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{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
{{Infobox ethnic group
|group=Mangaloreans<br/>ಮಂಗಳೂರಿಗರು
|group=Mangaloreans
|langs  = [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Malayalam]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Beary Bashe|Beary]]
|langs  = [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]], [[Beary Bashe|Beary]], [[Urdu]]
|rels    = [[Hinduism]], [[Islam]], [[Christianity]], [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]]
|rels    = [[Hinduism]], [[Islam]], [[Christianity]], [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]]
|region1 =[[Dakshina Kannada]]  
|region1 =[[Dakshina Kannada]]  
|pop1    = 2,083,625 (2011)
|pop1    = 2,083,625 (2011)
|ref1    = <ref>http://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/252-dakshina-kannada.html</ref>
|ref1    = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/252-dakshina-kannada.html|title=Dakshina Kannada District Population Census 2011-2021, Karnataka literacy sex ratio and density}}</ref>
|region2 = [[Udupi district]]
|region2 = [[Udupi district]]
|pop2    = 1,177,908 (2011)
|pop2    = 1,177,908 (2011)
|ref2    = <ref>http://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/268-udupi.html</ref>
|ref2    = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/268-udupi.html|title = Udupi District Population Census 2011-2021, Karnataka literacy sex ratio and density}}</ref>
|region3 = [[Kasaragod]]
|region3 = [[Kasaragod]]
|pop3 = 150 (2020)
|pop3 = 150 (2020)
|ref3 = <ref>https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/jun/30/kasaragod-chucks-out-150-mangaloreans-at-night-2163151.html</ref>
|ref3 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/jun/30/kasaragod-chucks-out-150-mangaloreans-at-night-2163151.html|title = Kasaragod chucks out 150 Mangaloreans at night}}</ref>
|related =
|related =
}}
}}


'''Mangaloreans''' ([[Tulu language|Tulu]]: ''Kudladaklu''; [[Konkani language|Konkani]]: ''Kodialkar''; [[Beary bashe|Beary]]: ''Maikaltanga''; [[Urdu language|Urdu]]: ''Kaudalvale'') are a collection of diverse ethnic groups that hail from the historical locales of [[South Canara]] ([[Tulunaad]]) on the south western coast of [[Karnataka, India]], particularly the residents native to [[Mangaluru]].<ref>Venkatesh Srinivas Kulkarni
'''Mangaloreans''' ([[Tulu language|Tulu]]: ''Kudladaklu''; [[Kannada]]: ''Mangaloorinavaruu''; [[Konkani language|Konkani]]: ''Kodialkar''; [[Beary bashe|Beary]]: ''Maikaltanga''; [[Urdu language|Urdu]]: ''Kaudalvale'') are a collection of diverse ethnic groups that hail from the historical locales of [[South Canara]] ([[Tulunaad]]) on the south western coast of [[Karnataka, India]], particularly the residents native to [[Mangaluru]].<ref>Venkatesh Srinivas Kulkarni
Journal of South Asian Literature, vol. 25, no. 1, The City in South and Southeast Asian Literature (Winter, Spring 1990), pp. 55-66. Published by: Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University</ref>
Journal of South Asian Literature, vol. 25, no. 1, The City in South and Southeast Asian Literature (Winter, Spring 1990), pp. 55-66. Published by: Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University</ref>


==History==
==History==
{{main|History of Tulu Nadu}}
{{main|History of Mangalore}}


===Ancient history===
===Classical history===
According to the works of [[Sangam literature]] (300 BCE - 300 CE),<ref name="Singh2008p27">{{cite book|author=Upinder Singh|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA27 |year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1120-0|pages=27–28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Nadarajah|first=Devapoopathy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ7b6msS3kgC&q=info:Q1h0NSIwwIEJ:scholar.google.com/&pg=PR9|title=Love in Sanskrit and Tamil Literature: A Study of Characters and Nature, 200 B.C.-A.D. 500|date=1994|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-1215-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=University|first=Vijaya Ramaswamy, Jawaharlal Nehru|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALUvDwAAQBAJ&q=info:YtwrhAmuSNIJ:scholar.google.com/&pg=PR9|title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils|date=2017-08-25|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-5381-0686-0|language=en}}</ref> Tulu Nadu was one of the 12 socio-geographical regions included in the ancient [[Tamilakam]].<ref>A handbook of Kerala Band 1 (2000), T. Madhava Menon, International School of Dravidian Linguistics, p.98</ref> Tulu Nadu must certainly at one time have formed part of ancient [[Kerala]] ([[Chera dynasty]]), where the western coastal dialect of [[Old Tamil]] was spoken.<ref name="Namma Tulu Nadu">{{cite book
According to the works of [[Sangam literature]] (300 BCE - 300 CE),<ref name="Singh2008p27">{{cite book|author=Upinder Singh|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA27 |year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1120-0|pages=27–28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Nadarajah|first=Devapoopathy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ7b6msS3kgC&q=info:Q1h0NSIwwIEJ:scholar.google.com/&pg=PR9|title=Love in Sanskrit and Tamil Literature: A Study of Characters and Nature, 200 B.C.-A.D. 500|date=1994|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-1215-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=University|first=Vijaya Ramaswamy, Jawaharlal Nehru|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALUvDwAAQBAJ&q=info:YtwrhAmuSNIJ:scholar.google.com/&pg=PR9|title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils|date=2017-08-25|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-5381-0686-0|language=en}}</ref> Tulu Nadu was one of the 12 socio-geographical regions included in the ancient [[Tamilakam]].<ref>A handbook of Kerala Band 1 (2000), T. Madhava Menon, International School of Dravidian Linguistics, p.98</ref> Tulu Nadu must certainly at one time have formed part of ancient [[Kerala]] ([[Chera dynasty]]), where the western coastal dialect of [[Old Tamil]] was spoken.<ref name="Namma Tulu Nadu">{{cite book
  | author = J. Sturrock | year=1894
  | author = J. Sturrock | year=1894
Line 30: Line 30:
}}</ref> It must have separated from [[Tamilakam]] sometime between 300 CE and 500 CE, when the [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadambas]] invaded the northern portions of [[Chera dynasty|Chera kingdom]].<ref name="Namma Tulu Nadu"/> No definite historical record relating to Tulu Nadu, other than those were found from [[Sangam literature]], have been found of earlier date than 8th or 9th century CE.<ref name="Namma Tulu Nadu"/>
}}</ref> It must have separated from [[Tamilakam]] sometime between 300 CE and 500 CE, when the [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadambas]] invaded the northern portions of [[Chera dynasty|Chera kingdom]].<ref name="Namma Tulu Nadu"/> No definite historical record relating to Tulu Nadu, other than those were found from [[Sangam literature]], have been found of earlier date than 8th or 9th century CE.<ref name="Namma Tulu Nadu"/>


===Emergence of Tulu Nadu as a separate political entity===
===Emergence of Tulunaad as a distinct cultural entity===
Historically, [[Tulunaad]] included the two separate lands of ''Haiva'' and ''Tuluva''. The Ballal Kings of [[Sullia]] had ruled this area around 1100 years back. The [[Tulu Brahmin]] migration to Tulunaad might have happened during the lifetime of the [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadamba]] king [[Mayuravarma]] at 345 AD. During the 13th century, the Hindu philosopher [[Madhvacharya]] built the eight ''Ashta Muttas'' (eight monasteries) in modern [[Udipi district]] that was partitioned from [[Mangalore district]].
{{Further|History of Tulu Nadu}}
Historically, [[Tulunaad]] included the two separate lands of ''[[Haiva]]'' and ''Tuluva''. The Ballal kings of [[Sullia]] had ruled this area around 1100 years back. The [[Tulu Brahmin]] migration to Tulunaad might have happened during the lifetime of the [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadamba]] king [[Mayuravarma]] at 345 AD. During the 13th century, the Hindu philosopher [[Madhvacharya]] built the ''[[Ashta Matha]]galu'' (eight temple complexes) in the present-day [[Udipi district]], that was partitioned from the older [[South Canara]] district, other parts being [[Mangalore district]] and [[Kassergode district]].


During the rule of the [[Vijayanagara dynasty]], Tulu Nadu was administered in two parts—''Mangaluru Rajya'' and ''Barakuru Rajya''. Tulu Nadu was the original homeland of the [[Tuluva dynasty]], the third dynasty of the Vijayanagara monarchy. Tulu Nadu was governed by feudatories of the Vijayanagara Empire until the 17th century. The longest reigning dynasty of Tulu Nadu were the [[Alupas]], feudatories and nobility of the prominent dynasties of [[Carnatica]]. The Kadamba dynasty of Banavasi was the earliest, under which the Alupas flourished. Later the Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta, [[Chalukyas]] of Badami, Chalukyas of Kalyani, [[Hoysalas]] of Durasamudra and ''rayas'' (kings) of Vijayanagara were the overlords. The Alupas, however, were independent and their subordination was nominal at best. They ruled during the Vijaynagara domination of Tulu Nadu from 14th to the 17th centuries. The region became extremely prosperous during Vijayanagara period with [[Barcoor]] and Mangalore gaining importance. After the decline of the Vijayanagara Empire, much of Tulu Nadu came under the control of the [[Keladi Nayaka]]s of [[Ikkeri]].
During the rule of [[Vijayanagara]], Tulu Nadu comprised two [[administrative subdivisions]]— ''Mangaluru'' and ''Barakuru'' along with others such as the [[Hosdurg fort]] in Kassergode. In Tulunaad lied the [[home turf]] of the [[Tuluva dynasty]], the third to take charge of the [[Vijayanagara dynasty]]. Tulu Nadu was governed by feudatories of the Vijayanagara Empire until the 17th century. The longest reigning dynasty of Tulu Nadu were the [[Alupas]], feudatories and nobility of the prominent dynasties of [[Carnatic region]]. The [[Kadamba dynasty]] of Banavasi was the earliest, under which the Alupas flourished. Later the [[Rashtrakutas]] of Manyakheta, [[Chalukyas of Badami]], [[Chalukyas of Kalyani]], [[Hoysalas]] of Durasamudra& ''Rayas'' (kings) of Vijayanagara were the overlords. The Alupas however, were [[feudatories]], since they ruled as subordinates in the Vijaynagara dominion of Tulunaad from 14th century onwards. The area became prosperous during the Vijayanagara period, with [[Barcoor]] and Mangalore gaining importance. After the decline of the Vijayanagara Empire, much of Tulu Nadu came under the control of the [[Keladi Nayaka]]s of [[Ikkeri]].
[[File:Mangalore 075.jpg|thumb|250px|right|A typical red tile-roofed house in Tulu Nadu]]
[[File:Mangalore 075.jpg|thumb|250px|right|A typical red tile-roofed house in Tulu Nadu]]
Over the following many centuries, more ethnic groups migrated to the area. Various Hindu [[Konkani people]] namely [[Gaud Saraswat Brahmin]]s, [[Daivajnya Brahmin]]s, [[Karhad Brahmin]]s, a few [[Chitpavan]]s ([[Konkanastha Brahmin]]s), Vaani, a few Rajapur Saraswats arrived by sea during the religious persecution by lawless Portuguese pirates and ex-jailbirds. Mangalore was a major port that served not only the Portuguese but also the Arabs for maritime trades. [[Jains]] were already a prominent group and even today are uniquely preserved in [[Tulunaad]]. Though small in number, the Jains left behind indelible reminders of their glory with temples (''[[Basadi|bastis]]'') in [[Moodabidri]], and monolithic statues of [[Bahubali]] and the [[Gomateshwara]] in [[Karkala]], [[Venoor]]& [[Dharmasthala]]. In the 16th century, there was a large influx of [[New Christians]] who fled the [[Portuguese Inquisition|Inquisition]] in [[Portuguese Goa]], they were given refuge in the area by the [[Nayakas of Keladi]], particularly by [[Kittur Chennamma]]. The settlement of these [[New Christians]] in the area gave rise to their own unique and mixed culture that developed into a localised community of [[Mangalorean Christians]], distinct from [[Goan Christians]] and [[East Indians]], they built prominent educational institutions and contributed to [[socio-economic]] progress in the area. The Muslims of Tulu Nadu are basically descended from Arab traders who married local women and settled there. They speak [[Beary]], which is a mix of Tulu and [[Malayalam]].
 
[[Jain Bunt]]s were already a prominent group and even today are uniquely preserved in [[Tulunaad]]. Though small in number, the Jains left behind indelible reminders of their past with a number Jain sites (''[[Basadi|bastis]]'') in [[Moodabidri]]; and [[monolith]]s of [[Bahubali]] and the [[Gomateshwara]] in [[Karkala]], [[Venoor]]& [[Dharmasthala]]. Over the centuries, more ethnic groups migrated to the area. Various Hindu [[Konkani people]] namely [[Gaud Saraswat Brahmin]]s, [[Daivajnya Brahmin]]s, [[Karhad Brahmin]]s; also a few [[Chitpavan]]s ([[Konkanastha Brahmin]]s), [[Vaishya Vani]]s& [[Rajapur Saraswat Brahmins]] arrived by sea, during the period of [[Xenddi|religious oppression]] by the intolerant [[Portuguese colonial]] regime.
 
Mangalore was a major [[port]] caught up in the  [[Indian Ocean trade]] since times immemorial. The area around Mangalore along with [[St Mary's islands]] and [[Barcelor]], also served as a maritime trade post for the [[Portuguese in Goa and Bombay]], until [[Shivappa Nayaka]] defeated [[Portuguese Armadas|Portugal's armada]] in battle. In the 16th century, the area saw the first arrival of Konkani [[New Christians]] who were fleeing the [[Portuguese Inquisition|Inquisition]] in [[Portuguese Goa]] and were given refuge by [[Vijayanagar]], the influx of migrants resumed with the cruel [[Mahratta Invasion of Goa and Bombay]] when they were again given refuge, particularly by [[Rani Chennamma]] of [[Kittur]]. The settlements of these New Christians in the area gave rise to their own unique and hybrid culture, they developed into a localised community of [[Mangalorean Christians]], who are distinct from [[Goan Christians]] and [[Bombay East Indian]]s. They built a number of prominent educational institutions and contributed to [[socio-economic]] progress in the area. The Muslims of Tulu Nadu are basically descended from [[Arabia]]n traders who intermarried local women and settled there. Muslims in Mangalore speak [[Beary]] language which is different from [[Hindi-Urdu]]. A few [[Konkani Muslims]] and [[Konkani language|Konkani Jains]] are also found near the border with Karwar district ([[North Canara]]).


==Demographics==
==Demographics==
Majority of Mangaloreans belong to the [[Tuluva]] ethnic group. The Tuluvas have historically been concentrated in the coastal areas. The major Tulu speaking castes are Shettigar, Mundalas, Mogeras, Okkaliga Gowda's, Bairas, Samagaras, [[Billava]]s, Sapaliga, [[Bunt (community)|Bunts]], [[Mogaveera]]s, [[Kulala]]'s, [[Devadiga]]'s, Tulu Brahmins, [[Vishwakarma (caste)|Vishwakarmas]] and Nayak's.<ref name="MalavikaS">{{cite book |last1=Shetty |first1=Malavika |title=Telling Stories: Language, Narrative, and Social Life (Identity building through Narratives on a Tulu Call-in Show) |date=2010 |publisher=Georgetown University Press |isbn=9781589016743 |pages=95–108 }}</ref> [[Mangalorean Protestants]] are also mostly Tulu speakers.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fernandes |first1=Denis |title=Responses of Kanara Christians to the Indian National Movement in the Early 20 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |pages=686–696 |date=2012|volume=73 |jstor=44156264 }}</ref> The next largest group are the [[Konkani people|Konkanis]], in particular the [[Goud Saraswat Brahmin]]s, [[Daivadnya Brahmin]]s as well as the [[Mangalorean Catholics]] whose ancestors migrated here from [[Goa]], due to persecution by the Portuguese. Other groups who historically settled in Tulu Nadu, include the [[Kannadigas]] and [[Beary]]s.
Majority of Mangaloreans belong to the [[Tuluva]] ethnic group. The Tuluvas have historically been concentrated in the coastal areas. The major Tulu speaking castes are Shettigar, Mundalas, Mogeras, Okkaliga Gowda's, Bairas, Samagaras, [[Billava]]s, Sapaliga, [[Bunt (community)|Bunts]], [[Mogaveera]]s, [[Kulala]]'s, [[Devadiga]]'s, Tulu Brahmins, [[Vishwakarma (caste)|Vishwakarmas]]& Nayak's.<ref name="MalavikaS">{{cite book |last1=Shetty |first1=Malavika |title=Telling Stories: Language, Narrative, and Social Life (Identity building through Narratives on a Tulu Call-in Show) |date=2010 |publisher=Georgetown University Press |isbn=9781589016743 |pages=95–108 }}</ref> [[Mangalorean Protestants]] are mostly Tulu speakers.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fernandes |first1=Denis |title=Responses of Kanara Christians to the Indian National Movement in the Early 20 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |pages=686–696 |date=2012|volume=73 |jstor=44156264 }}</ref> Beary speaking muslims are next largest community. [[Konkani people]], in particular the [[Gaud Saraswat Brahmin]]s, [[Daivadnya Brahmin]]s, and the [[Mangalorean Catholics]] whose ancestors migrated here from the [[Konkan region]], to escape the [[Portuguese Inquisition in Goa and Bombay-Bassein]] and the [[Mahratta Sackings of Goa and Bombay-Bassein]]. Other groups who historically settled in Tulu Nadu, include the [[Kundagannada]]ns and [[Byari]]s and [[Urdu]] Speaking Muslims.


==Culture==
==Culture==
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===Cuisine===
===Cuisine===
[[File:Neer Dosa.jpg|thumb|right|[[Neer dosa]], a variant of [[dosa]], is native to Mangalore.]]
[[File:Neer Dosa.jpg|thumb|right|[[Neer dosa]], a variant of [[Dosa (food)|dosa]], is native to Mangalore.]]
Mangalorean cuisine is largely influenced by the [[South Indian cuisine]], with several cuisines being unique to the diverse communities of the city. Coconut and curry leaves are common ingredients to most Mangalorean Curry, as are ginger, garlic and chili. Mangalorean Fish Curry is popular dish in [[Kanara|Canara]]. The [[Tulu people|Tulu community]]'s well-known dishes include ''[[Kori Rotti]]'' (dry rice flakes dipped in gravy), [[Chicken Ghee Roast]], ''Bangude Pulimunchi'' (silver-grey mackerels), ''Beeja-Manoli Upkari'', ''[[Neer dosa]]'' (lacy rice-[[crêpe]]s), ''Boothai Gasi'', ''Kadabu'', and ''[[Patrode]]''. The ''Kube Sukkhe'', a traditional [[clam]] dish of [[Mangalorean Protestants]] is also very popular. The Konkani community's specialities include ''Daali thoy'', ''beebe-upkari'' (cashew based), ''val val'', ''avnas ambe sasam'', ''Kadgi chakko'', {{transl|tcy|paagila podi}}, and ''chana gashi''. [[Tuluva]] vegetarian cuisine in Mangalore, also known as [[Udupi cuisine]], is known and liked throughout the state and region. Since Mangalore is a coastal town, fish forms the staple diet of most people.<ref>{{cite news
Mangalorean cuisine is largely influenced by the [[South Indian cuisine]], with several cuisines being unique to the diverse communities of the city. [[Coconut meat]] and [[curry leaves]] are common ingredients in Mangalorean curries, as are ginger, garlic& chilli. The [[Tulu people|Tulu community]]'s well-known dishes include ''[[Kori Rotti]]'' (dry rice flakes dipped in gravy), [[Chicken Ghee Roast]], ''Bangude Pulimunchi'' (silver-grey mackerels), ''Beeja-Manoli Upkari'', ''[[Neer dosa]]'' (lacy rice-[[crêpe]]s), ''Boothai Gasi'', ''Kadabu'', and ''[[Patrode]]''. The ''Kube Sukkhe'', a [[clam]] dish of [[Mangalorean Protestants]] is also very popular. The Konkani community's specialities include ''Daali thoy'', ''beebe-upkari'' (cashew based), ''val val'', ''avnas ambe sasam'', ''Kadgi chakko'', {{transl|tcy|paagila podi}}, and ''chana gashi''. [[Tuluva]] vegetarian cuisine in Mangalore, also known as [[Udupi cuisine]] is known for its [[signature dish]]es like the ''[[masala dosa]]''. Udupi restaurants are found throughout [[south India]], [[northwestern India]]& relished overseas by the [[Indian diaspora]]. Since Mangalore is a coastal town, [[sea food|fish dishes]] are the [[staple diet]] of most people.<ref>{{cite news
  |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/08/11/stories/2007081150880400.htm  
  |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/08/11/stories/2007081150880400.htm  
  |title=Typically home  
  |title=Typically home  
  |accessdate=2008-07-09  
  |access-date=2008-07-09  
  |date=2007-08-11  
  |date=2007-08-11  
  |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]  
  |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]  
  |location=Chennai, India  
  |location=Chennai, India  
  |url-status=dead  
  |url-status=dead
  |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/65EU5GBXd?url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/08/11/stories/2007081150880400.htm  
  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103043142/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/08/11/stories/2007081150880400.htm
  |archivedate=5 February 2012  
  |archive-date=3 November 2012
}}</ref> Mangalorean Catholics' ''Sanna-Dukra Maas'' (''Sanna''&nbsp;–[[idli]] fluffed with [[Hot toddy|toddy]] or yeast; ''Dukra Maas''&nbsp;–[[Pork]]), ''Pork Bafat'', ''[[Sorpotel]]'' and the Mutton [[Biryani]] are well-known dishes. Pickles such as {{transl|tcy|happala}}, {{transl|tcy|sandige}} and {{transl|tcy|puli munchi}} are unique to Mangalore. ''Shendi'' ([[Palm toddy|toddy]]), a country liquor prepared from coconut flower sap, is popular.<ref name="DAJ"/>
}}</ref> [[Mangalorean Catholic cuisine]] includes ''Sanna-Dukra Maas'' (''Sanna''&nbsp;–[[idli]] fluffed with [[Hot toddy|toddy]] or yeast; ''Dukra Maas''&nbsp;–[[Pork]]), ''Pork Bafat''& ''[[Sorpotel]]''; and the Mutton [[Biryani]] of the local Muslims are well-known [[delicacies]]. Pickles such as {{transl|tcy|happala}}, {{transl|tcy|sandige}} and {{transl|tcy|puli munchi}} are unique to Mangalore. ''Sheindi'' ([[Palm toddy|toddy]]), a country [[wine]] prepared by [[toddy tapper]]s from coconut flowers or [[tree sap]] is local [[speciality]].<ref name="DAJ"/>


===Traditions===
===Traditions===
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  |date=2004-01-10  
  |date=2004-01-10  
  |title=Enduring art  
  |title=Enduring art  
  |accessdate=2008-07-20  
  |access-date=2008-07-20  
  |first=Ganesh  
  |first=Ganesh  
  |last=Prabhu  
  |last=Prabhu  
  |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]  
  |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]  
  |location=Chennai, India  
  |location=Chennai, India  
  |url-status=dead  
  |url-status=dead
  |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/65ES9przq?url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/06/10/stories/2004061000340300.htm  
  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103015415/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/06/10/stories/2004061000340300.htm
  |archivedate=5 February 2012  
  |archive-date=3 November 2012
}}</ref>  while ''[[Hulivesha]]'' (literally, ''tiger dance''), a [[folk dance]] unique to the city, is performed during [[Navratri|Dasara]] and [[Krishna Janmashtami]].<ref>{{cite news
}}</ref>  while ''[[Hulivesha]]'' (literally, ''tiger dance''), a [[folk dance]] unique to the city, is performed during [[Navratri|Dasara]] and [[Krishna Janmashtami]].<ref>{{cite news
  |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/354160109.cms  
  |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/354160109.cms  
  |date=2001-10-26  
  |date=2001-10-26  
  |title=Human 'tigers' face threat to health  
  |title=Human 'tigers' face threat to health  
  |accessdate=2007-12-07  
  |access-date=2007-12-07  
  |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]  
  |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]  
  |first1=Stanley G  
  |first1=Stanley G  
  |last1=Pinto  
  |last1=Pinto  
  |url-status=dead  
  |url-status=dead
  |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/65ESJZC0t?url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/354160109.cms  
  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113160219/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/354160109.cms
  |archivedate=5 February 2012
  |archive-date=13 January 2009
}}</ref> ''Karadi Vesha'' (bear dance) is another well known dance performed during ''Dasara''.<ref name="DAJ">{{cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=726 |title=What's in a Name? |accessdate=2008-03-04 |first=Stephen |last=D'Souza |publisher=[[Daiji World|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/65ESWCvkF?url=http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=726 |archivedate=5 February 2012 }}</ref>  ''[[Paddanas]]'' (Ballad-like epics passed on through generations by word of mouth) are sung by a community of impersonators in Tulu and are usually accompanied by the rhythmic drum beats.<ref name="DAJ"/> The Bearys' unique traditions are reflected in such folk songs as {{transl|tcy|kolkai}} (sung during [[kolata]], a valour folk-dance during which sticks used as props), {{transl|tcy|unjal pat}} (traditional lullaby), {{transl|tcy|moilanji pat}}, and {{transl|tcy|oppune pat}} (sung at weddings).<ref>{{cite news
}}</ref> ''Karadi Vesha'' (bear dance) is another well known dance performed during ''Dasara''.<ref name="DAJ">{{cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=726 |title=What's in a Name? |access-date=2008-03-04 |first=Stephen |last=D'Souza |publisher=[[Daiji World|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208022637/http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=726 |archive-date=8 February 2012 }}</ref>  ''[[Paddanas]]'' (Ballad-like epics passed on through generations by word of mouth) are sung by a community of impersonators in Tulu and are usually accompanied by the rhythmic drum beats.<ref name="DAJ"/> The Bearys' unique traditions are reflected in such folk songs as {{transl|tcy|kolkai}} (sung during [[kolata]], a valour folk-dance during which sticks used as props), {{transl|tcy|unjal pat}} (traditional lullaby), {{transl|tcy|moilanji pat}}, and {{transl|tcy|oppune pat}} (sung at weddings).<ref>{{cite news
  |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/13/stories/2007101361130300.htm  
  |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/13/stories/2007101361130300.htm  
  |title=Beary Sahitya Academy set up  
  |title=Beary Sahitya Academy set up  
  |accessdate=2008-01-15  
  |access-date=2008-01-15  
  |date=2007-10-13  
  |date=2007-10-13  
  |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]  
  |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]  
  |location=Chennai, India  
  |location=Chennai, India  
  |url-status=dead  
  |url-status=dead
  |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/65ESe60O7?url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/13/stories/2007101361130300.htm  
  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102025141/http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/13/stories/2007101361130300.htm
  |archivedate=5 February 2012  
  |archive-date=2 November 2012
}}</ref> The ''Evkaristik Purshanv'' (Konkani: [[Eucharist]]ic procession) is an annual Catholic religious procession led on the first Sunday of each New Year.<ref name="DAJ"/>
}}</ref> The ''Evkaristik Purshanv'' (Konkani: [[Eucharist]]ic procession) is an annual Catholic religious procession led on the first Sunday of each New Year.<ref name="DAJ"/>


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  |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=42855&n_tit=Mangalore%3A%20Guinness%20Adjudicator%20Hopeful%20of%20Certifying%20Konkani%20Nirantari  
  |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=42855&n_tit=Mangalore%3A%20Guinness%20Adjudicator%20Hopeful%20of%20Certifying%20Konkani%20Nirantari  
  |title=Mangalore: Guinness Adjudicator Hopeful of Certifying Konkani Nirantari  
  |title=Mangalore: Guinness Adjudicator Hopeful of Certifying Konkani Nirantari  
  |accessdate=2008-02-01  
  |access-date=2008-02-01  
  |date=2008-01-25  
  |date=2008-01-25  
  |publisher=[[Daiji World|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore]]  
  |publisher=[[Daiji World|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore]]  
  |url-status=bot: unknown
  |url-status=live
  |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daijiworld.com%2Fnews%2Fnews_disp.asp%3Fn_id%3D42855%26n_tit%3DMangalore%253A%2BGuinness%2BAdjudicator%2BHopeful%2Bof%2BCertifying%2BKonkani%2BNirantari&date=2012-03-02  
  |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daijiworld.com%2Fnews%2Fnews_disp.asp%3Fn_id%3D42855%26n_tit%3DMangalore%253A%2BGuinness%2BAdjudicator%2BHopeful%2Bof%2BCertifying%2BKonkani%2BNirantari&date=2012-03-02
  |archivedate=2 March 2012  
  |archive-date=2 March 2012
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


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* [[Aishwarya Rai]] – Bollywood actress and former [[Miss World]]
* [[Aishwarya Rai]] – Bollywood actress and former [[Miss World]]
* [[Anup Bhandari]]-Sandalwood director
* [[Anup Bhandari]]-Sandalwood director
* Augustine Francis Pinto - Chairman of [[Ryan International Group of Institutions]]
* [[Ashrita Shetty]] - Model, Kollywood actress, wife of Indian cricketer Manish Pandey
* [[Nirup Bhandari]]- Sandalwood actor
* [[Nirup Bhandari]]- Sandalwood actor
* [[Anant Pai]] – educationist and creator of [[Indian comics]]
* [[Anant Pai]] – educationist and creator of [[Indian comics]]
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* [[K. V. Kamath]] – Chairman of [[Infosys Limited]]
* [[K. V. Kamath]] – Chairman of [[Infosys Limited]]
* [[Kadri Gopalnath]] - Carnatic musician, saxophone
* [[Kadri Gopalnath]] - Carnatic musician, saxophone
* [[Kalpana (Kannada actress)|kalpana]] - actress
* [[Kalpana (Kannada actress)|Kalpana]] - Indian Kannada Film Actress
* [[Kavya Rao]] – Beadiest person in Karnataka.
* [[Krithi Shetty]] - Indian actress  
* [[Krithi Shetty]] - Indian actress  
* [[M. Govinda Pai]] – Kannada poet
* [[M. Govinda Pai]] – Kannada poet

Revision as of 07:04, 26 June 2022

Mangaloreans
Regions with significant populations
Dakshina Kannada2,083,625 (2011)[1]
Udupi district1,177,908 (2011)[2]
Kasaragod150 (2020)[3]
Languages
Tulu, Konkani, Kannada, Malayalam, Beary, Urdu
Religion
Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Jainism, Buddhism

Mangaloreans (Tulu: Kudladaklu; Kannada: Mangaloorinavaruu; Konkani: Kodialkar; Beary: Maikaltanga; Urdu: Kaudalvale) are a collection of diverse ethnic groups that hail from the historical locales of South Canara (Tulunaad) on the south western coast of Karnataka, India, particularly the residents native to Mangaluru.[4]

History

Main article: History of Mangalore

Classical history

According to the works of Sangam literature (300 BCE - 300 CE),[5][6][7] Tulu Nadu was one of the 12 socio-geographical regions included in the ancient Tamilakam.[8] Tulu Nadu must certainly at one time have formed part of ancient Kerala (Chera dynasty), where the western coastal dialect of Old Tamil was spoken.[9] It must have separated from Tamilakam sometime between 300 CE and 500 CE, when the Kadambas invaded the northern portions of Chera kingdom.[9] No definite historical record relating to Tulu Nadu, other than those were found from Sangam literature, have been found of earlier date than 8th or 9th century CE.[9]

Emergence of Tulunaad as a distinct cultural entity

Further information: History of Tulu Nadu

Historically, Tulunaad included the two separate lands of Haiva and Tuluva. The Ballal kings of Sullia had ruled this area around 1100 years back. The Tulu Brahmin migration to Tulunaad might have happened during the lifetime of the Kadamba king Mayuravarma at 345 AD. During the 13th century, the Hindu philosopher Madhvacharya built the Ashta Mathagalu (eight temple complexes) in the present-day Udipi district, that was partitioned from the older South Canara district, other parts being Mangalore district and Kassergode district.

During the rule of Vijayanagara, Tulu Nadu comprised two administrative subdivisions— Mangaluru and Barakuru along with others such as the Hosdurg fort in Kassergode. In Tulunaad lied the home turf of the Tuluva dynasty, the third to take charge of the Vijayanagara dynasty. Tulu Nadu was governed by feudatories of the Vijayanagara Empire until the 17th century. The longest reigning dynasty of Tulu Nadu were the Alupas, feudatories and nobility of the prominent dynasties of Carnatic region. The Kadamba dynasty of Banavasi was the earliest, under which the Alupas flourished. Later the Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta, Chalukyas of Badami, Chalukyas of Kalyani, Hoysalas of Durasamudra& Rayas (kings) of Vijayanagara were the overlords. The Alupas however, were feudatories, since they ruled as subordinates in the Vijaynagara dominion of Tulunaad from 14th century onwards. The area became prosperous during the Vijayanagara period, with Barcoor and Mangalore gaining importance. After the decline of the Vijayanagara Empire, much of Tulu Nadu came under the control of the Keladi Nayakas of Ikkeri.

A typical red tile-roofed house in Tulu Nadu

Jain Bunts were already a prominent group and even today are uniquely preserved in Tulunaad. Though small in number, the Jains left behind indelible reminders of their past with a number Jain sites (bastis) in Moodabidri; and monoliths of Bahubali and the Gomateshwara in Karkala, Venoor& Dharmasthala. Over the centuries, more ethnic groups migrated to the area. Various Hindu Konkani people namely Gaud Saraswat Brahmins, Daivajnya Brahmins, Karhad Brahmins; also a few Chitpavans (Konkanastha Brahmins), Vaishya Vanis& Rajapur Saraswat Brahmins arrived by sea, during the period of religious oppression by the intolerant Portuguese colonial regime.

Mangalore was a major port caught up in the Indian Ocean trade since times immemorial. The area around Mangalore along with St Mary's islands and Barcelor, also served as a maritime trade post for the Portuguese in Goa and Bombay, until Shivappa Nayaka defeated Portugal's armada in battle. In the 16th century, the area saw the first arrival of Konkani New Christians who were fleeing the Inquisition in Portuguese Goa and were given refuge by Vijayanagar, the influx of migrants resumed with the cruel Mahratta Invasion of Goa and Bombay when they were again given refuge, particularly by Rani Chennamma of Kittur. The settlements of these New Christians in the area gave rise to their own unique and hybrid culture, they developed into a localised community of Mangalorean Christians, who are distinct from Goan Christians and Bombay East Indians. They built a number of prominent educational institutions and contributed to socio-economic progress in the area. The Muslims of Tulu Nadu are basically descended from Arabian traders who intermarried local women and settled there. Muslims in Mangalore speak Beary language which is different from Hindi-Urdu. A few Konkani Muslims and Konkani Jains are also found near the border with Karwar district (North Canara).

Demographics

Majority of Mangaloreans belong to the Tuluva ethnic group. The Tuluvas have historically been concentrated in the coastal areas. The major Tulu speaking castes are Shettigar, Mundalas, Mogeras, Okkaliga Gowda's, Bairas, Samagaras, Billavas, Sapaliga, Bunts, Mogaveeras, Kulala's, Devadiga's, Tulu Brahmins, Vishwakarmas& Nayak's.[10] Mangalorean Protestants are mostly Tulu speakers.[11] Beary speaking muslims are next largest community. Konkani people, in particular the Gaud Saraswat Brahmins, Daivadnya Brahmins, and the Mangalorean Catholics whose ancestors migrated here from the Konkan region, to escape the Portuguese Inquisition in Goa and Bombay-Bassein and the Mahratta Sackings of Goa and Bombay-Bassein. Other groups who historically settled in Tulu Nadu, include the Kundagannadans and Byaris and Urdu Speaking Muslims.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Mangalore
See also: Tulu Nadu (Culture)
See also: Mangalorean cuisine

Cuisine

Neer dosa, a variant of dosa, is native to Mangalore.

Mangalorean cuisine is largely influenced by the South Indian cuisine, with several cuisines being unique to the diverse communities of the city. Coconut meat and curry leaves are common ingredients in Mangalorean curries, as are ginger, garlic& chilli. The Tulu community's well-known dishes include Kori Rotti (dry rice flakes dipped in gravy), Chicken Ghee Roast, Bangude Pulimunchi (silver-grey mackerels), Beeja-Manoli Upkari, Neer dosa (lacy rice-crêpes), Boothai Gasi, Kadabu, and Patrode. The Kube Sukkhe, a clam dish of Mangalorean Protestants is also very popular. The Konkani community's specialities include Daali thoy, beebe-upkari (cashew based), val val, avnas ambe sasam, Kadgi chakko, paagila podi, and chana gashi. Tuluva vegetarian cuisine in Mangalore, also known as Udupi cuisine is known for its signature dishes like the masala dosa. Udupi restaurants are found throughout south India, northwestern India& relished overseas by the Indian diaspora. Since Mangalore is a coastal town, fish dishes are the staple diet of most people.[12] Mangalorean Catholic cuisine includes Sanna-Dukra Maas (Sanna –idli fluffed with toddy or yeast; Dukra Maas –Pork), Pork Bafat& Sorpotel; and the Mutton Biryani of the local Muslims are well-known delicacies. Pickles such as happala, sandige and puli munchi are unique to Mangalore. Sheindi (toddy), a country wine prepared by toddy tappers from coconut flowers or tree sap is local speciality.[13]

Traditions

Many classical dance forms and folk art are practised among Mangaloreans. The Yakshagana, a night-long dance and drama performance, is held in Mangalore,[14] while Hulivesha (literally, tiger dance), a folk dance unique to the city, is performed during Dasara and Krishna Janmashtami.[15] Karadi Vesha (bear dance) is another well known dance performed during Dasara.[13] Paddanas (Ballad-like epics passed on through generations by word of mouth) are sung by a community of impersonators in Tulu and are usually accompanied by the rhythmic drum beats.[13] The Bearys' unique traditions are reflected in such folk songs as kolkai (sung during kolata, a valour folk-dance during which sticks used as props), unjal pat (traditional lullaby), moilanji pat, and oppune pat (sung at weddings).[16] The Evkaristik Purshanv (Konkani: Eucharistic procession) is an annual Catholic religious procession led on the first Sunday of each New Year.[13]

World record

On 26–27 January 2008, a Konkani cultural event, Konkani Nirantari, held in Mangalore by a Mangalorean organization, Mandd Sobhann, entered the Guinness Book of World Records for non-stop singing of Konkani hymns. Mandd Sobhann members sang for 40 hours, surpassing the old record of 36 hours held by a Brazilian musical troupe.[17]

Notable Mangaloreans

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Dakshina Kannada District Population Census 2011-2021, Karnataka literacy sex ratio and density".
  2. ↑ "Udupi District Population Census 2011-2021, Karnataka literacy sex ratio and density".
  3. ↑ "Kasaragod chucks out 150 Mangaloreans at night".
  4. ↑ Venkatesh Srinivas Kulkarni Journal of South Asian Literature, vol. 25, no. 1, The City in South and Southeast Asian Literature (Winter, Spring 1990), pp. 55-66. Published by: Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University
  5. ↑ Upinder Singh (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Education India. pp. 27–28. ISBN 978-81-317-1120-0.
  6. ↑ Nadarajah, Devapoopathy (1994). Love in Sanskrit and Tamil Literature: A Study of Characters and Nature, 200 B.C.-A.D. 500. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 978-81-208-1215-4.
  7. ↑ University, Vijaya Ramaswamy, Jawaharlal Nehru (25 August 2017). Historical Dictionary of the Tamils. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-5381-0686-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ↑ A handbook of Kerala Band 1 (2000), T. Madhava Menon, International School of Dravidian Linguistics, p.98
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 J. Sturrock (1894). Madras District Manuals - South Canara (Volume-I). Madras Government Press.
  10. ↑ Shetty, Malavika (2010). Telling Stories: Language, Narrative, and Social Life (Identity building through Narratives on a Tulu Call-in Show). Georgetown University Press. pp. 95–108. ISBN 9781589016743.
  11. ↑ Fernandes, Denis (2012). "Responses of Kanara Christians to the Indian National Movement in the Early 20". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 73: 686–696. JSTOR 44156264.
  12. ↑ "Typically home". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 11 August 2007. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 9 July 2008.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 D'Souza, Stephen. "What's in a Name?". Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. Archived from the original on 8 February 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2008.
  14. ↑ Prabhu, Ganesh (10 January 2004). "Enduring art". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2008.
  15. ↑ Pinto, Stanley G (26 October 2001). "Human 'tigers' face threat to health". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 13 January 2009. Retrieved 7 December 2007.
  16. ↑ "Beary Sahitya Academy set up". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 13 October 2007. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 15 January 2008.
  17. ↑ "Mangalore: Guinness Adjudicator Hopeful of Certifying Konkani Nirantari". Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. 25 January 2008. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2008.
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