Kangla fort: Difference between revisions

Kangla
Kanglā
	From top, left to right: the sacred images of God Pakhangba and his consort, the Kangla Sanathong, the holy Hiyang Hirens inside the Hijagang, the Pakhangba Temple, Kangla, the statue of Meidingu Nara Singh, the Sanggai Yumpham and the dual statues of Kanglā Shā dragon, the emblem of Manipur
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Alternative name	Kangla Fort; Kangla Palace;
Location	Imphal West district
Region	Kangleipak (Meitei for 'Manipur')
Coordinates	24°48′29″N 93°56′24″E / 24.808°N 93.940°E
Type	capital city (historical)
Part of	Kingdom of Manipur (historical); India (present);
History
Periods	Classical Antiquity
Cultures	Meitei culture
Associated with	Ningthouja dynasty; British Army; Assam Rifles (Indian Army); Government of Manipur;
Events	Anglo Manipur War
Site notes
Condition	protected
Ownership	Government of Manipur
Management	Kangla Fort Board
Public access	yes
Architecture
Architectural styles	Meitei architecture

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Latest revision as of 04:26, 14 March 2026

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The Kangla (with diacritic, Kanglā^[1]), officially known as the Kangla Fort,^[2] is an old fortified palace at Imphal, in the Manipur state of India.^[3]^[4]^[5] It was formerly situated on both sides (western and eastern) of the bank of the Imphal River, now remaining only on the western side in ruined conditions. Kangla means "the prominent part of the dry land" in old Meetei.^[6] It was the traditional seat of the past Meetei rulers of Manipur.^[7]^[8]

Guide map of the Kangla displayed to the public

Kangla (Imphal) was the ancient capital of pre-modern Manipur.^[9] The Kangla is a revered spot for the people of Manipur, reminding them of the days of their independence. It is a sacred place to the Meiteis.^[10]

The Kangla is being proposed to be declared as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, for which there are discussions ongoing in the Indian Parliament.^[11]^[12]

History[edit | edit source]

"One of the outstanding figures in the history of architecture in ancient Manipur was Naophangba (428-518 CE), who aside [sic] the foundation stone of the Kangla, the "Namthak Sarongpung", the holiest place of the Manipuries."

—L.Kunjeswori Devi., p. 108^[13]

The Kangla was the seat of administration of the Meitei rulers of the Ningthouja dynasty (33 CE to 1891 CE).^[14]

Flora and fauna[edit | edit source]

A tree of Koubilla (*Grevillea robusta*) species growing inside the Kangla

The Kangla possesses a sobriquet, "Lungs of Imphal" as it is heavily forested, providing oxygen at a massive level in the heart of the metropolis of Manipur.^[15]^[16]^[17] Unfortunately, due to some developmental construction activities in the last few years, some minor but significant deforestation occurred inside the Kangla.

In the year 2009, the Kangla Herbal Garden was set up by the Kangla Fort Board, in order to carry out the plan of planting medicinal plants inside the Kangla into action. The responsibility for bringing up the botanical garden was held by the Lamphel based sub-branch of the North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat (NEIST).^[18] In the year 2010, the Government of Manipur financed ₹6.16 lakh (equivalent to ₹11 lakh or US$16,000 in 2019) out of ₹13.46 lakh (equivalent to ₹24 lakh or US$34,000 in 2019) to the NEIST to carry out the task. It planted around 131 different plants, (including around 20 medicinal plant species) in the garden. Notable plant species nurtured in the Kangla Herbal Garden include heigru (Phyllanthus emblica), kihori (Phyllanthus acidus), agar (Aquilaria agallocha), neem (Azadirachta indica), tera (Mobax malabathricum), singairei (Nyctanthes arbor-tristis) and leihao (Michelia champaca). An area covering 3.5 acres of land was allocated for the development of the botanical garden by the Manipur Government.^[19]

During the month of June in 2019, around 700 indigenous fruit-bearing tree saplings were planted inside the Nura Heikol (Meitei for 'Women's fruit garden' / 'Ladies' orchard'), formerly known as "Biodiversity Park" of the Kangla) of the Kangla by the Government of Manipur, under the initiative of Green Manipur Mission.^[20]^[21]^[22]

During the month of September in 2019, around 120 trees, including mayokfa, agar, uningthou, teak, chahui and samba, were planted inside the Kangla by the editorial board and the management team of "The Sangai Express" (TSE), a newspaper daily of Manipur, on its 20th foundation day.^[23]^[24]

There's another garden named "Engellei Leikol" (formerly known as "Rock Garden" of the Kangla) located in the southern part of the Kangla.^[25]^[26]^[27]

During the month of May in 2022, around 50 fruit-bearing plants were planted inside the Kangla by the Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development (IBSD).^[28]^[29]^[30]

There's a plan for planting 10,000 saplings of fruit bearing trees inside the Kangla by the Kangla Fort Board, under the leadership of Nongthombam Biren, the Chief Minister of Manipur.^[31]^[32]

Places[edit | edit source]

Image(s)	Name	Description(s)
	Western Kangla Gate (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.)	The grand royal entrance gate to the Kangla from the western side
	Kanglasha (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.)	A pair of sculptures dedicated to the lion god Nongshaba.
	Kangla Museum (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.)	A museum that showcases the lifestyle of Meitei rulers of the Ningthouja dynasty as well as the ancient Meitei artistic and cultural heritage and maps of Kangleipak (Meitei for 'Manipur'))
	Kangla Uttra Shanglen (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.)	A religious office building of Sanamahism (traditional Meitei religion), built in the traditional Meitei architectural style. The most significant and the holiest element is the chirong (literally, "horns"), which is the V-shaped design adorned on the roof of the building.
	Sanggai Yumpham (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.)	A fortified royal residence inside the Kangla.
	Inner Polo Ground (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.)	Ningthouja dynasty polo field located to the south west of the citadel inside the Kangla
	Manūng Thāngapāt (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.)	Manung Thangapat is the Inner Moat of the Kangla Fort, encircling and protecting the Sanggai Yumpham as a second line of defense.
	Statue of Meidingu Nara Singh (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.)	The grand bronze sculpture of King Nara Singh riding on a Manipuri pony.
	The tomb of King Bodhchandra (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.)	The site where the mortal remains of Maharaja Bodhchandra Singh (Manglen of Ningthou Bodhchandra or Samadhi of Maharaja Bodhchandra), the last ruler of sovereign state of Manipur Kingdom, was consigned to flames in 9 December 1955.
	Chīngkhei Īkon (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.) or Chingkhei Pukhri.	A sacred pond in the northeastern corner of the Sanggai Yumpham.
	Kangla Boatyard (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.)	The boatyard houses traditional Meitei royal boats (hiyang hiren) and commoners' boats (tanna hee).
	Pakhangba Temple, Kangla (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.)	A temple dedicated to the god Pakhangba of Sanamahism.
	Archaeological Museum, Kangla (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.)	A museum housing Stone Age tools and historical stone inscriptions, coins and other artefacts of the Ningthouja dynasty.
	Site for Meitei Heritage Park	A Heritage Park dedicated to the Meitei people, the largest ethnicity of Manipur. It is also known as Meitei Heritage Park.

Notes[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

↑ Sharma, H. Surmangol (2006). "Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary.Kangla". dsal.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
↑ Deshpande, Abhijeet (19 December 2017). Backpacking North East India: A Curious Journey. Notion Press. p. 98. ISBN 978-1-946556-80-6.
↑ Sajnani, Manohar (2001). Encyclopaedia of Tourism Resources in India. Gyan Publishing House. p. 226. ISBN 978-81-7835-017-2.
↑ James, Rajesh; Venkatesan, Sathyaraj (1 July 2021). India Retold: Dialogues with Independent Documentary Filmmakers in India. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 232. ISBN 978-1-5013-5269-0.
↑ Prakash, Col Ved (2007). Encyclopaedia of North-East India. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 1600. ISBN 978-81-269-0706-9.
↑ Sanajaoba, Naorem (1988). Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization. Mittal Publications. p. 415. ISBN 978-81-7099-853-2.
↑ Chandra, N. D. R.; Das, Nigamananda (2007). Ecology, Myth, and Mystery: Contemporary Poetry in English from Northeast India. Sarup & Sons. p. 82. ISBN 978-81-7625-742-8.
↑ Binodini (17 March 2015). The Maharaja's Household: A Daughter's Memories of Her Father. Zubaan. p. 203. ISBN 978-93-84757-19-9.
↑ Chandra, N. D. R.; Das, Nigamananda (2007). Ecology, Myth, and Mystery: Contemporary Poetry in English from Northeast India. Sarup & Sons. p. 82. ISBN 978-81-7625-742-8.
↑ Dhar, Pannalal (1998). Ethnic Unrest in India and Her Neighbours: Also Includes Europe, West Asia, the Balkans and Africa. Deep & Deep Publications. p. 115. ISBN 978-81-7100-818-6.
↑ "Manipur titular king moves Parliament to declare Kangla Fort as World Heritage Site". The Times of India. 5 February 2021. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
↑ "Kangla as a World Heritage Site". Imphal Free Press. Archived from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
↑ Sana, Raj Kumar Somorjit (2010). The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs: From 1666 CE to 1850 CE. Waikhom Ananda Meetei. p. 28. ISBN 978-81-8465-210-9.
↑ Michaud, Jean; Swain, Margaret Byrne; Barkataki-Ruscheweyh, Meenaxi (14 October 2016). Historical Dictionary of the Peoples of the Southeast Asian Massif. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 245. ISBN 978-1-4422-7279-8.
↑ "CM leads plantation drive inside Kangla". www.thesangaiexpress.com. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
↑ "Manipur CM Leads Mass Tree Plantation Drive at 'Sacred Kangla'". India Today NE (in हिन्दी). 26 June 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
↑ "Manipur CM leads plantation drive at Kangla fort; announces indigenous names for gardens - Eastern Mirror". easternmirrornagaland.com. 26 June 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
↑ Press, Imphal Free (14 November 2012). "Kangla herbal garden in dire straits | KanglaOnline". Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
↑ Press, Imphal Free (14 November 2012). "Kangla herbal garden in dire straits | KanglaOnline". Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
↑ "CM leads plantation drive inside Kangla". www.thesangaiexpress.com. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
↑ "Manipur CM Leads Mass Tree Plantation Drive at 'Sacred Kangla'". India Today NE (in हिन्दी). 26 June 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
↑ "Manipur CM leads plantation drive at Kangla fort; announces indigenous names for gardens - Eastern Mirror". easternmirrornagaland.com. 26 June 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
↑ "TSE takes up tree plantation drive at Kangla on 20th foundation day: 12th sep19 ~ E-Pao! Headlines". e-pao.net. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
↑ "TSE takes up tree plantation drive at Kangla on 20th foundation day". www.thesangaiexpress.com. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
↑ "CM leads plantation drive inside Kangla". www.thesangaiexpress.com. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
↑ "Manipur CM Leads Mass Tree Plantation Drive at 'Sacred Kangla'". India Today NE (in हिन्दी). 26 June 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
↑ "Manipur CM leads plantation drive at Kangla fort; announces indigenous names for gardens - Eastern Mirror". easternmirrornagaland.com. 26 June 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
↑ "50 fruit bearing plants planted inside Kangla Fort in Imphal". Imphal Free Press. Archived from the original on 7 October 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
↑ "Saplings planted at Kangla Fort". www.thesangaiexpress.com. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
↑ "Tree Plantation Programme at Kangla 20220507". e-pao.net. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
↑ Gurumayum, William (25 June 2019). "CM leads mass plantation drive at Kangla 10,000 fruit bearing trees will be planted inside Kangla: CM - Imphal Times". www.imphaltimes.com. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
↑ "10 thousand fruit bearing tree saplings to be planted in Kangla Fort complex | Pothashang News". Pothashang. 6 June 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2023.

External links[edit | edit source]

Template:Commons category multi

Meitei Mythology & Folklore

[1] Sharma, H. Surmangol (2006). "Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary.Kangla". dsal.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 28 July 2022.

[2] Deshpande, Abhijeet (19 December 2017). Backpacking North East India: A Curious Journey. Notion Press. p. 98. ISBN 978-1-946556-80-6.

[3] Sajnani, Manohar (2001). Encyclopaedia of Tourism Resources in India. Gyan Publishing House. p. 226. ISBN 978-81-7835-017-2.

[4] James, Rajesh; Venkatesan, Sathyaraj (1 July 2021). India Retold: Dialogues with Independent Documentary Filmmakers in India. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 232. ISBN 978-1-5013-5269-0.

[5] Prakash, Col Ved (2007). Encyclopaedia of North-East India. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 1600. ISBN 978-81-269-0706-9.

[6] Sanajaoba, Naorem (1988). Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization. Mittal Publications. p. 415. ISBN 978-81-7099-853-2.

[7] Chandra, N. D. R.; Das, Nigamananda (2007). Ecology, Myth, and Mystery: Contemporary Poetry in English from Northeast India. Sarup & Sons. p. 82. ISBN 978-81-7625-742-8.

[8] Binodini (17 March 2015). The Maharaja's Household: A Daughter's Memories of Her Father. Zubaan. p. 203. ISBN 978-93-84757-19-9.

[9] Chandra, N. D. R.; Das, Nigamananda (2007). Ecology, Myth, and Mystery: Contemporary Poetry in English from Northeast India. Sarup & Sons. p. 82. ISBN 978-81-7625-742-8.

[10] Dhar, Pannalal (1998). Ethnic Unrest in India and Her Neighbours: Also Includes Europe, West Asia, the Balkans and Africa. Deep & Deep Publications. p. 115. ISBN 978-81-7100-818-6.

[11] "Manipur titular king moves Parliament to declare Kangla Fort as World Heritage Site". The Times of India. 5 February 2021. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 8 February 2023.

[12] "Kangla as a World Heritage Site". Imphal Free Press. Archived from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.

[13] Sana, Raj Kumar Somorjit (2010). The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs: From 1666 CE to 1850 CE. Waikhom Ananda Meetei. p. 28. ISBN 978-81-8465-210-9.

[14] Michaud, Jean; Swain, Margaret Byrne; Barkataki-Ruscheweyh, Meenaxi (14 October 2016). Historical Dictionary of the Peoples of the Southeast Asian Massif. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 245. ISBN 978-1-4422-7279-8.

[15] "CM leads plantation drive inside Kangla". www.thesangaiexpress.com. Retrieved 8 March 2023.

[16] "Manipur CM Leads Mass Tree Plantation Drive at 'Sacred Kangla'". India Today NE (in हिन्दी). 26 June 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2023.

[17] "Manipur CM leads plantation drive at Kangla fort; announces indigenous names for gardens - Eastern Mirror". easternmirrornagaland.com. 26 June 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2023.

[18] Press, Imphal Free (14 November 2012). "Kangla herbal garden in dire straits | KanglaOnline". Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 8 March 2023.

[19] Press, Imphal Free (14 November 2012). "Kangla herbal garden in dire straits | KanglaOnline". Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 8 March 2023.

[20] "CM leads plantation drive inside Kangla". www.thesangaiexpress.com. Retrieved 8 March 2023.

[21] "Manipur CM Leads Mass Tree Plantation Drive at 'Sacred Kangla'". India Today NE (in हिन्दी). 26 June 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2023.

[22] "Manipur CM leads plantation drive at Kangla fort; announces indigenous names for gardens - Eastern Mirror". easternmirrornagaland.com. 26 June 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2023.

[23] "TSE takes up tree plantation drive at Kangla on 20th foundation day: 12th sep19 ~ E-Pao! Headlines". e-pao.net. Retrieved 8 March 2023.

[24] "TSE takes up tree plantation drive at Kangla on 20th foundation day". www.thesangaiexpress.com. Retrieved 8 March 2023.

[25] "CM leads plantation drive inside Kangla". www.thesangaiexpress.com. Retrieved 8 March 2023.

[26] "Manipur CM Leads Mass Tree Plantation Drive at 'Sacred Kangla'". India Today NE (in हिन्दी). 26 June 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2023.

[27] "Manipur CM leads plantation drive at Kangla fort; announces indigenous names for gardens - Eastern Mirror". easternmirrornagaland.com. 26 June 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2023.

[28] "50 fruit bearing plants planted inside Kangla Fort in Imphal". Imphal Free Press. Archived from the original on 7 October 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2023.

[29] "Saplings planted at Kangla Fort". www.thesangaiexpress.com. Retrieved 8 March 2023.

[30] "Tree Plantation Programme at Kangla 20220507". e-pao.net. Retrieved 8 March 2023.

[31] Gurumayum, William (25 June 2019). "CM leads mass plantation drive at Kangla 10,000 fruit bearing trees will be planted inside Kangla: CM - Imphal Times". www.imphaltimes.com. Retrieved 8 March 2023.

[32] "10 thousand fruit bearing tree saplings to be planted in Kangla Fort complex | Pothashang News". Pothashang. 6 June 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2023.

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@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 {{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
 {{Infobox ancient site
-| name           = Kangla
+| name           = Kangla<br>Kanglā
 | alternate_name =
 * Kangla Fort
@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 | image_size     =
 | alt            =
-| caption        = From top, left to right: the sacred images of God [[Pakhangba]] and his consort, the [[Kangla Sanathong]], the holy [[Hiyang Hiren]]s inside the [[Hijagang]], the [[Pakhangba Temple, Kangla]], the [[statue of Meidingu Nara Singh]], the [[Sanggai Yumpham]] and the dual statues of [[Kangla Sha]] dragon, the [[emblem of Manipur]]
+| caption        = From top, left to right: the sacred images of God [[Pakhangba]] and his consort, the [[Kangla Sanathong]], the holy [[Hiyang Hiren]]s inside the [[Hijagang]], the [[Pakhangba Temple, Kangla]], the [[statue of Meidingu Nara Singh]], the [[Sanggai Yumpham]] and the dual statues of [[Kanglā Shā]] dragon, the [[emblem of Manipur]]
 | map            = India Manipur location map.svg
 | map_type       =
@@ Line 77: / Line 77: @@
 {{Kingdom of Manipur}}
-The {{lang|mni|'''Kangla'''}},<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary.Kangla |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5&searchhws=yes# |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref> officially known as the '''Kangla Fort''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Deshpande |first=Abhijeet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lblDDwAAQBAJ&q=Kangla+Fort+or+Kangla+Palace&pg=PT98 |title=Backpacking North East India: A Curious Journey |date=2017-12-19 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-946556-80-6 |pages=98 |language=en}}</ref> is an old [[Fortification|fortified]] [[palace]] at [[Imphal]] in the [[Manipur]] state of India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sajnani |first=Manohar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdMNBxOsvrUC&dq=kangla+fort&pg=PA226 |title=Encyclopaedia of Tourism Resources in India |date=2001 |publisher= |isbn=978-81-7835-017-2 |pages=226 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=James |first1=Rajesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jnQxEAAAQBAJ&q=The+Kangla+Fort%2Fthe+Kangla+Palace+is+an+old+palace+at+Imphal+in+Manipur&pg=PA232 |title=India Retold: Dialogues with Independent Documentary Filmmakers in India |last2=Venkatesan |first2=Sathyaraj |date=2021-07-01 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-1-5013-5269-0 |pages=232 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Prakash |first=Col Ved |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wxkC9S2jYCkC&dq=kangla+fort&pg=PA1600 |title=Encyclopaedia of North-East India |date=2007 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-269-0706-9 |pages=1600 |language=en}}</ref> It was formerly situated on both sides (western and eastern) of the bank of the [[Imphal River]], now remaining only on the western side in ruined conditions. Kangla means "the prominent part of the dry land" in old [[Meitei language|Meetei]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&dq=kangla+dry+land&pg=PA415 |title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization |date=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-853-2 |pages=415 |language=en}}</ref> It was the traditional seat of the past [[Meitei people|Meetei]] rulers of Manipur.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=N. D. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cfg6fjTBK1cC&dq=kangla+fort&pg=PA82 |title=Ecology, Myth, and Mystery: Contemporary Poetry in English from Northeast India |last2=Das |first2=Nigamananda |date=2007 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-742-8 |pages=82 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Binodini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u3yPDAAAQBAJ&q=Kangla+Fort%2C+the+seat+of+Manipuri+monarchy&pg=PT203 |title=The Maharaja's Household: A Daughter's Memories of Her Father |date=2015-03-17 |publisher=Zubaan |isbn=978-93-84757-19-9 |pages=203 |language=en}}</ref>
+The {{lang|mni|'''Kangla'''}} (with diacritic, '''Kanglā'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary.Kangla |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5&searchhws=yes# |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref>), officially known as the '''Kangla Fort''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Deshpande |first=Abhijeet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lblDDwAAQBAJ&q=Kangla+Fort+or+Kangla+Palace&pg=PT98 |title=Backpacking North East India: A Curious Journey |date=2017-12-19 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-946556-80-6 |pages=98 |language=en}}</ref> is an old [[Fortification|fortified]] [[palace]] at [[Imphal]], in the [[Manipur]] [[States and union territories of India|state]] of India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sajnani |first=Manohar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdMNBxOsvrUC&dq=kangla+fort&pg=PA226 |title=Encyclopaedia of Tourism Resources in India |date=2001 |publisher= Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-017-2 |pages=226 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=James |first1=Rajesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jnQxEAAAQBAJ&q=The+Kangla+Fort%2Fthe+Kangla+Palace+is+an+old+palace+at+Imphal+in+Manipur&pg=PA232 |title=India Retold: Dialogues with Independent Documentary Filmmakers in India |last2=Venkatesan |first2=Sathyaraj |date=2021-07-01 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-1-5013-5269-0 |pages=232 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Prakash |first=Col Ved |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wxkC9S2jYCkC&dq=kangla+fort&pg=PA1600 |title=Encyclopaedia of North-East India |date=2007 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-269-0706-9 |pages=1600 |language=en}}</ref> It was formerly situated on both sides (western and eastern) of the bank of the [[Imphal River]], now remaining only on the western side in ruined conditions. Kangla means "the prominent part of the dry land" in old [[Meitei language|Meetei]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&dq=kangla+dry+land&pg=PA415 |title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization |date=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-853-2 |pages=415 |language=en}}</ref> It was the traditional seat of the past Meetei rulers of Manipur.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=N. D. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cfg6fjTBK1cC&dq=kangla+fort&pg=PA82 |title=Ecology, Myth, and Mystery: Contemporary Poetry in English from Northeast India |last2=Das |first2=Nigamananda |date=2007 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-742-8 |pages=82 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Binodini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u3yPDAAAQBAJ&q=Kangla+Fort%2C+the+seat+of+Manipuri+monarchy&pg=PT203 |title=The Maharaja's Household: A Daughter's Memories of Her Father |date=2015-03-17 |publisher=Zubaan |isbn=978-93-84757-19-9 |pages=203 |language=en}}</ref>
 [[File:Guide map of the Kangla fort of Imphal.jpg|thumb|300px|Guide map of the Kangla displayed to the public]]
-Kangla ([[Imphal]]) was the ancient capital of pre-modern [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=N. D. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cfg6fjTBK1cC&dq=kangla+fort&pg=PA82 |title=Ecology, Myth, and Mystery: Contemporary Poetry in English from Northeast India |last2=Das |first2=Nigamananda |date=2007 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-742-8 |pages=82 |language=en}}</ref>
+Kangla (Imphal) was the ancient capital of pre-modern Manipur.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=N. D. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cfg6fjTBK1cC&dq=kangla+fort&pg=PA82 |title=Ecology, Myth, and Mystery: Contemporary Poetry in English from Northeast India |last2=Das |first2=Nigamananda |date=2007 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-742-8 |pages=82 |language=en}}</ref>
-The Kangla is a revered spot for the people of [[Manipur]], reminding them of the days of their independence. It is a sacred place to the [[Meiteis]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dhar |first=Pannalal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rdbAjbRgjdwC&dq=kangla+fort&pg=PA115 |title=Ethnic Unrest in India and Her Neighbours: Also Includes Europe, West Asia, the Balkans and Africa |date=1998 |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |isbn=978-81-7100-818-6 |pages=115 |language=en}}</ref>
+The Kangla is a revered spot for the people of Manipur, reminding them of the days of their independence. It is a sacred place to the Meiteis.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dhar |first=Pannalal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rdbAjbRgjdwC&dq=kangla+fort&pg=PA115 |title=Ethnic Unrest in India and Her Neighbours: Also Includes Europe, West Asia, the Balkans and Africa |date=1998 |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |isbn=978-81-7100-818-6 |pages=115 |language=en}}</ref>
-The Kangla is being proposed to be declared as a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]], for which there are discussions ongoing in the [[Indian Parliament]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-02-05 |title=Manipur titular king moves Parliament to declare Kangla Fort as World Heritage Site |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/imphal/manipur-titular-king-moves-parliament-to-declare-kangla-fort-as-world-heritage-site/articleshow/80704014.cms |access-date=2023-02-08 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kangla as a World Heritage Site |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/6177/kangla-as-a-world-heritage-site |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref>
+The Kangla is being proposed to be declared as a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]], for which there are discussions ongoing in the [[Indian Parliament]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-02-05 |title=Manipur titular king moves Parliament to declare Kangla Fort as World Heritage Site |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/imphal/manipur-titular-king-moves-parliament-to-declare-kangla-fort-as-world-heritage-site/articleshow/80704014.cms |access-date=2023-02-08 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kangla as a World Heritage Site |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/6177/kangla-as-a-world-heritage-site |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en |archive-date=8 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208152141/https://www.ifp.co.in/6177/kangla-as-a-world-heritage-site |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 == History ==
@@ Line 98: / Line 98: @@
 == Flora and fauna ==
 [[File:A tree of Koubilla (Grevillea robusta) species growing inside the Kangla fort in Imphal, Kangleipak (Manipur).jpg|thumb|200px|A tree of Koubilla ({{lang|la|[[Grevillea robusta]]}}) species growing inside the Kangla]]
-The Kangla possesses a sobriquet, "Lungs of Imphal" as it is heavily forested, providing oxygen at a massive level in the heart of the metropolis of Manipur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CM leads plantation drive inside Kangla |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2019/6/26/Imphal-Jun-25-DIPR-Pushing-the-recently-launched-CM-s-Green-Manipur-Mission-forward-Chief-Minister-N-Biren-Singh-today-led-a-mass-tree-plantation-drive-inside-Kangla-Around-700-indigenous-fruit-.html |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-26 |title=Manipur CM Leads Mass Tree Plantation Drive at 'Sacred Kangla' |url=http://www.indiatodayne.in/breaking-news/story/manipur-chief-leads-mass-tree-plantation-drive-sacred-kangla-399049-2019-06-26 |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-26 |title=Manipur CM leads plantation drive at Kangla fort; announces indigenous names for gardens - Eastern Mirror |url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/manipur-cm-leads-plantation-drive-at-kangla-fort-announces-indigenous-names-for-gardens/ |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=easternmirrornagaland.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>
+The Kangla possesses a sobriquet, "Lungs of Imphal" as it is heavily forested, providing oxygen at a massive level in the heart of the metropolis of Manipur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CM leads plantation drive inside Kangla |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2019/6/26/Imphal-Jun-25-DIPR-Pushing-the-recently-launched-CM-s-Green-Manipur-Mission-forward-Chief-Minister-N-Biren-Singh-today-led-a-mass-tree-plantation-drive-inside-Kangla-Around-700-indigenous-fruit-.html |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-26 |title=Manipur CM Leads Mass Tree Plantation Drive at 'Sacred Kangla' |url=http://www.indiatodayne.in/breaking-news/story/manipur-chief-leads-mass-tree-plantation-drive-sacred-kangla-399049-2019-06-26 |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-26 |title=Manipur CM leads plantation drive at Kangla fort; announces indigenous names for gardens - Eastern Mirror |url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/manipur-cm-leads-plantation-drive-at-kangla-fort-announces-indigenous-names-for-gardens/ |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=easternmirrornagaland.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> Unfortunately, due to some developmental construction activities in the last few years, some minor but significant deforestation occurred inside the Kangla.
-Unfortunately, due to some developmental construction activities in the last few years, some minor but significant deforestation occurred inside the Kangla.
-In the year 2009, the Kangla Herbal Garden was set up by the Kangla Fort Board, in order to carry out the plan of planting medicinal plants inside the Kangla into action. The responsibility for bringing up the botanical garden was held by the [[Lamphelpat|Lamphel]] based sub-branch of the [[North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat]] (NEIST).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Press |first=Imphal Free |title=Kangla herbal garden in dire straits {{!}} KanglaOnline |url=http://kanglaonline.com/2012/11/kangla-herbal-garden-in-dire-straits/ |access-date=2023-03-08 |language=en-US}}</ref>
+In the year 2009, the Kangla Herbal Garden was set up by the Kangla Fort Board, in order to carry out the plan of planting medicinal plants inside the Kangla into action. The responsibility for bringing up the botanical garden was held by the [[Lamphelpat|Lamphel]] based sub-branch of the [[North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat]] (NEIST).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Press |first=Imphal Free |title=Kangla herbal garden in dire straits {{!}} KanglaOnline |date=14 November 2012 |url=http://kanglaonline.com/2012/11/kangla-herbal-garden-in-dire-straits/ |access-date=2023-03-08 |language=en-US |archive-date=8 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308212426/http://kanglaonline.com/2012/11/kangla-herbal-garden-in-dire-straits/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-In the year 2010, the [[Government of Manipur]] financed {{INR Convert|6.16|l|year=2010}} out of {{INR Convert|13.46|l|year=2010}} to the NEIST to carry out the task. It planted around 131 different plants, (including around 20 medicinal plant species) in the garden. Notable plant species nurtured in the Kangla Herbal Garden include "heigru" ({{lang|la|[[Phyllanthus emblica Linn]]}}), "kihori" ({{lang|la|[[Phyllanthus acidus Linn]]}}), [[agar]] ([[Aquilaria agallocha Lamp]]), [[neem]] ([[Azadirachta indica A Zuss]]), tera ({{lang|la|[[bombax malabaricum|Mobax malabathricum Linn]]}}), singairei ({{lang|la|[[Nyctanthes arbotristis Linn]]}}) and leihao ({{lang|la|[[Michelia champaca Linn]]}}). An area covering 3.5 acres of land was allocated for the development of the botanical garden by the [[Manipur Government]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Press |first=Imphal Free |title=Kangla herbal garden in dire straits {{!}} KanglaOnline |url=http://kanglaonline.com/2012/11/kangla-herbal-garden-in-dire-straits/ |access-date=2023-03-08 |language=en-US}}</ref>
+In the year 2010, the [[Government of Manipur]] financed {{INR Convert|6.16|l|year=2010}} out of {{INR Convert|13.46|l|year=2010}} to the NEIST to carry out the task. It planted around 131 different plants, (including around 20 medicinal plant species) in the garden. Notable plant species nurtured in the Kangla Herbal Garden include heigru (''[[Phyllanthus emblica]]''), kihori (''[[Phyllanthus acidus]]''), [[agar]] (''[[Aquilaria agallocha]]''), neem (''[[Azadirachta indica]]''), tera (''[[Bombax malabaricum|Mobax malabathricum]]''), singairei (''[[Nyctanthes arbor-tristis]]'') and leihao (''[[Michelia champaca]]''). An area covering 3.5 acres of land was allocated for the development of the botanical garden by the [[Manipur Government]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Press |first=Imphal Free |title=Kangla herbal garden in dire straits {{!}} KanglaOnline |date=14 November 2012 |url=http://kanglaonline.com/2012/11/kangla-herbal-garden-in-dire-straits/ |access-date=2023-03-08 |language=en-US |archive-date=8 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308212426/http://kanglaonline.com/2012/11/kangla-herbal-garden-in-dire-straits/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 During the month of June in 2019, around 700 indigenous fruit-bearing tree saplings were planted inside the {{langnf|mni|Nura Heikol|term1=Women's [[fruit garden]] |term2=Ladies' [[orchard]]}}, formerly known as "Biodiversity Park" of the Kangla) of the Kangla by the [[Government of Manipur]], under the initiative of Green Manipur Mission.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CM leads plantation drive inside Kangla |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2019/6/26/Imphal-Jun-25-DIPR-Pushing-the-recently-launched-CM-s-Green-Manipur-Mission-forward-Chief-Minister-N-Biren-Singh-today-led-a-mass-tree-plantation-drive-inside-Kangla-Around-700-indigenous-fruit-.html |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-26 |title=Manipur CM Leads Mass Tree Plantation Drive at 'Sacred Kangla' |url=http://www.indiatodayne.in/breaking-news/story/manipur-chief-leads-mass-tree-plantation-drive-sacred-kangla-399049-2019-06-26 |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-26 |title=Manipur CM leads plantation drive at Kangla fort; announces indigenous names for gardens - Eastern Mirror |url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/manipur-cm-leads-plantation-drive-at-kangla-fort-announces-indigenous-names-for-gardens/ |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=easternmirrornagaland.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>
-During the month of September in 2019, around 120 trees, including mayokfa, agar, uningthou, teak, chahui and samba, were planted inside the Kangla by the editorial board and the management team of "The Sangai Express" (TSE), a newspaper daily of Manipur, on its 20th foundation day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TSE takes up tree plantation drive at Kangla on 20th foundation day: 12th sep19 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=6..120919.sep19 |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TSE takes up tree plantation drive at Kangla on 20th foundation day |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2019/9/12/IMPHAL-Sep-11-As-part-of-the-20th-foundation-day-of-The-Sangai-Express-editorial-and-management-staff-of-the-daily-carried-out-a-tree-plantation-programme-inside-Kangla-today-.amp.html |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref>
+During the month of September in 2019, around 120 trees, including mayokfa, agar, uningthou, [[teak]], chahui and samba, were planted inside the Kangla by the editorial board and the management team of "The Sangai Express" (TSE), a newspaper daily of Manipur, on its 20th foundation day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TSE takes up tree plantation drive at Kangla on 20th foundation day: 12th sep19 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=6..120919.sep19 |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TSE takes up tree plantation drive at Kangla on 20th foundation day |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2019/9/12/IMPHAL-Sep-11-As-part-of-the-20th-foundation-day-of-The-Sangai-Express-editorial-and-management-staff-of-the-daily-carried-out-a-tree-plantation-programme-inside-Kangla-today-.amp.html |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref>
 There's another garden named "Engellei Leikol" (formerly known as "Rock Garden" of the Kangla) located in the southern part of the Kangla.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CM leads plantation drive inside Kangla |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2019/6/26/Imphal-Jun-25-DIPR-Pushing-the-recently-launched-CM-s-Green-Manipur-Mission-forward-Chief-Minister-N-Biren-Singh-today-led-a-mass-tree-plantation-drive-inside-Kangla-Around-700-indigenous-fruit-.html |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-26 |title=Manipur CM Leads Mass Tree Plantation Drive at 'Sacred Kangla' |url=http://www.indiatodayne.in/breaking-news/story/manipur-chief-leads-mass-tree-plantation-drive-sacred-kangla-399049-2019-06-26 |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-26 |title=Manipur CM leads plantation drive at Kangla fort; announces indigenous names for gardens - Eastern Mirror |url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/manipur-cm-leads-plantation-drive-at-kangla-fort-announces-indigenous-names-for-gardens/ |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=easternmirrornagaland.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>
-During the month of May in 2022, around 50 fruit-bearing plants were planted inside the Kangla by the Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development (IBSD).<ref>{{Cite web |title=50 fruit bearing plants planted inside Kangla Fort in Imphal |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/50-fruit-bearing-plants-planted-inside-kangla-fort-in-imphal |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Saplings planted at Kangla Fort |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2022/5/7/IMPHAL-May-6The-Institute-of-Bioresources-and-Sustainable-Development-IBSD-Imphal-planted-arou.html |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tree Plantation Programme at Kangla 20220507 |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Press_Release.Press_Release_2022.Tree_Plantation_Programme_at_Kangla_20220507 |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
+During the month of May in 2022, around 50 fruit-bearing plants were planted inside the Kangla by the Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development (IBSD).<ref>{{Cite web |title=50 fruit bearing plants planted inside Kangla Fort in Imphal |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/50-fruit-bearing-plants-planted-inside-kangla-fort-in-imphal |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en |archive-date=7 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007114143/https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/50-fruit-bearing-plants-planted-inside-kangla-fort-in-imphal |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Saplings planted at Kangla Fort |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2022/5/7/IMPHAL-May-6The-Institute-of-Bioresources-and-Sustainable-Development-IBSD-Imphal-planted-arou.html |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tree Plantation Programme at Kangla 20220507 |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Press_Release.Press_Release_2022.Tree_Plantation_Programme_at_Kangla_20220507 |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
-There's a plan for planting 10,000 saplings of fruit bearing trees inside the Kangla by the Kangla Fort Board, under the leadership of [[Nongthombam Biren]], the [[Chief Minister of Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gurumayum |first=William |title=CM leads mass plantation drive at Kangla 10,000 fruit bearing trees will be planted inside Kangla: CM - Imphal Times |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/item/14818-cm-leads-mass-plantation-drive-at-kangla-10-000-fruit-bearing-trees-will-be-planted-inside-kangla-cm |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=www.imphaltimes.com |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-06 |title=10 thousand fruit bearing tree saplings to be planted in Kangla Fort complex {{!}} Pothashang News |url=https://www.pothashang.in/2019/06/06/10-thousand-fruit-bearing-tree-saplings-planted-kangla-fort-complex/ |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=Pothashang |language=en-GB}}</ref>
+There's a plan for planting 10,000 saplings of fruit bearing trees inside the Kangla by the Kangla Fort Board, under the leadership of [[Nongthombam Biren]], the [[Chief Minister of Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gurumayum |first=William |title=CM leads mass plantation drive at Kangla 10,000 fruit bearing trees will be planted inside Kangla: CM - Imphal Times |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/item/14818-cm-leads-mass-plantation-drive-at-kangla-10-000-fruit-bearing-trees-will-be-planted-inside-kangla-cm |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=www.imphaltimes.com |date=25 June 2019 |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-06 |title=10 thousand fruit bearing tree saplings to be planted in Kangla Fort complex {{!}} Pothashang News |url=https://www.pothashang.in/2019/06/06/10-thousand-fruit-bearing-tree-saplings-planted-kangla-fort-complex/ |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=Pothashang |language=en-GB}}</ref>
 == Places ==
+{{More citations needed|date=December 2025}}
 {| class="wikitable"
 ! Image(s)
@@ Line 121: / Line 121: @@
 |-
 | [[File:The Kangla Gate.JPG|thumb|100px]]
-| [[Western Kangla Gate]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯪꯂꯥ ꯁꯅꯊꯣꯡ}}|kangla santhong|Golden Door of the Kangla}})
+| [[Western Kangla Gate]] ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯪꯂꯥ ꯁꯅꯊꯣꯡ}}|kangla santhong|Golden Door of the Kangla}})
 | The grand royal entrance gate to the Kangla from the western side
 |-
 | [[File:Northern view of the Statues of Kanglasha, the Meitei mythical Dragon Lion God, located inside the Kangla Fort in Imphal.jpg|thumb|100px]]
-| [[Kanglasha]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯪꯂꯥꯁꯥ}}||Dragons of the Kangla}})
+| [[Kanglasha]] ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯪꯂꯥꯁꯥ}}||Dragons of the Kangla}})
 | A pair of sculptures dedicated to the lion god [[Nongshaba]].
 |-
 | [[File:Kangla Fort Complex, Imphal (216).jpeg|thumb|100px]]
-| [[Kangla Museum]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯪꯂꯥ ꯃꯤꯎꯖꯤꯌꯝ}}}})
+| [[Kangla Museum]] ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯪꯂꯥ ꯃꯤꯎꯖꯤꯌꯝ}}}})
 | A museum that showcases the lifestyle of Meitei rulers of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] as well as the ancient Meitei artistic and cultural heritage and maps of {{langnf|mni|[[Kangleipak]]|[[Manipur]]}})
 |-
 | [[File:Southwestern view of the Kangla Uttra Shanglen, the religious office building of Sanamahism, inside the Kangla fort in Imphal.jpg|thumb|100px]]
-| Kangla Uttra Shanglen  ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯪꯂꯥ ꯎꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯥ ꯁꯪꯂꯦꯟ}}||Royal Office Building of the Kangla}})
+| Kangla Uttra Shanglen  ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯪꯂꯥ ꯎꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯥ ꯁꯪꯂꯦꯟ}}||Royal Office Building of the Kangla}})
-| A religious office building of [[Sanamahism]] (traditional [[Meitei religion]]), built in the traditional [[Meitei architecture|Meitei architectural style]]. The most significant and the holiest element is the ''chirong'' (literally, "horns"), which is the V-shaped design adorned on the roof of the building.
+| A religious office building of [[Sanamahism]] (traditional Meitei religion), built in the traditional [[Meitei architecture|Meitei architectural style]]. The most significant and the holiest element is the ''chirong'' (literally, "horns"), which is the V-shaped design adorned on the roof of the building.
 |-
 | [[File:Southern gateway to the citadel of the Kangla fort in Imphal.jpg|thumb|100px]]
-| [[Sanggai Yumpham]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯪꯒꯥꯏ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ}}||Royal residence}})
+| [[Sanggai Yumpham]] ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯪꯒꯥꯏ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ}}||Royal residence}})
 | A fortified [[royal residence]] inside the Kangla.
 |-
 | [[File:Manung Kangjeibung - the Polo Ground of the Meitei royalties, located inside the Kangla fort in Imphal.jpg|thumb|100px]]
-| [[Inner Polo Ground]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯅꯨꯡ ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩꯕꯨꯡ}}|manung kangjeibung}})
+| [[Inner Polo Ground]] ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯅꯨꯡ ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩꯕꯨꯡ}}|manung kangjeibung}})
 |  Ningthouja dynasty polo field located to the south west of the [[Sanggai Yumpham|citadel inside the Kangla]]
 |-
 | [[File:Manung Thangapat - the Inner Moat of the Kangla Fort in Imphal.jpg|thumb|100px]]
-| Manūng Thāngapāt ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯅꯨꯡ ꯊꯥꯡꯒꯄꯥꯠ}}||inner moat}})
+| Manūng Thāngapāt ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯅꯨꯡ ꯊꯥꯡꯒꯄꯥꯠ}}||inner moat}})
 | Manung Thangapat is the Inner Moat of the Kangla Fort, encircling and protecting the Sanggai Yumpham as a second line of defense.
 |-
 | [[File:Statue of Maharaja Nara Singh in front of the Western Entrance to the Kangla fort in Imphal.jpg|thumb|100px]]
-| [[Statue of Meidingu Nara Singh]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯩꯗꯤꯡꯉꯨ ꯅꯔꯁꯤꯡꯍꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯇꯝ}}|meidingu narasinghgi mitam}})
+| [[Statue of Meidingu Nara Singh]] ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯩꯗꯤꯡꯉꯨ ꯅꯔꯁꯤꯡꯍꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯇꯝ}}|meidingu narasinghgi mitam}})
 | The grand bronze sculpture of King [[Raja Nara Singh|Nara Singh]] riding on a [[Manipuri pony]].
 |-
 | [[File:The Manglen of Maharaja Bodhchandra inside the Kangla Fort in Imphal.jpg|thumb|100px]]
-| The [[tomb]] of King [[Bodhchandra Singh|Bodhchandra]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ ꯕꯣꯙꯆꯟꯗ꯭ꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯪꯂꯦꯟ}}|ningthou bodhchandragi manglen}})
+| The [[tomb]] of King [[Bodhchandra Singh|Bodhchandra]] ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ ꯕꯣꯙꯆꯟꯗ꯭ꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯪꯂꯦꯟ}}|ningthou bodhchandragi manglen}})
-| The site where the mortal remains of Maharaja Bodhchandra Singh (Manglen of Ningthou Bodhchandra or Samadhi of Maharaja Bodhchandra) , the last ruler of sovereign state of [[Manipur Kingdom]], was consigned to flames in 9 December 1955.
+| The site where the mortal remains of Maharaja Bodhchandra Singh (Manglen of Ningthou Bodhchandra or Samadhi of Maharaja Bodhchandra), the last ruler of sovereign state of [[Manipur Kingdom]], was consigned to flames in 9 December 1955.
 |-
 | [[File:Chingkhei Eekon - a sacred pond of the Meitei people in the northeastern corner of the citadel and the palace building of the Kangla fort in Imphal.jpg|thumb|100px]]
-| Chīngkhei Īkon ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯆꯤꯡꯈꯩ ꯏꯀꯣꯟ|ꯆꯤꯡꯈꯩ ꯏꯀꯣꯟ}}||Northeastern pond}}) or Chingkhei Pukhri.
+| Chīngkhei Īkon ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯆꯤꯡꯈꯩ ꯏꯀꯣꯟ|ꯆꯤꯡꯈꯩ ꯏꯀꯣꯟ}}||Northeastern pond}}) or Chingkhei Pukhri.
 | A sacred pond in the northeastern corner of the Sanggai Yumpham.
 |-
 | [[File:Front view of two "Hiyang Hiren" watercrafts (boats of the royalties) in the middle and two "Tanna Hee" watercrafts (boats of the commoners) in the sideways, kept inside the "Hijagang" (Boatyard) in the Kangla Fort in Imphal.jpg|thumb|100px]]
-| [[Kangla Boatyard]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯤꯖꯒꯥꯡ}}|hijagāng}})
+| [[Kangla Boatyard]] ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯤꯖꯒꯥꯡ}}|hijagāng}})
 | The boatyard houses traditional Meitei royal boats (''hiyang hiren'') and commoners' boats (''tanna hee'').
 |-
 | [[File:Southeastern view of the Pakhangba Temple inside the Kangla fort in Imphal.jpg|thumb|100px]]
-| [[Pakhangba Temple, Kangla]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯏꯄꯨꯊꯧ ꯄꯥꯈꯪꯄ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯪ}}|iputhou pakhangba laishang|Temple of Lord [[Pakhangba]]}})
+| [[Pakhangba Temple, Kangla]] ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯏꯄꯨꯊꯧ ꯄꯥꯈꯪꯄ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯪ}}|iputhou pakhangba laishang|Temple of Lord [[Pakhangba]]}})
 | A temple dedicated to the god Pakhangba of Sanamahism.
 |-
 | [[File:ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM.jpg|thumb|100px]]
-| [[Archaeological Museum, Kangla]] ({{lang-mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯑꯥꯔꯀ꯭ꯌꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯃꯤꯎꯖꯤꯌꯝ}}}})
+| [[Archaeological Museum, Kangla]] ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯑꯥꯔꯀ꯭ꯌꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯃꯤꯎꯖꯤꯌꯝ}}}})
 | A museum housing [[Stone Age]] tools and historical stone inscriptions, coins and other artefacts of the Ningthouja dynasty.
 |-
@@ Line 188: / Line 188: @@
 ==External links==
+{{commons category multi|Kangla Fort Complex}}
+{{Wikivoyage|Kangla}}
-* [https://www.ifp.co.in/tag/kangla-fort Kangla Fort] at [[Imphal Free Press]]
+* [https://www.ifp.co.in/tag/kangla-fort Kangla Fort] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308205257/https://www.ifp.co.in/tag/kangla-fort |date=8 March 2023 }} at [[Imphal Free Press]]
 *[http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Kangla.Kangla_The_ancient_Capital_of_Manipur The ancient capital of Manipur : E-Pao.Net]
 *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060318175952/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2218/stories/20050909000106500.htm  Rediscovering a heritage- By SUSHANTA TALUKDAR]
@@ Line 196: / Line 196: @@
 {{Authority control}}
+{{Meiteimyth navbox long}}
 [[Category:Meitei architecture]]
 [[Category:Ancient archaeological sites]]
+[[Category:Manipur Kingdom]]
 [[Category:Ancient cities]]
 [[Category:Ancient peoples]]
-[[Category:Ancient culture]]
 [[Category:Archaeological monuments in India]]
 [[Category:Archaeological sites in India]]
-[[Category:British India]]
+[[Category:Buildings and structures in British India]]
 [[Category:Buildings and structures in Imphal]]
-[[Category:Cultural heritage of India]]
 [[Category:Cultural history of India]]
-[[Category:Historical regions]]
 [[Category:Imphal West district]]
 [[Category:Indian Army bases]]
-[[Category:Former capital cities in India]]
+[[Category:Former capitals in India]]
 [[Category:Forts in India]]
-[[Category:Kangla]]
+[[Category:Meitei pilgrimage sites]]
-[[Category:Landmarks in India]]
-[[Category:Meitei culture]]
-[[Category:Meitei pilgrimage sites]]
 [[Category:Military installations of India]]
 [[Category:Monuments and memorials in Imphal]]
-[[Category:Monuments and memorials in India]]
+[[Category:Monuments and memorials to Meitei royalty]]
-[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Manipur]]
-[[Category:Monuments and memorials to Meitei people]]
-[[Category:Monuments and memorials to Meitei royalties]]
 [[Category:Palaces in Manipur]]
 [[Category:Public art in India]]
 [[Category:Religious places]]
 [[Category:Royal residences in India]]
 [[Category:Tourist attractions in Manipur]]
-{{Meiteimyth navbox long}}