List of districts of Kerala: Difference between revisions

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{{short description|Bharatpedia list article}}
{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox subdivision type
{{Infobox subdivision type
|name               = Districts of Kerala
| name             = Districts of Kerala
|map               = Political map of Kerala.svg
| map             = Political map of Kerala.svg
|category           = Districts
| category         = Districts
|territory         = [[Kerala]]
| territory       = [[Kerala]]
|start_date         =
| start_date       =  
|current_number     = 14 districts
| current_number   = 14 districts
|number_date       =
| number_date     =  
|population_range   = [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]] – 846,637 (lowest); [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]] – 4,494,998 (highest)  
| population_range = [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]] – 846,637 (lowest); <br/>[[Malappuram district|Malappuram]] – 4,494,998 (highest)
|area_range         = [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]] – {{Convert|1415|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (smallest); [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]] – {{Convert|4482|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (largest)
| area_range       = [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]] – {{Convert|1415|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (smallest); [[Idukki district|Idukki]] – {{Convert|4612|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (largest)
|government         = [[Government of Kerala]]
| government       = [[Government of Kerala]]
|subdivision       = [[Revenue Divisions of Kerala]]
| subdivision     = [[Revenue Divisions of Kerala|Revenue Divisions]]<br/>[[List of taluks of Kerala|Taluks]]
|caption=Districts of Kerala
| caption         = Districts of Kerala
}}
}}
The [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Kerala]] borders [[Arabian sea]] coastline on the west, [[Tamil Nadu]] on the south and east, [[Karnataka]] on the north and north east. [[Western Ghats]] form an almost continuous mountain wall, except near [[Palakkad]] where there is a natural mountain pass known as the [[Palakkad Gap]]. When the independent India amalgamated small states together Travancore and Cochin states were integrated to form [[Travancore-Cochin]] state on 1 July 1949. However, [[North Malabar]] and [[South Malabar]] remained under the [[Madras state]]. The [[States Reorganisation Act]] of 1 November 1956 elevated Kerala to statehood, through the unification of [[Malayalam]]-speaking territories in the southwestern [[Malabar Coast]] of India.
The Indian state of [[Kerala]] is divided into 14 districts. Districts are the major administrative units of a [[States and union territories of India|state]] which are further sub-divided into [[List of revenue divisions of Kerala|revenue divisions]] and [[List of taluks of Kerala|taluks]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Revenue administration (Department of Revenue, Government of Kerala) |url=http://clr.kerala.gov.in/english/index.php/structure |author1=Stateitcell }}</ref>


The state of [[Kerala]] is divided into 14 revenue [[district]]s. On the basis of geographical, historical and cultural similarities the state's districts are generally grouped into three parts – The ''North Kerala'' districts of [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]], [[Kannur district|Kannur]], [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]], [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]; the ''Central Kerala'' districts of [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]], [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]], [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]], and [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]; and the ''South Kerala'' districts of [[Idukki district|Idukki]], [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]], [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]], [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]], [[Kollam district|Kollam]], and [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kerala.gov.in/districts |website=kerala.gov.in |title= Divisions of Kerala |access-date=18 August 2020}}</ref> Such a regional division occurred being part of historical regions of [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]], [[North Malabar]], [[South Malabar]], and [[Travancore]]. The [[North Malabar]] region, which is culturally distinct from the rest of Kerala, entirely lies in the districts of ''Northern Kerala''.<ref name="mlbr">{{cite book
[[Idukki district]] is the largest district in Kerala with a total land area of 461,223.14 hectares.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-11 |title=Idukki reclaims top spot as Kerala's largest district |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/idukki-reclaims-top-spot-as-kerala-s-largest-district-1.8894290 |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
 
When the independent India merged smaller states together, Travancore and Cochin states were integrated to form [[Travancore-Cochin]] state on 1 July 1949. However, [[North Malabar]] and [[South Malabar]] remained under the [[Madras state]]. The [[States Reorganisation Act]] of 1 November 1956 elevated Kerala to statehood through the unification of [[Malayalam]]-speaking territories in the southwestern [[Malabar Coast]] of India.
 
The state comprises three parts – the Northern Kerala districts of [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]], [[Kannur district|Kannur]], [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]], [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]], [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]; the Central Kerala districts of [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]], [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]], [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]], [[Kottayam district |Kottayam]], [[Idukki district|Idukki]]; and the Southern Kerala districts of  [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]], [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]], [[Kollam district|Kollam]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Central Kerala |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/highresolutionimages/central-kerala |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=Kerala Tourism |language=en}}</ref> Such a regional division occurred being part of historical regions of [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]], [[North Malabar]], [[South Malabar]], and [[Travancore]].<ref name="mlbr">{{cite book
  | author = William Logan | year=1887
  | author = William Logan | year=1887
  | title= Malabar Manual (Volume-I) | publisher=Madras Government Press
  | title= Malabar Manual (Volume-I) | publisher=Madras Government Press
  | url= https://archive.org/details/malabarmanual0000loga/mode/2up
  | url= https://archive.org/details/malabarmanual0000loga/mode/2up
}}</ref> The regions of [[South Malabar]] and [[Kingdom of Cochin]], both of which share a lot of historical, geographical, and cultural similarities, together constitute the districts of ''Central Kerala''.<ref name="mlbr"/><ref>{{cite book
}}</ref> [[North Malabar]] region includes [[Kasargod]], [[Kannur]], [[Wayanad]], and the northern region of [[Kozhikode]] district, [[South Malabar]] region includes south-central part of [[Kozhikode district]], [[Malappuram]], parts except Chittoor taluk of [[Palakkad district]], [[Kunnamkulam]] and [[Chavakkad]] region of [[Thrissur]] district. The regions of [[South Malabar]] and [[Kingdom of Cochin]], both of which share many historical, geographical, and cultural similarities, together constitute the districts of Central Kerala.<ref name="mlbr"/><ref>{{cite book
  | author = C. Achutha Menon | year=1911
  | author = C. Achutha Menon | year=1911
  | title = The Cochin State Manual | publisher=Cochin Government Press
  | title = The Cochin State Manual | publisher=Cochin Government Press
  | url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22142/page/n9/mode/2up
  | url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22142/page/n9/mode/2up
}}</ref> The [[Travancore]] region is incorporated in the districts of ''South Kerala''.<ref>{{cite book
}}</ref> The [[Travancore]] region is incorporated in the districts of South Kerala.<ref>{{cite book
  | author = V. Nagam Aiya | year=1906
  | author = V. Nagam Aiya | year=1906
  | title=The Travancore State Manual | publisher=Travancore Government Press
  | title=The Travancore State Manual | publisher=Travancore Government Press
  | url= https://archive.org/details/travancorestate00aiyagoog/page/n10/mode/2up
  | url= https://archive.org/details/travancorestate00aiyagoog/page/n10/mode/2up
}}</ref> The Travancore region was again divided into three zones as [[Northern Travancore]] (Hill Range) ([[Idukki district|Idukki]] and a smaller portion of [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]), [[Central Travancore]] (Central Range) ([[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]], [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]] and [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]]) and [[Southern Travancore]] (Southern Range) ([[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]] and [[Kollam district|Kollam]]). The districts in Kerala are often named after the largest town or city in the district. The 14 districts are further divided into [[Taluks of Kerala|77 taluks]], 6 [[Municipal Corporation]]s, 87 [[Municipality|Municipalities]], and 941 [[Gram panchayat]]s. Some of the districts were renamed in 1990 from the [[Anglicisation|anglicised]] names to their local names.
}}</ref> The Travancore region was again divided into three zones as [[Northern Travancore]] (Hill Range) ([[Idukki district|Idukki District]], [[Kottayam district]] and eastern portion of [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]] district), [[Central Travancore]] (Central Range) ([[Kollam district]], [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]] and [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]] district) and [[Southern Travancore]] (Southern Range) ([[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=J.B.C. |date=September 1953 |title=State of Travancore-Cochin. The Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly Manual. (Ernakulam: Government Press. 1952. Pp. xii, 132.) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055400301198 |journal=American Political Science Review |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=903 |doi=10.1017/s0003055400301198 |issn=0003-0554|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
 
The districts in Kerala are often named after the largest town or city in the district. Some of the districts were renamed in 1990 from the anglicised names to their local names. The 14 districts are further divided into [[List of revenue divisions of Kerala|27 revenue divisions]], [[List of taluks of Kerala|77 taluks]] and 1664 [[Revenue Village|revenue villages]] for land revenue administration.<ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Department of Revenue and Land Survey (Kerala)|Revenue Department]] |date=2023-09-21 |title=Revenue administration - Government of Kerala |url=https://clr.kerala.gov.in/eng/ |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=Department of Land Revenue |language=en-gb}}</ref>
 
For local governance, Kerala has 6 [[Municipal corporation (India)|municipal corporations]] and 87 [[Municipal council (India)|municipalities]] overseeing urban areas. Additionally, there are 941 [[gram panchayat]]s, 152 [[Panchayat samiti|block panchayats]] and 14 [[District council (India)|district panchayats]] responsible for rural governance.


==Administrative structure==
==Administrative structure==
[[File:Regions of Kerala.svg|thumb|Regional grouping of districts in Kerala]]
[[File:Regions of Kerala.svg|thumb|Regional grouping of districts in Kerala]]
Kerala State has been divided into 14 districts, 78 taluks, 152 [[Community development block in India|community development blocks]], 941 [[Gram panchayat]]s, 6 corporations and 87 municipalities.
Kerala State has been divided into 14 districts, 27 [[List of revenue divisions of Kerala|revenue divisions]], 78 taluks, 152 [[Community development block in India|community development blocks]] and 1664 [[Revenue Village|revenue villages]].
 
=== Revenue administration ===
A district is administered by a [[District Collector]], who is an officer of the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) of Kerala cadre, and is appointed by the State [[Government of Kerala]]. The headquarters of the district administration is known as the [[Collectorate]]. The District Collector serves as the head of revenue administration in the district and also functions as the [[District magistrate|District Magistrate]] responsible for maintaining law and order within the district. The Collector serves as both the agent of the state Government and also as the representative of the people in the district. District administration is performed by the various Departments of the State Government, each of which has its own office at the district level. The District Officers of the various Departments in the district render technical advice to the collector in the discharge of his duties. The district collector is assisted by an additional district magistrate and deputy collectors.
 
The districts are divided into [[List of revenue divisions of Kerala|revenue divisions]] which comprises several [[List of taluks of Kerala|taluks]] under its jurisdiction. Taluks comprises several [[Revenue Village|revenue villages]]. A revenue division is headed by a [[Sub-divisional magistrate|Revenue Divisional Officer]]/[[Sub Collector]], and taluk is headed by a [[Tehsildar]]. The Tahsildar is assisted in each revenue village by village officers and village assistants. Village offices functions as the grassroot of the revenue administration.
 
=== Local governance ===
For the purpose of local governance, there are local-self government institutions, which includes 941 gram panchayats, 152 block panchayats, 14 district panchayats, 6 corporations and 87 municipalities.
 
The panchayati raj institutions ([[gram panchayat]]s, [[block panchayat]]s, [[District Panchayat|district panchayats]]) look after the governance of the rural areas in the district. These panchayats are governed by elected councils, headed by presidents and vice presidents respectively.
[[File:Jinoy Tom Jacob, Open Data Kerala.webm|thumb|360x360px|'''An NGO Contributes to Kerala Maps - Based on  Open Street Maps & Wikivoyage''']]
The urban local bodies ([[Municipalities of Kerala|municipalities]] and [[List of municipal corporations in Kerala|municipal corporations]]) look after the governance of the urban areas in the district. These urban local bodies are governed by elected municipal councils, headed by [[Mayor (India)|mayor]]/chairperson and [[deputy mayor]]/vice chairperson respectively. A municipality, which consists of urban areas, is administered by a municipal council headed by a Municipal Chairperson. In cities, a municipal corporation, administered by a corporation council headed by a mayor, oversees the municipal affairs.
 
The other administrative subdivision is "[[Community development block|blocks]]", which is co-terminus with the block panchayats area. Th CD blocks are established for the purpose of [[rural development]], aligning with the boundaries of the [[Panchayat samiti|block panchayat]]. Each CD Block encompasses several gram panchayats within its limit. A block is administered by a Block Development Officer (BDO), appointed by the government, who also functions as the ex-officio secretary of the Block Panchayat.


A district is governed by a [[District Collector]], who is an officer from [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) of Kerala cadre and is appointed by the State [[Government of Kerala]]. Functionally the district administration is carried on through the various Departments of the State Government each of which has an office of its own the district level. The District Collector is the executive leader of the district administration and the District Officers of the various Departments in the district render technical advice to him in the discharge of his duties. The District Collector is a key functionary of Government having large powers and responsibilities. He has a dual role to both as the agent of the Government of the state and also as the representative of the people in the district. He is also responsible for the maintenance of the law and order of the district.
A taluk consists of urban units such as [[Municipal governance in India|statutory towns]] and [[census town]]s and rural units called gram panchayats (for revenue purposes). The Local Self-Governments Department (LSGD), Government of Kerala, coordinates and supervises the administrative affairs of these local bodies and has district-level offices.


Other than urban units such as town [[Municipality|municipalities]] and rural units called [[Gram panchayat]]s, other government administrative subdivisions includes [[taluk]]s and 'community development blocks' (also known as CD blocks or blocks). A taluk consists of urban units such as [[census town]]s and rural units called [[gram panchayat]]s. The ''Tahsildar'' in charge of each taluk is primarily the Revenue Official responsible for the collection of revenue of the taluk, but he is also expected to be in direct contact with the people at all levels and to have first hand knowledge of the conditions of every village under his jurisdiction. The [[Tahsildar]] is assisted in each village by village officers and village assistants. A block also consists of such as [[census town]]s and [[Gram panchayat]]s. A block is administered by a Block Development Officer (BDO), who is appointed by the Government of Kerala. A gram panchayat, which consists of a group of villages, is administered by a village council headed by a Gram Panchayat President.
=== Police ===
{{Main|Kerala Police}}
There are 20 police districts in total, and among these, 8 police districts are coterminous with the respective revenue districts, while the remaining 12 police districts are constituted by bifurcating the revenue district into "city" and "rural" areas. Each police district is headed by a "District Police Chief" (DPC), an [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer typically holding the rank of [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]] (SP) or above. The District Police Chief is responsible for maintaining law and order, conducting criminal investigations and overseeing police administration in the district.


A [[Superintendent (police)#India|District Superintendent of Police]], better known as a Superintendent of Police, heads the District Police organization of [[Kerala Police]]. This is as per the Police Act of 1861, which is applicable to the whole of India. The Superintendents of Police are officers of the [[Indian Police Service]]. For every subdivision, there is a Subdivision Police, headed by a Police officer of the rank of Assistant Superintendent of Police or Deputy Superintendent of Police. Under subdivisions, there are Police Circles, each headed by an Inspector of Police. A Police Circle consists of Police Stations, each headed by an Inspector of Police, or in case of rural areas, by a Sub-Inspector of Police.
These districts are further divided into police sub-divisions. A subdivision comprises several police stations under its jurisdiction, each headed by an Assistant Superintendent of Police or Deputy Superintendent of Police (DySP) designated as the [[sub-divisional police officer]] (SDPO). The police station is the basic unit of police administration at the district level, each headed by an Inspector of Police, or in the case of rural areas, by a Sub-Inspector of Police designated as the [[Station house officer|Station House Officer]] (SHO).


The [[Kerala High Court]] has the jurisdiction of the state of Kerala. Each of the districts has a District Court.
=== Judiciary ===
The [[Kerala High Court]] has the jurisdiction of the state of Kerala. Each of the districts has a [[District courts of India|District & Sessions Court]].


<mapframe latitude="10.347" longitude=" 76.638" zoom="7" width="500" height="500" text="Districts in Kerala" align=center>
=== Other ===
Each state government department has a district office at the district level, headed by district-level officials, such as the [[Medical officer of health#India|District Medical Officer]] for the health department, District Fire Officer for the Fire and Rescue Department, Divisional Forest Officer for the Forest Department, etc. Each department's district-level offices oversee their respective areas of administration.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stateitcell |title=Structure |url=http://www.clr.kerala.gov.in/english/index.php/structure |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=www.clr.kerala.gov.in |language=en-gb}}</ref>
<mapframe latitude="10.347" longitude=" 76.638" zoom="7" width="500" height="500" text="Districts in Kerala" align=left>
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==History==
==History==
At the time of formation, Kerala had only five districts: [[Malabar district|Malabar]], [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]], [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]], [[Kollam district|Kollam]], and [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]. <br>On 1 January 1957, the [[Malabar district]] was trifurcated to form new districts of [[Kannur district|Kannur]], [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]], and [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]], bringing the total to seven districts. <br>[[Alappuzha district]] was carved out of erstwhile Kottayam and Kollam districts on 17 August 1957, to form the 8th district. <br>[[Ernakulam district]] was formed on 1 April 1958 as the 9th district, carved out of parts of erstwhile Thrissur and Kottayam districts. <br>[[Malappuram district]] was formed on 16 June 1969 as the 10th district, with Ernad and Tirur taluks of the erstwhile Kozhikode district and Perinthalmanna and Ponnani taluks of Palakkad district. <br>[[Idukki district]] was formed on 26 January 1972 as the 11th district, with Devikulam, Udumbanchola and Peermedu taluks of the erstwhile Kottayam district and Thodupuzha taluk of the erstwhile Ernakulam district. <br>[[Wayanad district]] was formed on 1 November 1980 as the 12th district in Kerala by carving out areas from Kozhikode and Kannur districts. <br>[[Pathanamthitta district]] was formed on 1 November 1982 as the 13th district by carving out the entire Pathanamthitta taluk and nine villages of Kunnathur taluk from Kollam district, entire Thiruvalla taluk and part of [[Chengannur]] and Mavelikkara taluks from Alapphuzha district and parts of Idukki district. <br>[[Kasaragod district]] was formed on 24 May 1984 as the 14th district by carving out a major portion of the erstwhile Kannur district.
At the time of formation, Kerala had only five districts: [[Malabar district|Malabar]], [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]], [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]], [[Kollam district|Kollam]], and [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]].
 
On 1 January 1957, the [[Malabar district]] was trifurcated to form new districts of [[Kannur district|Kannur]], [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]], and [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]], bringing the total to seven districts.


==Alphabetical listing==
[[Alappuzha district]] was carved out of erstwhile Kottayam and Kollam districts on 17 August 1957, to form the 8th district.
{| class="wikitable sortable" ceing=1 width=98% style="text-align border:1px solid black"
 
|- bgcolor=#99ccff
[[Ernakulam district]] was formed on 1 April 1958 as the 9th district, carved out of parts of erstwhile Thrissur and Kottayam districts.
!Code<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.mail.nic.in/docs/MailService_e-mail_address_Policy_WithCodes.pdf |title = NIC Policy on format of e-mail Address: Appendix (2): Districts Abbreviations as per ISO 3166–2 |pages = 5–10 |publisher = [[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Ministry Of Communications and Information Technology]], Government of India |date = 2004-08-10 |access-date = 2008-11-24 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080911133331/https://www.mail.nic.in/docs/MailService_e-mail_address_Policy_WithCodes.pdf |archive-date = 2008-09-11}}</ref>
 
!District
[[Malappuram district]] was formed on 16 June 1969 as the 10th district, with Ernad and Tirur taluks of the erstwhile Kozhikode district and Perinthalmanna and Ponnani taluks of Palakkad district.
!Headquarters<ref name="kldistp">{{cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/districts/andhra1.php?stateid=KL|title=Districts : Kerala|publisher=Government of India portal|access-date=2009-03-11}}</ref>
 
!Established<ref>Here 'Established' means the year of establishment as a district of Kerala. If the district was formed earlier than the formation of the state of Kerala, 1 Nov 1956 will be considered as the day of establishment of the district.</ref>
[[Idukki district]] was formed on 26 January 1972 as the 11th district, with Devikulam, Udumbanchola and Peermedu taluks of the erstwhile Kottayam district and Thodupuzha taluk of the erstwhile Ernakulam district.
!Population (2018)<ref name="kerdemo_2018">{{Cite book|title=Annual Vital Statistics Report - 2018|publisher=Department of Economics and Statistics, Government of Kerala|year=2020|location=Thiruvananthapuram|pages=55|url=http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/Vital_Statistics/data/vital_statistics_2018.pdf}}</ref>
 
!Area<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/32part1.pdf|title=Part I: state|publisher=Government of India Census portal|access-date=2015-12-08}}</ref>
[[Wayanad district]] was formed on 1 November 1980 as the 12th district in Kerala by carving out areas from Kozhikode and Kannur districts.
!Subdivisions
 
!Location
[[Pathanamthitta district]] was formed on 1 November 1982 as the 13th district by carving out the entire Pathanamthitta taluk and nine villages of Kunnathur taluk from Kollam district, entire Thiruvalla taluk and part of [[Chengannur]] and Mavelikkara taluks from Alapphuzha district and parts of Idukki district.
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
 
| AL
[[Kasaragod district]] was formed on 24 May 1984 as the 14th district by carving out a major portion of the erstwhile Kannur district. Kasaragod remains the last formed district of Kerala to date.
| [[Alappuzha District|Alappuzha]]
 
== Characteristics ==
[[Idukki district]] is the largest [[List of districts in India|district]] in Kerala by area. [[Alappuzha district]] is noted for its small area, while [[Malappuram district]] stands out as the most populous in Kerala. [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]], [[Idukki district|Idukki]], and [[Kasaragod district|Kasargod]] are the least populated districts in the state. Ernakulam district stands out as the most urbanised in Kerala, housing a municipal corporation and 11 municipalities, with 68.07% of its population residing in urban areas. Thiruvananthapuram has the highest population density at 1509 persons per sq.km, followed closely by Alappuzha and Kozhikode districts.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-11 |title=Idukki once again becomes the biggest district in State |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/idukki-once-again-becomes-the-biggest-district-in-state/article67295973.ece |access-date=2024-03-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Urbanization in Kerala |url=https://spb.kerala.gov.in/economic-review/ER2016/chapter01_02.php}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Economic review, 2017 State Planning Board, Government of Kerala |url=https://spb.kerala.gov.in/economic-review/ER2017/web_e/ch11.php?id=1&ch=11}}</ref>
 
==Districts==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Code<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.mail.nic.in/docs/MailService_e-mail_address_Policy_WithCodes.pdf |title = NIC Policy on format of e-mail Address: Appendix (2): Districts Abbreviations as per ISO 3166–2 |pages = 5–10 |publisher = [[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Ministry Of Communications and Information Technology]], Government of India |date = 2004-08-10 |access-date = 2008-11-24 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080911133331/https://www.mail.nic.in/docs/MailService_e-mail_address_Policy_WithCodes.pdf |archive-date = 2008-09-11}}</ref>
! scope=col | District
! scope=col | Headquarters<ref name="kldistp">{{cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/districts/andhra1.php?stateid=KL|title=Districts : Kerala|publisher=Government of India portal|access-date=2009-03-11}}</ref>
! scope=col | Established<ref>Here 'Established' means the year of establishment as a district of Kerala. If the district was formed earlier than the formation of the state of Kerala, 1 Nov 1956 will be considered as the day of establishment of the district.</ref>
! scope=col | Population (2018)<ref name="kerdemo_2018">{{Cite book|title=Annual Vital Statistics Report - 2018|publisher=Department of Economics and Statistics, Government of Kerala|year=2020|location=Thiruvananthapuram|pages=55|url=http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/Vital_Statistics/data/vital_statistics_2018.pdf}}</ref>
! scope=col | Area<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/32part1.pdf|title=Part I: state|publisher=Government of India Census portal|access-date=2015-12-08}}</ref>
! scope=col | Subdivisions
! scope=col | Map
|-
| ALA
! scope=row | [[Alappuzha District|Alappuzha]]
| [[Alappuzha]]
| [[Alappuzha]]
| {{dts|17 Aug 1957}}<ref name="alappuzhanic">{{cite web|url=http://alappuzha.nic.in/history.htm|title=Alappuzha : History|publisher=alappuzha.nic.in|access-date=2009-03-11|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410024019/http://alappuzha.nic.in/history.htm|archive-date=2009-04-10}}</ref>
| {{dts|17 Aug 1957}}<ref name="alappuzhanic">{{cite web|url=http://alappuzha.nic.in/history.htm|title=Alappuzha : History|publisher=alappuzha.nic.in|access-date=2009-03-11|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410024019/http://alappuzha.nic.in/history.htm|archive-date=2009-04-10}}</ref>
Line 79: Line 126:
*[[Kuttanad]] ([[Mankombu]])
*[[Kuttanad]] ([[Mankombu]])
*[[Mavelikkara]]<ref name="alappuzhanic" />
*[[Mavelikkara]]<ref name="alappuzhanic" />
|[[File:Alappuzha district location map.svg|175x175px]]
|[[File:India Kerala Alappuzha district.svg|100px]]
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|-
| ER
| ERN
| [[Ernakulam District|Ernakulam]]
! scope=row | [[Ernakulam District|Ernakulam]]
| [[Kakkanad]]
| [[Kakkanad]]
| {{dts|1 Apr 1958}}<ref name="ernakulamnic">{{cite web|url=http://ernakulam.nic.in/history.htm|title=History of Ernakulam|publisher=ernakulam.nic.in ( Ministry of Communication & Information Technology, Govt. of India)|access-date=2009-03-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071115160050/http://ernakulam.nic.in/history.htm|archive-date=15 November 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| {{dts|1 Apr 1958}}<ref name="ernakulamnic">{{cite web|url=http://ernakulam.nic.in/history.htm|title=History of Ernakulam|publisher=ernakulam.nic.in ( Ministry of Communication & Information Technology, Govt. of India)|access-date=2009-03-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071115160050/http://ernakulam.nic.in/history.htm|archive-date=15 November 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 3,427,659
| 3,427,659
| {{convert|3063|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|2407|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|align="left"|
|align="left"|
*[[Aluva]]
*[[Aluva]]
Line 95: Line 142:
* [[Muvattupuzha]]
* [[Muvattupuzha]]
* [[North Paravur]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ernakulam.nic.in/taluk.asp|title=Taluks&nbsp;— Ernakulam District|publisher=ernakulam.nic.in|access-date=2009-03-11|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227095053/http://ernakulam.nic.in/taluk.asp|archive-date=2009-02-27}}</ref>
* [[North Paravur]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ernakulam.nic.in/taluk.asp|title=Taluks&nbsp;— Ernakulam District|publisher=ernakulam.nic.in|access-date=2009-03-11|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227095053/http://ernakulam.nic.in/taluk.asp|archive-date=2009-02-27}}</ref>
|[[File:Ernakulam district location map.svg|175x175px]]
|[[File:India Kerala Ernakulam district.svg|100px]]
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|-
| ID
| IDU
| [[Idukki district|Idukki]]
! scope=row | [[Idukki district|Idukki]]
| [[Painavu]]
| [[Painavu]]
| {{dts|26 Jan 1972}}<ref name="idukkinic">{{cite web|url=http://idukki.nic.in/formation.htm|title=IDUKKI : History|publisher=idukki.nic.in ( Ministry of Communication & Information Technology, Govt. of India)|access-date=2009-03-11}}</ref><ref>as per Government notification No 54131/C2/71/RD dated 24 January 1972, Government of Kerala</ref>
| {{dts|26 Jan 1972}}<ref name="idukkinic">{{cite web|url=http://idukki.nic.in/formation.htm|title=IDUKKI : History|publisher=idukki.nic.in ( Ministry of Communication & Information Technology, Govt. of India)|access-date=2009-03-11}}</ref><ref>as per Government notification No 54131/C2/71/RD dated 24 January 1972, Government of Kerala</ref>
| 1,093,156
| 1,093,156
| {{convert|4356|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|4612|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|align="left"|
|align="left"|
*[[Devikulam]]
*[[Devikulam]]
Line 109: Line 156:
* [[Idukki]] ([[Painavu]])
* [[Idukki]] ([[Painavu]])
* [[Thodupuzha]]
* [[Thodupuzha]]
|[[File:Idukki district location map.svg|175x175px]]
|[[File:India Kerala Idukki district.svg|100px]]
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|-
| KN
| KAN
| [[Kannur District|Kannur]]
! scope=row | [[Kannur District|Kannur]]
| [[Kannur]]
| [[Kannur]]
| {{dts|1 Jan 1957}}<ref name="knr">{{cite web|url=http://www.knr.kerala.gov.in/administration.htm|title=Kannur district : Administration|publisher=knr.kerala.gov.in ( Govt. of Kerala)|access-date=2009-03-11|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421152855/http://www.knr.kerala.gov.in/administration.htm|archive-date=2009-04-21}}</ref>
| {{dts|1 Jan 1957}}<ref name="knr">{{cite web|url=http://www.knr.kerala.gov.in/administration.htm|title=Kannur district : Administration|publisher=knr.kerala.gov.in ( Govt. of Kerala)|access-date=2009-03-11|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421152855/http://www.knr.kerala.gov.in/administration.htm|archive-date=2009-04-21}}</ref>
| 2,615,266
| 2,615,266
| {{convert|2961|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|2966|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|align="left"|
|align="left"|
*[[Thalassery]]
*[[Thalassery]]
Line 123: Line 170:
* [[Taliparamba]]
* [[Taliparamba]]
*[[Payyanur]]<ref name="knr" />
*[[Payyanur]]<ref name="knr" />
|[[File:Kannur district location map.svg|175x175px]]
|[[File:India Kerala Kannur district.svg|100px]]
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|-
| KS
| KAS
| [[Kasaragod District|Kasaragod]]
! scope=row | [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]]
| [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]]
| [[Kasaragod]]
| {{dts|24 May 1984}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kasargod.nic.in/profile/afterdisform.htm|title=DISTRICT CAME INTO EXISTENCE...|publisher=kasargod.nic.in|access-date=2009-03-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410025049/http://kasargod.nic.in/profile/afterdisform.htm|archive-date=10 April 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>As per GO.(MS)No.520/84/RD dated 19.05.1984, Government of Kerala</ref>
| {{dts|24 May 1984}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kasargod.nic.in/profile/afterdisform.htm|title=District came into existence...|publisher=kasargod.nic.in|access-date=2009-03-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410025049/http://kasargod.nic.in/profile/afterdisform.htm|archive-date=10 April 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>As per GO.(MS)No.520/84/RD dated 19.05.1984, Government of Kerala</ref>
| 1,390,894
| 1,390,894
| {{convert|1989|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|1989|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|align="left"|
|align="left"|
*[[Manjeshwaram Taluk|Manjeshwaram]] ([[Uppala]])
*[[Manjeshwaram Taluk|Manjeshwaram]] ([[Uppala]])
* [[Kasaragod Town|Kasaragod]]
* [[Kasaragod]]
* [[Vellarikundu]]
* [[Vellarikundu]]
* [[Hosdurg]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kasargod.nic.in/|title=Kasaragod District > taluks|publisher=kasargod.nic.in|access-date=2009-03-11}}</ref>
* [[Hosdurg]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kasargod.nic.in/|title=Kasaragod District > taluks|publisher=kasargod.nic.in|access-date=2009-03-11}}</ref>
|[[File:Kasaragod district location map.svg|175x175px]]
|[[File:India Kerala Kasaragod district.svg|100px]]
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|-
| KL
| KOL
| [[Kollam District|Kollam]]
! scope=row | [[Kollam District|Kollam]]
| [[Kollam]]
| [[Kollam]]
| {{dts|1 Nov 1956}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kollam.nic.in/history.html|title=Short History of Kollam|publisher=kollam.nic.in|access-date=2009-03-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518045229/http://kollam.nic.in/history.html|archive-date=18 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> <br /> ( 1 July 1949)<ref name="previousdate" /><ref>[[Paravur, Kollam]]</ref>
| {{dts|1 Nov 1956}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kollam.nic.in/history.html|title=Short History of Kollam|publisher=kollam.nic.in|access-date=2009-03-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518045229/http://kollam.nic.in/history.html|archive-date=18 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> <br /> ( 1 July 1949)<ref name="previousdate" /><ref>[[Paravur, Kollam]]</ref>
Line 145: Line 192:
| {{convert|2483|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|2483|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|align="left"|
|align="left"|
*[[Kollam]] ([[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur, Chathannoor]])
* [[Kollam]]
* [[Karunagappally]]
* [[Karunagappally]]
* [[Kunnathur (Kerala)|Kunnathur]] ([[Sasthamkotta]])
* [[Kunnathur (Kerala)|Kunnathur]] ([[Sasthamkotta]])
Line 151: Line 198:
* [[Punalur]]
* [[Punalur]]
* [[Pathanapuram]]<ref name="kollamnictaluk">{{cite web|url=http://kollam.nic.in/villa.html|title=Taluks and Villages|publisher=Kollam.nic.in|access-date=2009-03-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210123336/http://kollam.nic.in/villa.html|archive-date=10 February 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Pathanapuram]]<ref name="kollamnictaluk">{{cite web|url=http://kollam.nic.in/villa.html|title=Taluks and Villages|publisher=Kollam.nic.in|access-date=2009-03-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210123336/http://kollam.nic.in/villa.html|archive-date=10 February 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|[[File:Kollam district location map.svg|175x175px]]
|[[File:India Kerala Kollam district.svg|100px]]
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|-
| KT
| KOT
| [[Kottayam District|Kottayam]]
! scope=row | [[Kottayam District|Kottayam]]
| [[Kottayam]]
| [[Kottayam]]
| {{dts|1 Nov 1956}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/district_handbook/Kottayam.pdf |title=District Handbooks of Kerala KOTTAYAM |publisher=kerala.gov.in |access-date=2009-03-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319183020/http://www.kerala.gov.in/district_handbook/Kottayam.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-19 }}</ref> <br /> (1 July 1949 )<ref name="previousdate" />
| {{dts|1 Nov 1956}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/district_handbook/Kottayam.pdf |title=District Handbooks of Kerala KOTTAYAM |publisher=kerala.gov.in |access-date=2009-03-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319183020/http://www.kerala.gov.in/district_handbook/Kottayam.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-19 }}</ref> <br /> (1 July 1949 )<ref name="previousdate" />
Line 164: Line 211:
* [[Kottayam]]
* [[Kottayam]]
* [[Vaikom]]
* [[Vaikom]]
* [[Meenachil]] ([[Palai]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/statistical/panchayat_statistics2001/ktm_shis.htm|title= KOTTAYAM : Short History|publisher=Kerala.gov.in|access-date=2009-03-12}}</ref>
* [[Meenachil]] ([[Pala, Kerala|Pala]])
|[[File:Kottayam district location map.svg|175x175px]]
|[[File:India Kerala Kottayam district.svg|100px]]
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|-
| KZ
| KOZ
| [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]
! scope=row | [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]
| [[Kozhikode]]
| [[Kozhikode]]
| {{dts|1 Jan 1957}}<ref name="kozhikodenic">{{cite web|url=http://kozhikode.nic.in/kzk/History.htm|title=Kozhikode: History|publisher=kozhikode.nic.in|access-date=2009-03-12|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070402230805/http://kozhikode.nic.in/kzk/History.htm|archive-date=2007-04-02}}</ref>
| {{dts|1 Jan 1957}}<ref name="kozhikodenic">{{cite web|url=http://kozhikode.nic.in/kzk/History.htm|title=Kozhikode: History|publisher=kozhikode.nic.in|access-date=2009-03-12|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070402230805/http://kozhikode.nic.in/kzk/History.htm|archive-date=2007-04-02}}</ref>
Line 178: Line 225:
* [[Koyilandy]]
* [[Koyilandy]]
* [[Vatakara]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kozhikode.nic.in/kzk/administration.htm|title=Kozhikode: Administration|publisher=kozhikode.nic.in|access-date=2009-03-12|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207061813/http://www.kozhikode.nic.in/kzk/administration.htm|archive-date=2009-02-07}}</ref>
* [[Vatakara]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kozhikode.nic.in/kzk/administration.htm|title=Kozhikode: Administration|publisher=kozhikode.nic.in|access-date=2009-03-12|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207061813/http://www.kozhikode.nic.in/kzk/administration.htm|archive-date=2009-02-07}}</ref>
|[[File:Kozhikode district location map.svg|175x175px]]
|[[File:India Kerala Kozhikode district.svg|100px]]
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|-
| MA
| MAL
| [[Malappuram District|Malappuram]]
! scope=row | [[Malappuram District|Malappuram]]
| [[Malappuram]]
| [[Malappuram]]
| {{dts|16 Jun 1969}}<ref name="malappuramnichist">{{cite web|url=http://malappuram.nic.in/history.html|title=Malappuram: HISTORY|publisher=malappuram.nic.in|access-date=2009-03-12}}</ref>
| {{dts|16 Jun 1969}}<ref name="malappuramnichist">{{cite web|url=http://malappuram.nic.in/history.html|title=Malappuram: HISTORY|publisher=malappuram.nic.in|access-date=2009-03-12}}</ref>
Line 188: Line 235:
|align="left"|
|align="left"|
*[[Nilambur]]
*[[Nilambur]]
* [[Manjeri]] ([[Eranad]])
* [[Eranad]] ([[Manjeri]])
* [[Kondotty]]
* [[Kondotty]]
* [[Perinthalmanna]]
* [[Perinthalmanna]]
Line 194: Line 241:
* [[Tirur]]
* [[Tirur]]
* [[Tirurangadi]]<ref name="malappuramnichist" />
* [[Tirurangadi]]<ref name="malappuramnichist" />
| [[File:Malappuram district location map.svg|175x175px]]
|[[File:India Kerala Malappuram district.svg|100px]]
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|-
| PL
| PAL
| [[Palakkad District|Palakkad]]
! scope=row | [[Palakkad District|Palakkad]]
| [[Palakkad]]
| [[Palakkad]]
| {{dts|1 Jan 1957}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.palghat.net/html/glancefrm.htm|title=Welcome to Palghat|publisher=palghat.net|access-date=2009-03-12}}</ref>
| {{dts|1 Jan 1957}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.palghat.net/html/glancefrm.htm|title=Welcome to Palghat|publisher=palghat.net|access-date=2009-03-12}}</ref>
Line 211: Line 258:
* [[Attappady]] ([[Agali, Palakkad|Agali]])<ref>https://www.mathrubhumi.com › news
* [[Attappady]] ([[Agali, Palakkad|Agali]])<ref>https://www.mathrubhumi.com › news
അട്ടപ്പാടി ട്രൈബൽ താലൂക്ക് ... - Mathrubhumi</ref>
അട്ടപ്പാടി ട്രൈബൽ താലൂക്ക് ... - Mathrubhumi</ref>
| [[File:Palakkad district location map.svg|175x175px]]
|[[File:India Kerala Palakkad district.svg|100px]]
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|-
| PT
| PAT
| [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]]
! scope=row | [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]]
| [[Pathanamthitta]]
| [[Pathanamthitta]]
| {{dts|1 Nov 1982}}<ref name="pathanamthittanic">{{cite web|url=http://pathanamthitta.nic.in/History2.htm|title=Pathanamthitta : History|publisher=pathanamthitta.nic.in|access-date=2009-03-12|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410023559/http://pathanamthitta.nic.in/History2.htm|archive-date=2009-04-10}}</ref><ref>As per GO (MS) No.1026/82/(RD) dated 29.10.1982, Government of Kerala</ref>
| {{dts|1 Nov 1982}}<ref name="pathanamthittanic">{{cite web|url=http://pathanamthitta.nic.in/History2.htm|title=Pathanamthitta : History|publisher=pathanamthitta.nic.in|access-date=2009-03-12|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410023559/http://pathanamthitta.nic.in/History2.htm|archive-date=2009-04-10}}</ref><ref>As per GO (MS) No.1026/82/(RD) dated 29.10.1982, Government of Kerala</ref>
Line 223: Line 270:
* [[Konni, India|Konni]]
* [[Konni, India|Konni]]
* [[Kozhencherry]] ([[Pathanamthitta]])
* [[Kozhencherry]] ([[Pathanamthitta]])
* [[Ranni]]
* [[Ranni, Kerala|Ranni]]
* [[Mallappally]]
* [[Mallappally]]
* [[Thiruvalla]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pathanamthitta.nic.in/Administration1.htm |title=Pathanamthitta : Administration |publisher=pathanamthitta.nic.in |access-date=2009-03-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410023822/http://pathanamthitta.nic.in/Administration1.htm |archive-date=2009-04-10 }}</ref>
* [[Thiruvalla]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pathanamthitta.nic.in/Administration1.htm |title=Pathanamthitta : Administration |publisher=pathanamthitta.nic.in |access-date=2009-03-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410023822/http://pathanamthitta.nic.in/Administration1.htm |archive-date=2009-04-10 }}</ref>
| [[File:Pathanamthitta district location map.svg|175x175px]]
|[[File:India Kerala Pathanamthitta district.svg|100px]]
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|-
| TV
| THI
| [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]
! scope=row | [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| {{dts|1 Nov 1956}}<ref name="THIRUVANANTHAPURAM">{{cite web|url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/knowkerala/tvm.htm |title=THIRUVANANTHAPURAM |access-date=2009-03-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207004457/http://www.kerala.gov.in/knowkerala/tvm.htm |archive-date=2009-02-07 }}</ref><br/>(1 July 1949)<ref name="previousdate"/>
| {{dts|1 Nov 1956}}<ref name="THIRUVANANTHAPURAM">{{cite web|url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/knowkerala/tvm.htm |title=THIRUVANANTHAPURAM |access-date=2009-03-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207004457/http://www.kerala.gov.in/knowkerala/tvm.htm |archive-date=2009-02-07 }}</ref><br/>(1 July 1949)<ref name="previousdate"/>
Line 241: Line 288:
* [[Chirayinkeezhu taluk|Chirayinkeezhu]] ([[Attingal]])
* [[Chirayinkeezhu taluk|Chirayinkeezhu]] ([[Attingal]])
* [[Varkala]]
* [[Varkala]]
| [[File:Thiruvananthapuram district location map.svg|175x175px]]
|[[File:India Kerala Thiruvananthapuram district.svg|100px]]
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|-
| TS
| THR
| [[Thrissur District|Thrissur]]
! scope=row | [[Thrissur District|Thrissur]]
| [[Thrissur]]
| [[Thrissur]]
| {{dts|1 Nov 1956}}<ref name="thrissurnic">{{cite web|url=http://thrissur.nic.in/tsrglance.asp|title=Thrissur At A Glance |publisher=thrissur.nic.in|access-date=2009-03-12}}</ref> <br /> (1 Jul 1949)<ref name="previousdate">Note: This date means the day when the district was initially formed, even before the formation of the state of Kerala. Hence 1 Nov 1956 will be considered as the day of formation of district in the state of Kerala</ref>
| {{dts|1 Nov 1956}}<ref name="thrissurnic">{{cite web|url=http://thrissur.nic.in/tsrglance.asp|title=Thrissur At A Glance |publisher=thrissur.nic.in|access-date=2009-03-12}}</ref> <br /> (1 Jul 1949)<ref name="previousdate">Note: This date means the day when the district was initially formed, even before the formation of the state of Kerala. Hence 1 Nov 1956 will be considered as the day of formation of district in the state of Kerala</ref>
Line 251: Line 298:
|align="left"|
|align="left"|
*[[Kodungallur]]
*[[Kodungallur]]
* [[Mukundapuram]] ([[Irinjalakuda]])
*[[Mukundapuram]] ([[Irinjalakuda]])
* [[Chalakudy]]
*[[Chalakudy]]
* [[Chavakkad]]
*[[Chavakkad]]
* [[Thalapilly]] ([[Wadakkancheri]])
*[[Thalapilly]] ([[Wadakkancheri]])
* [[Thrissur]]  
*[[Thrissur]]
*[[Kunnamkulam]]<ref name="thrissurnic" />
*[[Kunnamkulam]]<ref name="thrissurnic" />
| [[File:Thrissur district location map.svg|175x175px]]
|[[File:India Kerala Thrissur district.svg|100px]]
|- bgcolor=#F4F9FF
|-
| WA
| WAY
| [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]]
! scope=row | [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]]
| [[Kalpetta]]
| [[Kalpetta]]
| {{dts|1 Nov 1980}}<ref name="wayanadnic">{{cite web|url=http://wayanad.nic.in/profile.htm|title=Wayanad :profile|publisher=wayanad.nic.in|access-date=2009-03-12}}</ref>
| {{dts|1 Nov 1980}}<ref name="wayanadnic">{{cite web|url=http://wayanad.nic.in/profile.htm|title=Wayanad :profile|publisher=wayanad.nic.in|access-date=2009-03-12}}</ref>
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|align="left"|
|align="left"|
*[[Mananthavady]]
*[[Mananthavady]]
* [[Sultan Bathery]]
*[[Sultan Bathery]]
* [[Vythiri]] ([[Kalpetta]])<ref name="wayanadnic" />
*[[Vythiri]] ([[Kalpetta]])<ref name="wayanadnic" />
| [[File:Wayanad district location map.svg|175x175px]]
|[[File:India Kerala Wayanad district.svg|100px]]
|-
|-
!Total  
!Total
!&nbsp;14
!&nbsp;14
!&nbsp;14
!&nbsp;14
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==Demand for new districts ==
{{anchor | New | Demand }}
Listed from north to south:
* '''North Kerala'''
** '''Peringome district''' (from southern Kasargod and northern Kannur districts): <br>With in-land Peringome (Peringom) lush green hill station in the northeastern Kannur district as HQ.
** '''Vadakara district''' (from northern Kozhikode district): <br>With costal city Vadakara as HQ.
* '''Central Kerala'''
** '''Tirur district''' (from western/coastal areas of Malappuram district): <br>With the costal Tirur city as HQ. This is the most vocal demand due to Malappuram being the state's most populous district with nearly 4.5 million people. Tirur district would entail the Tirur, Tirurangadi, and Ponnani taluks.<ref name=newdk1>[https://thesouthfirst.com/kerala/old-demand-new-politics-call-for-bifurcating-malappuram-grows-louder Old demand, new politics: Call for bifurcating Malappuram grows louder], thesouthfirst.com, 6 Oct 2025.</ref><ref name=newdk2>[https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1651154 Demand for new districts takes centre stage in local body election campaign], keralakaumudi.com, 21 Nov 2025.</ref>
** '''Valluvanad district''' (from southern Malappuram and northern Palakkad districts): <br>With the in-land Perinthalmanna city as HQ.
** '''Irinjalakuda district''' (from southern Thrissur district): <br>With the in-land Irinjalakuda city as HQ halfway between Thrissur and Kochi cities.
** '''Muvattupuzha district''' (from eastern Ernakulam and northern Idukki districts): <br>With the in-land city Muvattupuzha as HQ east of Kochi. The district will entail Muvattupuzha, Kothamangalam, and Kunnathunadu from Ernakulam district as well as the Thodupuzha from Idukki district, to create a dedicated agricultural district separate from the industrial hub of Kochi.<ref name=newdk2/>
* '''South Kerala'''
** '''Mavelikara district''' (from southern Alappuzha, western Pathanamthitta, and northern Kollam districts): <br>With the in-land Mavelikara city as HQ equidistant from Alappuzha, Kollam, and Pathanamthitta cities.<ref name=newdk3>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/demand-for-creation-of-new-district-with-mavelikara-as-headquarters-grows-louder/article68542583.ec Demand for creation of new district with Mavelikara as headquarters grows louder], The Hindu, 19 Aug 2024.</ref>
** '''Neyyattinkara district''' (from southern Thiruvananthapuram district): <br>With the in-land Neyyattinkara city as HQ. District will entail the Neyyattinkara and Kattakada taluks. A mass petition with 50,000 signatures was submitted to the Chief Minister as the demand for this new district intensified with the operationalization of the Vizhinjam Port, which is expected to trigger massive regional growth requiring a closer administrative headquarters.<ref name=newdk2/>


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Kerala]] state
 
* [[Government of Kerala]]
* [[Government of Kerala]]
* [[Corporations, Municipalities and Taluks of Kerala]]
* [[Department of Revenue and Land Survey|Revenue Department]] (Kerala)
* [[List of districts of India]]
* [[List of revenue divisions of Kerala]]
* [[Revenue Divisions of Kerala]]
* [[List of taluks of Kerala]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
==Further reading==
* {{Cite book|title=Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019 (Malayalam Edition)|publisher=P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode|year=2018|location=Kozhikode|last=Chandran |first=VP}}
* {{Cite book|title=Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019|publisher=P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode|year=2018|location=Kozhikode|last=Chandran |first=VP|edition=Malayalam }}


==External links==
==External links==

Latest revision as of 12:44, 22 March 2026


Districts of Kerala
Districts of Kerala
CategoryDistricts
LocationKerala
Number14 districts
PopulationsWayanad – 846,637 (lowest);
Malappuram – 4,494,998 (highest)
AreasAlappuzha – 1,415 km2 (546 sq mi) (smallest); Idukki – 4,612 km2 (1,781 sq mi) (largest)
GovernmentGovernment of Kerala
SubdivisionsRevenue Divisions
Taluks

The Indian state of Kerala is divided into 14 districts. Districts are the major administrative units of a state which are further sub-divided into revenue divisions and taluks.[1]

Idukki district is the largest district in Kerala with a total land area of 461,223.14 hectares.[2]

When the independent India merged smaller states together, Travancore and Cochin states were integrated to form Travancore-Cochin state on 1 July 1949. However, North Malabar and South Malabar remained under the Madras state. The States Reorganisation Act of 1 November 1956 elevated Kerala to statehood through the unification of Malayalam-speaking territories in the southwestern Malabar Coast of India.

The state comprises three parts – the Northern Kerala districts of Kasaragod, Kannur, Wayanad, Kozhikode, Malappuram; the Central Kerala districts of Palakkad, Thrissur, Ernakulam, Kottayam, Idukki; and the Southern Kerala districts of Alappuzha, Pathanamthitta, Kollam and Thiruvananthapuram.[3] Such a regional division occurred being part of historical regions of Cochin, North Malabar, South Malabar, and Travancore.[4] North Malabar region includes Kasargod, Kannur, Wayanad, and the northern region of Kozhikode district, South Malabar region includes south-central part of Kozhikode district, Malappuram, parts except Chittoor taluk of Palakkad district, Kunnamkulam and Chavakkad region of Thrissur district. The regions of South Malabar and Kingdom of Cochin, both of which share many historical, geographical, and cultural similarities, together constitute the districts of Central Kerala.[4][5] The Travancore region is incorporated in the districts of South Kerala.[6] The Travancore region was again divided into three zones as Northern Travancore (Hill Range) (Idukki District, Kottayam district and eastern portion of Ernakulam district), Central Travancore (Central Range) (Kollam district, Pathanamthitta and Alappuzha district) and Southern Travancore (Southern Range) (Thiruvananthapuram).[7]

The districts in Kerala are often named after the largest town or city in the district. Some of the districts were renamed in 1990 from the anglicised names to their local names. The 14 districts are further divided into 27 revenue divisions, 77 taluks and 1664 revenue villages for land revenue administration.[8]

For local governance, Kerala has 6 municipal corporations and 87 municipalities overseeing urban areas. Additionally, there are 941 gram panchayats, 152 block panchayats and 14 district panchayats responsible for rural governance.

Administrative structure[edit | edit source]

Regional grouping of districts in Kerala

Kerala State has been divided into 14 districts, 27 revenue divisions, 78 taluks, 152 community development blocks and 1664 revenue villages.

Revenue administration[edit | edit source]

A district is administered by a District Collector, who is an officer of the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) of Kerala cadre, and is appointed by the State Government of Kerala. The headquarters of the district administration is known as the Collectorate. The District Collector serves as the head of revenue administration in the district and also functions as the District Magistrate responsible for maintaining law and order within the district. The Collector serves as both the agent of the state Government and also as the representative of the people in the district. District administration is performed by the various Departments of the State Government, each of which has its own office at the district level. The District Officers of the various Departments in the district render technical advice to the collector in the discharge of his duties. The district collector is assisted by an additional district magistrate and deputy collectors.

The districts are divided into revenue divisions which comprises several taluks under its jurisdiction. Taluks comprises several revenue villages. A revenue division is headed by a Revenue Divisional Officer/Sub Collector, and taluk is headed by a Tehsildar. The Tahsildar is assisted in each revenue village by village officers and village assistants. Village offices functions as the grassroot of the revenue administration.

Local governance[edit | edit source]

For the purpose of local governance, there are local-self government institutions, which includes 941 gram panchayats, 152 block panchayats, 14 district panchayats, 6 corporations and 87 municipalities.

The panchayati raj institutions (gram panchayats, block panchayats, district panchayats) look after the governance of the rural areas in the district. These panchayats are governed by elected councils, headed by presidents and vice presidents respectively.

An NGO Contributes to Kerala Maps - Based on  Open Street Maps & Wikivoyage

The urban local bodies (municipalities and municipal corporations) look after the governance of the urban areas in the district. These urban local bodies are governed by elected municipal councils, headed by mayor/chairperson and deputy mayor/vice chairperson respectively. A municipality, which consists of urban areas, is administered by a municipal council headed by a Municipal Chairperson. In cities, a municipal corporation, administered by a corporation council headed by a mayor, oversees the municipal affairs.

The other administrative subdivision is "blocks", which is co-terminus with the block panchayats area. Th CD blocks are established for the purpose of rural development, aligning with the boundaries of the block panchayat. Each CD Block encompasses several gram panchayats within its limit. A block is administered by a Block Development Officer (BDO), appointed by the government, who also functions as the ex-officio secretary of the Block Panchayat.

A taluk consists of urban units such as statutory towns and census towns and rural units called gram panchayats (for revenue purposes). The Local Self-Governments Department (LSGD), Government of Kerala, coordinates and supervises the administrative affairs of these local bodies and has district-level offices.

Police[edit | edit source]

Main article: Kerala Police

There are 20 police districts in total, and among these, 8 police districts are coterminous with the respective revenue districts, while the remaining 12 police districts are constituted by bifurcating the revenue district into "city" and "rural" areas. Each police district is headed by a "District Police Chief" (DPC), an IPS officer typically holding the rank of Superintendent of Police (SP) or above. The District Police Chief is responsible for maintaining law and order, conducting criminal investigations and overseeing police administration in the district.

These districts are further divided into police sub-divisions. A subdivision comprises several police stations under its jurisdiction, each headed by an Assistant Superintendent of Police or Deputy Superintendent of Police (DySP) designated as the sub-divisional police officer (SDPO). The police station is the basic unit of police administration at the district level, each headed by an Inspector of Police, or in the case of rural areas, by a Sub-Inspector of Police designated as the Station House Officer (SHO).

Judiciary[edit | edit source]

The Kerala High Court has the jurisdiction of the state of Kerala. Each of the districts has a District & Sessions Court.

Other[edit | edit source]

Each state government department has a district office at the district level, headed by district-level officials, such as the District Medical Officer for the health department, District Fire Officer for the Fire and Rescue Department, Divisional Forest Officer for the Forest Department, etc. Each department's district-level offices oversee their respective areas of administration.[9]

Map
Districts in Kerala

History[edit | edit source]

At the time of formation, Kerala had only five districts: Malabar, Thrissur, Kottayam, Kollam, and Thiruvananthapuram.

On 1 January 1957, the Malabar district was trifurcated to form new districts of Kannur, Kozhikode, and Palakkad, bringing the total to seven districts.

Alappuzha district was carved out of erstwhile Kottayam and Kollam districts on 17 August 1957, to form the 8th district.

Ernakulam district was formed on 1 April 1958 as the 9th district, carved out of parts of erstwhile Thrissur and Kottayam districts.

Malappuram district was formed on 16 June 1969 as the 10th district, with Ernad and Tirur taluks of the erstwhile Kozhikode district and Perinthalmanna and Ponnani taluks of Palakkad district.

Idukki district was formed on 26 January 1972 as the 11th district, with Devikulam, Udumbanchola and Peermedu taluks of the erstwhile Kottayam district and Thodupuzha taluk of the erstwhile Ernakulam district.

Wayanad district was formed on 1 November 1980 as the 12th district in Kerala by carving out areas from Kozhikode and Kannur districts.

Pathanamthitta district was formed on 1 November 1982 as the 13th district by carving out the entire Pathanamthitta taluk and nine villages of Kunnathur taluk from Kollam district, entire Thiruvalla taluk and part of Chengannur and Mavelikkara taluks from Alapphuzha district and parts of Idukki district.

Kasaragod district was formed on 24 May 1984 as the 14th district by carving out a major portion of the erstwhile Kannur district. Kasaragod remains the last formed district of Kerala to date.

Characteristics[edit | edit source]

Idukki district is the largest district in Kerala by area. Alappuzha district is noted for its small area, while Malappuram district stands out as the most populous in Kerala. Wayanad, Idukki, and Kasargod are the least populated districts in the state. Ernakulam district stands out as the most urbanised in Kerala, housing a municipal corporation and 11 municipalities, with 68.07% of its population residing in urban areas. Thiruvananthapuram has the highest population density at 1509 persons per sq.km, followed closely by Alappuzha and Kozhikode districts.[10][11][12]

Districts[edit | edit source]

Code[13] District Headquarters[14] Established[15] Population (2018)[16] Area[17] Subdivisions Map
ALA Alappuzha Alappuzha 17 Aug 1957[18] 2,146,033 1,415 km2 (546 sq mi)
ERN Ernakulam Kakkanad 1 Apr 1958[19] 3,427,659 2,407 km2 (929 sq mi)
IDU Idukki Painavu 26 Jan 1972[21][22] 1,093,156 4,612 km2 (1,781 sq mi)
KAN Kannur Kannur 1 Jan 1957[23] 2,615,266 2,966 km2 (1,145 sq mi)
KAS Kasaragod Kasaragod 24 May 1984[24][25] 1,390,894 1,989 km2 (768 sq mi)
KOL Kollam Kollam 1 Nov 1956[27]
( 1 July 1949)[28][29] 		2,659,431 2,483 km2 (959 sq mi)
KOT Kottayam Kottayam 1 Nov 1956[31]
(1 July 1949 )[28] 		1,983,573 2,206 km2 (852 sq mi)
KOZ Kozhikode Kozhikode 1 Jan 1957[32] 3,249,761 2,345 km2 (905 sq mi)
MAL Malappuram Malappuram 16 Jun 1969[34] 4,494,998 3,554 km2 (1,372 sq mi)
PAL Palakkad Palakkad 1 Jan 1957[35] 2,952,254 4,482 km2 (1,731 sq mi)
PAT Pathanamthitta Pathanamthitta 1 Nov 1982[38][39] 1,172,212 2,652 km2 (1,024 sq mi)
THI Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvananthapuram 1 Nov 1956[41]
(1 July 1949)[28] 		3,355,148 2,189 km2 (845 sq mi)
THR Thrissur Thrissur 1 Nov 1956[42]
(1 Jul 1949)[28] 		3,243,170 3,027 km2 (1,169 sq mi)
WAY Wayanad Kalpetta 1 Nov 1980[43] 846,637 2,130 km2 (820 sq mi)
Total  14  14  14 34,630,192 38,852 km2 (15,001 sq mi)  78

Demand for new districts[edit | edit source]

Listed from north to south:

  • North Kerala
    • Peringome district (from southern Kasargod and northern Kannur districts):
      With in-land Peringome (Peringom) lush green hill station in the northeastern Kannur district as HQ.
    • Vadakara district (from northern Kozhikode district):
      With costal city Vadakara as HQ.
  • Central Kerala
    • Tirur district (from western/coastal areas of Malappuram district):
      With the costal Tirur city as HQ. This is the most vocal demand due to Malappuram being the state's most populous district with nearly 4.5 million people. Tirur district would entail the Tirur, Tirurangadi, and Ponnani taluks.[44][45]
    • Valluvanad district (from southern Malappuram and northern Palakkad districts):
      With the in-land Perinthalmanna city as HQ.
    • Irinjalakuda district (from southern Thrissur district):
      With the in-land Irinjalakuda city as HQ halfway between Thrissur and Kochi cities.
    • Muvattupuzha district (from eastern Ernakulam and northern Idukki districts):
      With the in-land city Muvattupuzha as HQ east of Kochi. The district will entail Muvattupuzha, Kothamangalam, and Kunnathunadu from Ernakulam district as well as the Thodupuzha from Idukki district, to create a dedicated agricultural district separate from the industrial hub of Kochi.[45]
  • South Kerala
    • Mavelikara district (from southern Alappuzha, western Pathanamthitta, and northern Kollam districts):
      With the in-land Mavelikara city as HQ equidistant from Alappuzha, Kollam, and Pathanamthitta cities.[46]
    • Neyyattinkara district (from southern Thiruvananthapuram district):
      With the in-land Neyyattinkara city as HQ. District will entail the Neyyattinkara and Kattakada taluks. A mass petition with 50,000 signatures was submitted to the Chief Minister as the demand for this new district intensified with the operationalization of the Vizhinjam Port, which is expected to trigger massive regional growth requiring a closer administrative headquarters.[45]

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Stateitcell. "Revenue administration (Department of Revenue, Government of Kerala)".
  2. ↑ "Idukki reclaims top spot as Kerala's largest district". English.Mathrubhumi. 11 September 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
  3. ↑ "Central Kerala". Kerala Tourism. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 William Logan (1887). Malabar Manual (Volume-I). Madras Government Press.
  5. ↑ C. Achutha Menon (1911). The Cochin State Manual. Cochin Government Press.
  6. ↑ V. Nagam Aiya (1906). The Travancore State Manual. Travancore Government Press.
  7. ↑ J.B.C. (September 1953). "State of Travancore-Cochin. The Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly Manual. (Ernakulam: Government Press. 1952. Pp. xii, 132.)". American Political Science Review. 47 (3): 903. doi:10.1017/s0003055400301198. ISSN 0003-0554.
  8. ↑ Revenue Department (21 September 2023). "Revenue administration - Government of Kerala". Department of Land Revenue. Retrieved 4 January 2026.
  9. ↑ Stateitcell. "Structure". www.clr.kerala.gov.in. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
  10. ↑ "Idukki once again becomes the biggest district in State". The Hindu. 11 September 2023. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
  11. ↑ "Urbanization in Kerala".
  12. ↑ "Economic review, 2017 State Planning Board, Government of Kerala".
  13. ↑ "NIC Policy on format of e-mail Address: Appendix (2): Districts Abbreviations as per ISO 3166–2" (PDF). Ministry Of Communications and Information Technology, Government of India. 10 August 2004. pp. 5–10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 September 2008. Retrieved 24 November 2008.
  14. ↑ "Districts : Kerala". Government of India portal. Retrieved 11 March 2009.
  15. ↑ Here 'Established' means the year of establishment as a district of Kerala. If the district was formed earlier than the formation of the state of Kerala, 1 Nov 1956 will be considered as the day of establishment of the district.
  16. ↑ Annual Vital Statistics Report - 2018 (PDF). Thiruvananthapuram: Department of Economics and Statistics, Government of Kerala. 2020. p. 55.
  17. ↑ "Part I: state" (PDF). Government of India Census portal. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Alappuzha : History". alappuzha.nic.in. Archived from the original on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 11 March 2009.
  19. ↑ "History of Ernakulam". ernakulam.nic.in ( Ministry of Communication & Information Technology, Govt. of India). Archived from the original on 15 November 2007. Retrieved 11 March 2009.
  20. ↑ "Taluks — Ernakulam District". ernakulam.nic.in. Archived from the original on 27 February 2009. Retrieved 11 March 2009.
  21. ↑ "IDUKKI : History". idukki.nic.in ( Ministry of Communication & Information Technology, Govt. of India). Retrieved 11 March 2009.
  22. ↑ as per Government notification No 54131/C2/71/RD dated 24 January 1972, Government of Kerala
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "Kannur district : Administration". knr.kerala.gov.in ( Govt. of Kerala). Archived from the original on 21 April 2009. Retrieved 11 March 2009.
  24. ↑ "District came into existence..." kasargod.nic.in. Archived from the original on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 11 March 2009.
  25. ↑ As per GO.(MS)No.520/84/RD dated 19.05.1984, Government of Kerala
  26. ↑ "Kasaragod District > taluks". kasargod.nic.in. Retrieved 11 March 2009.
  27. ↑ "Short History of Kollam". kollam.nic.in. Archived from the original on 18 May 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2009.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 Note: This date means the day when the district was initially formed, even before the formation of the state of Kerala. Hence 1 Nov 1956 will be considered as the day of formation of district in the state of Kerala
  29. ↑ Paravur, Kollam
  30. ↑ "Taluks and Villages". Kollam.nic.in. Archived from the original on 10 February 2007. Retrieved 11 March 2009.
  31. ↑ "District Handbooks of Kerala KOTTAYAM" (PDF). kerala.gov.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2009. Retrieved 11 March 2009.
  32. ↑ "Kozhikode: History". kozhikode.nic.in. Archived from the original on 2 April 2007. Retrieved 12 March 2009.
  33. ↑ "Kozhikode: Administration". kozhikode.nic.in. Archived from the original on 7 February 2009. Retrieved 12 March 2009.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 "Malappuram: HISTORY". malappuram.nic.in. Retrieved 12 March 2009.
  35. ↑ "Welcome to Palghat". palghat.net. Retrieved 12 March 2009.
  36. ↑ "BASIC STATISTICS of PALAKKAD". palakkad.nic.in. Archived from the original on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 12 March 2009.
  37. ↑ https://www.mathrubhumi.com › news അട്ടപ്പാടി ട്രൈബൽ താലൂക്ക് ... - Mathrubhumi
  38. ↑ "Pathanamthitta : History". pathanamthitta.nic.in. Archived from the original on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 12 March 2009.
  39. ↑ As per GO (MS) No.1026/82/(RD) dated 29.10.1982, Government of Kerala
  40. ↑ "Pathanamthitta : Administration". pathanamthitta.nic.in. Archived from the original on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 12 March 2009.
  41. ↑ "THIRUVANANTHAPURAM". Archived from the original on 7 February 2009. Retrieved 12 March 2009.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 "Thrissur At A Glance". thrissur.nic.in. Retrieved 12 March 2009.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 "Wayanad :profile". wayanad.nic.in. Retrieved 12 March 2009.
  44. ↑ Old demand, new politics: Call for bifurcating Malappuram grows louder, thesouthfirst.com, 6 Oct 2025.
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 Demand for new districts takes centre stage in local body election campaign, keralakaumudi.com, 21 Nov 2025.
  46. ↑ Demand for creation of new district with Mavelikara as headquarters grows louder, The Hindu, 19 Aug 2024.

Further reading[edit | edit source]

  • Chandran, VP (2018). Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019 (Malayalam ed.). Kozhikode: P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode.

External links[edit | edit source]

Template:Districts of Kerala Template:Districts of India

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