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{{multiple image
{{multiple image
| footer = Areas with Naxalite activity in 2007 (left), in 2013 (center), and in 2018 (right)
| footer = Areas with Naxalite activity in 2007 (left), in 2013 (center), and in 2018 (right)
| image1 = India Naxal affected districts map.svg
| image1 = India Naxal affected districts map.svg
| width1 = 195
| width1 = 195
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}}
}}


The '''red corridor,''' also called the '''red zone,'''<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bhattacharjee|first=Sumit|date=2021-06-26|title=When Greyhounds struck in Andhra Pradesh’s fading red zone|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/when-greyhounds-struck-in-andhra-pradeshs-fading-red-zone/article34979972.ece|access-date=2021-11-19|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> is the region in the eastern, central and the southern parts of [[India]] that are considerably affected by the [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency]]. It has been steadily diminishing in terms of geographical coverage and number of violent incidences, and in 2021 it was confined to 25 "most affected" (accounting for 85% of LWE violence) and 70 "total affected" districts (down from 180 in 2009)<ref name="pib.nic.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=50833|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref> across 10 states in two coal rich, remote, forested hilly clusters in and around [[Dandakaranya]]-[[Chhattisgarh]]-[[Odisha]] region and tri-junction area of [[Jharkhand]]-[[Bihar]] and-[[West Bengal]].<ref name=urb1>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/deaths-in-naxal-attacks-down-by-21-shah-at-cms-meeting/articleshow/86543018.cms Deaths in Naxal attacks down by 21%], ''The Times of India''. 26 Sept 021.</ref>
The '''red corridor''', also called the '''red zone''',<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bhattacharjee|first=Sumit|date=2021-06-26|title=When Greyhounds struck in Andhra Pradesh's fading red zone|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/when-greyhounds-struck-in-andhra-pradeshs-fading-red-zone/article34979972.ece|access-date=2021-11-19|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> is the region in the eastern, central and the southern parts of [[India]] where the [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency]] has the strongest presence. It has been steadily diminishing in terms of geographical coverage and number of violent incidents, and in 2021 it was confined to 25 "most affected" (accounting for 85% of LWE violence) and 70 "total affected" districts (down from 180 in 2009)<ref name="pib.nic.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=50833|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref> across 10 states in two coal rich, remote, forested hilly clusters in and around [[Dandakaranya]]-[[Chhattisgarh]]-[[Odisha]] region and tri-junction area of [[Jharkhand]]-[[Bihar]] and-[[West Bengal]].<ref name=urb1>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/deaths-in-naxal-attacks-down-by-21-shah-at-cms-meeting/articleshow/86543018.cms Deaths in Naxal attacks down by 21%]. ''[[The Times of India]]''. 26 Sept 021.</ref>


The Naxalite group mainly consists of the armed cadres of the [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Agarwal|first=Ajay|title=Revelations from the red corridor|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Map/Revelations-from-the-red-corridor/Article1-847288.aspx|access-date=27 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120054203/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Map/Revelations-from-the-red-corridor/Article1-847288.aspx|archive-date=20 January 2013}}</ref> These areas span parts of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Odisha]], [[Telangana]] and [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mo.be/index.php?id=61&no_cache=0&tx_uwnews_pi2%5Bart_id%5D=21704 |title=Armed revolt in the Red Corridor |publisher=Mondiaal Nieuws, Belgium |date= 2008-06-25 |access-date=2008-10-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asianpacificpost.com/portal2/ff8080810ba5e679010bbae9487b017f_Indian_woman_red_fighter.do.html |title=Women take up guns in India's red corridor |work=The Asian Pacific Post|date=2008-06-09 |access-date=2008-10-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060622224400/http://www.asianpacificpost.com/portal2/ff8080810ba5e679010bbae9487b017f_Indian_woman_red_fighter.do.html |archive-date=22 June 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpolitician.com/22790-india |title=Rising Maoists Insurgency in India |publisher=Global Politician |date= 2007-05-13 |access-date=2008-10-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bihar-ranks-third-among-10-states-hit-by-maoist-violence/articleshow/58406014.cms|title=Bihar ranks third among 10 states hit by Maoist violence}}</ref>
The Naxalite group mainly consists of the [[Guevarist]] armed cadres of the [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Agarwal|first=Ajay|title=Revelations from the red corridor|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Map/Revelations-from-the-red-corridor/Article1-847288.aspx|access-date=27 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120054203/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Map/Revelations-from-the-red-corridor/Article1-847288.aspx|archive-date=20 January 2013}}</ref> These areas span parts of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Odisha]], [[Telangana]] and [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mo.be/index.php?id=61&no_cache=0&tx_uwnews_pi2%5Bart_id%5D=21704 |title=Armed revolt in the Red Corridor |publisher=Mondiaal Nieuws, Belgium |date= 2008-06-25 |access-date=2008-10-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asianpacificpost.com/portal2/ff8080810ba5e679010bbae9487b017f_Indian_woman_red_fighter.do.html |title=Women take up guns in India's red corridor |work=The Asian Pacific Post|date=2008-06-09 |access-date=2008-10-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060622224400/http://www.asianpacificpost.com/portal2/ff8080810ba5e679010bbae9487b017f_Indian_woman_red_fighter.do.html |archive-date=22 June 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpolitician.com/22790-india |title=Rising Maoists Insurgency in India |publisher=Global Politician |date= 2007-05-13 |access-date=2008-10-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bihar-ranks-third-among-10-states-hit-by-maoist-violence/articleshow/58406014.cms|title=Bihar ranks third among 10 states hit by Maoist violence|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>


All forms of Naxalite organisations have been declared as terrorist organizations under the [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act of India (1967)]].<ref>[http://www.mha.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?id_pk=292 ::Ministry of Home Affairs::<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510212307/http://mha.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?id_pk=292 |date=10 May 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/maoist/terrorist_outfits/Janashakti.htm|title=Maoist Communist Centre – Extremism, India, South Asia Terrorism Portal|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/maoist/terrorist_outfits/PWG.htm|title=People's War Group – Extremism, India, South Asia Terrorism Portal|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="banerjee2008">Sukanya Banerjee, "Mercury Rising: India’s Looming Red Corridor", Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2008.</ref>
All forms of Naxalite organisations have been declared as terrorist organizations under the [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act of India (1967)]].<ref>[http://www.mha.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?id_pk=292 ::Ministry of Home Affairs::<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510212307/http://mha.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?id_pk=292 |date=10 May 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/maoist/terrorist_outfits/Janashakti.htm|title=Maoist Communist Centre – Extremism, India, South Asia Terrorism Portal|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/maoist/terrorist_outfits/PWG.htm|title=People's War Group – Extremism, India, South Asia Terrorism Portal|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="banerjee2008">Sukanya Banerjee, "Mercury Rising: India’s Looming Red Corridor", Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2008.</ref>
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===Social condition===
===Social condition===


The area encompassed by the red corridor tends to have stratified societies, with caste and feudal divisions. Much of the area has high tribal populations (or [[adivasis]]), including [[Santhal people|Santhal]] and [[Gondi people|Gond]]. Bihar and Jharkhand have both caste and tribal divisions and violence associated with friction between these social groups.<ref name=satp01>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/faultlines/volume2/Fault2-MatthewF.htm |title=Bihar: Caste, Politics & the Cycle of Strife |publisher=Mammen Matthew, SATP |access-date=2008-10-19}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2363743.stm |title=Bihar caste clashes kill six |publisher=BBC |date= 2002-10-26 |access-date=2008-10-19}}</ref><ref name="narula1999">Smita Narula, "Broken People: Caste Violence Against India's untouchables", Human Rights Watch, 1999, {{ISBN|1-56432-228-9}}.</ref> Andhra Pradesh's Telangana region similarly has deep caste divide with a strict social hierarchical arrangement.<ref name="satyanarayana1993">A. Satyanarayana, "Land, Caste and Dominance in Telangana", Centre for Contemporary Studies, [[Nehru Memorial Museum & Library|Nehru Memorial Museum and Library]], 1993.</ref><ref name="singh1969">Tulja Ram Singh, "The Madiga: A Study in Social Structure and Change", Ethnographic & Folk Culture Society, 1969.</ref> Both Chhattisgarh and Odisha have significant impoverished tribal populations.<ref name="danda1977">Ajit K. Danda, "Chhattisgarh: An Area Study", Anthropological Survey of India, Government of India, 1977.</ref><ref name="pandey2006">Gyanendra Pandey, "Routine Violence: Nations, Fragments, Histories", Permanent Black, 2006, {{ISBN|81-7824-161-7}}.</ref><ref name="baginski2007">Oliver Springate-Baginski and Piers M. Blaikie, "Forests, People and Power: The Political Ecology of Reform in South Asia", Earthscan, 2007, {{ISBN|1-84407-347-5}}.</ref>
The area encompassed by the red corridor tends to have stratified societies, with [[caste]] and feudal divisions. Much of the area has high '''tribal''' populations (or [[adivasis]]), including [[Santal people|Santhal]] and [[Gondi people|Gond]]. Bihar and Jharkhand have both caste and tribal divisions and violence associated with friction between these social groups.<ref name=satp01>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/faultlines/volume2/Fault2-MatthewF.htm |title=Bihar: Caste, Politics & the Cycle of Strife |publisher=Mammen Matthew, SATP |access-date=2008-10-19}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2363743.stm |title=Bihar caste clashes kill six |publisher=BBC |date= 2002-10-26 |access-date=2008-10-19}}</ref><ref name="narula1999">Smita Narula, "Broken People: Caste Violence Against India's untouchables", Human Rights Watch, 1999, {{ISBN|1-56432-228-9}}.</ref> Andhra Pradesh's Telangana region similarly has deep caste divide with a strict social hierarchical arrangement.<ref name="satyanarayana1993">A. Satyanarayana, "Land, Caste and Dominance in Telangana", Centre for Contemporary Studies, [[Nehru Memorial Museum & Library|Nehru Memorial Museum and Library]], 1993.</ref><ref name="singh1969">Tulja Ram Singh, "The Madiga: A Study in Social Structure and Change", Ethnographic & Folk Culture Society, 1969.</ref> Both Chhattisgarh and Odisha have significant impoverished tribal populations.<ref name="danda1977">Ajit K. Danda, "Chhattisgarh: An Area Study", Anthropological Survey of India, Government of India, 1977.</ref><ref name="pandey2006">Gyanendra Pandey, "Routine Violence: Nations, Fragments, Histories", Permanent Black, 2006, {{ISBN|81-7824-161-7}}.</ref><ref name="baginski2007">Oliver Springate-Baginski and Piers M. Blaikie, "Forests, People and Power: The Political Ecology of Reform in South Asia", Earthscan, 2007, {{ISBN|1-84407-347-5}}.</ref>


==Territories of the red corridor==
==Territories of the red corridor==


===Affected Districts===
===Affected districts===


As of June 2021, 70 districts across 10 states are affected by extremism.<ref>{{Cite web|title= Naxal affected Districts|url=https://crpf.gov.in/writereaddata/images/pdf/815072021.pdf|website=Ministry of Home Affairs|access-date=2021-07-01}}</ref>
As of June 2021, 70 districts across 10 states are affected by Naxalist extremism.<ref>{{Cite web|title= Naxal affected Districts|url=https://crpf.gov.in/writereaddata/images/pdf/815072021.pdf|website=Ministry of Home Affairs|access-date=2021-07-01}}</ref>
{| class="sortable" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
! scope="col" style="background:#efefef;width: 100px" | [[States and union territories of India|State]]
! [[States and union territories of India|State]]
! scope="col" style="background:#efefef;width: 100px" | No.of Districts in State
! No. of districts in State
! scope="col" style="background:#efefef;width: 100px" | No. of Districts Affected
! No. of districts affected
! scope="col" style="background:#efefef;width: 580px" | [[Districts of India|Districts Affected]]
! [[List of districts in India|Districts affected]]
|-
|-
|[[Jharkhand]]
|[[Jharkhand]]
|[[Districts of Jharkhand|24]]
|[[List of districts of Jharkhand|24]]
|16
|16
|[[Bokaro District|Bokaro]], [[Chatra District|Chatra]], [[Dhanbad District|Dhanbad]], [[Dumka district|Dumka]], [[East Singhbhum district|East Singhbhum]], [[Garhwa District|Garhwa]], [[Giridih District|Giridih]], [[Gumla District|Gumla]], [[Hazaribagh District|Hazaribagh]], [[Khunti district|Khunti]], [[Latehar District|Latehar]], [[Lohardaga District|Lohardaga]], [[Palamu District|Palamu]], [[Ranchi District|Ranchi]], [[Saraikela Kharsawan district|Saraikela Kharsawan]], [[West Singhbhum district|West Singhbhum]]
|[[Bokaro district|Bokaro]], [[Chatra district|Chatra]], [[Dhanbad district|Dhanbad]], [[Dumka district|Dumka]], [[East Singhbhum district|East Singhbhum]], [[Garhwa district|Garhwa]], [[Giridih district|Giridih]], [[Gumla district|Gumla]], [[Hazaribagh district|Hazaribagh]], [[Khunti district|Khunti]], [[Latehar district|Latehar]], [[Lohardaga district|Lohardaga]], [[Palamu district|Palamu]], [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]], [[Seraikela Kharsawan district|Saraikela Kharsawan]], [[West Singhbhum district|West Singhbhum]]
|-
|-
|[[Bihar]]
|[[Bihar]]
|[[Districts of Bihar|38]]
|[[List of districts of Bihar|38]]
|10
|10
| [[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad]],  [[Banka district|Banka]],  [[Gaya district|Gaya]], [[Jamui district|Jamui]], [[Kaimur district|Kaimur]],  [[Lakhisarai district|Lakhisarai]], [[Munger district|Munger]], [[Nawada district|Nawada]],  [[Rohtas district|Rohtas]],  [[West Champaran district|West Champaran]]
| [[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad]],  [[Banka district|Banka]],  [[Gaya district|Gaya]], [[Jamui district|Jamui]], [[Kaimur district|Kaimur]],  [[Lakhisarai district|Lakhisarai]], [[Munger district|Munger]], [[Nawada district|Nawada]],  [[Rohtas district|Rohtas]],  [[West Champaran district|West Champaran]]
|-
|-
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|[[Districts of Chhattisgarh|28]]
|[[List of districts of Chhattisgarh|28]]
|14
|14
|[[Balrampur district, Chhattisgarh|Balrampur]],  [[Bastar district|Bastar]], [[Bijapur district, Chhattisgarh|Bijapur]], [[Dantewada district|Dantewada]], [[Dhamtari district|Dhamtari]], [[Gariaband district|Gariyaband]], [[Kanker district|Kanker]],  [[Kondagaon district|Kondagaon]],  [[Mahasamund district|Mahasamund]],  [[Narayanpur district|Narayanpur]], [[Rajnandgaon district|Rajnandgaon]],  [[Sukma district|Sukma]], [[Kabirdham district|Kabirdham]], [[Mungeli district|Mungeli]]
|[[Balrampur district, Chhattisgarh|Balrampur]],  [[Bastar district|Bastar]], [[Bijapur district, Chhattisgarh|Bijapur]], [[Dantewada district|Dantewada]], [[Dhamtari district|Dhamtari]], [[Gariaband district|Gariyaband]], [[Kanker district|Kanker]],  [[Kondagaon district|Kondagaon]],  [[Mahasamund district|Mahasamund]],  [[Narayanpur district|Narayanpur]], [[Rajnandgaon district|Rajnandgaon]],  [[Sukma district|Sukma]], [[Kabirdham district|Kabirdham]], [[Mungeli district|Mungeli]]
|-
|-
|[[Odisha]]
|[[Odisha]]
|[[Districts of Orissa|30]]
|[[List of districts of Odisha|30]]
|10
|10
| [[Bargarh district|Bargarh]],  [[Balangir district|Bolangir]], [[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]], [[Kandhamal district|Kandhamal]],  [[Koraput district|Koraput]], [[Malkangiri district|Malkangiri]], [[Nabarangpur district|Nabrangpur]],  [[Nuapada district|Nuapada]], [[Rayagada district|Rayagada]], [[Sundergarh district|Sundargarh]]
| [[Bargarh district|Bargarh]],  [[Balangir district|Bolangir]], [[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]], [[Kandhamal district|Kandhamal]],  [[Koraput district|Koraput]], [[Malkangiri district|Malkangiri]], [[Nabarangpur district|Nabrangpur]],  [[Nuapada district|Nuapada]], [[Rayagada district|Rayagada]], [[Sundergarh district|Sundargarh]]
Line 69: Line 70:
|-
|-
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|[[Districts of Andhra Pradesh|13]]
|[[List of districts of Andhra Pradesh|13]]
|5
|5
|[[Visakhapatnam District|Visakhapatnam]], [[East Godavari]], [[Srikakulam District|Srikakulam]], [[Vizianagaram District|Vizianagaram]], [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]]
|[[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]], [[East Godavari]], [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]], [[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]], [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]]
|-
|-
|[[Telangana]]
|[[Telangana]]
|[[List of districts in Telangana|33]]
|[[List of districts of Telangana|33]]
|6
|6
|[[Adilabad district|Adilabad]], [[Bhadradri Kothagudem|Bhadradri-Kothagudem]], [[Jayashankar Bhupalpally|Jayashankar-Bhupalpally]], [[Komaram Bheem district|Komaram-Bheem]], [[Mancherial district|Mancherial]], [[Mulugu district|Mulugu]]
|[[Adilabad district|Adilabad]], [[Bhadradri Kothagudem]], [[Jayashankar Bhupalpally]], [[Komaram Bheem Asifabad district|Komaram Bheem Asifabad]], [[Mancherial district|Mancherial]], [[Mulugu district|Mulugu]]
|-
|-
|[[Maharashtra]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|[[Districts of Maharashtra|36]]
|[[List of districts of Maharashtra|36]]
|2
|2
|[[Gadchiroli District|Gadchiroli]], [[Gondia District|Gondia]]
|[[Gadchiroli district|Gadchiroli]], [[Gondia district|Gondia]]
|-
|-
|[[West Bengal]]
|[[West Bengal]]
|[[Districts of West Bengal|23]]
|[[List of districts of West Bengal|23]]
|1
|1
|[[Jhargram district|Jhargram]]
|[[Jhargram district|Jhargram]]
|-
|-
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|[[Districts of Madhya Pradesh|55]]
|[[List of districts of Madhya Pradesh|55]]
|3
|3
|[[Balaghat District|Balaghat]], [[Mandla district|Mandla]], [[Dindori district|Dindori]]
|[[Balaghat district|Balaghat]], [[Mandla district|Mandla]], [[Dindori district|Dindori]]
|-
|-
|'''Total'''<br />
|'''Total'''
|369
|369
|'''70'''
|'''70'''
Line 112: Line 113:
* [[Terrorism in India]]
* [[Terrorism in India]]
* [[List of terrorist incidents in India]]
* [[List of terrorist incidents in India]]
* [[List of communist parties in India]]


==References==
==References==
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