Republic World|last=Methri|first=Gloria}}</ref>
Suraj Mal captured important territories such as [[Capture of Agra|Agra]], [[Mathura]], and parts of [[Aligarh]]. The [[capture of Agra]] in 1761, in particular, was a significant achievement, as it was a major Mughal stronghold. Suraj Mal’s forces also successfully defended Bharatpur against multiple invasions, showcasing the state’s military strength.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Sir Jadunath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sgfVAAAAMAAJ&q=Jats+Agra |title=Fall of the Mughal Empire: 1754-1771. (Panipat) 2d ed., rev. 1950 |date=1950 |publisher=M.C. Sarkar |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Bhanu |first=Dharma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CctFMm9HSH8C&dq=jat+rule+over+agra&pg=PA9 |title=The Province of Agra: Its History and Administration |date=1979 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |language=en}}</ref>


The Jats were deafeated by the [[Mughal army]] under the command of [[Mirza Najaf Khan]] in 1774. [[Mirza Najaf Khan]] re-captured most of the Jat lands including [[Agra]] and [[Aligarh]].<ref name="livehistoryindia.com">{{Cite web|title=Najafgarh: A Kingmaker in the Capital|url=https://www.livehistoryindia.com/story/amazing-india/najafgarh/|access-date=2021-05-25|website=Live History India|language=en-US}}</ref>
In the 1760s, the Kingdom of Bharatpur reached its zenith and covered present day capital [[Delhi]] and district of [[Bharatpur district|Bharatpur]], [[Bulandshahr district|Bulandshahr]], [[Dholpur district|Dholpur]], [[Hathras district|Hathras]], [[Jhajjar district|Jhajjar]], [[Kanpur Dehat]], [[Auraiya]], [[Hapur]], [[Firozabad]], [[Baghpat]], [[Muzaffarnagar district|Muzaffarnagar]], [[Palwal district|Palwal]], [[Rohtak district|Rohtak]], [[Sonipat]]. The areas under the control of [[Jat people|Jat]]s broadly included parts of modern eastern [[Rajasthan]], southern [[Haryana]], western [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lethbridge |first1=Sir Roper |date=1900 |title=The Golden Book of India. A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled or Decorated, of the Indian Empire. With an Appendix for Ceylon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zykYAAAAYAAJ&q=auraiya+jats+etawah&pg=PA120}}</ref><ref name="Chaudhuri">{{cite book |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=J. N. |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People. Vol. 8: The Maratha |date=1977 |publisher=[[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]] |editor1-last=Majumdar |editor1-first=R. C. |editor1-link=R. C. Majumdar |page=157 |chapter=Disruption of the Mughal Empire: The Jats |oclc=1067771105 |access-date=20 December 2019 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dl4HxwEACAAJ}}</ref>


In 1805, war between the [[British Empire|British]] and the [[Holkars]] broke out. [[Ranjit Singh of Bharatpur|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] of Bharatpur agreed to help the Holkars and the two Maharajas fell back to the Bharatpur fort. The British surrounded the fort and after three months, Ranjit Singh agreed to peace and signed a treaty with the British, thus becoming a princely state.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Rise and Fall of The Maratha Empire 1750-1818|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=8AbPDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT62&dq=ranjit+singh+of+bharatpur+help+Yashwantrao+holkar&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwja7KTlt7nxAhVFcCsKHWF1Cj0Q6AEwAXoECAYQAw#v=onepage&q=ranjit%20singh%20of%20bharatpur%20help%20Yashwantrao%20holkar&f=false|last=Nandakumar|first=Sanish|publisher=Notion Press|year=2020|isbn=978-1-647-83961-1|pages=86}}</ref> [[Maharaja Jashwant Singh|Maharaja Jaswant Singh]] of Bharatpur provided great support for the British during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] and this aid was greatly acknowledged by the British. The young Maharaja was made a G.C.S.I and his personal gun salute was increased.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.heritageshaala.com/games/princely-states/salute-states|title=Princely States of British India - Card Game|website=www.Heritageshaala.com}}</ref>
After Suraj Mal death in 1763, Bharatpur State experienced internal conflicts and succession issues, weakening its stability. The British [[East India Company]] saw an opportunity and attacked in [[Siege of Bharatpur (1805)|1805]], but Bharatpur initially resisted. However, in 1825-26, the British, led by [[Stapleton Cotton, 1st Viscount Combermere|Lord Combermere]], besieged and [[Siege of Bharatpur (1825–1826)|captured the Lohagarh Fort]]. This ended Bharatpur’s independence, and in 1826, the state had to sign a treaty, making it a British protectorate.{{citation needed|date=November 2025}} Jats ruled Agra for 13 years from 1761 to 1774. On 18 February 1774, the Mughal Commander [[Mirza Najaf Khan]] re-captured Agra.<ref name=":4" />


In August 1947, the state of Bharatpur acceded to the newly independent [[Dominion of India]]. In 1948, it became part of the [[United States of Matsya|Matsya Union]] and in 1949, it was absorbed into the state of [[Rajasthan]]. Members of the ruling family continue to be active in national and regional affairs. Several members of the family have served as members of parliament and in the state legislature.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/Members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=459&lastls=14|title=Vishvendra Singh Bharatpur}}</ref>
==Military power==
The Kingdom during Jawahar Singh's time had a large army of 25,000 [[Infantry]], 15,000 [[Cavalry]] and 300 pieces of cannons with addition to the troops stationed at his forts.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC |title=A History of Jaipur: C. 1503-1938 |date=1994 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0333-5 |pages=253 |language=en}}</ref>


==Expansion and Decline==
== Architecture ==
{{Main|Lohagarh Fort|Deeg Palace|Keoladeo National Park}}
Bharatpur State is known for its blend of [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] and [[Rajput architecture|Rajput]] architectural styles.<ref name=":2" />


In the 1760s the Kingdom of Bharatpur reached its zenith and covered present day capital [[Delhi]] and district of [[Agra district|Agra]], [[Aligarh district|Aligarh]], [[Alwar district|Alwar]], [[Bharatpur district|Bharatpur]], [[Bulandshahr district|Bulandshahr]], [[Dholpur district|Dholpur]], [[Etah district|Etah]], [[Etawah district|Etawa]], [[Faridabad district|Faridabad]], [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]], [[Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]], [[Gurgaon district|Gurgaon]], [[Hathras district|Hathras]], [[Jhajjar district|Jhajjar]], [[Kanpur district|Kanpur]], [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]], [[Mathura district|Mathura]], [[Nuh district|Mewat]], [[Meerut district|Meerut]], [[Muzaffarnagar district|Muzaffarnagar]], [[Palwal district|Palwal]], [[Rewari district|Rewari]], and [[Rohtak district|Rohtak]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.istampgallery.com/maharaja-surajmal/|website=www.istampgallery.com|title=Maharaja Surajmal|access-date=28 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="Chaudhuri">{{cite book |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=J. N. |editor1-last=Majumdar |editor1-first=R. C. |editor1-link=R. C. Majumdar |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People. Vol. 8: The Maratha Supremacy |date=1977 |publisher=[[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]] |page=157 |chapter-url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=dl4HxwEACAAJ |accessdate=20 December 2019 |chapter=Disruption of the Mughal Empire: The Jats |oclc=1067771105}}</ref> The areas under the control of [[Jat people|Jat]]s broadly included parts of modern eastern [[Rajasthan]], southern [[Haryana]], western [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Delhi]].
[[File:Lohagarh_Fort.jpg|thumb|225px
|[[Lohagarh Fort]], built by Maharaja Suraj Mal in 1732 on an artificial island and took eight years to complete.]]


The Jats were deafeated by the [[Mughal army]] under the command of [[Mirza Najaf Khan]] in 1774. [[Mirza Najaf Khan]] re-captured most of the Jat lands including [[Agra]] and [[Aligarh]].<ref name="livehistoryindia.com"/>
[[Lohagarh Fort]] is one of the architectural achievement of the state. It was built by [[Suraj Mal|Maharaja Suraj Mal]] in 1732 A.D. on an artificial island and construction of this fort took almost eight years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-23 |title=ये है देश का एकमात्र अजेय किला, अंग्रेजों ने इसकी मजबूती के आगे टेके थे घुटने |url=https://www.patrika.com/bharatpur-news/lohagarh-fort-bharatpur-lohagarh-fort-history-special-feature-of-lohagarh-fort-8740530 |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=Patrika News |language=hi |archive-date=18 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818222044/https://www.patrika.com/bharatpur-news/lohagarh-fort-bharatpur-lohagarh-fort-history-special-feature-of-lohagarh-fort-8740530 |url-status=live }}</ref> This fort is considered as one of the strongest fort due to its formidable defense because the British forces led by [[Gerard Lake, 1st Viscount Lake|Lord Lake]] were unable to capture the fort in spite of multiple attacks during the [[Siege of Bharatpur (1805)|Siege of Bharatpur]] and the fort remained free from British control for more than twenty years till 1825.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-17 |title=भरतपुर का लोहागढ़ किला, जिसके आगे अंग्रेजों ने भी टेक दिया था घुटना |url=https://hindi.news18.com/photogallery/rajasthan/bharatpur-lohagarh-fort-bharatpur-lohagarh-fort-history-special-feature-of-lohagarh-fort-8777225-page-4.html |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>


==Military Power==
Between December 1825 and January 1826, British troops under [[Stapleton Cotton, 1st Viscount Combermere|Lord Combermere]] initially surrounded the state's capital until on 18 January 1826 its fortress was stormed and captured. After this [[Siege of Bharatpur (1825–1826)|siege]], it became princely state under British Raj control.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2024 |title=Siege of Bharatpur, 1825-1826 |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?14230/ |website=amritmahotsav.nic.in |last1=Mahotsav |first1=Amrit }}</ref>
The Kingdom had a large army of 25,000 [[Infantry]] and 15,000 [[Cavalry]] with addition to the [[Troop]]s stationed at his forts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lifeandmore.in/special-stories/how-maharaja-surajmal-stadium-metro-station-got-its-name/|title=How Maharaja Surajmal Stadium Metro Station got its name?|date=15 February 2020|access-date=28 June 2021|website=lifeandmore.in}}</ref>


==Rulers==
[[File:Deeg Palace.jpg|thumb|225px|[[Deeg Palace]], built in 1772 as a palace for the rulers of Bharatpur State.]]
The chronology of Sinsinwar dynasty rulers is as follows:
* [[Badan Singh]], 1722–1756. 1st Raja of Bharatpur 1722/1756, of Deeg and founder of Bharatpur; he was granted the title of Brijraj by Maharaja Jai Singh II on 23 November 1722; he constructed the Royal Palace and Gardens at Deeg as well as a temple at Dhir Samir ghat of Vrindavan; he was also an accomplished poet; he married 25 Ranis, including Rani Devki of a Jat family from Kama, and had issue, 26 sons. He died 7 June 1756 at Deeg.
* [[Maharaja Suraj Mal]], 1756–1763. 2nd Maharaja of Bharatpur 1756/1763, born about 13 February 1707, created Raja Brajendra Bahadur, he took a large part in the numerous struggles of the first half of the 18th century between the Mughals, Marathas, Rohillas and Afghans and extended his borders until they included; married 14 wives.
* [[Maharaja Jawahar Singh|Maharaja Sawai Jawahar Singh]], 1763–1768 (son of Maharaja Brajendra Surajmal Bahadur by Rani Ganga), 3rd Maharaja of Bharatpur 1763/1768,was murdered at Agra in 1768 during hunting.
* [[Maharaja Ratan Singh]], 1768–1769 son of Maharaja Brajendra Surajmal Bahadur by Rani Ganga), 4th Maharaja of Bharatpur 1768/1771 or 1768/1769, married and had issue. He too was murdered after a short reign.
* [[Maharaja Kehri Singh|Maharaja Keshri Singh]], 1769–1771, 5th Maharaja of Bharatpur 1771 or 1769/1776, died 1776.
* [[Maharaja Nawal Singh]], 1771–1776 (son of Maharaja Brajendra Surajmal Bahadur by Rani Kavaria), Regent of Bharatpur 1771/1776, died 1776.
* [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Bharatpur|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]], 1776–1805 (son of Maharaja Brajendra Surajmal Bahadur by Rani Khet Kumari), 6th Maharaja of Bharatpur 1776/1805, during his reign, Najaf Khan, stripped the Jats of all their possessions leaving only the fort of Bharatpur and territory of nine lakhs in value; after Najaf Khan's death in 1782, Maharaja Scindia seized what was left but was persuaded by Suraj Mal's widow to restore 11 districts to which a further 3 districts were later added, which afterwards remained as Bharatpur State; he provided assistance to General Lake at Agra in 1803 and was rewarded with a number of districts, however the following year, in November 1804 at the Battle of Deeg, he made open war on the British forces, repelling four assaults on his fort, until after a nearly [[Siege of Bhurtpore (1805)|two month siege]] he was compelled to make peace and a new treaty was made on 4 May 1805, by which he was made to pay an indemnity of 20 lakhs, though he was confirmed in his possessions except for the parganas made over to him in 1803; married and had issue. He died in 1805.
* [[Maharaja Randhir Singh]], 1805–1823, 7th Maharaja of Bharatpur, died 1823. An [[Siege of Bharatpur (1805)|1805 siege]] by the British ended in the latter's withdrawal.
* [[Maharaja Baldeo Singh]], 1823–1825, 8th Maharaja of Bharatpur, married and had issue. He died in 1825.
* [[Maharaja Durjan Sal]], 1825–1826, 9th Maharaja of Bharatpur  (usurper), opposed his cousin's accession and imprisoned him. British forces eventually laid [[Siege of Bharatpur|siege to Bharatpur]] for three weeks and on 18 January 1826, the fort was stormed by troops under [[Stapleton Cotton, 1st Viscount Combermere|Lord Combermere]] and dismantled, the Maharaja was then imprisoned at Allahabad.
* [[Maharaja Balwant Singh]], 1825–1853, 10th Maharaja of Bharatpur 1826/1853, born 1819, he was imprisoned by his cousin in 1825, but restored to the gadi in January 1826, under the Regency of his mother and the superintendence of the Political Agent, the Rani was removed later that same year and a Council of Regency was put in place; married and had issue. He died 1853.
* [[Maharaja Jashwant Singh]], 1853–1893, 11th Maharaja of Bharatpur 1853/1893, born 1851, during his reign the State rendered loyal assistance to the British Government in 1857 and maintained order in the vicinity of Bharatpur; the state was administered by a Council under the Political Agent until 1872 when he was granted full ruling powers; married firstly, 1859, Maharani Bishan Kaur, daughter of Maharaja Narendra Singh of Patiala, married secondly, Maharani Darya Kaur, and had issue. He died 12 December 1893. Maharajkumar (name unknown) Singh (by Rani Bishan Kaur), died 4 December 1869. Maharaja Ram Singh (qv); Rao Raja Raghunath Singh, born 7 January 1887, educated at Mayo College, Ajmer 1895/1905 (Class-Captain 1903/1905), then with the Imperial Cadet Corps, Dehra Dun; he was appointed to the Bharatpur State Council in 1911, married and had issue. He died after 1930. Kunwar (name unknown) Singh, married and had issue. Kunwar (name unknown) Singh, married a daughter of Rai Amarjeet Singh of Kuchesar, and had issue.
* Shri Brijindar Si [[Ram Singh of Bharatpur|Maharaja Ram Singh]] Bahadur Jang, 1893 – 1900 (Exiled); 12th Maharaja of Bharatpur 1893/1900, born 9 September 1872 at Lohagarh, Bharatpur; installed 25 December 1893, removed from the administration of his state in 1895 and finally deposed in 1900 (#1); married firstly, Maharani Kishan Kaur, married secondly, Maharani Giriraj Kaur, died after 1918 and before 1931, and had issue, two sons and two daughters. He died 1929. Lt.Col. Shri Maharaja Shri Brajendra Sawai Kishen Singh Bahadur Jang (by Maharani Giriraj Kaur)(qv) Maharaj Giriraj Singh; Maharajkumari Gajindar Kaur; Maharajkumari Gokul Kaur
*[[Maharani Girraj Kaur|Maharani Giriraj Kaur]], regent 1900–1918.
*Lt.Col. Shri Maharaja Shri Brajendra [[Maharaja Kishan Singh|Maharaja Kishen Singh]] Bahadur Jang, 1900–1929, 13th Maharaja of Bharatpur 1900/1929, born 4 October 1899, K.C.S.I. [cr.1926]; educated at Mayo College, Ajmer (College Diploma 1916) and for a short time at Wellington College, England in 1914; he was granted full ruling powers in November 1918, he was responsible for a number of reforms in the state of Bharatpur, including a reorganization of the army in 1919, Hindi was made the state language, primary education was made compulsory, Ayurvedic hospitals were set up, an exhibition to promote trade and arts was set up on an annual basis, the introduction of a system of participation of public in state affairs through credit banks, issuing society and village panchayat acts was started, the Brij-mandal in Shimla was established, and Social Reform Acts were enacted; he was appointed an Honorary Lieutenant-Colonel in the British Army on 24 October 1921, he presided over the Jat Mahasabha Adhiveshan organized at Pushkar in 1925; in consequence of the disorganisation of the State Administration and Finances he was deprived of his ruling powers in September 1928; married 3 March 1913, a daughter of Kunwar Gajindar Singh of Faridkot, died 18 August 1929, and had issue, four sons and three daughters. He died 27 March 1929 (#2). Shri Maharaja Shri Brajendra Sawai Vrijendra Singh Bahadur Jang (qv); Rao Raja Gajendra Singh [Girendra Raj Singh], died 1940. Rao Raja Edward Man Singh, born in July 1920 (1922?), married Rani Anant Mala, Princess of Kagal Junior, born 1926, died 1991, and had issue, three daughters. He died in February 1985. (Rajkumari Girrendra Kaur, born 5 November 1946, married 23 May 1972, Brig. Jitendra Pal Singh of Saidpur, and has issue, one son and one daughter. Kumari Gauri Singh; Kanwar Gaurav Singh; Rajkumari Ravindra Kaur, born 4 June 1952, unmarried. Rajkumari Krishnendra Kaur, born 10 April 1954, married 26 April 1982, Kanwar Vijay Singhji of Sihi, and has issue, one son and one daughter. Kumari Ambika Singh; Kanwar Dushyant Singh; Rao Raja Giriraj Saran Singh, born in September 1924?, M.P.(Lok Sabha) from Mathura, serving two terms, married firstly, January 1942 (div.1958), Maharajkumari Sushila Devi of Kapurthala, born 14 December 1918 at Kapurthala, died 1974 in Simla, married secondly, 1962, Mrs. Pamela Singh (divorced from her first husband), and had issue. He died December 1969. Rajkumar Anup Singh, born 25 December 1942, educated at Bishop Cotton School, Simla and Cornell University in the US, studying a course in agricultural management, married firstly, 1969 (div. 1974), Kumari Vijaya Kumari, born 1951, daughter of Thakur Gopal Singh of Bhajji State, a forest range officer better known as Mooshoo Mian, married secondly, May 1980, Surrinder Kaur, born 1946, a Sikh lady from Shahzadpur jagir in Haryana, no issue. Rajkumar Arun Singh [Prince Oogie], born 13 February 1947, educated at Bishop Cotton School, Simla and at St. Stephen's College, Delhi University; M.L.A. (three times) from Deeg constituency in Bharatpur District, first elected M.L.A.in 1993 as an independent. He was twice an independent M.L.A. and the third time he stood and won from the I.N.L.D. party ticket. He died unmarried 15 March 2006 at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences Hospital of kidney failure. His body was taken to Bharatpur on the same day, and he was given a state funeral (as he was an M.L.A.) at the Bharatpur Royal Cemetery. Maharajkumari Bibiji Kusum Kaur, married 1933, Kanwar Surendra Pal Singh of Unchagaon, Bulandshar District in the [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]]. Maharajkumari Bibiji (name unknown) Kaur, died 19 May 1930 at [[Mussoorie]]. Maharajkumari Bibiji Padma Kaur (Kunwarani Vrish Bhan Kunwar), born 18 September 1919, married Kunwar Brijendra Singh of Moradabad District., and had issue. She died 1945 in [[Mysore]].
* Colonel Shri Maharaja Brajendra Sawai [[Maharaja Brijendra Singh|Vrijendra Singh]] Bahadur Jang, 1929–1947 (Signed the [[instrument of accession]] to the [[Dominion of India|Indian Union]]), 14th Maharaja of Bharatpur 1929/1995, born 1 December 1918; he succeeded to the gadi on 14 April 1929; Member of the Lok Sabha 1962/1971; married firstly June 1941, Yuvarajkumari Jaya Chamunda Ammani Avaru [the Maharani of Bharatpur], died 1954, daughter of Yuvaraja Sir Sri Kantirava Narasinharaja Wadiyar of Mysore, and his wife, Yuvrani Kempu Cheluvammanniyavaru, married secondly, 1961 (div. 1972), Maharani Videh Kaur of the Urs family of Mysore, born 1933, died 1985, by whom he had issue. He died 8 July 1995.


The line is nominally continued
Apart from the [[Lohagarh Fort|Lohagarh]] fort, the [[Deeg Palace]] was also built by the [[Suraj Mal|Maharaja Suraj Mal]] in 1730 as a luxurious summer resort for the rulers of Bharatpur State. It is the only Hindu-style palace in north India and a perfect blend of [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] and [[Rajput architecture|Rajput]] architecture.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Dhar |first=Aarti |title=Deeg Palace erupts in colour for Braj Holi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/deeg-palace-erupts-in-colour-for-braj-holi/article6948866.ece |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=The Hindu|date=March 2015 }} “''Celebrations at Deeg Palace, with its wonderful mix of Mughal and Rajasthani architecture.''”</ref><ref name=":1" />
* Shri Maharaja Shri Brajendra Sawai Vishvendra Singh Bahadur Jang, 15th Maharaja of Bharatpur.<ref>{{cite web |title=Genealogy of Bharatpur |url=http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/b/bharatpur.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401032118/http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/b/bharatpur.html |archive-date=2009-04-01}}</ref>


==Symbols==
[[File:Sambhars are common sight at Keoladeo Ghana National Park Bharatpur India.jpg|thumb|225px|Sambar deer in [[Keoladeo National Park]]]]
[[File:Flag of Bharatpur.png|thumb|160px|Last flag of Bharatpur]]
The former flag of the princely state was a rectangular tricolor with three horizontal stripes of saffron, white and blue. Its design and colour scheme happened to be very similar to the [[Flag of India|official flag]] that would be adopted for the future independent [[Dominion of India]].


In the last three years before joining the Indian Union a new flag was adopted for Bharatpur that had a broad [[Chartreuse (color)|Chartreuse colour]]ed band and the coat of arms in the middle.<ref>[http://www.rbvex.it/asiapag/ragiaputi2.html#tonk Flags of Bharatpur – Roberto Veschi]</ref> During that brief period (c.1943 – 1947) Bharatpur became the only political entity ever to have a [[Chartreuse (color)|chartreuse]] coloured flag. Bharatpur State also had an elaborate coat of arms.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.indyabiz.com/bharatpur-rajasthan-travel-guide.html|website=www.indyabiz.com|title=Bharatpur Rajasthan Travel Guide|access-date=28 June 2021}}</ref>
Originally a royal hunting reserve, [[Keoladeo National Park]] was developed by [[Suraj Mal|Maharaja Suraj Mal]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=TL |first=Prabhu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7CenDwAAQBAJ&dq=keoladeo+national+park+suraj+mal&pg=PT167 |title=Majestic Monuments of India: Ancient Indian Mega Structures |date=2019-08-04 |publisher=Nestfame Creations Pvt. Ltd. |language=en}} “''Raja '''Suraj Mal''' created '''Keoladeo National Park''', also known as Keoladeo Ghana National Park. Previously this park was established as a bird sanctuary in 1956 and in 1982''”</ref> It is now a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]] and a bird sanctuary.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Keoladeo National Park |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/340/ |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en |archive-date=3 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003112429/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/340/ |url-status=live }}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Deeg]]
*[[Battle of Pichuna]]
*[[Meo (ethnic group)|Meo]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
==Notes==
==Notes==
*[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/text.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V08_079.gif Imperial Gazetteer of India Vol 8, P-73 Bharatpur State]
*[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/text.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V08_079.gif Imperial Gazetteer of India Vol 8, P-73 Bharatpur State] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070605132913/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/text.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V08_079.gif |date=5 June 2007 }}
*[[R. C. Majumdar]], H.C. Raychaudhury, Kalikaranjan Datta: [[An Advanced History of India]], fourth edition, 1978, {{ISBN|0-333-90298-X}}, p.&nbsp;535-36
*[[R. C. Majumdar]], H.C. Raychaudhury, Kalikaranjan Datta: [[An Advanced History of India]], fourth edition, 1978, {{ISBN|0-333-90298-X}}, p.&nbsp;535-36


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[[Category:History of Bharatpur, Rajasthan]]
[[Category:History of Bharatpur, Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Jat princely states]]
[[Category:Princely states of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Princely states of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajputana Agency]]
[[Category:States under the Rajputana Agency]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 17th century]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 17th century]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1947]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1947]]
[[Category:17th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:1722 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1947 disestablishments in British India]]
[[Category:1947 disestablishments in British India]]
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]

Latest revision as of 18:44, 9 March 2026

Kingdom of Bharatpur
1722–1947
Flag of Bharatpur
Flag from 1722 to 1880. Flag from 1880 to 1943.
Bharatpur State in the Imperial Gazetteer of India
CapitalBharatpur
Common languagesBraj
Hindi
Government
Maharaja 
• 1722–1755 (first)
Badan Singh
• 1929–1947 (last)
Brijendra Singh
Historical eraEarly-modern India
• Established
18 November 1722
• End of British suzerainty;
Accession to
Dominion of India
15 August 1947
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Mughal Empire
Dominion of India
Today part ofRajasthan (India)

Bharatpur was a princely state under British suzerainty. It was ruled by the Sinsinwar clan of the Hindu Jats. The state was founded by Maharaja Badan Singh in 1722. Suraj Mal played an important role in the development and expansion of the state. During Suraj Mal's reign (1755–1763), the annual revenue of the state was 17,500,000 gold coins.[2]

Under Suraj Mal leadership, the major architecture of this state include the Lohagarh Fort, Deeg Palace and the Keoladeo National Park, a royal hunting reserve, is a World Heritage Site.[3][4]

History[edit | edit source]

The Jat rulers of Deeg and Bharatpur emerged in the medieval period, spreading over parts of the Subah of Agra, including Deeg, Bharatpur, and Mewat. During this time, the Jats were zamindars and cultivators causing trouble for the Mughal Empire alongside Gujars and Meos. During early time Jats were considered outcasts and jungle inhabitants. According to Tarikh-i-Firishta, in 1026 AD, a band of Jats attacked Mahmud of Ghazni on his return from Gujarat but were nearly exterminated. In 1397 AD, Timur massacred a group of Jats while marching towards Delhi. In 1526 AD, Babar army was harassed by Jats during his march through Punjab.[5]

Royal court of Bharatpur Kingdom during 1860s

The Bharatpur rulers were Jats of Sinsinwar clan. According to a mythological origin, they descended from Balchand, a Yadav Rajput, through his sons Vijje and Sijje, born to a Jat concubine. They adopted the Sinsinwar gotra after being rejected as Rajputs.[6] Ram Pande states that this legend was created "to show superiority of Sinsinwar Jats over other Jats."[7]

View of the Deeg Fort taken in the 1890s. Deeg was the first capital of the Sinsini Jats established by Badan Singh. Later the capital was moved to Bharatpur.

The formation of the state of Bharatpur was a result of revolts by the Jats living in the region around Delhi, Agra, and Mathura against the imperial Mughals. Gokula was a prominent Jat zamindar of Tilpat who led a rebellion against the Mughal Empire during the reign of Aurangzeb. In 1669, he spearheaded the Battle of Tilpat, where Jat farmers revolted against heavy Mughal taxation. Despite initial successes, Gokula was eventually captured and executed in 1670.[8][9]

Silver Rupee of Bharatpur state, struck in the name of Mughal emperor Akbar II, Mahe Indrapur Mint.

Rajaram of Sinsini succeeded Gokula and continued the struggle against Mughal rule. He is noted for organising the Jats into a more cohesive force and avenging Gokula’s death by desecrating Akbar’s tomb. Rajaram’s leadership saw several victories against Mughal forces, including the defeat of Mughal Nawab Bahadur Khan (Mughal general). He was instrumental in consolidating Jat power in the region until his death in 1688. Now Aurangzeb approached the Kachhwaha Rajput ruler Bishan Singh to crush the uprising and appointed him as the faujdar of Mathura, granting him the entire area in zamindari. Conflict between Jats and Rajputs for zamindari rights also complicated the issue, with Jats primarily being landowners, whereas the Rajputs were primarily revenue collectors.[10]

The Jats put up a stiff resistance but by 1691, Rajaram and his successor Churaman were compelled to submit to the Imperial Mughals. However unrest among Jats continued and later on in the beginning of the 18th century, Churaman, taking advantage of the Mughal civil wars, was able to expel the Rajputs from the area and establish an independent state where Jat chiefs formed the ruling class.[10] Rajaram who also exhumed and burned the remains of Akbar is known for setting up a small fort at Sinsini and it was a key foundation of this kingdom.[11][12]

Maharaja Suraj Mal was the most prominent ruler of Bharatpur. On 12 June 1761, he captured the significant Mughal city of Agra. During his reign, he melted the two silver doors of the Taj Mahal. Agra remained under Bharatpur’s control until 1774. After Maharaja Suraj Mal’s death, his successors continued to rule over Agra Fort. Maharaja Jawahar Singh succeeded him, followed by Maharaja Ratan Singh. During the minority of Maharaja Kehri Singh, Maharaja Nawal Singh acted as the regent.[13][14]

Suraj Mal, most prominent ruler of Bharatpur Kingdom

In 1805, war between the British and the Holkars broke out. Maharaja Ranjit Singh agreed to help the Holkar and the two Maharajas fell back to the Bharatpur fort. The British surrounded the fort and after three months, Ranjit Singh agreed to peace and signed a treaty with the British, thus becoming a princely state.[15] Maharaja Jaswant Singh of Bharatpur provided great support for the British during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and this aid was greatly acknowledged by the British. Jaswant Singh was made a G.C.S.I and his personal gun salute was increased.[16]

In August 1947, Bharatpur acceded to the newly independent Dominion of India. The following year, in 1948, it became part of the Matsya Union, and in 1949, it was integrated into the state of Rajasthan. Members of the Bharatpur royal family have remained active in national and regional politics. Several family members have served as members of parliament and in the state legislature.[17]

List of Maharajas[edit | edit source]

Main article: List of Maharajas of Bharatpur

This section includes list of Maharajas of Bharatpur in chronological order. The current titular Maharaja of Bharatpur is Vishvendra Singh since July 1995.

Portrait Name of Maharaja Reign Notes
Badan Singh 1722 - 1755 Founder of the princely state of Bharatpur.[18][19]
Suraj Mal 1755 - 1763 Son of Badan Singh. He is known for his political acumen and military prowess, he expanded his kingdom significantly and built the formidable Lohagarh Fort and Deeg Palace. He is often referred to as the Plato of the Sinsinwar Jat tribe or Jat Ullyses.[20][21]
Jawahar Singh 1763 - 1768 Son of Suraj Mal. He successfully repelled several attacks, including Ahmad Shah Abdali's, from Bharatpur. Additionally, he oversaw campaigns against the Marathas and Rohillas. With Sikh allies' assistance, he seized areas in Bundelkhand and Northern Malwa and even sacked Delhi in 1764.[22][23]
Ratan Singh 1768 - 1769 Brother of Jawahar Singh. He ruled only for about nine months.[24]
Kehri Singh 1769 - 1777 Son (minor) of Ratan Singh[19]
Ranjit Singh 1777 - 1805 Son of Suraj Mal. He participated in the Second Anglo-Maratha War on the side of the Marathas and his forces proved to be a tough match for Lord Lake[19][25]
Randhir Singh 1805 - 1823 Son of Ranjit Singh[19]
Baldeo Singh 1823 - 1825 Brother of Randhir Singh[19]
Balwant Singh 1825 - 1853 Son of Baldeo Singh[19]
Jaswant Singh 1853 - 1893 Son of Balwant Singh[19]
Ram Singh 1893 - 1900 Son of Jaswant Singh[19]
Kishan Singh 1900 - 1929 Son of Ram Singh[19]
Brijendra Singh 1929 - 1947 He was the last ruler of the princely state of Bharatpur. He was a Member of Parliament (Lok Sabha) 1962–1971. He was deprived of his royal rank, titles and honours by the Government of India on 28 December 1971.[26][27]

Expansion and decline[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Battle of Delhi (1764) and Capture of Agra

Bharatpur State, founded in 1722 by Maharaja Badan Singh, saw significant expansion under the leadership of Maharaja Suraj Mal, who ruled from 1755 to 1763, was instrumental in consolidating and expanding the state’s territories. During his reign, the state’s revenue reached an impressive 17,500,000 gold coins per annum. Suraj Mal’s strategic alliances and military prowess enabled Bharatpur to withstand numerous invasions, including those from the Mughal Empire and the East India Company.[28]

Suraj Mal captured important territories such as Agra, Mathura, and parts of Aligarh. The capture of Agra in 1761, in particular, was a significant achievement, as it was a major Mughal stronghold. Suraj Mal’s forces also successfully defended Bharatpur against multiple invasions, showcasing the state’s military strength.[29][30]

In the 1760s, the Kingdom of Bharatpur reached its zenith and covered present day capital Delhi and district of Bharatpur, Bulandshahr, Dholpur, Hathras, Jhajjar, Kanpur Dehat, Auraiya, Hapur, Firozabad, Baghpat, Muzaffarnagar, Palwal, Rohtak, Sonipat. The areas under the control of Jats broadly included parts of modern eastern Rajasthan, southern Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh and Delhi.[31][32]

After Suraj Mal death in 1763, Bharatpur State experienced internal conflicts and succession issues, weakening its stability. The British East India Company saw an opportunity and attacked in 1805, but Bharatpur initially resisted. However, in 1825-26, the British, led by Lord Combermere, besieged and captured the Lohagarh Fort. This ended Bharatpur’s independence, and in 1826, the state had to sign a treaty, making it a British protectorate.[citation needed] Jats ruled Agra for 13 years from 1761 to 1774. On 18 February 1774, the Mughal Commander Mirza Najaf Khan re-captured Agra.[30]

Military power[edit | edit source]

The Kingdom during Jawahar Singh's time had a large army of 25,000 Infantry, 15,000 Cavalry and 300 pieces of cannons with addition to the troops stationed at his forts.[33]

Architecture[edit | edit source]

Main articles: Lohagarh Fort, Deeg Palace, and Keoladeo National Park

Bharatpur State is known for its blend of Mughal and Rajput architectural styles.[34]

Lohagarh Fort, built by Maharaja Suraj Mal in 1732 on an artificial island and took eight years to complete.

Lohagarh Fort is one of the architectural achievement of the state. It was built by Maharaja Suraj Mal in 1732 A.D. on an artificial island and construction of this fort took almost eight years.[35] This fort is considered as one of the strongest fort due to its formidable defense because the British forces led by Lord Lake were unable to capture the fort in spite of multiple attacks during the Siege of Bharatpur and the fort remained free from British control for more than twenty years till 1825.[36]

Between December 1825 and January 1826, British troops under Lord Combermere initially surrounded the state's capital until on 18 January 1826 its fortress was stormed and captured. After this siege, it became princely state under British Raj control.[37]

Deeg Palace, built in 1772 as a palace for the rulers of Bharatpur State.

Apart from the Lohagarh fort, the Deeg Palace was also built by the Maharaja Suraj Mal in 1730 as a luxurious summer resort for the rulers of Bharatpur State. It is the only Hindu-style palace in north India and a perfect blend of Mughal and Rajput architecture.[34][3]

Sambar deer in Keoladeo National Park

Originally a royal hunting reserve, Keoladeo National Park was developed by Maharaja Suraj Mal.[4] It is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a bird sanctuary.[38]

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Sunderlal, Pandit (2018). How India Lost Her Freedom. SAGE Publishing. p. 500. ISBN 9789352806423.
  2. ↑ Sen, Sailendra Nath (2010). An Advanced History of Modern India. Macmillan. p. 420. ISBN 978-0-230-32885-3.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "The Hindu : Magazine / Travel : Summer symphony". 20 March 2007. Archived from the original on 20 March 2007. Retrieved 4 January 2025.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 TL, Prabhu (4 August 2019). Majestic Monuments of India: Ancient Indian Mega Structures. Nestfame Creations Pvt. Ltd. “Raja Suraj Mal created Keoladeo National Park, also known as Keoladeo Ghana National Park. Previously this park was established as a bird sanctuary in 1956 and in 1982”
  5. ↑ Ahmad, Dr Aijaz (9 July 2021). History of Mewat. Alina Books. ISBN 978-81-933914-2-6. “The first authentic information respecting the remote ancestors of the Jat rulers of Bhartpur is mentioned in Tarikh-i-Firishta, which states that in 1026 AD a band of Jats molested Mahmud of Ghazni on his return from Gujarat and were nearly exterminated by him. In 1397 AD, Timur, marching towards Delhi, fell in with and massacred a horde of the same race, which was even then, noted freebooters. In 1526 AD, the army of Babar was harassed by them on his march through the Punjab.”
  6. ↑ McClenaghan, Tony (1996). Indian Princely Medals: A Record of the Orders, Decorations, and Medals of the Indian Princely States. Lancer Publishers. ISBN 978-1-897829-19-6.
  7. ↑ Pande, Ram (1970). Bharatpur up to 1826: A Social and Political History of the Jats (1st ed.). Rama Publishing House. p. 29. OCLC 610185303. The legend current in the Durbars of Bharatpur and Karauli till late was that one Balchand, a Yadav Rajput, 19th from Sindpal, a common claimed ancestor of Bharatpur and Karauli families, one day went out, as was his custom, on plundering expedition. On the way he met a Jat of Dogar clan, resident of Jagar, Hindaun in the former State of Jaipur. This Jat was carrying home his wife from Hodal, Balchand made both the Jat and his wife the prisoners and carried them of to his home Sinsini. Balchand had no family by his own wife and made his Jat prisoner's lady as his concubine and by her had two sons, Viije and Sijje. From that time when these two sons of Balchand were not admitted in the Rajput clan, they became Jats. After becoming Jats they proclaimed Sinsinwar as their Gotra from their own village Sinsini. There are several difficulties in accepting the story. Firstly, Karauli never had been such a big Stage at any time that Sinsini could have been a part of it. Secondly, a child's caste is normally determined by the caste of the father not by that of the mother. If Balchand's sons were not admitted to a Rajput clan, they would have been known as Darogas. Probably the purpose of above legend was to show superiority of Sinsinwar Jats over other Jats.
  8. ↑ "History of jats state during 17th century". Jagran Josh. 22 September 2015. Archived from the original on 4 April 2024. Retrieved 4 April 2024. “Gokla: He was the zamindar of Tilpat and one who provided leadership in 1669 AD uprising to the Jat. He was stamped down by the Mughal governor, Hasan Ali.”
  9. ↑ "जानें आगरा के फव्वारा चौक की रोचक कथा और कौन थे वीर गोकुला जाट जिनकी मूर्ति का हुआ अनावरण". News18 हिंदी (in हिन्दी). 4 October 2022. Archived from the original on 16 October 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2025. “गोकुला जाट का नाम आगरा के लिए सम्मान की बात है. दरअसल, तिलपतगढ़ी के गोकुला जाट की शौर्यगाथा 1666 से ही लोगों के जुबान पर रही है. जब दिल्ली पर औरंगजेब का शासन था. वीर गोकुला जाट ने औरंगजेब को मालगुजारी देने से इनकार कर दिया था. इससे बौखलाए औरंगजेब ने अपनी सेना युद्ध के लिए मथुरा स्थिति तिलपतगढ़ी भेजी. यह युद्ध 3 दिनों तक चला. वीर गोकुला जाट ने औरंगजेब की सेना के छक्के छुड़ा दिए. हार मानकर औरंगजेब ने 1669 में खुद वीर गोकुला जाट से युद्ध करने के लिए मथुरा पहुंचा. इस युद्ध में औरंगजेब ने वीर गोकुला जाट को बंदी बना लिया.”
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Chandra, Satish (1990). Medieval India. India: National Council for Educational Research and Training. pp. Chapter 18 p. 295, 296.
  11. ↑ Kunj Bihari Lal Gupta. The Evolution of the Administration of the former Bharatpur State. Vidya Bhawan Publishers, Jaipur, 1959.
  12. ↑ Tony McClenaghan. Indian Princely Medals: A record of the Orders, Decorations and Medals of the Indian Princely States. Lancer Publications, Spantech & Lancer, New Delhi, 1996.
  13. ↑ Singh, K. Natwar (2001). Maharaja Suraj Mal, 1707-1763: His Life and Times. Rupa & Company. ISBN 978-81-7167-510-4.
  14. ↑ Bhatia, O. P. Singh (1968). History of India, from 1707 to 1856. Surjeet Book Depot. p. 536.
  15. ↑ Nandakumar, Sanish (2020). Rise and Fall of The Maratha Empire 1750-1818. Notion Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-1-647-83961-1.
  16. ↑ Sahai, Jawala (1914). His Highness Maharaja Jaswant Singh Bahadur, G.C.S.I. of Bharatpur. Jwala Sahai, retired Nazim & Honorary Magistrate.
  17. ↑ "Members : Lok Sabha : Singh, Shri Vishvendra". 1 April 2022. Archived from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  18. ↑ Division, Publications. THE GAZETTEER OF INDIA Volume 2. Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting. ISBN 978-81-230-2265-9.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 19.6 19.7 19.8 "Final Report on the Bharatpur State Settlement (1900-1901) (PDF)". Michael O'Dwyer. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 January 2017. Retrieved 6 January 2025.
  20. ↑ Natwar-Singh, Kunwar (2001). Maharaja Suraj Mal, 1707-1763: his life and times. New Delhi: Rupa and Co. ISBN 978-81-7167-510-4.
  21. ↑ Singh, Brijesh. Comprehensive Modern Indian History: From 1707 To The Modern Times (UPSC CSE ed.). S. Chand Publishing. ISBN 978-93-5501-657-7.
  22. ↑ Ranavat Manohar Singh Ji (1973). Bharatpur Maharaja Jawahar Singh Jat.
  23. ↑ Sarkar, Jadunath. Fall of the Mughal empire. New Delhi: Orient Longman. ISBN 978-81-250-3245-8.
  24. ↑ Cotton, James Sutherland; Burn, Sir Richard; Meyer, William (1908). Imperial Gazetteer of India ... Clarendon Press. p. 76.
  25. ↑ "Bharatpur Fort and its resistance against British forces". amritmahotsav.nic.in. Retrieved 6 January 2025. Government of India “The origins of the conflict between the British and the Bharatpur state can be traced to the Second Anglo-Maratha War, when the ruler of the state, Ranjit Singh, formed an alliance with the Marathas against the colonial forces. This angered the British, who ly decided to invade the princely state in 1805”
  26. ↑ Shashi, Shyam Singh, ed. (1996). Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh. New Delhi: Anmol Publ. ISBN 978-81-7041-859-7.
  27. ↑ "…दो घंटे में डूबने वाला था भरतपुर, तब खुद महाराजा कर्नल सवाई बृजेंद्र सिंह ने खोला था अटलबंध का मोरा | ... Bharatpur was about to drown in two hours". Patrika News (in हिन्दी). 1 December 2019. Archived from the original on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  28. ↑ Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra; Dighe, Vishvanath Govind (1977). The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Maratha supremacy. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
  29. ↑ Sarkar, Sir Jadunath (1950). Fall of the Mughal Empire: 1754-1771. (Panipat) 2d ed., rev. 1950. M.C. Sarkar.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Bhanu, Dharma (1979). The Province of Agra: Its History and Administration. Concept Publishing Company.
  31. ↑ Lethbridge, Sir Roper (1900). "The Golden Book of India. A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled or Decorated, of the Indian Empire. With an Appendix for Ceylon".
  32. ↑ Chaudhuri, J. N. (1977). "Disruption of the Mughal Empire: The Jats". In Majumdar, R. C. (ed.). The History and Culture of the Indian People. Vol. 8: The Maratha. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 157. OCLC 1067771105. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  33. ↑ Sarkar, Jadunath (1994). A History of Jaipur: C. 1503-1938. Orient Blackswan. p. 253. ISBN 978-81-250-0333-5.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Dhar, Aarti (March 2015). "Deeg Palace erupts in colour for Braj Holi". The Hindu. Retrieved 4 January 2025. “Celebrations at Deeg Palace, with its wonderful mix of Mughal and Rajasthani architecture.”
  35. ↑ "ये है देश का एकमात्र अजेय किला, अंग्रेजों ने इसकी मजबूती के आगे टेके थे घुटने". Patrika News (in हिन्दी). 23 February 2024. Archived from the original on 18 August 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2025.
  36. ↑ "भरतपुर का लोहागढ़ किला, जिसके आगे अंग्रेजों ने भी टेक दिया था घुटना". News18 हिंदी (in हिन्दी). 17 October 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2025.
  37. ↑ Mahotsav, Amrit (5 May 2024). "Siege of Bharatpur, 1825-1826". amritmahotsav.nic.in.
  38. ↑ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Keoladeo National Park". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 3 October 2023. Retrieved 6 January 2025.

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Attribution

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bharatpur". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

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