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{{Short description|Indian Space mission to Sun}}
{{Short description|India's first solar observation mission}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
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| name              = Aditya-L1
| name              = Aditya-L1
| image              = Aditya L1.png
| image              = Aditya L1.png
| image_caption      = Aditya-L1 in launch configuration
| image_caption      = Aditya-L1 in deployed configuration
| image_size        = 300px
| image_size        = 300px
| mission_type      = [[Solar observation]]
| mission_type      = [[Solar observation]]
| operator          = [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]
| operator          = [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]
| COSPAR_ID          =
| COSPAR_ID          =  
| SATCAT            =
| SATCAT            =  
| website            = {{url|https://www.isro.gov.in/Aditya_L1.html}}
| website            = {{URL|https://www.isro.gov.in/Aditya_L1.html}}
| mission_duration  = 5.2 years (planned)<ref name="CurrSci_113_04">{{Cite journal |last1=Somasundaram |first1=Seetha |last2=Megala |first2=S. |date=25 August 2017 |title=Aditya-L1 mission |url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/113/04/0610.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Current Science |volume=113 |issue=4 |page=610 |bibcode=2017CSci..113..610S |doi=10.18520/cs/v113/i04/610-612 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825061326/http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/113/04/0610.pdf |archive-date=25 August 2017 |access-date=25 August 2017}}</ref>
| mission_duration  = 5.2 years (planned)<ref name="CurrSci_113_04">{{Cite journal |last1=Somasundaram |first1=Seetha |last2=Megala |first2=S. |date=25 August 2017 |title=Aditya-L1 mission |url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/113/04/0610.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Current Science |volume=113 |issue=4 |page=610 |bibcode=2017CSci..113..610S |doi=10.18520/cs/v113/i04/610-612 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825061326/http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/113/04/0610.pdf |archive-date=25 August 2017 |access-date=25 August 2017}}</ref> <br/>{{time interval|September 2, 2023}} (in progress)
| spacecraft        =
| spacecraft        =  
| spacecraft_type    =
| spacecraft_type    =  
| spacecraft_bus    = [[I-1K]] {{Citation needed|date=August 2017}}
| spacecraft_bus    = [[I-1K]] {{Citation needed|date=August 2017}}
| manufacturer      = [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]{{\}}[[Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics|IUCAA]]{{\}}[[Indian Institute of Astrophysics|IIA]]
| manufacturer      = [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]{{\}}[[Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics|IUCAA]]{{\}}[[Indian Institute of Astrophysics|IIA]]
| launch_mass        = {{cvt|1475|kg}}<ref name="CII_20210915">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XoIdCVfNbfY&t=7656s |title=International Space Conference and Exhibition – DAY 3 |date=15 September 2021 |type=video |publisher=Confederation of Indian Industry |time=2:07:36–2:08:38 |access-date=18 September 2021 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
| launch_mass        = {{cvt|1475|kg}}<ref name="CII_20210915">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XoIdCVfNbfY&t=7656s |title=International Space Conference and Exhibition – DAY 3 |date=15 September 2021 |type=video |publisher=Confederation of Indian Industry |time=2:07:36–2:08:38 |access-date=18 September 2021 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
| payload_mass      = {{cvt|244|kg}}<ref name="CurrSci_113_04" />
| payload_mass      = {{cvt|244|kg}}<ref name="CurrSci_113_04" />
| dimensions        =
| dimensions        =  
| power              = <!-- [[watt]]s -->
| power              = <!-- [[watt]]s -->
| launch_date        = {{start-date|2 September 2023}}, 11:50 IST (6:20 UTC) (planned)<ref name="it-20230824">{{Cite web |date=28 August 2023 |title=Moon mission done, ISRO aims for the Sun with Aditya-L1 launch on September 2 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/isros-solar-mission-aditya-l1-to-be-launched-on-september-2-says-space-agency-8913266/ |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828120712/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/isros-solar-mission-aditya-l1-to-be-launched-on-september-2-says-space-agency-8913266/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| launch_date        = {{start-date|2 September 2023}}, 11:50&nbsp;IST (06:20&nbsp;UTC) <ref name="it-20230824">{{Cite web |date=28 August 2023 |title=Moon mission done, ISRO aims for the Sun with Aditya-L1 launch on September 2 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/isros-solar-mission-aditya-l1-to-be-launched-on-september-2-says-space-agency-8913266/ |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828120712/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/isros-solar-mission-aditya-l1-to-be-launched-on-september-2-says-space-agency-8913266/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="launch">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-66643805 |title=Aditya-L1: India launches its first mission to Sun |date=2 September 2023 |access-date=2 September 2023 |first=Geeta |last=Pandey |website=[[BBC News]] }}</ref>
| launch_rocket      = [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV-XL]](C57)<ref name="CurrSci_113_04" />
| launch_rocket      = [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV-XL]](C57)<ref name="CurrSci_113_04" />
| launch_site        = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]
| launch_site        = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]
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| orbit_reference    = [[Lagrange point#L1|Sun–Earth L<sub>1</sub>]]
| orbit_reference    = [[Lagrange point#L1|Sun–Earth L<sub>1</sub>]]
| orbit_regime      = [[Halo orbit]]
| orbit_regime      = [[Halo orbit]]
| orbit_periapsis    =
| orbit_periapsis    =  
| orbit_apoapsis    =
| orbit_apoapsis    =  
| orbit_inclination  =
| orbit_inclination  =  
| orbit_period      = 177.86 days<ref name="COPUOS_62">{{Cite web |last=Sreekumar |first=P. |date=19 June 2019 |title=Indian Space Science & Exploration : Global Perspective |url=http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/2019/copuos2019tech32E.pdf |access-date=30 June 2019 |publisher=UNOOSA |page=8 |archive-date=30 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630051004/http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/2019/copuos2019tech32E.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| orbit_period      = 177.86 days<ref name="COPUOS_62">{{Cite web |last=Sreekumar |first=P. |date=19 June 2019 |title=Indian Space Science & Exploration : Global Perspective |url=http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/2019/copuos2019tech32E.pdf |access-date=30 June 2019 |publisher=UNOOSA |page=8 |archive-date=30 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630051004/http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/2019/copuos2019tech32E.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| apsis              = gee
| apsis              = gee
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}}
}}


'''Aditya-L1''' ({{lang-sa|आदित्य, lit: Sun,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aditya |url=http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&tinput=aditya&country_ID=&trans=Translate&direction=AU |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719090830/http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&tinput=aditya&country_ID=&trans=Translate&direction=AU |archive-date=19 July 2011 |access-date=14 November 2008 |publisher=Spoken Sanskrit}}</ref>}} {{audio|Aditya.ogg|pronunciation|help=no}}) is a planned [[coronagraph]]y spacecraft to study [[Sun#Atmosphere|solar atmosphere]], designed and developed by the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) and various other Indian research institutes.<ref name="CurrSci_113_04" /> It will be inserted to about 1.5 million km from earth in a [[halo orbit]] around the [[Lagrange point|L1 Lagrange point]] between the [[Earth]] and the [[Sun]]  where it will study the solar atmosphere, [[Solar storm|solar magnetic storms]] and its impact on environment around [[Earth]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aditya – L1 First Indian mission to study the Sun |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/aditya-l1-first-indian-mission-to-study-sun |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303041833/https://www.isro.gov.in/aditya-l1-first-indian-mission-to-study-sun |archive-date=3 March 2018 |access-date=1 June 2017 |publisher=ISRO}}</ref>
'''Aditya-L1''' ({{lang-sa|आदित्य, lit: Sun,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aditya |url=http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&tinput=aditya&country_ID=&trans=Translate&direction=AU |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719090830/http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&tinput=aditya&country_ID=&trans=Translate&direction=AU |archive-date=19 July 2011 |access-date=14 November 2008 |publisher=Spoken Sanskrit}}</ref>}}{{audio|Aditya.ogg|pronunciation|help=no}}) is a [[coronagraph]]y spacecraft to study the [[Sun#Atmosphere|solar atmosphere]], designed and developed by the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) and various other Indian research institutes.<ref name="CurrSci_113_04" /> It will be inserted at about 1.5 million km from Earth in a [[halo orbit]] around the [[Lagrange point|L1 Lagrange point]] between the [[Earth]] and the [[Sun]]  where it will study the solar atmosphere, [[Solar storm|solar magnetic storms,]] and their impact on the environment around [[Earth]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aditya – L1 First Indian mission to study the Sun |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/aditya-l1-first-indian-mission-to-study-sun |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303041833/https://www.isro.gov.in/aditya-l1-first-indian-mission-to-study-sun |archive-date=3 March 2018 |access-date=1 June 2017 |publisher=ISRO}}</ref>


It is the first Indian mission dedicated to observe the Sun, and is scheduled to be launched aboard a [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV-XL]] launch vehicle<ref name="CurrSci_113_04" /> on 2 September 2023.<ref name="it-20230824"/>
It is the first Indian mission dedicated to observing the Sun and was launched aboard a [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV-XL]] launch vehicle<ref name="CurrSci_113_04" /> at 11:50 hrs. ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]) on September 2, 2023.<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=ISRO |author-link=ISRO |user=isro |number=1697506899242217921 |title=PSLV-C57/Aditya-L1 Mission: The 23-hour 40-minute countdown leading to the launch at 11:50 Hrs. IST on September 2, 2023, has commended today at 12:10 Hrs. The launch can be watched LIVE on ISRO Website https://isro.gov.in Facebook https://facebook.com/ISRO YouTube https://youtube.com/watch?v=_IcgGYZTXQw… DD National TV channel from 11:20 Hrs. IST }}</ref><ref name="it-20230824"/><ref name="launch" />


== Mission objectives ==
== Mission objectives ==


The major science objectives of Aditya L1 mission are:
The major science objectives of the Aditya L1 mission are:
* Study of Solar upper atmospheric (chromosphere and corona) dynamics.
* Study of Solar upper atmospheric (chromosphere and corona) dynamics
* Study of chromospheric and coronal heating, physics of the partially ionized plasma, initiation of the coronal mass ejections, and flares
* Study of chromospheric and coronal heating, physics of the partially ionised plasma, initiation of the coronal mass ejections, and flares
* Observe the in-situ particle and plasma environment providing data for the study of particle dynamics from the Sun.
* Observe the in-situ particle and plasma environment, providing data for the study of particle dynamics from the Sun.
* Physics of solar corona and its heating mechanism.
* Physics of the solar corona and its heating mechanism
* Diagnostics of the coronal and coronal loops plasma: Temperature, velocity and density.
* Diagnostics of the coronal and coronal loop plasma: Temperature, velocity and density.
* Development, dynamics and origin of CMEs.
* Development, dynamics, and origin of CMEs
* Identify the sequence of processes that occur at multiple layers (chromosphere, base and extended corona) which eventually leads to solar eruptive events.
* Identify the sequence of processes that occur at multiple layers (chromosphere, base, and extended corona) wthateventually leads to solar eruptive events.
* Magnetic field topology and magnetic field measurements in the solar corona .
* Magnetic field topology and magnetic field measurements in the solar corona .
* Drivers for space weather (origin, composition and dynamics of solar wind .<ref>{{Cite web |title=ADITYA-L1 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Aditya_L1.html |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=www.isro.gov.in |archive-date=3 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803035925/https://www.isro.gov.in/Aditya_L1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Drivers for space weather (origin, composition and dynamics of solar wind .NM<ref>{{Cite web |title=ADITYA-L1 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Aditya_L1.html |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=www.isro.gov.in |archive-date=3 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803035925/https://www.isro.gov.in/Aditya_L1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>


== History ==
== History ==
[[File:Aditya L1.jpg|thumb|Aditya-L1 in stowed configuration]]
[[File:Aditya L1.jpg|thumb|Aditya-L1 in stowed configuration]]
Aditya was conceptualised in January 2008 by the Advisory Committee for Space Research {{dubious|date=August 2023}}. It was initially envisaged as a small {{cvt|400|kg}}, [[Low Earth orbit|LEO]](800&nbsp;km) satellite with a [[coronagraph]] to study the [[solar corona]]. An experimental budget of [[Indian rupee|3 Crore INR]] was allocated for the financial year 2016–2017.<ref name="2016-17_budget">{{Cite press release |title=Notes on Demands for Grants, 2016–2017 |publisher=Department of Space |url=http://indiabudget.nic.in/ub2016-17/eb/sbe84.pdf |access-date=9 September 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917064145/http://indiabudget.nic.in/ub2016-17/eb/sbe84.pdf |archive-date=17 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Aditya gets ready to gaze at the sun |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/aditya-gets-ready-to-gaze-at-the-sun/article8212387.ece |access-date=2017-08-25 |archive-date=26 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826033106/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/aditya-gets-ready-to-gaze-at-the-sun/article8212387.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gandhi |first=Divya |date=13 January 2008 |title=ISRO planning to launch satellite to study the sun |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/ISRO-planning-to-launch-satellite-to-study-the-sun/article15143000.ece |access-date=26 August 2017 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915091339/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/ISRO-planning-to-launch-satellite-to-study-the-sun/article15143000.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The scope of the mission has since been expanded and it is now planned to be a comprehensive solar and space environment observatory to be placed at the [[Lagrange point]] L1,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Desikan |first=Shubashree |date=15 November 2015 |title=The sun shines on India's Aditya |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/the-sun-shines-on-indias-aditya/article7878625.ece |access-date=12 August 2018 |archive-date=13 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313004843/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/the-sun-shines-on-indias-aditya/article7878625.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> so the mission was renamed "Aditya-L1". {{As of|2019|7|df=}}, the mission has an allocated cost of ₹378.53 [[crore]] excluding launch costs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2019 |title=Lok Sabha Unstarred Question No.1972 |url=http://164.100.24.220/loksabhaquestions/annex/171/AU1972.pdf |publisher=Lok Sabha |access-date=4 July 2019 |archive-date=4 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704001514/http://164.100.24.220/loksabhaquestions/annex/171/AU1972.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
Aditya was conceptualised in January 2008 by the Advisory Committee for Space Research{{dubious|date=August 2023}}. It was initially envisaged as a small {{cvt|400|kg}}, [[Low Earth orbit|LEO]](800&nbsp;km) satellite with a [[coronagraph]] to study the [[solar corona]]. An experimental budget of [[Indian rupee|3 Crore INR]] was allocated for the financial year 2016–2017.<ref name="2016-17_budget">{{Cite press release |title=Notes on Demands for Grants, 2016–2017 |publisher=Department of Space |url=http://indiabudget.nic.in/ub2016-17/eb/sbe84.pdf |access-date=9 September 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917064145/http://indiabudget.nic.in/ub2016-17/eb/sbe84.pdf |archive-date=17 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Aditya gets ready to gaze at the sun |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/aditya-gets-ready-to-gaze-at-the-sun/article8212387.ece |access-date=2017-08-25 |archive-date=26 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826033106/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/aditya-gets-ready-to-gaze-at-the-sun/article8212387.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gandhi |first=Divya |date=13 January 2008 |title=ISRO planning to launch satellite to study the sun |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/ISRO-planning-to-launch-satellite-to-study-the-sun/article15143000.ece |access-date=26 August 2017 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915091339/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/ISRO-planning-to-launch-satellite-to-study-the-sun/article15143000.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The scope of the mission has since been expanded and it is now planned to be a comprehensive solar and space environment observatory to be placed at t[[Lagrange point|agrange point]] L1,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Desikan |first=Shubashree |date=15 November 2015 |title=The sun shines on India's Aditya |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/the-sun-shines-on-indias-aditya/article7878625.ece |access-date=12 August 2018 |archive-date=13 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313004843/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/the-sun-shines-on-indias-aditya/article7878625.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> so the mission was renamed "Aditya-L1". {{As of|2019|7|df=}}, the mission has an allocated cost of ₹₹.78.53 [[crore]] excluding launch costs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2019 |title=Lok Sabha Unstarred Question No.1972 |url=http://164.100.24.220/loksabhaquestions/annex/171/AU1972.pdf |publisher=Lok Sabha |access-date=4 July 2019 |archive-date=4 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704001514/http://164.100.24.220/loksabhaquestions/annex/171/AU1972.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Aditya-L1 spacecraft.jpg|thumb|left|Aditya L1 in deployed configuration]]
[[File:Aditya-L1 spacecraft.jpg|thumb|left|Aditya L1 in deployed configuration]]


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[[File:Lagrange-better.png|thumb|upright=1.0|right|[[Lagrange point]]s in the Sun–Earth system (not to scale) – a small object at any one of the five points will hold its relative position.]]
[[File:Lagrange-better.png|thumb|upright=1.0|right|[[Lagrange point]]s in the Sun–Earth system (not to scale) – a small object at any one of the five points will hold its relative position.]]


The Aditya-L1 mission will take around 109 Earth days after launch<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2020 |title=Department Of Space, Annual Report 2019–2020 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/annual_report_2019-20_english/files/assets/common/downloads/Annual%20Report%202019-20%20(English).pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007125322/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/annual_report_2019-20_english/files/assets/common/downloads/Annual%20Report%202019-20%20(English).pdf |archive-date=7 October 2021 |access-date=25 October 2021}}</ref> to reach the [[halo orbit]] around the [[Lagrange point|L1 point]], which is about {{cvt|1500000|km}} from Earth. The spacecraft will remain in the halo orbit for its planned mission duration while maintained at a [[Orbital station-keeping|stationkeeping]] cost of 0.2 - 4 m/s per year.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Muralidharan |first=Vivek |url=https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_theses/1310/ |title=Orbit Maintenance Strategies for Sun-Earth/Moon Libration Point Missions: Parameter Selection for Target Point and Cauchy-Green Tensor Approaches |publisher=M.S. Thesis, Purdue University |year=2017 |location=West Lafayette, Indiana, United States |pages=183-194}}</ref> The {{cvt|1500|kg}} satellite carries seven science payloads with diverse objectives, including but not limited to, the [[Coronal heating problem|coronal heating]], [[solar wind]] acceleration, coronal magnetometry, origin and monitoring of near-UV solar radiation (which drives Earth's upper atmospheric dynamics and global climate), coupling of the solar photosphere to chromosphere and corona, in-situ characterisations of the space environment around Earth by measuring energetic particle fluxes and magnetic fields of the solar wind and [[Solar storm|solar magnetic storms]] that have adverse effects on space and ground-based technologies.<ref name="CurrSci_113_04" />
The Aditya-L1 mission will take around 109 Earth days after launch<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2020 |title=Department Of Space, Annual Report 2019–2020 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/annual_report_2019-20_english/files/assets/common/downloads/Annual%20Report%202019-20%20(English).pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007125322/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/annual_report_2019-20_english/files/assets/common/downloads/Annual%20Report%202019-20%20(English).pdf |archive-date=7 October 2021 |access-date=25 October 2021}}</ref> to reach the [[halo orbit]] around the [[Lagrange point|L1 point]], which is about {{cvt|1500000|km}} from Earth. The spacecraft will remain in the halo orbit for its planned mission duration while maintained at a [[Orbital station-keeping|stationkeeping]] cost of 0.2 – 4&nbsp;m/s per year.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Muralidharan |first=Vivek |url=https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_theses/1310/ |title=Orbit Maintenance Strategies for Sun-Earth/Moon Libration Point Missions: Parameter Selection for Target Point and Cauchy-Green Tensor Approaches |publisher=M.S. Thesis, Purdue University |year=2017 |location=West Lafayette, Indiana, United States |pages=183–194}}</ref> The {{cvt|1500|kg}} satellite carries seven science payloads with diverse objectives, including but not limited to, the [[Coronal heating problem|coronal heating]], [[solar wind]] acceleration, coronal magnetometry, origin and monitoring of near-UV solar radiation (which drives Earth's upper atmospheric dynamics and global climate), coupling of the solar photosphere to chromosphere and corona, in-situ characterisations of the space environment around Earth by measuring energetic particle fluxes and magnetic fields of the solar wind and [[Solar storm|solar magnetic storms]] that have adverse effects on space and ground-based technologies.<ref name="CurrSci_113_04" />


Aditya-L1 will be able to provide observations of Sun's [[photosphere]], [[chromosphere]] and [[solar corona|corona]]. In addition, an instrument will study the [[solar energetic particles]]' flux reaching the L1 orbit, while a [[magnetometer]] payload will measure the variation in [[Sun#Magnetic field|magnetic field]] strength at the halo orbit around L1. These payloads have to be placed outside the interference from the Earth's magnetic field and hence could not have been useful in the low Earth orbit as proposed on the original Aditya mission concept.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aditya-L1 First Indian mission to study the Sun |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/aditya-l1-first-indian-mission-to-study-sun |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210161048/https://www.isro.gov.in/aditya-l1-first-indian-mission-to-study-sun |archive-date=10 December 2019 |access-date=2019-06-19 |website=isro.gov.in}}</ref>
Aditya-L1 will be able to provide observations of Sun's [[photosphere]], [[chromosphere]] and [[solar corona|corona]]. In addition, an instrument will study the [[solar energetic particles]]' flux reaching the L1 orbit, while a [[magnetometer]] payload will measure the variation in [[Sun#Magnetic field|magnetic field]] strength at the halo orbit around L1. These payloads have to be placed outside the interference from the Earth's magnetic field and hence could not have been useful in the low Earth orbit as proposed on the original Aditya mission concept.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aditya-L1 First Indian mission to study the Sun |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/aditya-l1-first-indian-mission-to-study-sun |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210161048/https://www.isro.gov.in/aditya-l1-first-indian-mission-to-study-sun |archive-date=10 December 2019 |access-date=2019-06-19 |website=isro.gov.in}}</ref>
Line 75: Line 75:


== Payloads ==
== Payloads ==
* [[File:ADITYAL1 medium.webp|alt=Instruments in Aditya L1|thumb|Instruments in Aditya L1]]'''Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC)''': The [[coronagraph]] creates an artificial total solar eclipse in space by blocking the sunlight by an occultor. This telescope will have capabilities of [[spectral imaging]] of the corona in visible and infra-red wavelengths. The objectives are to study the diagnostic parameters of solar corona and dynamics and origin of [[coronal mass ejection]]s (using three visible and one infra-red channels); magnetic field measurements of the solar corona down to tens of [[Gauss (unit)|Gauss]]. Additional objectives are to determine why the solar atmosphere is so hot, and how the changes in the Sun can affect [[space weather]] and Earth's climate. The VELC payload weighs nearly {{cvt|170|kg}}.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Desikan |first=Shubashree |date=26 November 2017 |title=Here comes the sun watcher, India's Aditya-L1 |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/here-comes-the-sun-watcher-indias-aditya-l1/article20942099.ece |access-date=26 November 2017 |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109031920/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/here-comes-the-sun-watcher-indias-aditya-l1/article20942099.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
The instruments of Aditya-L1 are tuned to observe the solar atmosphere mainly the chromosphere and corona. In-situ instruments will observe the local environment at [[Lagrange point|L1]]. There are total seven [[payloads]] on-board with four of them carrying out remote sensing of the Sun and three of them carrying in-situ observation.
** PI Institute: [[Indian Institute of Astrophysics]] (IIA)
* '''Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (SUIT)''': SUIT will observe the Sun between 200-400 nm wavelength range and it will provide full disk images of different layers of the solar atmosphere by making use of 11 filters. The Sun has never been observed from space in this wavelength range. The spacecraft being at the first Lagrange point, SUIT shall be observing the Sun continuously without interruption. The instrument is being developed under the leadership of A. N. Ramaprakash and Durgesh Tripathi from [[Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics]] (IUCAA) at [[Pune]], in collaboration with ISRO and other institutes. The SUIT payload weighs nearly {{cvt|35|kg}}.<ref name=":0" />
** PI Institute: [[Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics]] (IUCAA), Pune
** Co-I Institutes: [[Indian Institute of Astrophysics]] (IIA), [[Center of Excellence in Space Sciences India]] (CESSI)-IISER Kolkata.
* '''Aditya Solar wind Particle Experiment (ASPEX)''':<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goyal |first=S. K. |date=April 18, 2018 |title=Aditya Solarwind Particle EXperiment (ASPEX) onboard the Aditya-L1 mission |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0032063317304786 |journal=Planetary and Space Science |volume=163 |pages=42–55 |bibcode=2018P&SS..163...42G |doi=10.1016/j.pss.2018.04.008 |s2cid=125867275 |access-date=May 18, 2020 |archive-date=29 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929084403/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0032063317304786 |url-status=live }}</ref> To study the variation and properties of the [[solar wind]] as well as its distribution and spectral characteristics.
** PI Institute: [[Physical Research Laboratory]] (PRL)
* '''Plasma Analyser Package for Aditya (PAPA)''': To understand the composition of solar wind and its energy distribution.
** PI Institute: Space Physics Laboratory (SPL), [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre|VSSC]]
* '''Solar Low Energy X-ray Spectrometer (SoLEXS)''': To monitor the [[X-ray spectroscopy|X-ray flares]] for studying the enigmatic [[Coronal heating problem|coronal heating]] mechanism of the solar corona.
** PI Institute: [[ISRO Satellite centre]] (ISAC)
* '''High Energy L1 Orbiting X-ray Spectrometer (HEL1OS)''': To observe the dynamic events in the solar corona and provide an estimate of the energy used to accelerate the [[solar energetic particles]] during the eruptive events.
** PI Institutes: ISRO Satellite Centre (ISAC) and [[Udaipur Solar Observatory]] (USO), PRL
* '''Magnetometer''':<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yadav |first=Vipin K. |date=November 8, 2017 |title=Science objectives of the magnetic field experiment onboard Aditya-L1 spacecraft |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0273117717308037 |journal=Advances in Space Research |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=749–758 |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2017.11.008 |access-date=May 18, 2020}}</ref> To measure the magnitude and nature of the [[interplanetary magnetic field]].
** PI Institute: Space Physics Laboratory (SPL) and VSSC, [[Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems]] (LEOS) and ISAC


== Significance and Potential Discoveries ==
Payloads along with their major capability of scientific investigation.<ref name="ISRO ADITYA-L1">{{Cite web |title=ISRO ADITYA-L1 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Aditya_L1.html}}</ref>
 
{| class="wikitable"
!TYPE
!Sl.No
!Payload
!Capability
|-
| rowspan="4" |Remote Sensing [[Payloads]]
|1               
|Visible Emission Line [[Coronagraph]]
[[Coronagraph|(]]VELC)
|[[Stellar corona|Corona]]/Imaging & [[Spectroscopy]]
|-
|2
|Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (SUIT)
|[[Photosphere]] and [[Chromosphere]] Imaging- Narrow & Broadband
|-
|3
|Solar Low Energy X-ray [[Spectrometer]] (SoLEXS)
|Soft X-ray [[spectrometer]]: Sun-as-a-star observation
|-
|4
|High Energy L1 Orbiting X-ray [[Spectrometer]](HEL1OS)
|Hard X-ray [[spectrometer]]: Sun-as-a-star observation
|-
| rowspan="3" |In-situ [[Payloads]]
|5
|Aditya Solar wind Particle Experiment(ASPEX)
|[[Solar wind]]/Particle Analyzer [[Protons]] & Heavier Ions with directions
|-
|6
|[[Plasma (physics)|Plasma]] Analyser Package For Aditya (PAPA)
|[[Solar wind]]/Particle Analyzer [[Electrons]] & Heavier Ions with directions
|-
|7
|Advanced Tri-axial [[High Resolution]] Digital [[Magnetometer]]s
|[[In-situ]] [[Magnetic fields in the sun|magnetic field]] (Bx, By and Bz).
|}
 
=== Development of payloads installed in Aditya L1 ===
The science payloads of Aditya-L1 have been developed by different Indian laboratories in the country. All the payloads are developed with the close collaboration of various centres of ISRO.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sl.No
!Payload
!Laboratories
|-
|1
|Visible Emission Line [[Coronagraph]]
[[Coronagraph|(]]VELC)
|[[Indian Institute of Astrophysics]], [[Bangalore]]
|-
|2
|Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (SUIT)
|[[Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics|Inter University Centre for Astronomy & Astrophysics]] , [[Pune]]
|-
|3
|Aditya [[Solar wind]] Particle Experiment(ASPEX)
|[[Physical Research Laboratory]], [[Ahmedabad]]
|-
|4
|[[Plasma (physics)|Plasma]] Analyser Package For Aditya (PAPA)
|Space Physics Laboratory, [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|-
|5
|Solar Low Energy X-ray [[Spectrometer]] (SoLEXS)
High Energy L1 Orbiting X-ray [[Spectrometer]](HEL1OS)
|[[U R Rao Satellite Centre]], [[Bangalore]]
|-
|6
|Advanced Tri-axial [[High Resolution]] Digital [[Magnetometer]]s
|[[Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems|Laboratory for Electro Optics Systems]], [[Bangalore]]
|}
[[File:ADITYAL1 medium.webp|alt=Instruments in Aditya L1|thumb|Instruments in Aditya L1|border|232x232px]]
 
== Significance and potential discoveries ==
The Aditya-L1 mission holds the promise of significantly advancing our understanding of the Sun's behavior and its interactions with Earth and the space environment. The planned observations and data collection from this mission could lead to several groundbreaking discoveries and insights in the field of solar and heliophysics:
The Aditya-L1 mission holds the promise of significantly advancing our understanding of the Sun's behavior and its interactions with Earth and the space environment. The planned observations and data collection from this mission could lead to several groundbreaking discoveries and insights in the field of solar and heliophysics:


# Coronal Heating Mechanism<ref>{{Citation |last=Andrievsky |first=S. M. |title=The Shock Wave Heating Mechanism of Pulsating Star Chromospheres |date=1991 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-87455-0_60 |work=Mechanisms of Chromospheric and Coronal Heating |pages=356–358 |access-date=2023-08-31 |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-642-87457-4 |last2=Garbunov |first2=G. A.}}</ref>: One of the central puzzles in solar physics is the coronal heating problem - why the Sun's corona is much hotter than its surface. Aditya-L1's instruments, particularly the Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (SUIT) and the Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC), will enable detailed studies of the corona's dynamics and composition. By closely examining the behavior of the corona, scientists hope to unravel the mechanisms responsible for heating this outer layer of the Sun.
# Coronal Heating Mechanism:<ref>{{Citation |last=Andrievsky |first=S. M. |title=The Shock Wave Heating Mechanism of Pulsating Star Chromospheres |date=1991 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-87455-0_60 |work=Mechanisms of Chromospheric and Coronal Heating |pages=356–358 |access-date=2023-08-31 |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-642-87457-4 |last2=Garbunov |first2=G. A.}}</ref> One of the central puzzles in solar physics is the coronal heating problem - why the Sun's corona is much hotter than its surface. Aditya-L1's instruments, particularly the Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (SUIT) and the Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC), will enable detailed studies of the corona's dynamics and composition. By closely examining the behavior of the corona, scientists hope to unravel the mechanisms responsible for heating this outer layer of the Sun.
# Space Weather Prediction<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Balch |first=Christopher C. |date=2008-01 |title=Updated verification of the Space Weather Prediction Center's solar energetic particle prediction model |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007sw000337 |journal=Space Weather |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=n/a–n/a |doi=10.1029/2007sw000337 |issn=1542-7390}}</ref>: Understanding the Sun's behavior is crucial for predicting space weather events, which can have significant impacts on Earth's technology and infrastructure. The mission's data will provide insights into the processes that lead to solar flares, coronal mass ejections (CMEs), and solar energetic particle (SEP) events. These insights can contribute to more accurate forecasting of space weather phenomena and their potential effects on communication systems, satellites, and power grids.
# Space Weather Prediction:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Balch |first=Christopher C. |date=January 2008 |title=Updated verification of the Space Weather Prediction Center's solar energetic particle prediction model |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007sw000337 |journal=Space Weather |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=n/a–n/a |doi=10.1029/2007sw000337 |issn=1542-7390}}</ref> Understanding the Sun's behavior is crucial for predicting space weather events, which can have significant impacts on Earth's technology and infrastructure. The mission's data will provide insights into the processes that lead to solar flares, coronal mass ejections (CMEs), and solar energetic particle (SEP) events. These insights can contribute to more accurate forecasting of space weather phenomena and their potential effects on communication systems, satellites, and power grids.
# Solar Wind and Magnetic Field Studies: Aditya-L1's instruments like the Aditya Solar wind Particle Experiment (ASPEX) and the Magnetometer will offer a comprehensive view of the solar wind's properties and the interplanetary magnetic field. This data will help refine models of the solar wind's behavior and its interaction with Earth's magnetosphere, shedding light on the dynamics of this critical space environment.
# Solar Wind and Magnetic Field Studies: Aditya-L1's instruments like the Aditya Solar wind Particle Experiment (ASPEX) and the Magnetometer will offer a comprehensive view of the solar wind's properties and the interplanetary magnetic field. This data will help refine models of the solar wind's behavior and its interaction with Earth's magnetosphere, shedding light on the dynamics of this critical space environment.
# Understanding Earth's Climate: The Sun's activity can influence Earth's climate over long timescales. Aditya-L1's observations of near-UV solar radiation and its impact on Earth's upper atmosphere can contribute to understanding how solar variability might affect Earth's climate patterns. This could provide valuable information for climate researchers seeking to differentiate between natural and anthropogenic factors driving climate change.
# Understanding Earth's Climate: The Sun's activity can influence Earth's climate over long timescales. Aditya-L1's observations of near-UV solar radiation and its impact on Earth's upper atmosphere can contribute to understanding how solar variability might affect Earth's climate patterns. This could provide valuable information for climate researchers seeking to differentiate between natural and anthropogenic factors driving climate change.
Line 105: Line 167:
* [[Sun#Solar space missions|Solar space missions]]
* [[Sun#Solar space missions|Solar space missions]]
* [[Solar Orbiter]]
* [[Solar Orbiter]]
* [[Parker Solar Probe]]


== References ==
== References ==

Revision as of 12:40, 2 September 2023


Aditya-L1
Aditya-L1 in deployed configuration
Mission typeSolar observation
OperatorISRO
COSPAR ID{{#property:P247}}
Websitewww.isro.gov.in/Aditya_L1.html
Mission duration5.2 years (planned)[1]
2 years, 11 months and 6 days (in progress)
Spacecraft properties
BusI-1K [citation needed]
ManufacturerISRO / IUCAA / IIA
Launch mass1,475 kg (3,252 lb)[2]
Payload mass244 kg (538 lb)[1]
Start of mission
Launch date2 September 2023 (2023-09-02), 11:50 IST (06:20 UTC) [3][4]
RocketPSLV-XL(C57)[1]
Launch siteSatish Dhawan Space Centre
ContractorIndian Space Research Organisation
Orbital parameters
Reference systemSun–Earth L1
RegimeHalo orbit
Period177.86 days[5]
 

Aditya-L1 (Sanskrit: आदित्य, lit: Sun,[6]About this soundpronunciation) is a coronagraphy spacecraft to study the solar atmosphere, designed and developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and various other Indian research institutes.[1] It will be inserted at about 1.5 million km from Earth in a halo orbit around the L1 Lagrange point between the Earth and the Sun where it will study the solar atmosphere, solar magnetic storms, and their impact on the environment around Earth.[7]

It is the first Indian mission dedicated to observing the Sun and was launched aboard a PSLV-XL launch vehicle[1] at 11:50 hrs. (IST) on September 2, 2023.[8][3][4]

Mission objectives

The major science objectives of the Aditya L1 mission are:

  • Study of Solar upper atmospheric (chromosphere and corona) dynamics
  • Study of chromospheric and coronal heating, physics of the partially ionised plasma, initiation of the coronal mass ejections, and flares
  • Observe the in-situ particle and plasma environment, providing data for the study of particle dynamics from the Sun.
  • Physics of the solar corona and its heating mechanism
  • Diagnostics of the coronal and coronal loop plasma: Temperature, velocity and density.
  • Development, dynamics, and origin of CMEs
  • Identify the sequence of processes that occur at multiple layers (chromosphere, base, and extended corona) wthateventually leads to solar eruptive events.
  • Magnetic field topology and magnetic field measurements in the solar corona .
  • Drivers for space weather (origin, composition and dynamics of solar wind .NM[9]

History

Aditya-L1 in stowed configuration

Aditya was conceptualised in January 2008 by the Advisory Committee for Space Research[dubious – discuss]. It was initially envisaged as a small 400 kg (880 lb), LEO(800 km) satellite with a coronagraph to study the solar corona. An experimental budget of 3 Crore INR was allocated for the financial year 2016–2017.[10][11][12] The scope of the mission has since been expanded and it is now planned to be a comprehensive solar and space environment observatory to be placed at tagrange point L1,[13] so the mission was renamed "Aditya-L1". As of July 2019, the mission has an allocated cost of ₹₹.78.53 crore excluding launch costs.[14]

Aditya L1 in deployed configuration

Overview

Lagrange points in the Sun–Earth system (not to scale) – a small object at any one of the five points will hold its relative position.

The Aditya-L1 mission will take around 109 Earth days after launch[15] to reach the halo orbit around the L1 point, which is about 1,500,000 km (930,000 mi) from Earth. The spacecraft will remain in the halo orbit for its planned mission duration while maintained at a stationkeeping cost of 0.2 – 4 m/s per year.[16] The 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) satellite carries seven science payloads with diverse objectives, including but not limited to, the coronal heating, solar wind acceleration, coronal magnetometry, origin and monitoring of near-UV solar radiation (which drives Earth's upper atmospheric dynamics and global climate), coupling of the solar photosphere to chromosphere and corona, in-situ characterisations of the space environment around Earth by measuring energetic particle fluxes and magnetic fields of the solar wind and solar magnetic storms that have adverse effects on space and ground-based technologies.[1]

Aditya-L1 will be able to provide observations of Sun's photosphere, chromosphere and corona. In addition, an instrument will study the solar energetic particles' flux reaching the L1 orbit, while a magnetometer payload will measure the variation in magnetic field strength at the halo orbit around L1. These payloads have to be placed outside the interference from the Earth's magnetic field and hence could not have been useful in the low Earth orbit as proposed on the original Aditya mission concept.[17]

One of the major unsolved issues in the field of solar physics is that the upper atmosphere of the Sun is 1,000,000 K (1,000,000 °C; 1,800,000 °F) hot whereas the lower atmosphere is just 6,000 K (5,730 °C; 10,340 °F). In addition, it is not understood how exactly the Sun's radiation affects the dynamics of the Earth's atmosphere on shorter as well as on longer time scale. The mission will obtain near simultaneous images of the different layers of the Sun's atmosphere, which reveal the ways in which the energy may be channeled and transferred from one layer to another. Thus the Aditya-L1 mission will enable a comprehensive understanding of the dynamical processes of the Sun and address some of the outstanding problems in solar physics and heliophysics.

Payloads

The instruments of Aditya-L1 are tuned to observe the solar atmosphere mainly the chromosphere and corona. In-situ instruments will observe the local environment at L1. There are total seven payloads on-board with four of them carrying out remote sensing of the Sun and three of them carrying in-situ observation.

Payloads along with their major capability of scientific investigation.[18]

TYPE Sl.No Payload Capability
Remote Sensing Payloads 1 Visible Emission Line Coronagraph

(VELC)

Corona/Imaging & Spectroscopy
2 Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (SUIT) Photosphere and Chromosphere Imaging- Narrow & Broadband
3 Solar Low Energy X-ray Spectrometer (SoLEXS) Soft X-ray spectrometer: Sun-as-a-star observation
4 High Energy L1 Orbiting X-ray Spectrometer(HEL1OS) Hard X-ray spectrometer: Sun-as-a-star observation
In-situ Payloads 5 Aditya Solar wind Particle Experiment(ASPEX) Solar wind/Particle Analyzer Protons & Heavier Ions with directions
6 Plasma Analyser Package For Aditya (PAPA) Solar wind/Particle Analyzer Electrons & Heavier Ions with directions
7 Advanced Tri-axial High Resolution Digital Magnetometers In-situ magnetic field (Bx, By and Bz).

Development of payloads installed in Aditya L1

The science payloads of Aditya-L1 have been developed by different Indian laboratories in the country. All the payloads are developed with the close collaboration of various centres of ISRO.

Sl.No Payload Laboratories
1 Visible Emission Line Coronagraph

(VELC)

Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Bangalore
2 Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (SUIT) Inter University Centre for Astronomy & Astrophysics , Pune
3 Aditya Solar wind Particle Experiment(ASPEX) Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad
4 Plasma Analyser Package For Aditya (PAPA) Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram
5 Solar Low Energy X-ray Spectrometer (SoLEXS)

High Energy L1 Orbiting X-ray Spectrometer(HEL1OS)

U R Rao Satellite Centre, Bangalore
6 Advanced Tri-axial High Resolution Digital Magnetometers Laboratory for Electro Optics Systems, Bangalore
Instruments in Aditya L1
Instruments in Aditya L1

Significance and potential discoveries

The Aditya-L1 mission holds the promise of significantly advancing our understanding of the Sun's behavior and its interactions with Earth and the space environment. The planned observations and data collection from this mission could lead to several groundbreaking discoveries and insights in the field of solar and heliophysics:

  1. Coronal Heating Mechanism:[19] One of the central puzzles in solar physics is the coronal heating problem - why the Sun's corona is much hotter than its surface. Aditya-L1's instruments, particularly the Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (SUIT) and the Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC), will enable detailed studies of the corona's dynamics and composition. By closely examining the behavior of the corona, scientists hope to unravel the mechanisms responsible for heating this outer layer of the Sun.
  2. Space Weather Prediction:[20] Understanding the Sun's behavior is crucial for predicting space weather events, which can have significant impacts on Earth's technology and infrastructure. The mission's data will provide insights into the processes that lead to solar flares, coronal mass ejections (CMEs), and solar energetic particle (SEP) events. These insights can contribute to more accurate forecasting of space weather phenomena and their potential effects on communication systems, satellites, and power grids.
  3. Solar Wind and Magnetic Field Studies: Aditya-L1's instruments like the Aditya Solar wind Particle Experiment (ASPEX) and the Magnetometer will offer a comprehensive view of the solar wind's properties and the interplanetary magnetic field. This data will help refine models of the solar wind's behavior and its interaction with Earth's magnetosphere, shedding light on the dynamics of this critical space environment.
  4. Understanding Earth's Climate: The Sun's activity can influence Earth's climate over long timescales. Aditya-L1's observations of near-UV solar radiation and its impact on Earth's upper atmosphere can contribute to understanding how solar variability might affect Earth's climate patterns. This could provide valuable information for climate researchers seeking to differentiate between natural and anthropogenic factors driving climate change.
  5. Comprehensive Solar Atmosphere Imaging: The suite of instruments on Aditya-L1 will provide multi-wavelength observations of the Sun's atmosphere, from the photosphere to the corona. These simultaneous observations will allow scientists to trace the flow of energy and matter between different layers, offering insights into the complex processes that govern the Sun's behavior.
  6. Origin and Dynamics of CMEs: Coronal mass ejections are powerful and potentially disruptive solar events. Aditya-L1's observations of the initiation and evolution of CMEs will contribute to our understanding of their origins and behavior, potentially leading to improved models for predicting their occurrence and effects.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Somasundaram, Seetha; Megala, S. (25 August 2017). "Aditya-L1 mission" (PDF). Current Science. 113 (4): 610. Bibcode:2017CSci..113..610S. doi:10.18520/cs/v113/i04/610-612. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 August 2017. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  2. ↑ International Space Conference and Exhibition – DAY 3 (video). Confederation of Indian Industry. 15 September 2021. Event occurs at 2:07:36–2:08:38. Retrieved 18 September 2021 – via YouTube.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Moon mission done, ISRO aims for the Sun with Aditya-L1 launch on September 2". The Indian Express. 28 August 2023. Archived from the original on 28 August 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Pandey, Geeta (2 September 2023). "Aditya-L1: India launches its first mission to Sun". BBC News. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
  5. ↑ Sreekumar, P. (19 June 2019). "Indian Space Science & Exploration : Global Perspective" (PDF). UNOOSA. p. 8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
  6. ↑ "Aditya". Spoken Sanskrit. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 14 November 2008.
  7. ↑ "Aditya – L1 First Indian mission to study the Sun". ISRO. Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2017.
  8. ↑ ISRO [@isro] (1 September 2023). "PSLV-C57/Aditya-L1 Mission: The 23-hour 40-minute countdown leading to the launch at 11:50 Hrs. IST on September 2, 2023, has commended today at 12:10 Hrs. The launch can be watched LIVE on ISRO Website isro.gov.in Facebook facebook.com/ISRO YouTube youtube.com/watch?v=_IcgGYZTXQw… DD National TV channel from 11:20 Hrs. IST" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  9. ↑ "ADITYA-L1". www.isro.gov.in. Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
  10. ↑ "Notes on Demands for Grants, 2016–2017" (PDF) (Press release). Department of Space. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 September 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  11. ↑ "Aditya gets ready to gaze at the sun". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 26 August 2017. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  12. ↑ Gandhi, Divya (13 January 2008). "ISRO planning to launch satellite to study the sun". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 15 September 2018. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
  13. ↑ Desikan, Shubashree (15 November 2015). "The sun shines on India's Aditya". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
  14. ↑ "Lok Sabha Unstarred Question No.1972" (PDF). Lok Sabha. 3 July 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  15. ↑ "Department Of Space, Annual Report 2019–2020" (PDF). 14 February 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 October 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
  16. ↑ Muralidharan, Vivek (2017). Orbit Maintenance Strategies for Sun-Earth/Moon Libration Point Missions: Parameter Selection for Target Point and Cauchy-Green Tensor Approaches. West Lafayette, Indiana, United States: M.S. Thesis, Purdue University. pp. 183–194.
  17. ↑ "Aditya-L1 First Indian mission to study the Sun". isro.gov.in. Archived from the original on 10 December 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  18. ↑ "ISRO ADITYA-L1".
  19. ↑ Andrievsky, S. M.; Garbunov, G. A. (1991), "The Shock Wave Heating Mechanism of Pulsating Star Chromospheres", Mechanisms of Chromospheric and Coronal Heating, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 356–358, ISBN 978-3-642-87457-4, retrieved 31 August 2023{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link)
  20. ↑ Balch, Christopher C. (January 2008). "Updated verification of the Space Weather Prediction Center's solar energetic particle prediction model". Space Weather. 6 (1): n/a–n/a. doi:10.1029/2007sw000337. ISSN 1542-7390.

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