Template:Infobox former monarchy
The emperors of the Mughal Empire, who were all members of the Timurid dynasty, ruled the empire from its inception on 21 April 1526 to its dissolution on 21 September 1857.[1] They were monarchs of the Mughal Empire in the Indian subcontinent, mainly corresponding to the modern day countries of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh. They ruled many parts of India from 1526 and by 1707, they ruled most of the subcontinent. Afterwards, they declined rapidly, but nominally ruled territories until the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
The Mughal dynasty was founded by Babur (r. 1526–1530), a Timurid prince from the Fergana Valley (modern-day Uzbekistan). He was a direct descendant of both Timur and Genghis Khan.[2]
The Mughal emperors had significant Indian and Persian ancestry through marriage alliances as emperors were born to Indian and Persian princesses.[3][4][5]
During the reign of 6th Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, the empire, as the world's largest economy and manufacturing power, worth over 25% of global GDP,[6] controlled nearly all of the Indian subcontinent, extending from Dhaka in the east to Kabul in the west and from Kashmir in the north to the Kaveri River in the south.[7][8]
Its population at the time is estimated to be around 158,400,000 (a quarter of the world's total population), over a territory of more than 4 million square kilometres (1.5 million square miles).[9][10] Mughal power rapidly dwindled during the 18th century and the last emperor, Bahadur Shah II, was deposed in 1857, with the establishment of the British Raj in India.[11]
Background[edit | edit source]
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- Titular emperors
Over the course of the empire, there were several claimants to the Mughal throne who ascended the throne or claimed to do so but were actually never recognized.[12]
Here are the claimants to the Mughal throne historians recognise as titular Mughal emperors.
- Shahryar Mirza (1627–1628)
- Dawar Baksh (1627–1628)
- Jahangir II (1719–1720)
List of Mughal emperors[edit | edit source]
| No. | Portrait | Titular Name | Birth Name | Birth | Reign | Death |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | _Babur_detail.jpg)
|
Babur بابر |
Zahir ud-Din Muhammad ظهیر الدین محمد |
14 February 1483 Andijan |
21 April 1526 – 26 December 1530 (Template:Age in years, months, and days) |
26 December 1530 (aged 47) Agra |
| 2 | 
|
Humayun همایوں |
Nasir ud-Din Muhammad نصیر الدین محمد |
6 March 1508 Kabul |
26 December 1530 – 17 May 1540 (Template:Age in years, months, and days) 22 February 1555 – 27 January 1556 (Template:Age in years, months, and days) |
27 January 1556 (aged 47) Delhi |
| 3 | .jpg)
|
Akbar I اکبر |
Jalal ud-Din Muhammad جلال الدین محمد |
15 October 1542 Umerkot |
11 February 1556 – 27 October 1605 (Template:Age in years, months, and days) |
27 October 1605 (aged 63) Agra |
| 4 | 
|
Jahangir جهانگیر |
Nur ud-Din Muhammad نور الدین محمد |
31 August 1569 Agra |
3 November 1605 – 28 October 1627 (Template:Age in years, months, and days) |
28 October 1627 (aged 58) Bhimber[13] |
| 5 | 
|
Shah Jahan I شاه جهان |
Shihab ud-Din Muhammad شهاب الدین محمد |
5 January 1592 Lahore |
19 January 1628 – 31 July 1658 (Template:Age in years, months, and days) |
22 January 1666 (aged 74) Agra |
| 6 | .jpg_(Cropped).jpg)
|
Aurangzeb اورنگزیب Alamgir I عالمگیر |
Muhi al-Din Muhammad محی الدین محمد |
3 November 1618 Dahod, Gujarat |
31 July 1658 – 3 March 1707 (Template:Age in years, months, and days) |
3 March 1707 (aged 88) Ahmednagar |
| 7 | .jpg)
|
Azam Shah اعظم شاه |
Qutb ud-Din Muhammad قطب الدين محمد |
28 June 1653 Burhanpur |
14 March – 20 June 1707 (Template:Age in years, months, and days) |
20 June 1707 (aged 53) Agra |
| 8 | 
|
Bahadur Shah I بهادر شاہ Shah Alam I شاه عالم اول |
Mirza Muhammad Mu'azzam مرزا محمد معظم |
14 October 1643 Burhanpur |
19 June 1707 – 27 February 1712 (Template:Age in years, months, and days) |
27 February 1712 (aged 68) Lahore |
| 9 | 
|
Jahandar Shah جهاندار شاہ |
Muiz ud-Din Muhammad معز الدین محمد First Puppet emperor |
9 May 1661 Deccan |
27 February 1712 – 11 February 1713 (Template:Age in years, months, and days) |
12 February 1713 (aged 51) Delhi |
| 10 | 
|
Farrukhsiyar فرخ سیر |
Muin al-Din Muhammad معین الدین محمد Puppet emperor under the Sayyids of Barha |
20 August 1685 Aurangabad |
11 January 1713 – 28 February 1719 (Template:Age in years, months, and days) |
19 April 1719 (aged 33) Delhi |
| 11 | 
|
Rafi ud-Darajat رفیع الدرجات |
Shams al-Din Muhammad شمس الدین محمد Puppet emperor under the Sayyids of Barha |
1 December 1699 | 28 February 1719 – 6 June 1719 (Template:Age in years, months, and days) |
6 June 1719 (aged 19) Agra |
| 12 | 
|
Shah Jahan II شاہ جهان دوم |
Rafi al-Din Muhammad رفع الدين محمد Puppet emperor under the Sayyids of Barha |
5 January 1696 | 6 June 1719 – 17 September 1719 (Template:Age in years, months, and days) |
18 September 1719 (aged 23) Agra |
| 13 | 
|
Muhammad Shah محمد شاه |
Nasir al-Din Muhammad نصیر الدین محمد Puppet emperor under the Sayyids of Barha |
7 August 1702 Ghazni |
27 September 1719 – 26 April 1748 (Template:Age in years, months, and days) |
26 April 1748 (aged 45) Delhi |
| 14 | 
|
Ahmad Shah Bahadur احمد شاہ بهادر |
Mujahid al-Din Muhammad مجاهد الدین محمد |
23 December 1725 Delhi |
29 April 1748 – 2 June 1754 (Template:Age in years, months, and days) |
1 January 1775 (aged 49) Delhi |
| 15 | 
|
Alamgir II عالمگیر دوم |
Aziz al-Din Muhammad عزیز اُلدین محمد |
6 June 1699 Burhanpur |
3 June 1754 – 29 November 1759 (Template:Age in years, months, and days) |
29 November 1759 (aged 60) Delhi |
| 16 | 
|
Shah Jahan III شاه جهان سوم |
Muhi al-Millat محی الملت |
1711 | 10 December 1759 – 10 October 1760 (Template:Age in years, months, and days) |
1772 (aged 60–61) |
| 17 | 
|
Shah Alam II شاه عالم دوم |
Jalal al-Din Muhammad Ali Gauhar جلال الدین علی گوهر |
25 June 1728 Delhi |
10 October 1760 – 31 July 1788 (Template:Age in years, months, and days) |
19 November 1806 (aged 78) Delhi |
| 18 | 
|
Shah Jahan IV جهان شاه چهارم |
Bidar Bakht Mahmud Shah Bahadur Shah Jahan IV بیدار بخت محمود شاه بهادر جهان شاہ |
1749 Delhi |
31 July 1788 – 11 October 1788 (Template:Age in years, months, and days) |
1790 (aged 40–41) Delhi |
| 17* |
|
Shah Alam II شاه عالم دوم |
Jalal al-Din Muhammad Ali Gauhar جلال الدین علی گوهر Puppet emperor under the Scindias of Gwalior |
25 June 1728 Delhi |
16 October 1788 – 19 November 1806 (Template:Age in years, months, and days) |
19 November 1806 (aged 78) Delhi |
| 19 | 
|
Akbar Shah II اکبر شاه دوم |
Muin al-Din Muhammad میرزا اکبر Puppet emperor under the East India Company |
22 April 1760 Mukundpur |
19 November 1806 – 28 September 1837 (Template:Age in years, months, and days) |
28 September 1837 (aged 77) Delhi |
| 20 | 
|
Bahadur Shah II Zafar بهادر شاه ظفر |
Abu Zafar Siraj al-Din Muhammad ابو ظفر سراج اُلدین محمد |
24 October 1775 Delhi |
28 September 1837 – 21 September 1857 (Template:Age in years, months, and days) |
7 November 1862 (aged 87) Rangoon |
Family tree of Mughal emperors[edit | edit source]
See also[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
Citations[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Schimmel, Annemarie (2004). The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture. Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-86189-185-3.
- ↑ "Babur and His World: A Culture of Books". Smithsonian's National Museum of Asian Art. Retrieved 8 January 2025.
- ↑ Jeroen Duindam (2015), Dynasties: A Global History of Power, 1300–1800, page 105 Archived 6 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine, Cambridge University Press
- ↑ Mohammada, Malika (1 January 2007). The Foundations of the Composite Culture in India. Akkar Books. p. 300. ISBN 978-8-189-83318-3.
- ↑ Dirk Collier (2016). The Great Mughals and their India. Hay House. p. 15. ISBN 9789384544980.
- ↑ "The World Economy (GDP) : Historical Statistics by Professor Angus Maddison" Archived 5 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine . World Economy. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
- ↑ Chandra, Satish. Medieval India: From Sultanate to the Mughals. p. 202.
- ↑ Truschke, Audrey (1 February 2018). Aurangzeb: The Man and the Myth. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. ISBN 978-0-14-343967-7.
- ↑ Richards, John F. (1 January 2016). Johnson, Gordon; Bayly, C. A. (eds.). The Mughal Empire. The New Cambridge history of India: 1.5. Vol. I. The Mughals and their Contemporaries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1, 190. ISBN 978-0521251198.
- ↑ Böröcz, József (10 September 2009). The European Union and Global Social Change. Routledge. ISBN 9781135255800. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
- ↑ Spear 1990, pp. 147–148
- ↑ "The Mughal emperors in India", The Caliphate, Routledge, pp. 161–164, 18 November 2016, doi:10.4324/9781315443249-20, ISBN 978-1-315-44324-9, retrieved 7 January 2023
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link) - ↑ Allan, J.; Haig, Sir T. Wolsely; Dodwell, H. H. (1934). Dodwell, H. H. (ed.). The Cambridge Shorter History of India. Cambridge University Press. p. 398.
Sources[edit | edit source]
- Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006). India before Europe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80904-5. OCLC 61303480.
- Majumdar, R.C. (1974). The Mughul Empire. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
- Richards, John F. (1995). The Mughal Empire. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2.
- Robb, Peter (2011), A History of India, Macmillan International Higher Education, ISBN 978-0-230-34424-2
- Stein, Burton (2010), A History of India, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-1-4443-2351-1, retrieved 15 July 2019
- Truschke, Audrey (2017). Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-1-5036-0259-5.
- Keay, John, India, a History, 2000, HarperCollins, ISBN 0002557177
- Spear, Percival (1990) [First published 1965], A History of India, Volume 2, New Delhi and London: Penguin Books. Pp. 298, ISBN 978-0-14-013836-8.
- Template:Country study – India Archived 14 July 2012 at Archive.today Pakistan Archived 29 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine