Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I: Difference between revisions

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  | honorific_prefix = [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam-ul-Mulk]]
  | honorific_prefix = [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam-ul-Mulk]]
  | name            = Asaf Jah I
  | name            = Asaf Jah I
  | title          = Chin Fateh Khan, Chin Qilich Khan, Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah, Khan-i-Dauran Bahadur, Khan-i-Khana, Fateh Jung, Firuz Jang, Ghazi-ud-din Bahadur, Amir-ul-Umara, Bakhshi-ul-Mumalik
  | title          = Chin Fateh Khan <br> Chin Qilich Khan,  
<br> Nizam-ul-Mulk <br> Asaf Jah <br> Khan-i-Dauran Bahadur <br> Khan-i-Khana <br> Fateh Jung <br> Firuz Jang <br> Ghazi-ud-din Bahadur <br> Amir-ul-Umara <br> Bakhshi-ul-Mumalik
  | image          = Asaf Jah I.jpg
  | image          = Asaf Jah I.jpg
  | caption        = Nizam-ul-Mulk
  | caption        = Nizam-ul-Mulk
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  | predecessor    = ''Position Established''
  | predecessor    = ''Position Established''
  | successor      = [[Nasir Jang Mir Ahmad]]
  | successor      = [[Nasir Jang Mir Ahmad]]
  | spouse          = Umda Begum, Saidunnisa Begum
  | spouse          = Umda Begum, Said-Un-Nissa Begum
  | issue          = [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung II|Firuz Jung]]<br>[[Nasir Jung]]<br>[[Salabat Jung]]<br>[[Nizam Ali Khan, Asaf Jah II|Asaf Jah II]]<br>Basalat Jung<br>Humayun Jah<br>7 daughters
  | issue          = [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung II|Firuz Jung]]<br>[[Nasir Jung]]<br>[[Salabat Jung]]<br>[[Nizam Ali Khan, Asaf Jah II|Asaf Jah II]]<br>Basalat Jung<br>Humayun Jah<br>7 daughters
  | noble family    = [[Asaf Jahi Dynasty]]
  | noble family    = [[Asaf Jahi Dynasty]]
  | father          = Nawab [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung I]] Siddiqi Bayafandi Bahadur (Farzand-i-Arjumand)Ghazi Uddin Siddiqi.
  | father          = Nawab [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung I]] Siddiqi Bayafandi Bahadur (Farzand-i-Arjumand)Ghazi Uddin Siddiqi.
  | mother          = [[Wazir un-nisa Begum]]
  | mother          = Wazir un-nisa Begum
  | birth_date      = 20 August 1671
  | birth_date      = 11 August 1671
  | birth_place    = [[Agra]], [[Mughal Empire|Mughal India]]
  | birth_place    = [[Agra]], [[Mughal Empire|Mughal India]]
  | death_date      = 1 June 1748 (age 76)
  | death_date      = 1 June 1748 <br> (aged of 76)
  | death_place    = [[Burhanpur]]
  | death_place    = [[Burhanpur]]
  | place of burial = [[Khuldabad]] (near [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]), [[Hyderabad State]], [[Mughal Empire|Mughal India]]<br/>(now in [[Maharashtra]], [[India]])
  | place of burial = [[Khuldabad]] (near [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]), [[Hyderabad State]], [[Mughal Empire|Mughal India]]<br/>(now in [[Maharashtra]], [[India]])
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   | battles    = [[Mughal-Maratha Wars]]<br>[[Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire]]<br>[[Battle of Karnal]]
   | battles    = [[Mughal-Maratha Wars]]<br>[[Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire]]<br>[[Battle of Karnal]]
  }}
  }}
  | religion        = [[Islam]]
  | religion        = [[Islam]] ([[Sunni Muslim]])
}}
|full name=Mir Qamar-ud-din Khan Chin Qilich Siddiqi Bayafandi Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah I|years_active={{Circa}} 1677{{snd}}1748}}


'''Mir Qamar-ud-din Khan Siddiqi Bayafandi''' (20 August 1671{{spnd}}1 June 1748) also known as '''Chin Qilich Kamaruddin Khan''', '''Nizam-ul-Mulk''', '''Asaf Jah''' and '''Nizam I''', was the 1st [[Nizam of Hyderabad]]. A trusted nobleman and General of [[Aurangzeb|Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb]] (1677–1707 AD), he served as the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] governor of [[South India|Deccan]] (1713–1715 AD) and (1720–1722 AD), Mughal [[Grand vizier]] (1721–1724 AD) and the founder of the [[Asaf Jahi dynasty]] (1724 AD) of which he was the Nizam I (1724–1748 AD).<ref name="WilliamIrvine_1922">{{cite book | title = Later Mughals . Vol. 2, 1719–1739 | year = 1922 | author = William Irvine | author-link = William Irvine (historian) | oclc = 452940071 | page = 271 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| author = Jaswant Lal Mehta| title = Advanced study in the history of modern India 1707–1813| year = 2005| publisher = Sterling| isbn = 9781932705546| page = 143 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last = Rai| first = Raghunath| title = History| publisher = FK Publications| isbn = 9788187139690 }}</ref><ref name="Faruqui">{{cite journal|last=Faruqui|first=Munis D.|title=At Empire's End: The Nizam, Hyderabad and Eighteenth-Century India|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=43|number=1|date=2009|pages=5–6|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|doi=10.1017/S0026749X07003290|jstor=20488070}}</ref>
'''Mir Qamar-ud-din Khan Siddiqi Bayafandi''' (11 August 1671{{spnd}}1 June 1748) also known as '''Chin Qilich Kamaruddin Khan''', '''Nizam-ul-Mulk''', '''Asaf Jah''' and '''Nizam I''', was the 1st [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], a trusted nobleman and General of [[Aurangzeb|Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb]]. After Aurangzeb's death in 1707, the war of accession among Mughal princes took place, during which Asaf Jah kept neutral policy without siding with any of Aurangzeb's sons. When [[Bahadur Shah I]] became victorious, Asaf Jah was assigned governorship of ''[[Subah]]''-(provinces) which kept changing until 1714 AD, when Emperor [[Farrukhsiyar]] assigned him the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[Viceroy of the Deccan]]—administrator of six Mughal governorates in [[South India]] (1714–1719 AD) and from 1719 to 1722 AD, where he was engaged in establishing his authority over different Mughal governorates and resolving conflict created by [[Sayyid brothers]] after the death of Emperor Aurangzeb. After eliminating Sayyed brothers in 1720 and 1722 with the support of Emperor [[Muhammad Shah]], he served as a Mughal [[Grand vizier]] (1722–1724 AD), and due to difference with the Emperor and his nobles he left all of his imperial assignments and moved to the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] establishing [[Asaf Jahi dynasty]] (1724 AD), of which he was the Nizam I (1724–1748 AD).<ref name="WilliamIrvine_1922">{{cite book | title = Later Mughals . Vol. 2, 1719–1739 | year = 1922 | author = William Irvine | author-link = William Irvine (historian) | oclc = 452940071 | page = 271 }}</ref>{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=143}}<ref>{{cite book| last = Rai| first = Raghunath| title = History| publisher = FK Publications| isbn = 9788187139690 }}</ref><ref name="Faruqui">{{cite journal|last=Faruqui|first=Munis D.|title=At Empire's End: The Nizam, Hyderabad and Eighteenth-Century India|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=43|number=1|date=2009|pages=5–6|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|doi=10.1017/S0026749X07003290|jstor=20488070|s2cid=146592706}}</ref>


==Background==
==Background==
Mir Qamar-ud-din Khan (also known as Nizam) was the son of Safia Khanum and [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung I]], who were married in 1670. Nizams's mother Safia Khanum was the daughter of Sa’dullah Khan who was [[Grand vizier]] (1645-1656) of [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Shah Jahan]], during his tenure construction of [[Taj Mahal]] was completed.<ref name="Richard and Faruqui">{{cite book|last=Faruqui |first=Munis D. |chapter=At Empire's End: The Nizam, Hyderabad and Eighteenth-century India |editor1=Richard M. Eaton |editor2=Munis D. Faruqui |editor3=David Gilmartin |editor4=Sunil Kumar |title=Expanding Frontiers in South Asian and World History: Essays in Honour of John F. Richards |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h0_xhdCScQkC&pg=PA1 |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-03428-0 |pages=1–38}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Gauri |title=Prime Ministers Under the Mughals 1526-1707 |date=2006 |publisher=Kanishka, New Delhi |isbn=8173918236}}</ref> While through his father he is a descendant of [[Abu Bakr]] the first [[Rashidun caliphate|caliph]] of Islam, his ancestry is traced from [[Shihab al-Din 'Umar al-Suhrawardi]] (1145–1234). His great-grandfather Alam Sheikh was a [[Sufi]] saint of [[Bukhara]] (in present-day [[Uzbekistan]]) he was titled as ''Azam ul Ulama'' by [[:ru:Имамкули-хан|Imam Quli Khan]] (1611–1642) of [[Khanate of Bukhara]]. His grandfather [[Kilich Khan]] hailed from [[Samarkand]] in present-day Uzbekistan.{{sfn|Khan|1936|p=1}} In 1654, Kilich Khan came to India for the first time while on his way to the ''[[Hajj]]'' (Islamic pilgrimage) during the reign of Mughal emperor [[Shah Jahan]]. After completing the pilgrimage, he migrated to India and joined erstwhile Mughal prince [[Aurangzeb]]'s army in [[Deccan]] in 1657.{{sfn|Khan|1936|p=2}} Khan fought in the [[Battle of Samugarh]] which ended with the defeat of Aurangzeb's brother [[Dara Shikoh]].{{sfn|Khan|1936|p=4}} Besides being a commander in Aurangzeb's army, he also served as governor of Zafarabad (present-day [[Bidar]]).{{sfn|Khan|1936|p=8}} Khan's eldest son and Nizam-ul-Mulk's father was [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung I|Feroze Jung]].{{sfn|Khan|1936|p=11}} Jung migrated to India in 1669, and got employed in Aurangzeb's army, raised a General and later as governor of [[Gujarat]].{{sfn|Khan|1936|p=12}}{{sfn|Faruqui|2013|p=3-4}}
Mir Qamar-ud-din Khan (also known as Nizam) was the son of [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung I]] and Wazir un-nissa (Safia Khanum)-married in 1670. Nizam's mother was the daughter of [[Saadullah Khan (Mughal Empire)|Sadullah Khan]], the [[Grand vizier]] (1645-1656) of [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Shah Jahan]]. During his tenure, construction of [[Taj Mahal]] was completed.{{sfn|Faruqui|2013}}{{pn|date=December 2021}}<ref name="auto1">{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Gauri |title=Prime Ministers Under the Mughals 1526-1707 |date=2006 |publisher=Kanishka, New Delhi |isbn=8173918236}}</ref> Though through his father, he is a descendant of [[Abu Bakr]], the first [[Rashidun caliphate|caliph]] of Islam, his ancestry is traced from [[Shihab al-Din 'Umar al-Suhrawardi]] (1145–1234). His great-grandfather Alam Sheikh was a [[Sufi]] saint of [[Bukhara]] (in present-day [[Uzbekistan]]) he was titled as ''Azam ul Ulama'' by [[:ru:Имамкули-хан|Imam Quli Khan]] (1611–1642) of [[Khanate of Bukhara]]. His grandfather [[Kilich Khan]] hailed from [[Samarkand]] in present-day Uzbekistan.{{sfn|Khan|1936|p=1}} In 1654, Kilich Khan came to India for the first time while on his way to the ''[[Hajj]]'' (Islamic pilgrimage) during the reign of Mughal emperor [[Shah Jahan]]. After completing the pilgrimage, he migrated to India and joined erstwhile Mughal prince [[Aurangzeb]]'s army in [[Deccan]] in 1657.{{sfn|Khan|1936|p=2}} Khan fought in the [[Battle of Samugarh]] which ended with the defeat of Aurangzeb's brother [[Dara Shikoh]].{{sfn|Khan|1936|p=4}} Besides being a commander in Aurangzeb's army, he also served as governor of Zafarabad (present-day [[Bidar]]).{{sfn|Khan|1936|p=8}} Khan's eldest son and Nizam-ul-Mulk's father [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung I|Feroze Jung]] migrated to India in 1669, and got employed in Aurangzeb's army, raised a General and later as governor of [[Gujarat]].{{sfn|Khan|1936|p=11-12}}{{sfn|Faruqui|2013|p=3-4}}


==Early life==
==Early life==
Nizam-ul-Mulk was born on 11 August 1671. He was named Qamaruddin Khan by Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]].{{sfn|Khan|1936|p=41}}{{sfn|Khan|1936|p=42}} There exists no record of his birthplace. However, [[Yousuf Hussain Khan]] opines that Nizam-ul-Mulk was born in [[Agra]].{{sfn|Khan|1936|p=42}}
He was born on 11 August 1671 as Mir Qamaruddin Khan to [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung I]] and his first wife Safia Khanum (Wazir unnisa Begum) at [[Agra]], the name was given to him by the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Aurangazeb]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Later Mughal|author=William Irvine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5oFjTys8MC&pg=PA270|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri|year=1971|page=270}}</ref>{{sfn|Khan|1936|p=41}}{{sfn|Khan|1936|p=42}} His grandfathers were both important Mughal courtiers namely; General [[Kilich Khan]] (Paternal) and [[Grand vizier]] [[Saadullah Khan (Mughal Empire)|Saadullah Khan]] (Maternal).
 
Mir Qamaruddin was educated privately. In 1677 aged six, Mir Qumaruddin accompanied his father to the Mughal court. Aurangzeb awarded him a [[Mansabdar|Mansab]]. Mir Qamaruddin displayed considerable skill as a warrior and in his teens he began accompanying his father into battles, for which Mir Qamaruddin Khan received a rank of 400 [[Sepoy|zaat]] and 100 [[Sowar]] in 1684.{{sfn|Khan|1936|p=42}} In 1688 aged 17 he joined his father in the successful assault on the [[Adoni|fort of Adoni]] and was promoted to the rank of 2000 [[Sepoy|zaat]] and 500 [[Sowar]] and presented with the finest [[Arabian horse|Arab steed]] with gold [[Saddle seat|trappings]] and a [[Incense|pastille]] perfumed with [[ambergris]] from the Mughal court. In 1690 aged 19 he was bestowed with the title ''Chin Qilich Khan'' (boy swordsman) and was gifted with a female elephant by Aurangazeb. In 1693, the Marathas sieged the [[Panhala Fort]]. In response, Mir Qamaruddin fought and defeated the Marathas at [[Karad]]. 30 Marathas were taken as prisoners.{{sfn|Khan|1936|p=44}} In 1698, Aurangzeb sent Mir Qamaruddin to put down a revolt at [[Bagalkot|Nagori]], near [[Bijapur]]. The emperor was satisfied with his expedition and subsequently sent him to [[Kotha, Punjab|Kotha]] to restore order. Following his success, he was raised to a rank of 3,000 zaat and 500 Sowar. In 1699 Aurangzeb promoted him to 3,500 ''zaat'' and 3,000 Sowar. Mir Qumaruddin successfully sieged the [[Panhala Fort]] which was occupied by the Marathas. He closed all the roads as a result of which no supply could reach the inhabitants.{{sfn|Khan|1936|p=44}} The fort fell to his forces on 9 June 1700. Satisfied with his services, Aurangzeb made him the ''[[faujdar]]'' (garrison commander) of [[Bijapur]] and increased his rank by 400 "Sowar".{{sfn|Khan|1936|p=45}}
 
==Career==
 
===Life After Aurangzeb===
The disintegration of the Mughal empire which Aurangzeb had well established, began upon Aurangzeb's death in 1707. The [[Sayyid brothers]]-(Syed Hussain Ali Khan and Syed Hassan Ali Khan Barha) became highly influential in the Mughal Court after [[Aurangzeb]]'s death and became [[kingmaker|king maker]]s during the anarchy following the death of emperor Aurangzeb in 1707.<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=193}}</ref> They created conflict in the Mughal court by eliminating and appointing new emperor one after other. When [[Bahadur Shah I]] (1707-1712) died, his successor [[Jahandar Shah]] (1712-1713) was assassinated and his nephew [[Farrukhsiyar]] (1713–1719) became the emperor with the support of Sayyid brothers, Farrukhsiyar was later blinded, deposed and murdered and his first cousin [[Rafi ud-Darajat]] (February–June 1719) became Emperor and died of lung disease, when his elder brother [[Rafi ud-Daulah]] (June–September 1719) became Emperor who also died of lung disease, thus [[Muhammad Shah]] (1719–1748) the grandson of Bahadur Shah I from his fourth son [[Jahan Shah (Mughal prince)|Jahan Shah]] ascended the throne at the age of 17 years with Sayyid Brothers as his [[regent]]s.<ref name="Shaharyar_Begums_2000">{{cite book|title=The Begums of Bhopal|author=Shaharyar M. Khan|edition=illustrated|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=2000|isbn=978-1-86064-528-0|page=18}}</ref>


At the age of six, Nizam-ul-Mulk was awarded with a ''[[Mansabdar|mansab]]''. During his youth, he Nizam-ul-Mulk used to accompany his father to military expeditions. After distinguishing himself during an expedition with his father to [[Pune]], Nizam-ul-Mulk received a rank of 400 ''zat'' and 100 horses in 1684.{{sfn|Khan|1936|p=42}} In 1688, he took part in the siege of [[Adoni|Adoni fort]] under the leadership of his father. Aurangzeb increased his rank to 2,000 ''zat'' and 500 horses for his performance in the siege. Two years later, he was awarded with the title Chin Qilich Khan. The emperor also presented him a she-elephant. In 1693, the Marathas sieged the [[Panhala Fort]]. In response, Nizam-ul-Mulk fought and defeated the Marathas at [[Karad]]. 30 Marathas were taken as prisoners.{{sfn|Khan|1936|p=44}}
===Later Mughals and Asaf Jah===
After [[Aurangzeb]]'s death in 1707, Asaf Jah was appointed Governor of Oudh. After [[Bahadur Shah I]]'s death in 1712 Asaf Jah opted for a private life in [[Delhi]]. His sabbatical was cut short when in 1714 [[Farrukhsiyar]] appointed Asaf Jah I as [[Viceroy of the Deccan]]—(administrator of six Mughal governorates) with the title ''Nizam-ul-Mulk'' (Administrator of the Realm) and ''Fateh Jung''.<ref name="Richards">{{cite book|title=The Mughal Empire, Part 1|volume=5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC|pages=279–281|last=Richards|first=John.F.|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1993|isbn=9780521566032|access-date=29 June 2021}}</ref> In 1719, Asaf Jah was then called upon by Farrukhsiyar to help fight off the [[Sayyid Brothers]], Farrukhsiyar lost his strife against the Sayyid Brothers and was killed in 1719. In due course from 1719 to 1722, Asaf Jah I was on a mission to eradicate the Sayyid brothers from Mughal court and to make this happen he organized and promoted Central Asian nobels in the Mughal court against the Sayyid brothers, in 1720 he captured the forts of Asirgarh and Burhanpur in Deccan and killed Mir Alam Ali Khan, the adopted son of Sayyid Hussain Ali Khan, who was the Deputy Subahdar of the Deccan. Muhammad Shah with the help of Asaf Jah, got Syed Hussain Ali Khan murdered in 1720 and Syed Hassan Ali Khan Barha poisoned in 1722, Muhammad Shah assumed as independent Mughal Emperor and as a reward in 1722, Asaf Jah was appointed as [[List of Mughal grand viziers|Grand Vazir]] (Prime Minister) of the Mughal Empire. As a Grand Vazir Asaf Jah's attempts to reform the court corruption which created for him many enemies. In 1723, Asaf Jah differences with the court noble increased and alarmed with his growing power, Muhammad Shah transferred him from the court of Delhi to [[Awadh]]. Nizam rebelled against the order, resigned as the Grand vizier left all imperial responsibilities and marched towards the Deccan by the end of the year 1723.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nizam-Ul-Mulk Asaf Jah I, Delhi's Sayyid Brothers and Rise of the British East India Company|url=https://www.therahnuma.com/nizam-ul-mulk-asaf-jah-i-delhis-sayyid-brothers-and-rise-of-the-british-east-india-company/|publisher=[[Rahnuma e Deccan]]|date=6 March 2019|accessdate=3 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="Richards"/>{{sfn|Mehta|2005|pp=93–143}}<ref name="Roy">{{cite book|title=Holy Ignorance: When Religion and Culture Part Ways|publisher=Columbia University Press|page=95|isbn=978-0-231-80042-6|last=Roy|first=Olivier|year=2011}}</ref><ref name="Śekhara">{{cite book|title=From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0oVra0ulQ3QC|pages=16–18|last=Bandyopadhyaya|first=Sekhara|publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]]|year=2004|isbn=9788125025962|access-date=2 August 2021}}</ref> Under the influence of Asaf Jah's opponents, [[Muhammad Shah]] issued a decree to [[Mubariz Khan]]-the Governor of Hyderabad, to stop Asaf Jah which resulted in the [[Battle of Shakar Kheda]].{{sfn|Mehta|2005}}{{pn|date=December 2021}}<ref name="Roy"/> In 1724, Asaf Jah I defeated [[Mubariz Khan]] and in response the Mughal emperor recognized him as the viceroy of the Deccan.<ref name="PVK_1987">{{cite book |first=P. V. |last=Kate |title=Marathwada Under the Nizams, 1724–1948 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tjndiykddsIC&pg=PA11 |year=1987 |publisher=Mittal |isbn=978-81-7099-017-8 |pages=11–13}}</ref>


In 1698, Aurangzeb sent Nizam-ul-Mulk to put down a revolt at Nagori, near [[Bijapur]]. The emperor was satisfied with his expedition and subsequently sent him to [[Kotha, Punjab|Kotha]] to restore order. Following his success, he was raised to a rank of 3,000 ''zat'' and 500 horses. In 1699 Aurangzeb promoted him to 3,500 ''zat'' and 3,000 horses. Nizam-ul-Mulk successfully sieged the [[Panhala Fort]] which was occupied by the Marathas. He closed all the roads as a result of which no supply could reach the inhabitants.{{sfn|Khan|1936|p=44}} The fort fell to his forces on 9 June 1700. Satisfied with his services, Aurangzeb made him the ''[[faujdar]]'' (garrison commander) of [[Bijapur]] and increased his rank by 400 horses.{{sfn|Khan|1936|p=45}} Nizam-ul-Mulk became the ''[[subahdar]]'' (governor) of [[Bijapur]] in 1702 and was awarded with a steed. In the same year, he was also given the ''faujdari'' of Azamnagar and [[Belgaum]]. In 1704, he became the ''faujdar'' of Nusratabad and Mudgal.{{sfn|Khan|1936|p=45}}
===Governor of Bijapur===


In 1705, Nizam-ul-Mulk accompanied Aurangzeb in the siege of [[Vardhangad Fort|Wakinkhera]]. Nizam-ul-Mulk led an assault in the hillock of Lal Tikri.{{sfn|Khan|1936|p=46}} He attacked the Marathas who were attempting to provide supplies to the besieged inhabitants. The Marathas were ultimately defeated. Nizam-ul-Mulk was raised to a rank of 5,000 ''zat'' and 5,000 horses for his performance in the siege. He was also awarded with a jewelled sabre and an elephant.{{sfn|Khan|1936|p=47}}
Mir Qamaruddin became the ''[[subahdar]]'' (governor) of [[Bijapur]] in 1702 and was awarded with a [[Working animal|steed]] by Emperor Aurangzeb. In the same year, he was also given the ''faujdari'' of Azamnagar and [[Belgaum]]. In 1704, he became the ''faujdar'' of [[Bidar|Nusratabad]] and [[Mudgal]].{{sfn|Khan|1936|p=45}} In 1705  Mir Qumaruddin was survived the attacks during the [[Siege of Wagingera|Siege of Wagingera Fort]], and led an assault in the hillock of Lal Tikri.{{sfn|Khan|1936|p=46}} He attacked the Marathas who were attempting to provide supplies to the besieged inhabitants at [[Vardhangad Fort]]". The Marathas were ultimately defeated. Mir Qamaruddin was raised to a rank of 5,000 zaat and 5,000 "Sowar" for his performance in the siege. He was also awarded with a [[sabre|jewelled sabre]] and an elephant.{{sfn|Khan|1936|p=47}}


==Life after Aurangzeb==
===Viceroy of the Deccan===
After [[Aurangzeb]]'s death he was appointed Governor of Oudh. After Bahadur Shah's (Muazzam Shah i Alam Bahadur Shah the 1st) death he opted for a private life in Delhi. His sabbatical was cut short when in 1712 the sixth of [[Aurangzeb]]'s successors, [[Farrukhsiyar]] son of [[Azim-ush-Shan]] convinced him to take up the post of Viceroy of the Deccan with the title of Nizam ul-Mulk (Regulator of the Realm) Fateh Jung.


His enemies accuse Nizam ul-Mulk of building his own power-base independently of the Mughals in [[Delhi]], while continuing to give obeisance to the throne and even remitting money to the centre. He was then called upon by Farrukhsiyar to help fight off the [[Sayyid Brothers]]. Farrukhsiyar lost his strife against the Saadaat i Baarha [[Sayyid Brothers]] and was killed.
On 10 January 1713 Mughal prince [[Farrukhsiyar]] defeated Mughal Emperor [[Jahandar Shah]] in the Battle of Agra and later killed him, One of Mughal general [[Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung]] aided and intrigues Jahandar Shah after the death of his father [[Bahadur Shah I]] in 1712 to overcame all his brothers-(including the battle in which [[Azim-ush-Shan]] father of Farrukhsiyar was drowned in the [[Ravi River]]) and ascended the throne of Mughal Emperor, in return Zulfiqar Khan was made [[Grand vizier]], "Amir-ul-Umara" and [[Viceroy of the Deccan]] all at once. Zulfiqar Khan was captured and strangled to death in 1713 AD with the orders of Farrukhsiyar.<ref>[[John F. Richards]], ''[[The New Cambridge History of India]]: The Mughal Empire'' (New York: [[Cambridge University Press]], 1993), p. 262</ref><ref name="Reeti&Lasya">{{cite web|title=A brief history of the Nizams of Hyderabad|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/traveller/ot-getaway-guides/the-nizams/|last1=Pandharipande|first1=Reeti|last2=Nadimpally|first2=Lasya|work=outlookindia.com/|date=5 August 2017|accessdate=8 August 2021}}</ref>


==Grand Vizier of the Great Mogul==
In 1713 [[Farrukhsiyar]] appointed Mir Qumaruddin as [[Viceroy of the Deccan]]—(administrator of six Mughal governorates) and [[Faujdar]] of [[Carnatic region]] with the title ''Nizam-ul-Mulk'' (Administrator of the Realm) and ''Fateh Jung'' (Conqueror of battles).<ref name="Richards1">{{cite book|title=The Mughal Empire, Part 1|volume=5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC|pages=273–281|last=Richards|first=John.F.|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1993|isbn=9780521566032|access-date=29 June 2021}}</ref> He was a competent diplomatic person and accomplished his responsibilities very well, he eventually organized the administration, augmented finances and obtained full control over the Deccan including Carnatic region, the Nizam abrogated Maratha's from collecting Chauth in the region under his control which was granted by his predecessors. Nizam had been with Aurangzeb throughout his Deccan campaign. He was aware of the territory as well as the native communities for which he avoided direct confrontation with the Marathas and locals, rather he reduced the growing influence of Maratha's in Deccan by bringing [[Sambhaji II]] of [[Kolhapur]] to his side and appointing the rival Maratha generals (Maratha generals, Candrasen Jadhav, Sultanji Nimbalkar and [[Raja Rambha Rao Bahadur]]) under his services.<ref name="Sinha">{{cite journal|title=The new foundations of Maratha power|last=Sinha|first=H.N|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44304068|page=232|volume=23|year=1960|jstor=44304068|accessdate=9 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="Paul">{{cite book|title=Baji Rao: The Warrior Peshwa|last=Paul|first=Jaiwant.E|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5KohEAAAQBAJ|pages=24–25|publisher=Roli Books Private Limited|isbn=9789351941200|year=2017|access-date=9 August 2021}}</ref>{{sfn|Mehta|2005|pp=24–25}}<ref name="Reeti&Lasya"/><ref name="Maha_Gaz1">{{cite web|title=The Marathas and the Nizam|url=https://gazetteers.maharashtra.gov.in/cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/History%20Part/History_III/chapter_8.pdf|publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra]]|accessdate=9 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="Maha_Gaz2">{{cite web|title=District Gazetteers list|url=https://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/list.php|publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra]]|year=2006|accessdate=9 August 2021}}</ref>{{note|21}} In 1715 AD, Farrukhsiyar under the influence of Sayyed brothers, call back Nizam to Delhi, and replaced Syed Hussain Ali Khan (one among the Sayyed brothers) as the viceroy of Deccan.<ref name="Maha_Gaz1"/><ref name="Maha_Gaz2"/>{{note|21}}


Later Nizam ul-Mulk was rewarded for defeating the [[Sayyid Brothers]] with the post of [[Vizier]] in the court of Muhammad Shah, the 18-year-old successor.
===Governor of Malwa-challenges-restoring Emperor===
The Sayyid brothers became the sole authority of Mughal court reducing the status of the Turkic and the Irani noblemen. As a result, they formed a force of counter-revolution against the Sayyid brothers. The head of the Counter revolution was the Nizam. To subdue the counter-revolution, the Sayyid brothers shifted Nizam-ul-mulk from Delhi. In 1715 AD, the Nizam was appointed as the Governor of [[Malwa]]-(central India), a lesser position than previous post. in 1716 AD Nizam unwillingly accepted the new post so that he can reinforce his forces against the Sayyid brothers and to check and halt the increasing influence of Marathas in the central India region.<ref name="Akhtar">{{cite thesis|title=Composition and role of the nobility (1739-1761)|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/144523653.pdf|last=akhtar|first=MD Shakil|page=39-59|publisher=Aligarh Muslim University|year=2008|accessdate=28 September 2021}}</ref>


But all did not work as planned. Nizam ul-Mulk's attempts to reform the corrupt [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] administration with its cliques of concubines and eunuchs created many enemies. According to his biographer, Yusuf Husain, he grew to hate the "harlots and jesters" who were the Emperor's constant companions and greeted all great nobles of the realm with lewd gestures and offensive epithets. Nizam ul-Mulk's desire to restore the etiquette of the Court and the discipline of the State to the standard of [[Shah Jahan]]'s time earned him few friends. The courtiers poisoned the mind of the Emperor against him.
In 1719, Nizam got suspicious against the machination of Sayyed brothers and understood there intentions to take over Mughal Empire. When two of the Mughal Emperors died simultaneously with in a year due to same ailment and [[Muhammad Shah]] the 18-year-old Mughal prince was appointed Mughal Emperor and [[Sayyid Brothers]] as [[regent]] to the Mughal Emperor, the Nizam commence full-fledged preparation to launch an armed action against them. When Sayyid Brothers learned about the Nizams situation, they got furious and issue an imperial order asking the Nizam to report in Delhi, and alternately they planned an attack on Nizam in case if he do not report. Meanwhile, Nizam received a secret communication from Mughal empress mother "resist the Sayyids, and you will find yourself a place of honour in the history of Mughals, May Allah help you in a war of righteous against suppression", and later a secret communication was sent by Emperor Muhammad Shah to get him relive from the atrocities of Sayyid Brothers. Nizam convinced with Sayyid Brothers planning and refused to report in Delhi and decided to eliminate Sayyid brothers.<ref name="Paul"/>


Nizam was made [[Grand vizier]] of the Mughal Empire in 1721, but alarmed at his growing power, emperor [[Muhammad Shah]] transferred him from the court of Delhi to [[Awadh]] in 1723. Nizam rebelled against the order, resigned as the Grand vizier and marched towards the Deccan. The emperor sent an army against him in the command of [[Mubariz Khan]]-(the then governor of Hyderabad subah), which the Nizam defeated at the [[Battle of Shakar Kheda|Battle of Sakhar-kheda]]. In response, the Mughal emperor was forced to recognize him as the viceroy of the Deccan.<ref name="PVK_1987">{{cite book |first=P. V. |last=Kate |title=Marathwada Under the Nizams, 1724–1948 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tjndiykddsIC&pg=PA11 |year=1987 |publisher=Mittal |isbn=978-81-7099-017-8 |pages=11–13}}</ref>
In Delhi Sayyid brothers released imperial order to attack Nizma's forces from two fronts, thus dispatched 20,000 imperial army of Delhi lead by Dilawar Khan to attack from North and Army of Governor of Aurangabad lead by Alim Ali-(the adopted son of Syed Hussain Ali Khan) to attack from South. Nizam being a military strategist rather than marching towards Delhi he decided to move southwards to the Deccan where he have many sympathizers to support. The Nizam utilizing his diplomatic manipulation occupied [[Asirgarh Fort]] from Mughals, and left [[Ujjain]] towards [[Burhanpur]]. His army clashed with Dilawar Khan aided by Maratha reinforcement near Burhanpur ([[Khandwa]]) in June 1720, Dilawar Khan and Marathas were defeated and Nizam took over Burhnpur. Sayyed brothers hopeless with the battle result issued an imperial order appointing Nizam as Viceroy of Deccan.<ref name="Richards1"/><ref name="Paul"/>


===Viceroy of the Deccan===
Mughal empress mother alarmed Nizam that "Plans are already being made to mount a strong invasion of the south, be on your guard" meanwhile Sayyed brothers ordered Alim Ali-(Uninformed by Sayyed brothers about Nizam's appointment as Viceroy of Deccan) to march towards Nizam and stop him from reaching Aurangabad. Nizam wanted to avoid any war against a 20 year old Alim Ali, and sent his envoy, but all his efforts to avoid war went vain when in July 1720 AD Alim Ali approach with his army, though Alim Ali fought with bravery he lost against Nizams well equipped army. Frustrated with the defeat of Alim Ali, Sayyed brothers now decided to attack with much larger imperial army of 50,000 lead by Emperor [[Muhammad Shah]], they decided to move towards south by collecting reinforcement from [[Rajputana]]. While Mughal army was encamped in the outskirts of Delhi, a plot was devised against the Sayyid brothers and a section of Nizam's sympathizer a Turcic soldier assassinated commander and chief of the [[Mughal Army]] [[Sayyid Hussain Ali Khan Barha|Sayyid Hussain]] (one of Sayyed Brothers) on 9 October 1720. When [[Sayyid Hassan Ali Khan Barha|Abdullah Khan]] was informed about the death of his brother, he became furious and march towards Delhi from [[Agra]] to avenge his brother's murder, he led an army against the Emperor Muhammad Shah with his own puppet Emperor, [[Muhammad Ibrahim (Mughal emperor)|Ibrahim]]. Muhammad Shah assigned Nizam's uncle and sympathizer [[Muhammad Amin Khan Turani]] to march towards Agara to deal with Abdullah Khan, the battle was fought near [[Hasanpur]], most of Abdullah Khan army deserted him, Abdullah Khan personally fought on foot following the Barha tradition and was captured in November 1720, and eventually being poisoned while in captivity. [[Muhammad Shah]] was crowned Emperor without any regent and Muhammad Amin Khan Turani was appointed as first [[Grand vizier]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ervine |first1=William |title=The later Mughals |year=2006 |publisher=Low Price Publications |isbn=8175364068}}</ref><ref name="Malik">{{cite journal|title=Farmans of Muhammad Shah to Nizam ul Mulk|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44140616|year=1965|volume=27|pages=183–192|publisher=Indian History Congress|last=Malik|first=Zahiruddin|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|jstor=44140616|accessdate=11 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="Richards1"/><ref name="Paul"/> Nizam choose to continued his stay in Deccan and when Muhammad Amin Khan Turani died in 1721, he was offered to be [[Grand vizier]] of Mughal Empire.
[[File:Asaf Jah I of Hyderabad.jpg|thumb|Asaf Jah I, Viceroy of the Deccan]]


In 1724, Nizam ul-Mulk resigned his post in disgust and set off for the Deccan to resume the Vice-royalty, only to find Mubariz Khan, who had been appointed governor by Emperor Farrukhsiyar nine years earlier, refusing to vacate the post.
===Grand Vizier of Mughal Empire===


Mubariz Khan had successfully restored law and order in the Deccan but he was also disloyal to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] throne making only token payments and dividing plum administrative posts among his sons, his uncle and his favourite slave eunuchs. Unimpressed by the up-start occupying what he considered to be his rightful place, Nizam ul-Mulk gathered his forces at Shakarkheda in [[Berar Subah|Berar]] for a showdown with Mubariz Khan's army known as [[Battle of Shakar Kheda]]. The encounter was short but decisive. Wrapped in his bloodsoaked shawl, Mubariz Khan drove his war elephant out of the battle until he died from his wounds. His severed head was then sent to [[Delhi]] as proof of Nizam ul-Mulk's determination to annihilate anyone who stood in his way.
In 1721 AD, Nizam ul-Mulk was rewarded for eliminating the [[Sayyid Brothers]] with the post of ''Wakil E Mutlaq'' [[Grand vizier]] in the court of [[Muhammad Shah]], the 18-year-old successor. Nizam's desire to restore the decorum of Mughals lapsed when some courtiers, cliques of corrupt concubines and eunuchs along with harlots and jesters who were the Emperor's constant companions became Nizams enemy and coercively built distrust in the mind of Emperor about Nizam's growing power, thou Muhammad Shah had been dependent entirely upon the policies and courage of the Nizam, he transferred him from the court of Delhi to [[Awadh]] in 1723 AD. Nizam rebelled against the imperial order, abdicate as the Grand vizier and marched towards the Deccan against the will of Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah. Under the influence of Nizam's opponents, Muhammad Shah issued a decree to [[Mubariz Khan]]-the Governor of Hyderabad, to stop Nizam which resulted in the [[Battle of Shakar Kheda]].{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=143}}{{pn|date=December 2021}}<ref name="Roy"/> In 1724, Asaf Jah I defeated Mubariz Khan and in response, the Mughal emperor was forced to recognize him as the viceroy of the Deccan with the title of '''Asaf Jah'''.<ref name="PVK_1987" /><ref name="Mahajan">{{cite book|title=History of Medieval India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JnscEAAAQBAJ|pages=175–178|last=Mahajan|first=VD|publisher=S Chand Publication|year=2007|isbn=9788121903646|access-date=8 August 2021}}</ref>


Now came from the [[Emperor]] an elephant, jewels and the title of [[Asaf Jah]], with directions to settle the country, repress the turbulent, punish the rebels and cherish the people. Asaf Jah, or the one equal to Asaf, the [[Grand Vizier]] in the court of King [[Solomon]], was the highest title that could be awarded to a subject of the [[Mughal Empire]]. There were no lavish ceremonies to mark the establishment of the [[Asaf Jahi]] dynasty in 1724. The inauguration of the first Nizam took place behind closed doors in a private ceremony attended by the new ruler's closest advisors. Nizam ul-Mulk never formally declared his independence and insisted that his rule was entirely based on the trust reposed in him by the [[Mughal Emperor]].{{cn|date=March 2021}}
===Nizam of Hyderabad===
[[File:Asaf Jah I of Hyderabad.jpg|thumb|Asaf Jah I, Viceroy of the Deccan]]


As the [[Viceroy]] of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], the Nizam was the head of the executive and judicial departments and the source of all civil and [[military]] authority of the Mughal empire in the Deccan. All officials were appointed by him directly or in his name. Later, assisted by a [[Diwan (title)|Diwan]] the Nizam drafted his own laws, raised his own armies, flew his own flag and formed his own government.
On 11 October 1724, the Nizam established autonomous rule over the ''[[Deccan Plateau|Deccan region]]'' and started what came to be known as the [[Asaf Jahi dynasty]]. Subsequent rulers retained the title ''Nizam ul-Mulk'' and were referred to as Asaf Jahi Nizams, or [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizams of Hyderabad]].<ref name="Richards1"/><ref name="columbia&TOI">{{cite book|title=Muslim civilization in India|chapter=A century of political decline: 1707–1803|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/ikram/part2_19.html|last=Ikram|first=S. M.|year=1964|publisher=Columbia University|isbn=978-0-231025-80-5|access-date=12 August 2020}}
*{{cite news|title=Testing time again for the pearl of Deccan|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Testing-time-again-for-the-Pearl-of-Deccan/articleshow/5324913.cms?referral=PM|last=Rao|first=Sushil|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 December 2009|access-date=22 April 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910232115/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Testing-time-again-for-the-Pearl-of-Deccan/articleshow/5324913.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=10 September 2015}}</ref> Nizam remained loyal to the Mughal Emperor, did not assume any imperial title, and continued to acknowledge Mughal suzerainty.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|pp=93–94}} He acquired ''de facto'' control over Deccan and thus all six Mughal viceregal governorates of Deccan became his feudatory.<ref name="taylor">{{cite book|title=Ancient and Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sm_71j9KYPcC|last1=Mackenna|first1=P. J.|last2=Taylor|first2=William Cooke|year=2008|page=98|publisher=Wertheimer and Company|isbn=978-1-247867-35-9|access-date=5 August 2020}}</ref><ref "name=corner">{{cite book|title=The History of China and India: Pictorial and Descriptive|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofchinain00corn|last=Corner(Julia)|first=Miss|year=1847|pages=298–310|publisher=H.Washbourne|isbn=978-1-011544-27-1|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref>


Acknowledging Muhammad Shah's farman, Nizam ul-mulk had good reason to be grateful. Alongside his own personal wealth came the spoils of war and status, he was also entitled to the lion's share of gold unearthed in his dominions, the finest diamonds and gems from [[Golconda]] mines and the income from his vast personal estates.
In 1725 AD, as a sovereign ruler, the Nizam wanted to strengthening the Deccan by controlling the growing influence of the Marathas, he confronted and defeated Maratha forces and prevented them from collecting levies in [[Carnatic region]]—(it was granted to Marathas by his predecessor [[Syed Brothers|Mughal Viceroy of Deccan]] in 1719 AD).<ref name="Kumar">{{cite web|title=BA Semester VI- Maratha History 1707-1818 AD (HISKB 602)|url=http://uafulucknow.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/BA-Semester-VI-HISKB-602.pdf|last=Kumar|first=Mukesh|work=Department of History, KMC Language University, Luckhnow|year=2020|accessdate=1 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="Bosu&Basu">{{cite journal|title=Trading world of the Southern coromandel and the crisis of the 1730's|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141147?read-now=1&refreqid=excelsior%3Acb18510088b5325f72147ad400c4b785&seq=4#page_scan_tab_contents|year=1981|pages=333–339|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=42|last1=Bosu|first1=Bhaskarjyoti|last2=Basu|first2=Bhaskrjyoti|jstor = 44141147|format=PDF|accessdate=2 September 2021}}</ref> In 1726 AD [[Sambhaji II]] of [[Kolhapur]] seek the Nizam's arbitration to settle issues with [[Shahu I]] of [[Satara (city)|Satara]] which Shahu declined, thus in 1727 AD the Nizam armies captured [[Pune]] and appointed Sambhaji II as [[Chhatrapati]].<ref name="Kumar"/><ref name="Sardesai">{{cite book|title=New History of the Marathas: The expansion of the Maratha power, 1707-1772|volume=2|url=https://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/new-history-marathasthe-expansion-maratha-power-1707-1772|pages=96–101|last1=Sardesai|first1=Govind Sakharam|year=1948|publisher=Phoenix Publications|accessdate=1 September 2021}}</ref> These valorous acts of the Nizam started an extended series of conflicts with Shahu who uses a [[Guerrilla warfare]] technique lead by his [[Baji Rao I|Peshwa Baji Rao I]], which resulted in the [[Battle of Palkhed]] in 1728 AD, Sambhaji II repudiate at the last moment and the Shahu forces surrounded the Nizam, he sign the treaty with Shahu which restored him as a Chhatrapati of Marathas and the right to collect levies in the Carnatic region.<ref name="Kumar"/><ref name="Sardesai"/>


He then divided his newly acquired kingdom into three parts. One third became his own private estate known as the [[Sarf-i-Khas]], one third was allotted for the expenses of the government and was known as the Diwans territory, and the remainder was distributed to Muslim nobles ([[Jagirdar]], [[Zamindars]], [[Deshmukh]]), who in return paid nazars (gifts) to the Nizam for the privilege of collecting revenue from the villages under their suzerainty. The most important of these were the [[Paigah family|Paigah]] estates. The Paigah's doubled up as generals, making it easy to raise an army should the Nizams Dominions come under attack. They were the equivalent to the [[Barmakids]] for the [[Abbasid]] [[Caliphate]]. Only second to the Nizams family, they were very important in the running of the government and even today their legacy lingers on with ruined palaces and tombs dotted around the once very feudal city of Hyderabad.
1733 AD the Nizam and Baji Rao had made a compact to support each other in times of external attacks, in 1734 the Marathas attacked and captured [[bundelkhand]] and [[Malwa]] from the Mughal control, in exchange of these territories the Mughal emperor gave them the right to collect levies from Deccan, to which the nizam refused and the secret compact among both was broken.<ref name="Sewell">{{cite book|title=The Analytical History of India: From the Earliest Times to the Abolition of the Honourable East India Company in 1858|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g7LnhfByCQAC&pg=PA69|pages=68–71|last=Sewell|first=Robert|publisher=W.H. Allen and Company|year=2008|accessdate=28 September 2021}}</ref> in 1737 AD when Maratha forces gathered in Delhi, Nizam marched against Maraths from Deccan to stop the invasion thus Maraths withdraw from Delhi and with the help of Nawab of Bhopal, they make a counter attack on Nizam's armies which resulted in the [[Battle of Bhopal]], later in January 1738, a peace treaty was signed between both the parties and withdraw to there regions.<ref name="Sewell"/><ref name="maratha">[https://books.google.com/books?id=bXWiACEwPR8C&pg=PR23&dq=maratha+delhi+1737&hl=en&sa=X&ei=z-PVT7mfGpDLrQfP6_D8Dw&ved=0CF0Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=maratha%20delhi%201737&f=false An Advanced History of Modern India]</ref><ref name="MP">{{cite book | title = Madhya Pradesh Through the Ages | author = S.R. Bakshi and O.P. Ralhan | publisher = Sarup & Sons | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-81-7625-806-7 | page = 384 }}</ref><ref name="Maha_Gaz2"/>{{note|1}}
On the sanads (scrolls) granting them their lands, inscribed in [[Persian language|Persian]] were the words "as long as the Sun and the Moon are in rotation". The owners of the estates were mostly absentee landlords who cared little for the condition of the lands under their control. Jagirs were usually split into numerous pieces in order to prevent the most powerful of the nobles from entertaining any thought of carving out an empire for themselves. The system, which continued relatively unchanged until 1950, ensured a steady source of income for the state treasury and the Nizam himself.


===Usage of War elephants===
The Nizam divided his newly acquired kingdom into three parts. One third became his own private estate known as the [[Sarf-i-Khas]], one third was allotted for the expenses of the government and was known as the Diwans territory, and the remainder was distributed to nobles ([[Jagirdar]], [[Zamindars]], [[Deshmukh]]), who in return paid nazars (gifts) to the Nizam for the privilege of collecting revenue from the villages under their suzerainty. The most important of these were the [[Paigah family|Paigah]] estates. The Paigah's doubled up as generals, making it easy to raise an army should the Nizams Dominions come under attack. They were the equivalent to the [[Barmakids]] for the [[Abbasid]] [[Caliphate]]. Only second to the Nizams family.
[[File:Mahout on an elephant; gouache on paper.jpg|thumb|A [[Mahout]] and its rider in service of the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Muhammad Shah]].]]
During a campaign against the Maratha in the year 1730, Nizam-ul-Mulk had no less than 1026 [[War elephant]]s, 225 of which were [[armour]]ed.<ref>Oxford Progressive English by Rachel Redford</ref>


===War against the Marathas===
====War against the Marathas====
{{quote box|width=25%|quote="The earth dried up, the clouds without dew, Alas! for the poor handful of grass."But marathas never fight directly in the battlefield and always run around and fight from behind the mountains."|source='''Warid''', ''written proverb describing [[Asaf Jah I]] and Samsam-ud-Daula's campaign against the [[Maratha]]s in 1734''<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/latermughals02irviuoft/latermughals02irviuoft_djvu.txt Full text of "Later Mughals;"]</ref>
{{quote box|width=25%|quote="The earth dried up, the clouds without dew, Alas! for the poor handful of grass."But marathas never fight directly in the battlefield and always run around and fight from behind the mountains."|source='''Warid''', ''written proverb describing [[Asaf Jah I]] and Samsam-ud-Daula's campaign against the [[Maratha]]s in 1734''<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/latermughals02irviuoft/latermughals02irviuoft_djvu.txt Full text of "Later Mughals;"]</ref>
}}
}}
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==Nader Shah==
==Nader Shah==


In 1738, from beyond the [[Hindu kush]], [[Nader Shah]] started advancing towards [[Delhi]] through [[Afghanistan]] and the [[Punjab region|Punjab]].
In 1739, from beyond the [[Hindu kush]], [[Nader Shah]] started advancing towards [[Delhi]] through [[Afghanistan]] and the [[Punjab region|Punjab]].<ref name="William&Anita">{{cite news|title=One diamond to rule the world|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/one-diamond-to-rule-the-world/|newspaper=The Indian Express|last1=Dalrymple|first1=William|last2=Anand|first2=Anita|date=11 December 2016|accessdate=17 August 2021}}</ref>


Nizam ul-Mulk sent his troops to [[Karnal]], where [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor [[Muhammed Shah]]'s forces had gathered to turn back the Persian army. But the combined forces were cannon fodder for the Persian cavalry and its superior [[weapon]]ry and tactics. Nader Shah defeated the combined armies of Muhammed Shah and Nizam.
Nizam ul-Mulk sent his troops to [[Karnal]], where [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor [[Muhammed Shah]]'s forces had gathered to turn back the Persian army. But the combined forces were cannon fodder for the Persian cavalry and its superior [[weapon]]ry and tactics. Nader Shah defeated the combined armies of Muhammed Shah and Nizam.


Nader Shah entered [[Delhi]] and stationed his troops there. Some locals of Delhi had a quarrel and attacked his soldiers. At this, Nader Shah flew into a rage, drew out his sword from the scabbard and ordered the city to be looted and ransacked. Muhammad Shah was unable to prevent Delhi from being destroyed.
Nader Shah entered [[Delhi]] and stationed his troops there. Some locals of Delhi had a quarrel and attacked his soldiers. After nine hundred of his soldiers were killed in a bazaar brawl, Nader Shah flew into a rage, drew out his sword from the scabbard and ordered a massacre. Muhammad Shah was unable to prevent Delhi from being destroyed. When Nader Shah ordered the massacre in Delhi, neither the helpless Mughal Emperor Muhammed Shah nor any of his Ministers had the courage to speak to Nader Shah and negotiate for a truce. Asaf Jah came forward and risked his life for by going to Nader Shah and asking him to end the bloodbath of the city.<ref name="William&Anita"/> Legend has it that Asaf Jah said to Nader Shah <blockquote> "You have taken the lives of thousands of people of the city, if you still wish to continue the bloodshed, then bring those dead back to life and then kill them again, for there are none left to be killed." </blockquote> These words had a tremendous impact on Nader Shah – he ended the massacre on condition and returned to Persia.<ref name="William&Anita"/>
 
When Nader Shah ordered the massacre in Delhi, neither the helpless Mughal Emperor Muhammed Shah nor any of his Ministers had the courage to speak to Nader Shah and negotiate for a truce.
 
Only Asaf Jah came forward and risked his life for by going to Nader Shah and asking him to end the bloodbath of the city{{Citation needed|date=February 2017}}. Legend has it that Asaf Jah said to Nader Shah <blockquote> "You have taken the lives of thousands of people of the city, if you still wish to continue the bloodshed, then bring those dead back to life and then kill them again, for there are none left to be killed." </blockquote> These words had a tremendous impact on Nader Shah – he immediately put his sword inside its scabbard, ended the massacre and returned to Persia.{{Citation needed|date=February 2017}}


==Later life==
==Later life==
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==Legacy==
==Legacy==
[[File:Hyderabad state 1909.jpg|right|240px|thumb|By the Reign of the seventh Nizam, his dominion were similar in size to Belgium, but it was a far cry from when the first Nizam had ruled over a territory the size of France.]]
[[File:Hyderabad state 1909.jpg|right|240px|thumb|By the Reign of the seventh Nizam, his dominion were similar in size to Belgium, but it was a far cry from when the first Nizam had ruled over a territory the size of France.]]
Nizam-ul-Mulk is remembered as laying the foundation for what would become one of the most important [[Muslim]] states outside the [[Middle East]] by the first half of the twentieth century. Hyderabad state survived right through the period of British rule up to the time of [[independence of India|Indian independence]] 1947, and was indeed the largest – the state covered an extensive 95,337 sq. miles, an area larger than [[Mysore state|Mysore]] or [[Gwalior]] and the size of Nepal and Kashmir put together<ref name="hyd_online_nizams">{{cite web
Nizam-ul-Mulk is remembered as laying the foundation for what would become one of the most important [[Muslim]] states outside the [[Middle East]] by the first half of the twentieth century. [[Hyderabad State]] survived right through the period of [[British Raj|British rule]] up to the time of [[independence of India|Indian independence]] in 1947, and was indeed the largest – the state covered an extensive 95,337 sq. miles, an area larger than [[Mysore state|Mysore]] or [[Gwalior]] and the size of Nepal and Kashmir put together<ref name="hyd_online_nizams">{{cite web
  |title      = Hyderabad Online : The Nizam Dynasty
  |title      = Hyderabad Online : The Nizam Dynasty
  |url        = http://www.hydonline.com/cityscape/history/nizams.htm
  |url        = http://www.hydonline.com/cityscape/history/nizams.htm
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==Personal life==
==Personal life==
Asaf Jah was married to Sayed-UnNissa Begum, who belonged to a Sayed family from [[Gulbargah]]-with this marriage he had four children, two daughters and two sons; Ghazi-Uddin and Nasir Jung. From other wives he had four more sons; Salabat Jung, Nizam Ali Khan-(later Nizam II), Basalat Jung, and Mogal Ali Khan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nizams|url=https://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/aurangabad/CHAP02/NIZAM.htm|publisher=Maharashtra State Gazetteers|year=2014|access-date=4 August 2020}}</ref>
Asaf Jah was married to Said-Un-Nissa Begum, who belonged to a Sayed family from [[Gulbargah]]. From this marriage he had four children, two daughters and two sons; Ghazi-Uddin and Nasir Jung. From other wives he had four more sons; Salabat Jung, Nizam Ali Khan-(later Nizam II), Basalat Jung, and Mogal Ali Khan.<ref name="Maha_Gaz2"/>{{note|1}}


==Death==
==Death==


Due to continuous engagement in restoring internal conflicts and resolving [[Mughal–Maratha Wars|increasing treats of neighboring Marathas]], he was engaged in  extensive tour of his domain and in this process as soon as in May 1748 he arrived in [[Burhanpur]], he caught cold and flu that deteriorated his health. Realizing death upon him, the Nizam dictated his last testament (wasiyyatnama), spanning 17 clauses  in the presence of his available family members and close confidants. He died on 1 June 1748 aged 77 at [[Burhanpur]], and was buried at [[Mausoleum|''mazaar'']] of [[Sayyid Burhan-ud-din|Shaikh Burhan ud-din Gharib Chisti]], [[Khuldabad]], near [[Aurangabad Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], the place where Nizams mentor [[Aurangazeb]] is also buried.<ref name="Faruqui"/>
Due to continuous engagement in restoring internal conflicts and resolving [[Mughal–Maratha Wars|increasing treats of neighboring Marathas]], he was engaged in  extensive tour of his domain. During this tour, in May 1748, he arrived in [[Burhanpur]], he caught cold and flu that deteriorated his health. Realizing death upon him, the Nizam dictated his last testament (wasiyyatnama), spanning 17 clauses  in the presence of his available family members and close confidants. He died on 1 June 1748 aged 77 at [[Burhanpur]], and was buried at [[Mausoleum|''mazaar'']] of [[Sayyid Burhan-ud-din|Shaikh Burhan ud-din Gharib Chisti]], [[Khuldabad]], near [[Aurangabad Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], the place where Nizams mentor [[Aurangazeb]] is also buried.<ref name="Faruqui"/>
 
The death of Asaf Jah I in 1748 resulted in a period of political unrest as his sons and grandson—[[Nasir Jung]] (1748–1750), [[Muhyi ad-Din Muzaffar Jang Hidayat|Muzaffar Jang]] (1750-1751) and [[Salabat Jung]] (1751-1762)—contended for the throne backed by opportunistic neighbouring states and colonial foreign forces. The accession of [[Ali Khan Asaf Jah II|Asaf Jah II]], who reigned from 1762 to 1803, ended the instability. In 1768 he signed the [[Treaty of Masulipatam]], surrendering the coastal region to the [[East India Company]] in return for a fixed annual rent.<ref name="Reg Sal Geo">{{cite book|title=Nizam-British relations, 1724–1857|publisher=Concept Publishing|pages=130–150|isbn=978-81-7022-195-1|last=Regani|first=Sarojini|year=1988}}
* {{cite book|title=A comprehensive history of medieval India|publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]]|page=346|isbn=978-81-317-3202-1|last=Farooqui|first=Salma Ahmed|year=2011}}
* {{cite book|title=An historical sketch of the native states of India in subsidiary alliance with the British government|publisher=Asian Education Services|pages=280–292|isbn=978-81-206-1971-5|last=Malleson|first=George Bruce|year=2005}}
* {{cite book|title=The annals of Indian administration, Volume 14| publisher=BiblioBazaar|page=467|isbn=978-1-145-42314-5|last=Townsend|first=Meredith|year=2010}}</ref>


==Titles==
==Titles==
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{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==Further reading==
==Bibliography==
* {{cite book| title = Nizamu'l-Mulk Asaf Jah I | last = Khan | first = Yousuf Hussain | author-link = Yousuf Hussain Khan | publisher = Basel Mission Press | date = 1936 | url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.77281/page/n3}}
* {{cite book| title = Nizamu'l-Mulk Asaf Jah I | last = Khan | first = Yousuf Hussain | author-link = Yousuf Hussain Khan | publisher = Basel Mission Press | date = 1936 | url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.77281/page/n3}}
* {{cite book| last = Mehta |first=Jaswant Lal | title = Advanced study in the history of modern India 1707–1813|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC| year = 2005| publisher = Sterling| isbn = 9781932705546|accessdate=29 September 2021}}
* {{cite book|last=Faruqui |first=Munis D. |chapter=At Empire's End: The Nizam, Hyderabad and Eighteenth-century India |editor1=Richard M. Eaton |editor2=Munis D. Faruqui |editor3=David Gilmartin |editor4=Sunil Kumar |title=Expanding Frontiers in South Asian and World History: Essays in Honour of John F. Richards |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h0_xhdCScQkC&pg=PA1 |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-03428-0 |pages=1–38}}
* {{cite book|last=Faruqui |first=Munis D. |chapter=At Empire's End: The Nizam, Hyderabad and Eighteenth-century India |editor1=Richard M. Eaton |editor2=Munis D. Faruqui |editor3=David Gilmartin |editor4=Sunil Kumar |title=Expanding Frontiers in South Asian and World History: Essays in Honour of John F. Richards |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h0_xhdCScQkC&pg=PA1 |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-03428-0 |pages=1–38}}


{{subject bar |commons=y |commons-search= Asaf Jah I}}
==External Links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4iwPKCRkJmk The Nizam's Golden Era]
 
{{subject bar |commons=y |commons-search= Category:Asaf Jah I}}


{{Hyderabad state}}
{{Hyderabad state}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Asaf Jah, Khan Qamar Ud Din Siddiqi}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Asaf Jah, Khan Qamar Ud Din Siddiqi}}
[[Category:Grand Viziers of the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Grand viziers of the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Mughal nobility]]
[[Category:Mughal nobility]]
[[Category:1671 births]]
[[Category:1671 births]]

Latest revision as of 02:04, 21 April 2022


Nizam-ul-Mulk

Asaf Jah I
Chin Fateh Khan
Chin Qilich Khan,
Nizam-ul-Mulk
Asaf Jah
Khan-i-Dauran Bahadur
Khan-i-Khana
Fateh Jung
Firuz Jang
Ghazi-ud-din Bahadur
Amir-ul-Umara
Bakhshi-ul-Mumalik
Asaf Jah I.jpg
Nizam-ul-Mulk
1st Nizam of Hyderabad
Reign31 July 1724 – 1 June 1748
PredecessorPosition Established
SuccessorNasir Jang Mir Ahmad
Full name
Mir Qamar-ud-din Khan Chin Qilich Siddiqi Bayafandi Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah I
Years activec. 1677 – 1748
Born11 August 1671
Agra, Mughal India
Died1 June 1748
(aged of 76)
Burhanpur
BuriedKhuldabad (near Aurangabad), Hyderabad State, Mughal India
(now in Maharashtra, India)
Noble familyAsaf Jahi Dynasty
Spouse(s)Umda Begum, Said-Un-Nissa Begum
Issue
Firuz Jung
Nasir Jung
Salabat Jung
Asaf Jah II
Basalat Jung
Humayun Jah
7 daughters
FatherNawab Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung I Siddiqi Bayafandi Bahadur (Farzand-i-Arjumand)Ghazi Uddin Siddiqi.
MotherWazir un-nisa Begum
Military career
AllegianceAlam of the Mughal Empire.svg Mughal Empire
Service/branchNizam of Hyderabad
RankSowar, Faujdar, Grand Vizier, Subadar, Nizam
Battles/warsMughal-Maratha Wars
Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire
Battle of Karnal

Mir Qamar-ud-din Khan Siddiqi Bayafandi (11 August 1671 – 1 June 1748) also known as Chin Qilich Kamaruddin Khan, Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah and Nizam I, was the 1st Nizam of Hyderabad, a trusted nobleman and General of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. After Aurangzeb's death in 1707, the war of accession among Mughal princes took place, during which Asaf Jah kept neutral policy without siding with any of Aurangzeb's sons. When Bahadur Shah I became victorious, Asaf Jah was assigned governorship of Subah-(provinces) which kept changing until 1714 AD, when Emperor Farrukhsiyar assigned him the Mughal Viceroy of the Deccan—administrator of six Mughal governorates in South India (1714–1719 AD) and from 1719 to 1722 AD, where he was engaged in establishing his authority over different Mughal governorates and resolving conflict created by Sayyid brothers after the death of Emperor Aurangzeb. After eliminating Sayyed brothers in 1720 and 1722 with the support of Emperor Muhammad Shah, he served as a Mughal Grand vizier (1722–1724 AD), and due to difference with the Emperor and his nobles he left all of his imperial assignments and moved to the Deccan establishing Asaf Jahi dynasty (1724 AD), of which he was the Nizam I (1724–1748 AD).[1][2][3][4]

Background[edit]

Mir Qamar-ud-din Khan (also known as Nizam) was the son of Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung I and Wazir un-nissa (Safia Khanum)-married in 1670. Nizam's mother was the daughter of Sadullah Khan, the Grand vizier (1645-1656) of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan. During his tenure, construction of Taj Mahal was completed.[5][page needed][6] Though through his father, he is a descendant of Abu Bakr, the first caliph of Islam, his ancestry is traced from Shihab al-Din 'Umar al-Suhrawardi (1145–1234). His great-grandfather Alam Sheikh was a Sufi saint of Bukhara (in present-day Uzbekistan) he was titled as Azam ul Ulama by Imam Quli Khan (1611–1642) of Khanate of Bukhara. His grandfather Kilich Khan hailed from Samarkand in present-day Uzbekistan.[7] In 1654, Kilich Khan came to India for the first time while on his way to the Hajj (Islamic pilgrimage) during the reign of Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. After completing the pilgrimage, he migrated to India and joined erstwhile Mughal prince Aurangzeb's army in Deccan in 1657.[8] Khan fought in the Battle of Samugarh which ended with the defeat of Aurangzeb's brother Dara Shikoh.[9] Besides being a commander in Aurangzeb's army, he also served as governor of Zafarabad (present-day Bidar).[10] Khan's eldest son and Nizam-ul-Mulk's father Feroze Jung migrated to India in 1669, and got employed in Aurangzeb's army, raised a General and later as governor of Gujarat.[11][12]

Early life[edit]

He was born on 11 August 1671 as Mir Qamaruddin Khan to Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung I and his first wife Safia Khanum (Wazir unnisa Begum) at Agra, the name was given to him by the Mughal Emperor Aurangazeb.[13][14][15] His grandfathers were both important Mughal courtiers namely; General Kilich Khan (Paternal) and Grand vizier Saadullah Khan (Maternal).

Mir Qamaruddin was educated privately. In 1677 aged six, Mir Qumaruddin accompanied his father to the Mughal court. Aurangzeb awarded him a Mansab. Mir Qamaruddin displayed considerable skill as a warrior and in his teens he began accompanying his father into battles, for which Mir Qamaruddin Khan received a rank of 400 zaat and 100 Sowar in 1684.[15] In 1688 aged 17 he joined his father in the successful assault on the fort of Adoni and was promoted to the rank of 2000 zaat and 500 Sowar and presented with the finest Arab steed with gold trappings and a pastille perfumed with ambergris from the Mughal court. In 1690 aged 19 he was bestowed with the title Chin Qilich Khan (boy swordsman) and was gifted with a female elephant by Aurangazeb. In 1693, the Marathas sieged the Panhala Fort. In response, Mir Qamaruddin fought and defeated the Marathas at Karad. 30 Marathas were taken as prisoners.[16] In 1698, Aurangzeb sent Mir Qamaruddin to put down a revolt at Nagori, near Bijapur. The emperor was satisfied with his expedition and subsequently sent him to Kotha to restore order. Following his success, he was raised to a rank of 3,000 zaat and 500 Sowar. In 1699 Aurangzeb promoted him to 3,500 zaat and 3,000 Sowar. Mir Qumaruddin successfully sieged the Panhala Fort which was occupied by the Marathas. He closed all the roads as a result of which no supply could reach the inhabitants.[16] The fort fell to his forces on 9 June 1700. Satisfied with his services, Aurangzeb made him the faujdar (garrison commander) of Bijapur and increased his rank by 400 "Sowar".[17]

Career[edit]

Life After Aurangzeb[edit]

The disintegration of the Mughal empire which Aurangzeb had well established, began upon Aurangzeb's death in 1707. The Sayyid brothers-(Syed Hussain Ali Khan and Syed Hassan Ali Khan Barha) became highly influential in the Mughal Court after Aurangzeb's death and became king makers during the anarchy following the death of emperor Aurangzeb in 1707.[18] They created conflict in the Mughal court by eliminating and appointing new emperor one after other. When Bahadur Shah I (1707-1712) died, his successor Jahandar Shah (1712-1713) was assassinated and his nephew Farrukhsiyar (1713–1719) became the emperor with the support of Sayyid brothers, Farrukhsiyar was later blinded, deposed and murdered and his first cousin Rafi ud-Darajat (February–June 1719) became Emperor and died of lung disease, when his elder brother Rafi ud-Daulah (June–September 1719) became Emperor who also died of lung disease, thus Muhammad Shah (1719–1748) the grandson of Bahadur Shah I from his fourth son Jahan Shah ascended the throne at the age of 17 years with Sayyid Brothers as his regents.[19]

Later Mughals and Asaf Jah[edit]

After Aurangzeb's death in 1707, Asaf Jah was appointed Governor of Oudh. After Bahadur Shah I's death in 1712 Asaf Jah opted for a private life in Delhi. His sabbatical was cut short when in 1714 Farrukhsiyar appointed Asaf Jah I as Viceroy of the Deccan—(administrator of six Mughal governorates) with the title Nizam-ul-Mulk (Administrator of the Realm) and Fateh Jung.[20] In 1719, Asaf Jah was then called upon by Farrukhsiyar to help fight off the Sayyid Brothers, Farrukhsiyar lost his strife against the Sayyid Brothers and was killed in 1719. In due course from 1719 to 1722, Asaf Jah I was on a mission to eradicate the Sayyid brothers from Mughal court and to make this happen he organized and promoted Central Asian nobels in the Mughal court against the Sayyid brothers, in 1720 he captured the forts of Asirgarh and Burhanpur in Deccan and killed Mir Alam Ali Khan, the adopted son of Sayyid Hussain Ali Khan, who was the Deputy Subahdar of the Deccan. Muhammad Shah with the help of Asaf Jah, got Syed Hussain Ali Khan murdered in 1720 and Syed Hassan Ali Khan Barha poisoned in 1722, Muhammad Shah assumed as independent Mughal Emperor and as a reward in 1722, Asaf Jah was appointed as Grand Vazir (Prime Minister) of the Mughal Empire. As a Grand Vazir Asaf Jah's attempts to reform the court corruption which created for him many enemies. In 1723, Asaf Jah differences with the court noble increased and alarmed with his growing power, Muhammad Shah transferred him from the court of Delhi to Awadh. Nizam rebelled against the order, resigned as the Grand vizier left all imperial responsibilities and marched towards the Deccan by the end of the year 1723.[21][20][22][23][24] Under the influence of Asaf Jah's opponents, Muhammad Shah issued a decree to Mubariz Khan-the Governor of Hyderabad, to stop Asaf Jah which resulted in the Battle of Shakar Kheda.[25][page needed][23] In 1724, Asaf Jah I defeated Mubariz Khan and in response the Mughal emperor recognized him as the viceroy of the Deccan.[26]

Governor of Bijapur[edit]

Mir Qamaruddin became the subahdar (governor) of Bijapur in 1702 and was awarded with a steed by Emperor Aurangzeb. In the same year, he was also given the faujdari of Azamnagar and Belgaum. In 1704, he became the faujdar of Nusratabad and Mudgal.[17] In 1705 Mir Qumaruddin was survived the attacks during the Siege of Wagingera Fort, and led an assault in the hillock of Lal Tikri.[27] He attacked the Marathas who were attempting to provide supplies to the besieged inhabitants at Vardhangad Fort". The Marathas were ultimately defeated. Mir Qamaruddin was raised to a rank of 5,000 zaat and 5,000 "Sowar" for his performance in the siege. He was also awarded with a jewelled sabre and an elephant.[28]

Viceroy of the Deccan[edit]

On 10 January 1713 Mughal prince Farrukhsiyar defeated Mughal Emperor Jahandar Shah in the Battle of Agra and later killed him, One of Mughal general Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung aided and intrigues Jahandar Shah after the death of his father Bahadur Shah I in 1712 to overcame all his brothers-(including the battle in which Azim-ush-Shan father of Farrukhsiyar was drowned in the Ravi River) and ascended the throne of Mughal Emperor, in return Zulfiqar Khan was made Grand vizier, "Amir-ul-Umara" and Viceroy of the Deccan all at once. Zulfiqar Khan was captured and strangled to death in 1713 AD with the orders of Farrukhsiyar.[29][30]

In 1713 Farrukhsiyar appointed Mir Qumaruddin as Viceroy of the Deccan—(administrator of six Mughal governorates) and Faujdar of Carnatic region with the title Nizam-ul-Mulk (Administrator of the Realm) and Fateh Jung (Conqueror of battles).[31] He was a competent diplomatic person and accomplished his responsibilities very well, he eventually organized the administration, augmented finances and obtained full control over the Deccan including Carnatic region, the Nizam abrogated Maratha's from collecting Chauth in the region under his control which was granted by his predecessors. Nizam had been with Aurangzeb throughout his Deccan campaign. He was aware of the territory as well as the native communities for which he avoided direct confrontation with the Marathas and locals, rather he reduced the growing influence of Maratha's in Deccan by bringing Sambhaji II of Kolhapur to his side and appointing the rival Maratha generals (Maratha generals, Candrasen Jadhav, Sultanji Nimbalkar and Raja Rambha Rao Bahadur) under his services.[32][33][34][30][35][36]^ In 1715 AD, Farrukhsiyar under the influence of Sayyed brothers, call back Nizam to Delhi, and replaced Syed Hussain Ali Khan (one among the Sayyed brothers) as the viceroy of Deccan.[35][36]^

Governor of Malwa-challenges-restoring Emperor[edit]

The Sayyid brothers became the sole authority of Mughal court reducing the status of the Turkic and the Irani noblemen. As a result, they formed a force of counter-revolution against the Sayyid brothers. The head of the Counter revolution was the Nizam. To subdue the counter-revolution, the Sayyid brothers shifted Nizam-ul-mulk from Delhi. In 1715 AD, the Nizam was appointed as the Governor of Malwa-(central India), a lesser position than previous post. in 1716 AD Nizam unwillingly accepted the new post so that he can reinforce his forces against the Sayyid brothers and to check and halt the increasing influence of Marathas in the central India region.[37]

In 1719, Nizam got suspicious against the machination of Sayyed brothers and understood there intentions to take over Mughal Empire. When two of the Mughal Emperors died simultaneously with in a year due to same ailment and Muhammad Shah the 18-year-old Mughal prince was appointed Mughal Emperor and Sayyid Brothers as regent to the Mughal Emperor, the Nizam commence full-fledged preparation to launch an armed action against them. When Sayyid Brothers learned about the Nizams situation, they got furious and issue an imperial order asking the Nizam to report in Delhi, and alternately they planned an attack on Nizam in case if he do not report. Meanwhile, Nizam received a secret communication from Mughal empress mother "resist the Sayyids, and you will find yourself a place of honour in the history of Mughals, May Allah help you in a war of righteous against suppression", and later a secret communication was sent by Emperor Muhammad Shah to get him relive from the atrocities of Sayyid Brothers. Nizam convinced with Sayyid Brothers planning and refused to report in Delhi and decided to eliminate Sayyid brothers.[33]

In Delhi Sayyid brothers released imperial order to attack Nizma's forces from two fronts, thus dispatched 20,000 imperial army of Delhi lead by Dilawar Khan to attack from North and Army of Governor of Aurangabad lead by Alim Ali-(the adopted son of Syed Hussain Ali Khan) to attack from South. Nizam being a military strategist rather than marching towards Delhi he decided to move southwards to the Deccan where he have many sympathizers to support. The Nizam utilizing his diplomatic manipulation occupied Asirgarh Fort from Mughals, and left Ujjain towards Burhanpur. His army clashed with Dilawar Khan aided by Maratha reinforcement near Burhanpur (Khandwa) in June 1720, Dilawar Khan and Marathas were defeated and Nizam took over Burhnpur. Sayyed brothers hopeless with the battle result issued an imperial order appointing Nizam as Viceroy of Deccan.[31][33]

Mughal empress mother alarmed Nizam that "Plans are already being made to mount a strong invasion of the south, be on your guard" meanwhile Sayyed brothers ordered Alim Ali-(Uninformed by Sayyed brothers about Nizam's appointment as Viceroy of Deccan) to march towards Nizam and stop him from reaching Aurangabad. Nizam wanted to avoid any war against a 20 year old Alim Ali, and sent his envoy, but all his efforts to avoid war went vain when in July 1720 AD Alim Ali approach with his army, though Alim Ali fought with bravery he lost against Nizams well equipped army. Frustrated with the defeat of Alim Ali, Sayyed brothers now decided to attack with much larger imperial army of 50,000 lead by Emperor Muhammad Shah, they decided to move towards south by collecting reinforcement from Rajputana. While Mughal army was encamped in the outskirts of Delhi, a plot was devised against the Sayyid brothers and a section of Nizam's sympathizer a Turcic soldier assassinated commander and chief of the Mughal Army Sayyid Hussain (one of Sayyed Brothers) on 9 October 1720. When Abdullah Khan was informed about the death of his brother, he became furious and march towards Delhi from Agra to avenge his brother's murder, he led an army against the Emperor Muhammad Shah with his own puppet Emperor, Ibrahim. Muhammad Shah assigned Nizam's uncle and sympathizer Muhammad Amin Khan Turani to march towards Agara to deal with Abdullah Khan, the battle was fought near Hasanpur, most of Abdullah Khan army deserted him, Abdullah Khan personally fought on foot following the Barha tradition and was captured in November 1720, and eventually being poisoned while in captivity. Muhammad Shah was crowned Emperor without any regent and Muhammad Amin Khan Turani was appointed as first Grand vizier.[38][39][31][33] Nizam choose to continued his stay in Deccan and when Muhammad Amin Khan Turani died in 1721, he was offered to be Grand vizier of Mughal Empire.

Grand Vizier of Mughal Empire[edit]

In 1721 AD, Nizam ul-Mulk was rewarded for eliminating the Sayyid Brothers with the post of Wakil E Mutlaq Grand vizier in the court of Muhammad Shah, the 18-year-old successor. Nizam's desire to restore the decorum of Mughals lapsed when some courtiers, cliques of corrupt concubines and eunuchs along with harlots and jesters who were the Emperor's constant companions became Nizams enemy and coercively built distrust in the mind of Emperor about Nizam's growing power, thou Muhammad Shah had been dependent entirely upon the policies and courage of the Nizam, he transferred him from the court of Delhi to Awadh in 1723 AD. Nizam rebelled against the imperial order, abdicate as the Grand vizier and marched towards the Deccan against the will of Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah. Under the influence of Nizam's opponents, Muhammad Shah issued a decree to Mubariz Khan-the Governor of Hyderabad, to stop Nizam which resulted in the Battle of Shakar Kheda.[2][page needed][23] In 1724, Asaf Jah I defeated Mubariz Khan and in response, the Mughal emperor was forced to recognize him as the viceroy of the Deccan with the title of Asaf Jah.[26][40]

Nizam of Hyderabad[edit]

Asaf Jah I, Viceroy of the Deccan

On 11 October 1724, the Nizam established autonomous rule over the Deccan region and started what came to be known as the Asaf Jahi dynasty. Subsequent rulers retained the title Nizam ul-Mulk and were referred to as Asaf Jahi Nizams, or Nizams of Hyderabad.[31][41] Nizam remained loyal to the Mughal Emperor, did not assume any imperial title, and continued to acknowledge Mughal suzerainty.[42] He acquired de facto control over Deccan and thus all six Mughal viceregal governorates of Deccan became his feudatory.[43][44]

In 1725 AD, as a sovereign ruler, the Nizam wanted to strengthening the Deccan by controlling the growing influence of the Marathas, he confronted and defeated Maratha forces and prevented them from collecting levies in Carnatic region—(it was granted to Marathas by his predecessor Mughal Viceroy of Deccan in 1719 AD).[45][46] In 1726 AD Sambhaji II of Kolhapur seek the Nizam's arbitration to settle issues with Shahu I of Satara which Shahu declined, thus in 1727 AD the Nizam armies captured Pune and appointed Sambhaji II as Chhatrapati.[45][47] These valorous acts of the Nizam started an extended series of conflicts with Shahu who uses a Guerrilla warfare technique lead by his Peshwa Baji Rao I, which resulted in the Battle of Palkhed in 1728 AD, Sambhaji II repudiate at the last moment and the Shahu forces surrounded the Nizam, he sign the treaty with Shahu which restored him as a Chhatrapati of Marathas and the right to collect levies in the Carnatic region.[45][47]

1733 AD the Nizam and Baji Rao had made a compact to support each other in times of external attacks, in 1734 the Marathas attacked and captured bundelkhand and Malwa from the Mughal control, in exchange of these territories the Mughal emperor gave them the right to collect levies from Deccan, to which the nizam refused and the secret compact among both was broken.[48] in 1737 AD when Maratha forces gathered in Delhi, Nizam marched against Maraths from Deccan to stop the invasion thus Maraths withdraw from Delhi and with the help of Nawab of Bhopal, they make a counter attack on Nizam's armies which resulted in the Battle of Bhopal, later in January 1738, a peace treaty was signed between both the parties and withdraw to there regions.[48][49][50][36]^

The Nizam divided his newly acquired kingdom into three parts. One third became his own private estate known as the Sarf-i-Khas, one third was allotted for the expenses of the government and was known as the Diwans territory, and the remainder was distributed to nobles (Jagirdar, Zamindars, Deshmukh), who in return paid nazars (gifts) to the Nizam for the privilege of collecting revenue from the villages under their suzerainty. The most important of these were the Paigah estates. The Paigah's doubled up as generals, making it easy to raise an army should the Nizams Dominions come under attack. They were the equivalent to the Barmakids for the Abbasid Caliphate. Only second to the Nizams family.

War against the Marathas[edit]

"The earth dried up, the clouds without dew, Alas! for the poor handful of grass."But marathas never fight directly in the battlefield and always run around and fight from behind the mountains."

Warid, written proverb describing Asaf Jah I and Samsam-ud-Daula's campaign against the Marathas in 1734[51]

In 1725, the Marathas clashed with the Nizam, who refused to pay Chauth and Sardeshmukhi to the Marathas. The war began in August 1727 and ended in March 1728. Nizam was defeated at Battle of Palkhed near Nashik by Bajirao I, the son of Peshwa Balaji Vishwanath Bhatt.[52]

Nader Shah[edit]

In 1739, from beyond the Hindu kush, Nader Shah started advancing towards Delhi through Afghanistan and the Punjab.[53]

Nizam ul-Mulk sent his troops to Karnal, where Mughal Emperor Muhammed Shah's forces had gathered to turn back the Persian army. But the combined forces were cannon fodder for the Persian cavalry and its superior weaponry and tactics. Nader Shah defeated the combined armies of Muhammed Shah and Nizam.

Nader Shah entered Delhi and stationed his troops there. Some locals of Delhi had a quarrel and attacked his soldiers. After nine hundred of his soldiers were killed in a bazaar brawl, Nader Shah flew into a rage, drew out his sword from the scabbard and ordered a massacre. Muhammad Shah was unable to prevent Delhi from being destroyed. When Nader Shah ordered the massacre in Delhi, neither the helpless Mughal Emperor Muhammed Shah nor any of his Ministers had the courage to speak to Nader Shah and negotiate for a truce. Asaf Jah came forward and risked his life for by going to Nader Shah and asking him to end the bloodbath of the city.[53] Legend has it that Asaf Jah said to Nader Shah

"You have taken the lives of thousands of people of the city, if you still wish to continue the bloodshed, then bring those dead back to life and then kill them again, for there are none left to be killed."

These words had a tremendous impact on Nader Shah – he ended the massacre on condition and returned to Persia.[53]

Later life[edit]

The Nizam was well suited to rule his own territory. The administration was under control.

In March 1742, the British who were based in Fort St George in Madras sent a modest hamper to Nizam ul-mulk in recognition of his leadership of the most important of the Mughal successor states. Its contents included a gold throne, gold and silver threaded silk from Europe, two pairs of large painted looking glasses, and equipage for coffee cups, 163.75 yards of green and 73.5 yards of crimson velvet, brocades, Persian carpets, a gold ceremonial cloth, two Arab horses, half a dozen ornate rose-water bottles and 39.75 chests of rose water – enough to keep the Nizam and his entire darbar fragrant for the rest of his reign. In return, the Nizam sent one horse, a piece of jewelry and a note warning the British that they had no right to mint their own currency, to which they complied.

It was after Nizam ul-mulk's death that his son and grandson sought help from the British and French in order to win the throne. Just days before he died in 1748, Asaf Jah dictated his last will and testament. The 17 clause document was a blueprint for governance and personal conduct that ranged from advice on how to keep the troops happy and well fed to an apology for neglecting his wife. He then reminded his successors to remain subservient to the Mughal Emperor who had granted them their office and rank. He warned against declaring war unnecessarily, but if forced to do so to seek the help of elders and saints and follow the sayings and practices of the Prophet. Finally, he insisted to his sons that "you must not lend your ears to tittle-tattle of the backbiters and slanderers, nor suffer the riff-raff to approach your presence."[4]

Legacy[edit]

By the Reign of the seventh Nizam, his dominion were similar in size to Belgium, but it was a far cry from when the first Nizam had ruled over a territory the size of France.

Nizam-ul-Mulk is remembered as laying the foundation for what would become one of the most important Muslim states outside the Middle East by the first half of the twentieth century. Hyderabad State survived right through the period of British rule up to the time of Indian independence in 1947, and was indeed the largest – the state covered an extensive 95,337 sq. miles, an area larger than Mysore or Gwalior and the size of Nepal and Kashmir put together[54] (although it was the size of France when the first Nizam held reign) – and one of the most prosperous, among the princely states of the British Raj. The titles of "Nizam Ul Mulk" and "Asaf Jah" that were bestowed on him by the Mughal Emperors, carried his legacy as his descendants ruled under the title of " Nizam of Hyderabad" and the dynasty itself came to be known as the Asaf Jahi Dynasty.

In early 1710, while being as Subedar of Awadh, he was very much disturbed with the Mughal Emperors court politics and crafty cliques present inside the court, that he resigned from Subedari of Awadh and left to live a life of Fakir.[55]

Personal life[edit]

Asaf Jah was married to Said-Un-Nissa Begum, who belonged to a Sayed family from Gulbargah. From this marriage he had four children, two daughters and two sons; Ghazi-Uddin and Nasir Jung. From other wives he had four more sons; Salabat Jung, Nizam Ali Khan-(later Nizam II), Basalat Jung, and Mogal Ali Khan.[36]^

Death[edit]

Due to continuous engagement in restoring internal conflicts and resolving increasing treats of neighboring Marathas, he was engaged in extensive tour of his domain. During this tour, in May 1748, he arrived in Burhanpur, he caught cold and flu that deteriorated his health. Realizing death upon him, the Nizam dictated his last testament (wasiyyatnama), spanning 17 clauses in the presence of his available family members and close confidants. He died on 1 June 1748 aged 77 at Burhanpur, and was buried at mazaar of Shaikh Burhan ud-din Gharib Chisti, Khuldabad, near Aurangabad, the place where Nizams mentor Aurangazeb is also buried.[4]

The death of Asaf Jah I in 1748 resulted in a period of political unrest as his sons and grandson—Nasir Jung (1748–1750), Muzaffar Jang (1750-1751) and Salabat Jung (1751-1762)—contended for the throne backed by opportunistic neighbouring states and colonial foreign forces. The accession of Asaf Jah II, who reigned from 1762 to 1803, ended the instability. In 1768 he signed the Treaty of Masulipatam, surrendering the coastal region to the East India Company in return for a fixed annual rent.[56]

Titles[edit]

  • 1685 : Khan
  • 1691 : Khan Bahadur
  • 1697 : Chin Qilich Khan (by Emperor Aurangazeb[57])
  • 9 December 1707 : Khan-i-Dauran Bahadur
  • 1712 : Ghazi ud-din Khan Bahadur and Firuz Jang
  • 12 January 1713 : Khan-i-Khanan, Nizam ul-Mulk and Fateh Jang (by Emperor Farrukhsiyar[57])
  • 12 July 1737 : Asaf Jah (by Emperor Muhammad Shah[57])
  • 26 February 1739 : Amir ul-Umara and Bakshi ul-Mamalik (Paymaster-General)
  • Final : Chin Fateh Khan, Chin Qilich Khan, Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah, Khan-i-Dauran Bahadur, Khan-i-Khana, Fateh Jung, Firuz Jang, Ghazi-ud-din Bahadur, Amir-ul-Umara, Bakhshi-ul-Mumalik[citation needed]

In popular culture[edit]

Positions[edit]

Military promotions[edit]

  • Commander of 400-foot and 100 horse, 1684 (roughly equivalent to a modern battalion commander or lieutenant-colonel)
  • 400-foot and 500 horse, 1691
  • 400-foot and 900 horse, 1698
  • 3,000-foot and 500 horse, 1698 (roughly equivalent to a modern regimental commander or colonel)
  • 3,500-foot and 3,000 horse, 1698 (roughly equivalent to a modern brigade commander or brigadier)
  • 4,000-foot and 3,000 horse, 1699,
  • 4,000-foot and 3,600 horse, 1700
  • 4,000-foot and 4,000 horse, 1702 (roughly equivalent to a modern division commander or major-general)
  • 5,000-foot and 5,000 horse, 1705
  • 6,000-foot and 6,000 horse, 9 December 1707
  • 7,000-foot and 7,000 horse, 27 January 1708
  • 8,000-foot and 8,000 horse, 12 January 1713
  • 9,000-foot and 9,000 horse, 8 February 1722[citation needed]
Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I
Preceded by
None 		Nizam of Hyderabad
1720 – 1 June 1748 		Succeeded by
Nasir Jang Mir Ahmad

References[edit]

  1. ↑ William Irvine (1922). Later Mughals . Vol. 2, 1719–1739. p. 271. OCLC 452940071.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Mehta 2005, p. 143.
  3. ↑ Rai, Raghunath. History. FK Publications. ISBN 9788187139690.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Faruqui, Munis D. (2009). "At Empire's End: The Nizam, Hyderabad and Eighteenth-Century India". Modern Asian Studies. Cambridge University Press. 43 (1): 5–6. doi:10.1017/S0026749X07003290. JSTOR 20488070. S2CID 146592706.
  5. ↑ Faruqui 2013.
  6. ↑ Sharma, Gauri (2006). Prime Ministers Under the Mughals 1526-1707. Kanishka, New Delhi. ISBN 8173918236.
  7. ↑ Khan 1936, p. 1.
  8. ↑ Khan 1936, p. 2.
  9. ↑ Khan 1936, p. 4.
  10. ↑ Khan 1936, p. 8.
  11. ↑ Khan 1936, p. 11-12.
  12. ↑ Faruqui 2013, p. 3-4.
  13. ↑ William Irvine (1971). Later Mughal. Atlantic Publishers & Distri. p. 270.
  14. ↑ Khan 1936, p. 41.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Khan 1936, p. 42.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Khan 1936, p. 44.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Khan 1936, p. 45.
  18. ↑ Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. p. 193. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
  19. ↑ Shaharyar M. Khan (2000). The Begums of Bhopal (illustrated ed.). I.B.Tauris. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-86064-528-0.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Richards, John.F. (1993). The Mughal Empire, Part 1. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. pp. 279–281. ISBN 9780521566032. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
  21. ↑ "Nizam-Ul-Mulk Asaf Jah I, Delhi's Sayyid Brothers and Rise of the British East India Company". Rahnuma e Deccan. 6 March 2019. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
  22. ↑ Mehta 2005, pp. 93–143.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Roy, Olivier (2011). Holy Ignorance: When Religion and Culture Part Ways. Columbia University Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-231-80042-6.
  24. ↑ Bandyopadhyaya, Sekhara (2004). From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India. Orient Blackswan. pp. 16–18. ISBN 9788125025962. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
  25. ↑ Mehta 2005.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Kate, P. V. (1987). Marathwada Under the Nizams, 1724–1948. Mittal. pp. 11–13. ISBN 978-81-7099-017-8.
  27. ↑ Khan 1936, p. 46.
  28. ↑ Khan 1936, p. 47.
  29. ↑ John F. Richards, The New Cambridge History of India: The Mughal Empire (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993), p. 262
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Pandharipande, Reeti; Nadimpally, Lasya (5 August 2017). "A brief history of the Nizams of Hyderabad". outlookindia.com/. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 Richards, John.F. (1993). The Mughal Empire, Part 1. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. pp. 273–281. ISBN 9780521566032. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
  32. ↑ Sinha, H.N (1960). "The new foundations of Maratha power". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 23: 232. JSTOR 44304068. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 Paul, Jaiwant.E (2017). Baji Rao: The Warrior Peshwa. Roli Books Private Limited. pp. 24–25. ISBN 9789351941200. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
  34. ↑ Mehta 2005, pp. 24–25.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "The Marathas and the Nizam" (PDF). Government of Maharashtra. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 "District Gazetteers list". Government of Maharashtra. 2006. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
  37. ↑ akhtar, MD Shakil (2008). Composition and role of the nobility (1739-1761) (PDF) (Thesis). Aligarh Muslim University. p. 39-59. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  38. ↑ Ervine, William (2006). The later Mughals. Low Price Publications. ISBN 8175364068.
  39. ↑ Malik, Zahiruddin (1965). "Farmans of Muhammad Shah to Nizam ul Mulk". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. Indian History Congress. 27: 183–192. JSTOR 44140616. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
  40. ↑ Mahajan, VD (2007). History of Medieval India. S Chand Publication. pp. 175–178. ISBN 9788121903646. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
  41. ↑ Ikram, S. M. (1964). "A century of political decline: 1707–1803". Muslim civilization in India. Columbia University. ISBN 978-0-231025-80-5. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
  42. ↑ Mehta 2005, pp. 93–94.
  43. ↑ Mackenna, P. J.; Taylor, William Cooke (2008). Ancient and Modern India. Wertheimer and Company. p. 98. ISBN 978-1-247867-35-9. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  44. ↑ Corner(Julia), Miss (1847). The History of China and India: Pictorial and Descriptive. H.Washbourne. pp. 298–310. ISBN 978-1-011544-27-1. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 Kumar, Mukesh (2020). "BA Semester VI- Maratha History 1707-1818 AD (HISKB 602)" (PDF). Department of History, KMC Language University, Luckhnow. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
  46. ↑ Bosu, Bhaskarjyoti; Basu, Bhaskrjyoti (1981). "Trading world of the Southern coromandel and the crisis of the 1730's" (PDF). Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 42: 333–339. JSTOR 44141147. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Sardesai, Govind Sakharam (1948). New History of the Marathas: The expansion of the Maratha power, 1707-1772. Vol. 2. Phoenix Publications. pp. 96–101. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Sewell, Robert (2008). The Analytical History of India: From the Earliest Times to the Abolition of the Honourable East India Company in 1858. W.H. Allen and Company. pp. 68–71. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  49. ↑ An Advanced History of Modern India
  50. ↑ S.R. Bakshi and O.P. Ralhan (2007). Madhya Pradesh Through the Ages. Sarup & Sons. p. 384. ISBN 978-81-7625-806-7.
  51. ↑ Full text of "Later Mughals;"
  52. ↑ Bernard Law Montgomery Montgomery of Alamein (Viscount) (2000). A Concise History of Warfare. Wordsworth Editions Limited. p. 132. ISBN 978-1-84022-223-4.
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 Dalrymple, William; Anand, Anita (11 December 2016). "One diamond to rule the world". The Indian Express. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  54. ↑ "Hyderabad Online : The Nizam Dynasty". Archived from the original on 16 April 2007.
  55. ↑ Khan 1936, p. 51.
  56. ↑ Regani, Sarojini (1988). Nizam-British relations, 1724–1857. Concept Publishing. pp. 130–150. ISBN 978-81-7022-195-1.
    • Farooqui, Salma Ahmed (2011). A comprehensive history of medieval India. Dorling Kindersley. p. 346. ISBN 978-81-317-3202-1.
    • Malleson, George Bruce (2005). An historical sketch of the native states of India in subsidiary alliance with the British government. Asian Education Services. pp. 280–292. ISBN 978-81-206-1971-5.
    • Townsend, Meredith (2010). The annals of Indian administration, Volume 14. BiblioBazaar. p. 467. ISBN 978-1-145-42314-5.
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 "Hyderabad on the Net : The Nizams". Archived from the original on 4 February 2012.

Bibliography[edit]

External Links[edit]

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