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{{Short description|Wholly owned subsidiary of ISRO}} | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}} | {{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}} | ||
{{Infobox government agency | {{Infobox government agency | ||
| agency_name = ISRO Propulsion Complex | | agency_name = ISRO Propulsion Complex | ||
| nativename = | | nativename = | ||
| nativename_a = | | nativename_a = | ||
| nativename_r = | | nativename_r = | ||
| logo = Indian Space Research Organisation Logo.svg | | logo = Indian Space Research Organisation Logo.svg | ||
| logo_width = 100px | | logo_width = 100px | ||
| seal = | | seal = | ||
| seal_width = | | seal_width = | ||
| picture = | | picture = | ||
| picture_width = | | picture_width = | ||
| picture_caption = | | picture_caption = | ||
| formed = | | formed = | ||
| date1 = | | date1 = | ||
| date1_name = | | date1_name = | ||
| date2 = | | date2 = | ||
| date2_name = | | date2_name = | ||
| preceding1 = | | preceding1 = | ||
| preceding2 = | | preceding2 = | ||
| parent_agency = [[ISRO]] | | parent_agency = [[ISRO]] | ||
| jurisdiction = [[Government of India|Department of Space]] | | jurisdiction = [[Government of India|Department of Space]] | ||
| headquarters = [[Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu|Mahendragiri]], [[Tirunelveli district]] | | headquarters = [[Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu|Mahendragiri]], [[Tirunelveli district]] | ||
| employees = 600+ | | employees = 600+ | ||
| budget = See the budget of [[ISRO]] | | budget = See the budget of [[ISRO]] | ||
| chief1_name = | | chief1_name = J. Asir Packiaraj <ref>[https://www.iprc.gov.in/iprc/about/iprc.html About IPRC]{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | ||
| chief1_position = Director | | chief1_position = Director | ||
| chief2_name = | | chief2_name = | ||
| chief2_position = | | chief2_position = | ||
| child2_agency = | | child2_agency = | ||
| website = | | website = {{URL|www.iprc.gov.in}} | ||
| footnotes = | | footnotes = | ||
| coordinates = {{coord|8.2825479|77.5658637|region:IN-TN|display=inline,title|format=dms}} | |||
| chief3_name = | |||
| coordinates = {{coord|8.2825479|77.5658637|region:IN-TN|display=inline,title|format=dms}} | |||
| chief3_name = | |||
| chief3_position = | | chief3_position = | ||
| chief4_name = | | chief4_name = | ||
| chief4_position = | | chief4_position = | ||
| chief5_name = | | chief5_name = | ||
| chief5_position = | | chief5_position = | ||
| chief6_name = | | chief6_name = | ||
| chief6_position = | | chief6_position = | ||
| chief7_name = | | chief7_name = | ||
| chief7_position = | | chief7_position = | ||
| chief8_name = | | chief8_name = | ||
| chief8_position = | | chief8_position = | ||
| chief9_name = | | chief9_name = | ||
| chief9_position = | | chief9_position = | ||
| parent_department = | | parent_department = | ||
}} | }} | ||
The '''ISRO Propulsion Complex''' ('''IPRC'''), located at [[Mahendragiri | The '''ISRO Propulsion Complex''' ('''IPRC'''), located at [[Mahendragiri (Tamil Nadu)|Mahendragiri]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], is an [[ISRO]] centre involved in testing, assembling, and integrating propulsion systems and stages that are developed at ISRO's [[Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre]]s (LPSC). Formerly, IPRC was known as LPSC, Mahendragiri, functioning under LPSC. It was elevated as an independent centre and renamed as IPRC with effect from 1 February 2014.<ref name="ISRO">{{Cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/isrocentres/iprc.aspx|title=ISRO Centres - ISRO|website=www.isro.gov.in|access-date=31 March 2021|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927164539/http://www.isro.gov.in/isrocentres/iprc.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/lpsc-at-mahendragiri-elevated/article5641468.ece|title=LPSC at Mahendragiri elevated|date=1 February 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=14 August 2020}}</ref> | ||
The complex is situated near [[Panagudi]] in [[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli District]], Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/science-and-technology/swadeshi-success/article9731146.ece|title=Swadeshi success|website=Frontline|language=en|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref> | The complex is situated near [[Panagudi]] in [[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli District]], Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/science-and-technology/swadeshi-success/article9731146.ece|title=Swadeshi success|website=Frontline|date=21 June 2017 |language=en|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref> | ||
It is one of the ISRO centres that could be called as the "Jet Propulsion Laboratory of India" as all liquid, [[Liquid-propellant rocket#Cryogenic|cryogenic]] and [[Liquid-propellant rocket#Semi-cryogenic|semicryogenic]] stage and engine related tests of ISRO's launch vehicles and satellites are carried out here.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/lpsc-mahendragiri-to-function-as-independent-unit-minister-114013100771_1.html|title=LPSC Mahendragiri to function as independent unit: Minister|agency=Press Trust of India|date=31 January 2014|via=Business Standard}}</ref> | It is one of the ISRO centres that could be called as the "Jet Propulsion Laboratory of India" as all liquid, [[Liquid-propellant rocket#Cryogenic|cryogenic]] and [[Liquid-propellant rocket#Semi-cryogenic|semicryogenic]] stage and engine related tests of ISRO's launch vehicles and satellites are carried out here.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/lpsc-mahendragiri-to-function-as-independent-unit-minister-114013100771_1.html|title=LPSC Mahendragiri to function as independent unit: Minister|agency=Press Trust of India|date=31 January 2014|via=Business Standard}}</ref> | ||
== | == Capabilities == | ||
Following activities are currently carried out at IPRC:<ref name="ISRO" /> | Following activities are currently carried out at IPRC:<ref name="ISRO" /> | ||
*Assembly, integration and testing of launch vehicle motors and stages | *Assembly, integration and testing of launch vehicle motors and stages | ||
*Servicing of launch vehicle motors and stages | *Servicing of launch vehicle motors and stages | ||
*Propellant storage | *Propellant storage | ||
*Sea level and high altitude tests of [[Vikas engine|Vikas]], PS2/GS2, PS4, L40, L110, S200, [[CE-7.5]] and [[CE-20]] cryogenic engines, and steering engines<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/gslvlinked-facilities/article5596658.ece|title=GSLV-linked facilities|website=Frontline}}</ref> | *Sea level and high altitude tests of [[Vikas engine|Vikas]], PS2/GS2, PS4, L40, L110, S200, [[CE-7.5]] and [[CE-20]] cryogenic engines, and steering engines<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/gslvlinked-facilities/article5596658.ece|title=GSLV-linked facilities|website=Frontline|date=22 January 2014 }}</ref> | ||
*L40 and CE-7.5 development and qualification tests | *L40 and CE-7.5 development and qualification tests | ||
*Assembly and integration of flight stages PS2/GS2, PS4, L40 for [[PSLV]] and [[GSLV]] missions | *Assembly and integration of flight stages PS2/GS2, PS4, L40 for [[PSLV]] and [[GSLV]] missions | ||
*Assembly and integration of [[Apogee kick motor|LAM]] engine and [[ | *Assembly and integration of [[Apogee kick motor|LAM]] engine and [[Spacecraft attitude control|AOCS]] thruster for satellites | ||
== | == Facilities == | ||
=== Principal Test Stand (PST) === | |||
[[File:Vikas Engine being hot tested for duration of 240 seconds at Principal Test Stand of IPRC Mahendragiri.jpg|thumb|234x234px|The final long-duration hot fire test of the human-rated L110-G Vikas Engine on PST Mahendragiri]] | |||
The Principle Test Stand is the oldest facility at IPRC Mahendragiri and was designed to test the Vikas Engine and other hypergolic engines. It consists of two sections, one for engine testing and the other for full stage integrated tests, ensuring accurate evaluation of various performance characteristics and seamless integration of critical components. | |||
[[File:CE20 Engine 640 second test Back.jpg|thumb|CE-20 Engine undergoing its second flight qualification test on the CMEST Test Stand]] | |||
=== Cryo Main Engine Static Test Facility (CMEST) === | |||
The CMEST was set up for testing ISRO's cryogenic engines, specifically the [[CE-7.5]] and [[CE-20]]. | |||
=== Semi-cryogenic Integrated Engine Test Facility (SIET) === | |||
The Semi-cryogenic Integrated Engine Test Complex (SIET) is a facility handling large flow of propellants. It is 51 metres tall and has 30 metres flame deflector depth.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=26 February 2024 |title=PM Modi to inaugurate technical facilities of Isro in Kerala on Tuesday |url=https://www.business-standard.com/amp/india-news/pm-modi-to-inaugurate-technical-facilities-of-isro-in-kerala-on-tuesday-124022600465_1.html |access-date=26 February 2024 |website=Business Standard}}</ref> It was originally designed for testing the [[SCE-200]] Semi-Cryogenic kerolox engine. This engine is a crucial component of the LVM3 launch vehicle future upgrade, replacing the pair of [[Vikas (rocket engine)|Vikas engines]] on its first stage. The SIET was constructed with the aim of conducting tests on the SCE-200 engine, and it was completed by the end of 2022. As part of three space infrastructure projects totaling [[₹]]1,800 [[crore]], [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] formally inaugurated SIET from the [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] (VSSC) on 27 February 2024.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 February 2024 |title=PM visits Vikram Sarabhai Space Center (VSSC) in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala Inaugurates three important space infrastructure projects worth about Rs 1800 crores |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2009320 |access-date=1 January 2025 |publisher=Press Information Bureau |agency=Prime Minister's Office, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2024-02-27 |title=Watch {{!}} PM Modi inaugurates 3 major space projects of ISRO {{!}} Today News |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pm-modi-inaugurates-3-major-space-infrastructure-projects-of-isro-in-kerala-watch-11709014342909.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913055542/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pm-modi-inaugurates-3-major-space-infrastructure-projects-of-isro-in-kerala-watch-11709014342909.html |archive-date=13 September 2024 |access-date=2025-01-01 |work=mint |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Tests of locally produced engines and its essential subsystems, such as [[gas generator]]s and [[Turbopump|turbo pumps]], will be conducted at the new testing facility.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramesh |first=Sandhya |date=2024-03-03 |title=Why ISRO’s new testing facility for home-grown cryogenic engines is key to India's astronaut dream |url=https://theprint.in/science/why-isros-new-testing-facility-for-home-grown-cryogenic-engines-is-key-to-indias-astronaut-dream/1985476/ |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> | |||
The facility consists of a visitors center, which is connected to the Test Control Center (TCC), allowing visitors to observe and learn about the testing procedures. The TCC is a critical element of the complex as it enables engineers and technicians to monitor the tests and make real-time adjustments to ensure their success. This facility has in-house control and data collecting systems and is capable of testing engines with thrusts up to 2,600 kN.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |date=2025-03-29 |title=Isro achieves milestone in semi-Cryo engine development with key test |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-advances-semi-cryogenic-engine-development-with-successful-key-test-/articleshow/119697593.cms |access-date=2025-03-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> | |||
In July 2023, a significant milestone was achieved when the SCE-200 hot section was successfully tested on the stand. This marked a significant achievement in the development of the engine and the progress towards its integration into various launch vehicles.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajwi |first=Tiki |date=2024-02-26 |title=ISRO’s Semi-Cryogenic Engine and Stage Test Facility at Mahendragiri |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/semi-cryogenic-integrated-engine-and-stage-test-facility-at-mahendragiri-to-boost-isros-efforts-to-develop-semi-cryogenic-engines-in-india/article67887701.ece |access-date=2025-01-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On 2 May 2024, ISRO conducted the first ignition trial for SCE-200 at SIET.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Soumya |date=2024-05-06 |title=ISRO completes key test for India’s first semi-cryogenic engine to better future launches |url=https://theprint.in/science/isro-completes-key-test-for-indias-first-semi-cryogenic-engine-to-better-future-launches/2072217/ |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> | |||
=== High Altitude Test Facility (HATF) === | |||
The High Altitude Test Facility is used for hot testing cryogenic engines, including in [[vacuum]] conditions.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=16 March 2025 |title=ISRO’s hot testing of cryogenic engine successful |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2025/Mar/16/isros-hot-testing-of-cryogenic-engine-successful |access-date=22 May 2025 |website=The New Indian Express |language=}}</ref> | |||
== Incidents == | |||
In 2017, three employees, including two senior officials of ISRO Propulsion Complex, Mahendragiri were suspended pending enquiry for alleged procedural lapses.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-15 |title=Three ISRO officials suspended for lapses |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2017/Jul/15/three-isro-officials-suspended-for-lapses-1628909.html |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> | |||
In September 2017, an unexplained explosion took place in the vicinity of the ISRO Propulsion Complex and local said they saw smoke emanating from the ISRO facility. However, a spokesperson said the "incident happened outside the building and has nothing to do with ISRO."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fuwad |first=Ahamad |last2= |first2= |date=2017-09-24 |title=Mysterious explosion outside ISRO Propulsion Complex in Mahendragiri; 'not ours', says space agency |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india-mysterious-explosion-outside-isro-propulsion-complex-in-mahendragiri-hills-tirunelveli-tamil-nadu-403085 |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref> | |||
In mid-2023, it was reported that the propulsion complex had terminated the first hot test on an intermediate configuration of the semi-cryogenic engine following an unanticipated spike in the turbine pressure and subsequent loss of turbine speed. The July 1 test that had to be terminated was said to be part of efforts to develop a 2,000 Kilonewton thrust semi-cryogenic engine.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2023-07-03 |title=ISRO terminates semi-cryogenic engine test after a sudden spike in turbine pressure and speed |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/state/karnataka/isro-terminates-semi-cryogenic-engine-test-after-a-sudden-spike-in-turbine-pressure-and-speed/na20230703171515125125160 |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref>[[File:CE-20 Engine No.6 going through 25 seconds long flight acceptance test at High Altitude Test facility of IPRC Mahendragiri on 11 Oct 2018.jpg|thumb|CE-20 Engine undergoing flight acceptance test at HATF Mahendragiri]] | |||
== See also == | |||
{{Portal|India}} | |||
*[[Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre]] | *[[Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre]] | ||
*[[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] | *[[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] | ||
*[[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] | *[[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] | ||
*[[Kulasekarapattinam Spaceport]] | |||
*[[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]] | *[[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]] | ||
==References== | == References == | ||
{{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||
Latest revision as of 19:27, 1 February 2026
 | |
| Agency overview | |
|---|---|
| Jurisdiction | Department of Space |
| Headquarters | Mahendragiri, Tirunelveli district 8°16′57″N 77°33′57″E / 8.2825479°N 77.5658637°E |
| Employees | 600+ |
| Annual budget | See the budget of ISRO |
| Agency executive |
|
| Parent agency | ISRO |
| Website | www |
The ISRO Propulsion Complex (IPRC), located at Mahendragiri in Tamil Nadu, is an ISRO centre involved in testing, assembling, and integrating propulsion systems and stages that are developed at ISRO's Liquid Propulsion Systems Centres (LPSC). Formerly, IPRC was known as LPSC, Mahendragiri, functioning under LPSC. It was elevated as an independent centre and renamed as IPRC with effect from 1 February 2014.[2][3]
The complex is situated near Panagudi in Tirunelveli District, Tamil Nadu.[4]
It is one of the ISRO centres that could be called as the "Jet Propulsion Laboratory of India" as all liquid, cryogenic and semicryogenic stage and engine related tests of ISRO's launch vehicles and satellites are carried out here.[5]
Capabilities[edit | edit source]
Following activities are currently carried out at IPRC:[2]
- Assembly, integration and testing of launch vehicle motors and stages
- Servicing of launch vehicle motors and stages
- Propellant storage
- Sea level and high altitude tests of Vikas, PS2/GS2, PS4, L40, L110, S200, CE-7.5 and CE-20 cryogenic engines, and steering engines[6]
- L40 and CE-7.5 development and qualification tests
- Assembly and integration of flight stages PS2/GS2, PS4, L40 for PSLV and GSLV missions
- Assembly and integration of LAM engine and AOCS thruster for satellites
Facilities[edit | edit source]
Principal Test Stand (PST)[edit | edit source]
The Principle Test Stand is the oldest facility at IPRC Mahendragiri and was designed to test the Vikas Engine and other hypergolic engines. It consists of two sections, one for engine testing and the other for full stage integrated tests, ensuring accurate evaluation of various performance characteristics and seamless integration of critical components.
Cryo Main Engine Static Test Facility (CMEST)[edit | edit source]
The CMEST was set up for testing ISRO's cryogenic engines, specifically the CE-7.5 and CE-20.
Semi-cryogenic Integrated Engine Test Facility (SIET)[edit | edit source]
The Semi-cryogenic Integrated Engine Test Complex (SIET) is a facility handling large flow of propellants. It is 51 metres tall and has 30 metres flame deflector depth.[7] It was originally designed for testing the SCE-200 Semi-Cryogenic kerolox engine. This engine is a crucial component of the LVM3 launch vehicle future upgrade, replacing the pair of Vikas engines on its first stage. The SIET was constructed with the aim of conducting tests on the SCE-200 engine, and it was completed by the end of 2022. As part of three space infrastructure projects totaling ₹1,800 crore, Prime Minister Narendra Modi formally inaugurated SIET from the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) on 27 February 2024.[8][9] Tests of locally produced engines and its essential subsystems, such as gas generators and turbo pumps, will be conducted at the new testing facility.[10]
The facility consists of a visitors center, which is connected to the Test Control Center (TCC), allowing visitors to observe and learn about the testing procedures. The TCC is a critical element of the complex as it enables engineers and technicians to monitor the tests and make real-time adjustments to ensure their success. This facility has in-house control and data collecting systems and is capable of testing engines with thrusts up to 2,600 kN.[11]
In July 2023, a significant milestone was achieved when the SCE-200 hot section was successfully tested on the stand. This marked a significant achievement in the development of the engine and the progress towards its integration into various launch vehicles.[12] On 2 May 2024, ISRO conducted the first ignition trial for SCE-200 at SIET.[13]
High Altitude Test Facility (HATF)[edit | edit source]
The High Altitude Test Facility is used for hot testing cryogenic engines, including in vacuum conditions.[14]
Incidents[edit | edit source]
In 2017, three employees, including two senior officials of ISRO Propulsion Complex, Mahendragiri were suspended pending enquiry for alleged procedural lapses.[15]
In September 2017, an unexplained explosion took place in the vicinity of the ISRO Propulsion Complex and local said they saw smoke emanating from the ISRO facility. However, a spokesperson said the "incident happened outside the building and has nothing to do with ISRO."[16]
In mid-2023, it was reported that the propulsion complex had terminated the first hot test on an intermediate configuration of the semi-cryogenic engine following an unanticipated spike in the turbine pressure and subsequent loss of turbine speed. The July 1 test that had to be terminated was said to be part of efforts to develop a 2,000 Kilonewton thrust semi-cryogenic engine.[17]
See also[edit | edit source]
- Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre
- Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre
- Satish Dhawan Space Centre
- Kulasekarapattinam Spaceport
- Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ About IPRC[permanent dead link]
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "ISRO Centres - ISRO". www.isro.gov.in. Archived from the original on 27 September 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
- ↑ "LPSC at Mahendragiri elevated". The Hindu. 1 February 2014. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
- ↑ "Swadeshi success". Frontline. 21 June 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
- ↑ "LPSC Mahendragiri to function as independent unit: Minister". Press Trust of India. 31 January 2014 – via Business Standard.
- ↑ "GSLV-linked facilities". Frontline. 22 January 2014.
- ↑ "PM Modi to inaugurate technical facilities of Isro in Kerala on Tuesday". Business Standard. 26 February 2024. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
- ↑ "PM visits Vikram Sarabhai Space Center (VSSC) in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala Inaugurates three important space infrastructure projects worth about Rs 1800 crores". Press Information Bureau. Prime Minister's Office, Government of India. 27 February 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2025.
- ↑ "Watch | PM Modi inaugurates 3 major space projects of ISRO | Today News". mint. 27 February 2024. Archived from the original on 13 September 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2025.
- ↑ Ramesh, Sandhya (3 March 2024). "Why ISRO's new testing facility for home-grown cryogenic engines is key to India's astronaut dream". ThePrint. Retrieved 1 January 2025.
- ↑ Kumar, Chethan (29 March 2025). "Isro achieves milestone in semi-Cryo engine development with key test". The Times of India. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 30 March 2025.
- ↑ Rajwi, Tiki (26 February 2024). "ISRO's Semi-Cryogenic Engine and Stage Test Facility at Mahendragiri". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 1 January 2025.
- ↑ Pillai, Soumya (6 May 2024). "ISRO completes key test for India's first semi-cryogenic engine to better future launches". ThePrint. Retrieved 1 January 2025.
- ↑ "ISRO's hot testing of cryogenic engine successful". The New Indian Express. 16 March 2025. Retrieved 22 May 2025.
- ↑ "Three ISRO officials suspended for lapses". The New Indian Express. 15 July 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2024.
- ↑ Fuwad, Ahamad (24 September 2017). "Mysterious explosion outside ISRO Propulsion Complex in Mahendragiri; 'not ours', says space agency". www.indiatvnews.com. Retrieved 19 December 2024.
- ↑ Bharat, E. T. V. (3 July 2023). "ISRO terminates semi-cryogenic engine test after a sudden spike in turbine pressure and speed". ETV Bharat News. Retrieved 19 December 2024.
