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{{Short description|Indian artist (1899–1976)}}
{{Redirect|Thakur Singh|the Indian journalist and Braille editor|Thakur Vishva Narain Singh}}
{{Redirect|Thakur Singh|the Indian journalist and Braille editor|Thakur Vishva Narain Singh}}
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{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
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{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
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| other_names =  
| other_names =  
| occupation  = Indian artist
| occupation  = Indian artist
| birth_date  = {{start-date|1899}}
| birth_date  = 1899
| death_date  = {{Death-date and age|1976|1899|mf=yes}}
| death_date  = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1976|||1899||}}
| birth_place =  
| birth_place =  
| death_place =  
| death_place =  
}}
}}


'''S. G. Thakur Singh''' (1899–1976) was an Indian artist who painted in [[oil paint|oils]], [[pastels]] and [[Watercolor painting|water colour]]
'''S. G. Thakur Singh''' (1899–1976) was an Indian artist who painted in [[oil paint|oils]], [[pastels]] and [[Watercolor painting|water colour]].<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=52}} He is mostly remembered for his works depicting landscapes, portraiture, and still-lifestyle.<ref name=":33">{{Cite web |title=S. G. THAKAR SINGH (1899 - 1976)|url=https://dagworld.com/s.g.thakarsingh.html|access-date=19 February 2026|website=Delhi Art Gallery (dagworld.com)}}</ref> He worked in the Indian film industries located in [[Hindi cinema|Bombay]] and Calcutta.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=52}} He was acquainted with members of the [[Bengal Renaissance|Bengal renaissance movement]] of art, such as [[Nandalal Bose|Nand Lal Bose]] and the [[Tagore family|Tagore brothers]].{{Efn|The Tagore brothers referred to are Abanindranath Tagore and Gaganendranath Tagore.|group=note}}<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=52}} Although he had been familiar with traditional Sikh methods of art created by his predecessors, he preferred modern methods and was not influenced by the indigenous methods.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=52}} He was permanently patronized and paid a commission by many Indian royal houses, such as Kota, Udaipur, Bhopal, Kashmir, Dongarpur, Travancore, Nawan Nagar, Bikaner, Patiala, Kapurthala, and several other Indian princely states.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=52}} Ordhendra Coomar Gangoly was his appreciative critic.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=52}} He was the founder of the Indian Academy of Fine Arts and the Thakar Singh School of Arts.<ref name=":33" />


==Childhood==
==Childhood==
He was born in the tiny farm village of [[Verka]], four miles Northeast of [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India. He received some art training from Mohammed Alam, the Muslim school teacher in the village.
He was born in 1890 into a [[Ramgarhia]] family in the tiny farming village of [[Verka Town|Verka]], located near [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=52}}<ref name=":33" /> He received some art training from Mohammed Alam at V. D. J. Technical Institute in Lahore.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=52}} After this training, he would find success as an artist.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=52}}


Interviewed at the age of 74, Singh said that when he was seventeen, "I was forced by my guardians to join the [[Victoria Diamond Hindu Technical Institute]], [[Lahore]], to take up an engineering course. I wasted there two years and left it in disgust."When he returned to his village his former teacher, Mohammed Alam, persuaded him to come to [[Mumbai]], where Alam had secured a job as a [[Scenic design|scene-painter]] in a Mumbai theatre. While in Mumbai, Singh worked both at odd jobs in the studio and on his own, with Alam guiding him.
Interviewed at the age of 74, Singh said that when he was seventeen, "I was forced by my guardians to join the [[Victoria Diamond Hindu Technical Institute]], [[Lahore]], to take up an engineering course. I wasted there two years and left it in disgust."When he returned to his village his former teacher, Mohammed Alam, persuaded him to come to [[Mumbai]], where Alam had secured a job as a [[Scenic design|scene-painter]] in a Mumbai theatre.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=52}} While in Mumbai, Singh worked both at odd jobs in the studio and on his own, with Alam guiding him.


"One fine morning" Singh recalls, "I was busy painting a landscape at Chowpati Beach, Mumbai, when a couple suddenly stopped beside me and began admiring my painting which was, by that time, almost complete. The gentlemen, an influential Parsi editor of a Bombay Magazine, goaded me into sending the painting to an exhibition of the Simla Fine Arts Society." There his painting won the first prize of Rs. 500, among the landscapes. I was then only eighteen, and you can well imagine my joy and pride at getting the prize.
"One fine morning" Singh recalls, "I was busy painting a landscape at Chowpati Beach, Mumbai, when a couple suddenly stopped beside me and began admiring my painting which was, by that time, almost complete. The gentlemen, an influential Parsi editor of a Bombay Magazine, goaded me into sending the painting to an exhibition of the Simla Fine Arts Society." There his painting won the first prize of Rs. 500, among the landscapes. I was then only eighteen, and you can well imagine my joy and pride at getting the prize. {{citation needed|date=March 2026}}


Just as that chance encounter on Chowpati Beach led to his first prize in the painting, throughout his life he had many worthy patrons. [[Rabindranath Tagore|Rabindra Nath Tagore]], [[Rajendra Prasad|Dr. Rajendra Prasad]] and artists and critics have paid tribute to his work.<ref name="artistsgthakursingh">{{cite web|url=http://www.artistsgthakursingh.com/11011953.jpg|date=26 July 2009|title=Image: 11011953.jpg, (1163 × 892 px)|publisher=artistsgthakursingh.com|access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="artistsgthakursingh2">{{cite web|url=http://www.artistsgthakursingh.com/The%20Statesman%2009021953.jpg|date=26 July 2009|title=Image: The&nbsp;Statesman&nbsp;09021953.jpg, (775 × 1283 px)|publisher=artistsgthakursingh.com|access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="artistsgthakursingh3">{{cite web|url=http://www.artistsgthakursingh.com/11021953.jpg|date=26 July 2009|title=Image: 11021953.jpg, (463 × 576 px)|publisher=artistsgthakursingh.com|access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="artistsgthakursingh4">{{cite web|url=http://www.artistsgthakursingh.com/image046.jpg|date=26 July 2009|title=Image: image046.jpg, (1199 × 1231 px)|publisher=artistsgthakursingh.com|access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="artistsgthakursingh5">{{cite web|url=http://www.artistsgthakursingh.com/67.jpg|date=5 July 2009|title=Image: 67.jpg, (598 × 813 px)|publisher=artistsgthakursingh.com|access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="artistsgthakursingh6">{{cite web|url=http://www.artistsgthakursingh.com/11121961.jpg|date=24 July 2009|title=Image: 11121961.jpg, (370 × 358 px)|publisher=artistsgthakursingh.com|access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref>
Throughout his life he had many patrons. [[Rabindranath Tagore|Rabindra Nath Tagore]], [[Rajendra Prasad|Dr. Rajendra Prasad]] and artists and critics have paid tribute to his work.<ref name="artistsgthakursingh">{{cite web|url=http://www.artistsgthakursingh.com/11011953.jpg|date=26 July 2009|title=Image: 11011953.jpg, (1163 × 892 px)|publisher=artistsgthakursingh.com|access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="artistsgthakursingh2">{{cite web|url=http://www.artistsgthakursingh.com/The%20Statesman%2009021953.jpg|date=26 July 2009|title=Image: The&nbsp;Statesman&nbsp;09021953.jpg, (775 × 1283 px)|publisher=artistsgthakursingh.com|access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="artistsgthakursingh3">{{cite web|url=http://www.artistsgthakursingh.com/11021953.jpg|date=26 July 2009|title=Image: 11021953.jpg, (463 × 576 px)|publisher=artistsgthakursingh.com|access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="artistsgthakursingh4">{{cite web|url=http://www.artistsgthakursingh.com/image046.jpg|date=26 July 2009|title=Image: image046.jpg, (1199 × 1231 px)|publisher=artistsgthakursingh.com|access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="artistsgthakursingh5">{{cite web|url=http://www.artistsgthakursingh.com/67.jpg|date=5 July 2009|title=Image: 67.jpg, (598 × 813 px)|publisher=artistsgthakursingh.com|access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="artistsgthakursingh6">{{cite web|url=http://www.artistsgthakursingh.com/11121961.jpg|date=24 July 2009|title=Image: 11121961.jpg, (370 × 358 px)|publisher=artistsgthakursingh.com|access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref>


==Later career==
==Later career==
[[File:AFTER THE BATH.jpg|thumb|''After the Bath'', by S. G. Thakur Singh, 1924. Kept in the collection of the former Patiala royal state.]]
From Mumbai he moved to [[Kolkata]] where he lived and worked for several theatrical companies,<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Ranjit|title=Sikh Achievers|year=2008|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=9788170103653|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qfuDnpVlmlcC&q=%22S.+G.+Thakur+Singh%22}}</ref> working initially at [[Madan Theatre]] as a scene painter.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=52}} The Tagores became his patrons, and the public too got to appreciate his work through reproductions in Bengali journals. His seductive paintings of women, such as ''After the Bath'' were especially popular.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mitter|first=Partha|title=The triumph of modernism: India's artists and the avant-garde, 1922–1947|year=2007|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=9781861893185|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=krdWkzVLSbkC&q=%22S.+G.+Thakur+Singh%22}}</ref> According to [[Partha Mitter]], author of ''The triumph of modernism: India's artists and the avant-garde, 1922–1947'' and the art critic [[Krishna Chaitanya (art critic)|Krishna Chaitanya]], Thakur Singh followed the style of the Bengali artist [[Hemendranath Mazumdar]] in painting such themes.


From Mumbai he moved to [[Kolkata]] where he lived and worked for several theatrical companies,<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Ranjit|title=Sikh Achievers|year=2008|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=9788170103653|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qfuDnpVlmlcC&q=%22S.+G.+Thakur+Singh%22}}</ref> working initially at [[Madan Theatre]] as a scene painter. The Tagores became his patrons, and the public too got to appreciate his work through reproductions in Bengali journals. His seductive paintings of women, such as ''After the Bath'' were especially popular.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mitter|first=Partha|title=The triumph of modernism: India's artists and the avant-garde, 1922–1947|year=2007|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=9781861893185|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=krdWkzVLSbkC&q=%22S.+G.+Thakur+Singh%22}}</ref> According to [[Partha Mitter]], author of ''The triumph of modernism: India's artists and the avant-garde, 1922–1947'' and the art critic [[Krishna Chaitanya (art critic)|Krishna Chaitanya]], Thakur Singh followed the style of the Bengali artist [[Hemendranath Mazumdar]] in painting such themes.
With friends, Thakur Singh organised the [[Punjab Fine Art Society]] in Kolkata, and the Society's first Exhibition was held in 1926. The Society promoted Thakur Singh's own works, publishing his paintings in ''The Art of S. G. Thakur Singh'' and ''Glimpses of India'', the latter book had introductions by Rabindranath and [[Abanindranath Tagore]]. Thakur Singh worked specially for the rulers of Indian princely states on commissions, the rulers of Kotah, Udaipur, Bhopal, Kashmir and others being his patrons.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last=Srivastava|first=R. P.|title=Punjab Painting|year=1983|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=9788170171744|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VoPu1scXkXYC&q=%22S.+G.+Thakur+Singh%22}}</ref>
 
With friends, Thakur Singh organised the [[Punjab Fine Art Society]] in Kolkata, and the Society's first Exhibition was held in 1926. The Society promoted Thakur Singh's own works, publishing his paintings in ''The Art of S. G. Thakur Singh'' and ''Glimpses of India'', the latter book had introductions by Rabindranath and [[Abanindranath Tagore]]. Thakur Singh worked specially for the rulers of Indian princely states on commissions, the rulers of Kotah, Udaipur, Bhopal, Kashmir and others being his patrons.<ref>{{cite book|last=Srivastava|first=R. P.|title=Punjab Painting|year=1983|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=9788170171744|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VoPu1scXkXYC&q=%22S.+G.+Thakur+Singh%22}}</ref>


Thakur Singh moved back to Amritsar in 1931, where he founded the [[Thakur Singh School of Art]].<ref name="indianacademyoffinearts">{{cite web|url=http://indianacademyoffinearts.com/ |title=Indian Academy of Fine Arts, Amritsar: Homes |publisher=indianacademyoffinearts.com|access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> Several of its past students are now achieving recognition as artists or as art-teachers and it has been lately recognised by the Industrial Training Department of the Punjab Government to award a diploma of Art & Craft, teacher's course.
Thakur Singh moved back to Amritsar in 1931, where he founded the [[Thakur Singh School of Art]].<ref name="indianacademyoffinearts">{{cite web|url=http://indianacademyoffinearts.com/ |title=Indian Academy of Fine Arts, Amritsar: Homes |publisher=indianacademyoffinearts.com|access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> Several of its past students are now achieving recognition as artists or as art-teachers and it has been lately recognised by the Industrial Training Department of the Punjab Government to award a diploma of Art & Craft, teacher's course.
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He received award of [[Padma Shri]] in 1973.
He received award of [[Padma Shri]] in 1973.
==Auction Results==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ S G Thakur Singh's works in auction world is rare. Most of it is found in museums and hotels which were palaces at one time.
|-
! Auction House !! Result Link
|-
| Bonhams|| https://www.bonhams.com/auction/26636/lot/194/s-g-thakur-singh-india-189099-1976-indian-street-scene/
|-
| Sothebys|| https://www.sothebys.com/en/buy/auction/2021/modern-contemporary-south-asian-art/untitled-woman-in-courtyard
|-
| Bid and Hammer|| https://auctions.bidandhammer.com/sg-thakur-singh?productId=2717&catId=58#.YwOwsXbMKUk
|-
| Bonhams|| https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/25434/lot/216/
|-
| Bonhams|| https://www.bonhams.com/auction/25545/lot/86/s-g-thakur-singh-india-189099-1976-fishermen-at-dawn-on-madras-beach/
|-
| Bonhams|| https://www.bonhams.com/auction/27372/lot/104/rajasthan-bedla-prince-of-bedla-by-sg-thakar-singh-1935/
|-
| Osians|| http://assets.osianama.com/ecatalogue/2008-01-19-Indian-Modern-Contemporary-Art/35/
|}
== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}


==References==
==References==
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* [http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=au%3AThakur+Singh%2C+S.+G.&dblist=638&fq=ap%3A%22thakur+singh%2C+s+g%22&qt=facet_ap%3A S.G.Thakur Singh's books at WorldCat]
* [http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=au%3AThakur+Singh%2C+S.+G.&dblist=638&fq=ap%3A%22thakur+singh%2C+s+g%22&qt=facet_ap%3A S.G.Thakur Singh's books at WorldCat]
* [http://www.sikh-heritage.co.uk/arts/thakursingh/thakursingh.htm S.G.Thakur Singh]
* [http://www.sikh-heritage.co.uk/arts/thakursingh/thakursingh.htm S.G.Thakur Singh]
* [http://chdmuseum.nic.in/art_gallery/sg_thakar_singh.html S G Thakur Singh at Government Museum, Chandigarh]
* [http://chdmuseum.gov.in/home/artwork S G Thakur Singh at Government Museum, Chandigarh]


{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
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[[Category:Indian watercolourists]]
[[Category:Indian watercolourists]]
[[Category:Painters from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Painters from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]

Latest revision as of 13:26, 28 March 2026


"Thakur Singh" redirects here. For the Indian journalist and Braille editor, see Thakur Vishva Narain Singh.

S. G. Thakur Singh
S.G. Thakur Singh
S.G. Thakur Singh
Born1899
Died1976(1976-00-00) (aged 76–77)
OccupationIndian artist

S. G. Thakur Singh (1899–1976) was an Indian artist who painted in oils, pastels and water colour.[1](p52) He is mostly remembered for his works depicting landscapes, portraiture, and still-lifestyle.[2] He worked in the Indian film industries located in Bombay and Calcutta.[1](p52) He was acquainted with members of the Bengal renaissance movement of art, such as Nand Lal Bose and the Tagore brothers.[note 1][1](p52) Although he had been familiar with traditional Sikh methods of art created by his predecessors, he preferred modern methods and was not influenced by the indigenous methods.[1](p52) He was permanently patronized and paid a commission by many Indian royal houses, such as Kota, Udaipur, Bhopal, Kashmir, Dongarpur, Travancore, Nawan Nagar, Bikaner, Patiala, Kapurthala, and several other Indian princely states.[1](p52) Ordhendra Coomar Gangoly was his appreciative critic.[1](p52) He was the founder of the Indian Academy of Fine Arts and the Thakar Singh School of Arts.[2]

Childhood[edit | edit source]

He was born in 1890 into a Ramgarhia family in the tiny farming village of Verka, located near Amritsar, Punjab, India.[1](p52)[2] He received some art training from Mohammed Alam at V. D. J. Technical Institute in Lahore.[1](p52) After this training, he would find success as an artist.[1](p52)

Interviewed at the age of 74, Singh said that when he was seventeen, "I was forced by my guardians to join the Victoria Diamond Hindu Technical Institute, Lahore, to take up an engineering course. I wasted there two years and left it in disgust."When he returned to his village his former teacher, Mohammed Alam, persuaded him to come to Mumbai, where Alam had secured a job as a scene-painter in a Mumbai theatre.[1](p52) While in Mumbai, Singh worked both at odd jobs in the studio and on his own, with Alam guiding him.

"One fine morning" Singh recalls, "I was busy painting a landscape at Chowpati Beach, Mumbai, when a couple suddenly stopped beside me and began admiring my painting which was, by that time, almost complete. The gentlemen, an influential Parsi editor of a Bombay Magazine, goaded me into sending the painting to an exhibition of the Simla Fine Arts Society." There his painting won the first prize of Rs. 500, among the landscapes. I was then only eighteen, and you can well imagine my joy and pride at getting the prize. [citation needed]

Throughout his life he had many patrons. Rabindra Nath Tagore, Dr. Rajendra Prasad and artists and critics have paid tribute to his work.[3][4][5][6][7][8]

Later career[edit | edit source]

After the Bath, by S. G. Thakur Singh, 1924. Kept in the collection of the former Patiala royal state.

From Mumbai he moved to Kolkata where he lived and worked for several theatrical companies,[9] working initially at Madan Theatre as a scene painter.[1](p52) The Tagores became his patrons, and the public too got to appreciate his work through reproductions in Bengali journals. His seductive paintings of women, such as After the Bath were especially popular.[10] According to Partha Mitter, author of The triumph of modernism: India's artists and the avant-garde, 1922–1947 and the art critic Krishna Chaitanya, Thakur Singh followed the style of the Bengali artist Hemendranath Mazumdar in painting such themes.

With friends, Thakur Singh organised the Punjab Fine Art Society in Kolkata, and the Society's first Exhibition was held in 1926. The Society promoted Thakur Singh's own works, publishing his paintings in The Art of S. G. Thakur Singh and Glimpses of India, the latter book had introductions by Rabindranath and Abanindranath Tagore. Thakur Singh worked specially for the rulers of Indian princely states on commissions, the rulers of Kotah, Udaipur, Bhopal, Kashmir and others being his patrons.[1]

Thakur Singh moved back to Amritsar in 1931, where he founded the Thakur Singh School of Art.[11] Several of its past students are now achieving recognition as artists or as art-teachers and it has been lately recognised by the Industrial Training Department of the Punjab Government to award a diploma of Art & Craft, teacher's course.

He painted in oils, pastels and water colour. He painted nearly ten thousand paintings, and has won many awards. His paintings hang in museums, public buildings and in private collections around the world.

India honoured him in other ways too. He was nominated to the First Punjab Legislative Council in 1952. He was on the Executive Board of the National Academy of Art (Lalit Kala Akademy) and was Chairman of the Decoration Sub Committee at the 61st Session of the Indian National Congress held at Amritsar in 1956. He was invited to the former USSR and Hungary for solo shows in Moscow, Leningrad and Budapest.

He was commissioned to do many portraits, but it is his landscapes which have won for him popular acclaim.

He received award of Padma Shri in 1973.

Auction Results[edit | edit source]

S G Thakur Singh's works in auction world is rare. Most of it is found in museums and hotels which were palaces at one time.
Auction House Result Link
Bonhams https://www.bonhams.com/auction/26636/lot/194/s-g-thakur-singh-india-189099-1976-indian-street-scene/
Sothebys https://www.sothebys.com/en/buy/auction/2021/modern-contemporary-south-asian-art/untitled-woman-in-courtyard
Bid and Hammer https://auctions.bidandhammer.com/sg-thakur-singh?productId=2717&catId=58#.YwOwsXbMKUk
Bonhams https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/25434/lot/216/
Bonhams https://www.bonhams.com/auction/25545/lot/86/s-g-thakur-singh-india-189099-1976-fishermen-at-dawn-on-madras-beach/
Bonhams https://www.bonhams.com/auction/27372/lot/104/rajasthan-bedla-prince-of-bedla-by-sg-thakar-singh-1935/
Osians http://assets.osianama.com/ecatalogue/2008-01-19-Indian-Modern-Contemporary-Art/35/

Notes[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ The Tagore brothers referred to are Abanindranath Tagore and Gaganendranath Tagore.

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 Srivastava, R. P. (1983). Punjab Painting. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 9788170171744.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "S. G. THAKAR SINGH (1899 - 1976)". Delhi Art Gallery (dagworld.com). Retrieved 19 February 2026.
  3. ↑ "Image: 11011953.jpg, (1163 × 892 px)". artistsgthakursingh.com. 26 July 2009. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
  4. ↑ "Image: The Statesman 09021953.jpg, (775 × 1283 px)". artistsgthakursingh.com. 26 July 2009. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
  5. ↑ "Image: 11021953.jpg, (463 × 576 px)". artistsgthakursingh.com. 26 July 2009. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
  6. ↑ "Image: image046.jpg, (1199 × 1231 px)". artistsgthakursingh.com. 26 July 2009. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
  7. ↑ "Image: 67.jpg, (598 × 813 px)". artistsgthakursingh.com. 5 July 2009. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
  8. ↑ "Image: 11121961.jpg, (370 × 358 px)". artistsgthakursingh.com. 24 July 2009. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
  9. ↑ Singh, Ranjit (2008). Sikh Achievers. Hemkunt Press. ISBN 9788170103653.
  10. ↑ Mitter, Partha (2007). The triumph of modernism: India's artists and the avant-garde, 1922–1947. Reaktion Books. ISBN 9781861893185.
  11. ↑ "Indian Academy of Fine Arts, Amritsar: Homes". indianacademyoffinearts.com. Retrieved 6 September 2015.

External links[edit | edit source]

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