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{{short description|Indian freedom fighter}} | |||
{{About||the 1961 film|Kittur Chennamma (film)}} | |||
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}} | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}} | |||
{{Infobox person | {{Infobox person | ||
| name | | name = Kittur Chennamma | ||
| image | | image = File:Kittur Chenamma.jpg | ||
| caption | | image_size = 270px | ||
| birth_name | | caption = Statue of Rani Chennamma in [[Belagavi]] | ||
| birth_date | | birth_name = Chennamma | ||
| birth_place = | | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1778|10|23}} | ||
| death_date | | birth_place = [[Belgaum District]], [[Kingdom of Mysore]], India | ||
| death_place = | | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1829|02|21|1778|10|23}} | ||
| nationality = Indian | | death_place = [[Bailhongal]], [[Princely State of Mysore]], [[Company rule in India]] | ||
| | | nationality = Indian | ||
| | | native_name_lang = Kannada (Karnataka) | ||
| | | other_names = Rani Chennamma, Kittur Rani Chennamma | ||
| known_for = 1824 Revolt against the British [[East India Company]] | |||
}} | }} | ||
''' | '''Kittur Chennamma''' (23 October 1778{{snd}}21 February 1829)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=148944|title=Rani Chennamma of Kitturu|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2018-02-21}}</ref> was the Indian queen ([[rani]]) of [[Kittur]], a [[princely state]] in present-day [[Karnataka]]. She led an armed rebellion against the British East India Company ('''BEIC''') in 1824 in defiance of the [[doctrine of lapse]] in an attempt to maintain Indian control over the region, but was defeated and died imprisoned. One of the first female rulers to rebel against British rule, she has become a folk hero in Karnataka and symbol of the [[Indian independence movement|independence movement]] in India. | ||
==Early life== | |||
Kittur Chennamma was born on 23 October 1778, in Kakati, a small village in the present [[Belagavi District]] of Karnataka, India. She belonged to the [[Lingayatism|Lingayat]] community and received training in horse riding, sword fighting and archery from a young age.{{cn|date=March 2021}} | |||
She married Raja Mallasarja of the [[Desai]] family at the age of 15. | |||
==Rebellion against the British== | |||
Chennamma’s husband died in 1824 (or was it 1816?), leaving her with a son and a state full of volatility. This was followed by her son’s death in 1824. Rani Chennamma was left with the state of Kittur and an uphill task to save it from the British. Following the death of her husband and son, Rani Chennamma adopted Shivalingappa in the year 1824 and made him the heir to the throne. This irked the East India Company, who ordered Shivalingappa’s expulsion, on the pretext of the Doctrine of Lapse introduced by [[Lord Dalhousie]], the then Governor General, to annex independent Indian States in 1848. This doctrine was based on the idea that in case the ruler of an independent state died childless, the right of ruling the State reverted or ‘lapsed’ to the sovereign. The state of Kittur came under the administration of [[Dharwad]] collectorate in charge of [[St John Thackeray]] of which Mr. Chaplin was the commissioner, both of whom did not recognize the new ruler and regent and notified Kittur to accept the British regime. | |||
Rani Chennamma sent a letter to [[Mountstuart Elphinstone]], Lieutenant-Governor of the [[Bombay Presidency]] pleading her cause, but the request was turned down, and war broke out.<ref name=south>{{cite book|last=Gopalakrishnan|first=Subramanian (Ed.)|title=The South Indian rebellions : before and after 1800|year=2007|publisher=Palaniappa Brothers|location=Chennai|isbn=9788183795005|pages=102–103|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i81mLhBEBgQC&q=Kittur+Rani+Chennamma&pg=PA103|edition=1st|author2=Gopalakrishnan, edited by S. }}</ref> The British tried to confiscate the treasure and jewels of Kittur, valued at around 1.5 million rupees.<ref name=jewels>{{cite book|title=Disturbances at Kittur and the death of Mr. Thackeray|year=1825|publisher=Parbury, Allen, and Company|location=London|pages=474–5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6CYYAAAAYAAJ&q=St+John+Thackeray+collector&pg=PA474}}</ref> They attacked with a force of 20,797 men and 437 guns, mainly from the third troop of Madras Native Horse Artillery.<ref name=attack>{{cite book|last=Asiatic Journal Vol.3|title=The Occurrences at Kittur in 1824|year=1830|publisher=Parbury, Allen, and Co|location=London|pages=218–222|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7hELAQAAMAAJ&q=St+John+Thackeray+collector&pg=PA218}}</ref> In the first round of war, during October 1824, British forces lost heavily and St John Thackeray, collector and political agent,<ref name=malley/> was killed in the war.<ref name=south/> Amatur Balappa, a lieutenant of Chennamma, was mainly responsible for his killing and losses to British forces.<ref name=fort>{{cite news|title=Restore Kittur monuments|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/article2502260.ece?textsize=small&test=2|access-date=13 November 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=1 October 2011}}</ref> Two British officers, [[Walter Elliot (naturalist)|Sir Walter Elliot]] and Mr. Stevenson<ref name=malley>{{cite book|last=O'Malley|first=Lewis Sydney Steward|title=Indian civil service, 1601–1930.|year=1985|publisher=Frank Cass|location=London|isbn=9780714620237|pages=76|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qI1gUGPKZGsC&q=St+John+Thackeray+Collector&pg=PA76}}</ref> were also taken as hostages.<ref name=south/> Rani Chennamma released them with an understanding with Chaplin that the war would be terminated but Chaplin continued the war with more forces.<ref name=south/> During the second assault, subcollector of [[Solapur]], Munro, nephew of [[Thomas Munro]] was killed.<ref name=malley/> Rani Chennamma fought fiercely with the aid of her deputy, [[Sangolli Rayanna]], but was ultimately captured and imprisoned at [[Bailhongal]] Fort, where she died on 2 February 1829.<ref name=south/> Chennamma was also helped by her henchman Gurusiddappa in the war against British.<ref name=research>{{cite news|title=Kambar calls for research on Chennamma|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/kambar-calls-for-research-on-chennamma/article4029534.ece?css=print|access-date=6 November 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=25 October 2012}}</ref> | |||
[[Sangolli Rayanna]] continued the guerrilla war to 1829, in vain, until his capture.<ref name=south/> He wanted to install the adopted boy Shivalingappa as the ruler of Kittur, but Sangolli Rayanna was caught and hanged. Shivalingappa was arrested by the British.<ref name=south/> Chennamma's legacy and first victory are still commemorated in Kittur, during the Kittur Utsava held on {{nowrap|22–24{{nbsp}}October}} annually. | |||
==Memorials== | |||
===Burial place=== | |||
Rani Chennamma's [[samadhi]] or burial place is in Bailhongal taluk, and is currently in a poor state due to poor maintenance of the surrounding park area by Government agencies.<ref name=samadhi>{{cite news|title=Kittur Rani Chennamma's samadhi lies in neglect|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-30/hubli/34816715_1_samadhi-rani-chennamma-chennamma-s|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130720050621/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-30/hubli/34816715_1_samadhi-rani-chennamma-chennamma-s|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 July 2013|access-date=6 November 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 October 2012}}</ref> | |||
===Statues=== | |||
;Parliament House, New Delhi | |||
[[File:Kittur Chenamma.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Statue of Kittur Chenamma near [[Belgaum]] town hall.]] | |||
On 11{{nbsp}}September 2007 a statue of Rani Chennamma was unveiled at the [[Indian Parliament|Indian Parliament Complex]] by [[Pratibha Patil]], the first woman President of India.<ref>[http://news.oneindia.in/2007/09/11/pratibha-unveils-kittur-rani-chennamma-statue.html ''"Pratibha unveils Kittur Rani Chennamma statue"''], news.oneindia.in</ref> On the occasion, Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]], Home Minister [[Shivraj Patil]], [[Lok Sabha]] speaker [[Somnath Chatterjee]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] leader [[L. K. Advani]], [[Chief Minister of Karnataka|Karnataka Chief Minister]] [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]] and others were present, marking the importance of the function.<ref name=unveiled>{{cite news|title=Kittur Rani statue unveiled|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/12/stories/2007091258190400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080107025859/http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/12/stories/2007091258190400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 January 2008|access-date=5 November 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 September 2007}}</ref> The statue was donated by Kittur Rani Chennamma Memorial Committee and sculpted by [[Vijay Gaur]].<ref name=unveiled/> | |||
;Others | |||
There are also statues commemorating her at [[Bengaluru]], [[Belagavi]], [[Kittur]] and [[Hubballi]].<ref name=samadhi/> | |||
==In popular culture== | |||
* The heroics of Kittur Rani Chennamma are sung by folk in the form of ballads, lavani and GiGi pada.<ref name=akademi>{{cite book|last=Datta|first=Amaresh (Ed.)|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: devraj to jyoti, Volume 2|year=1988|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Dehi|isbn=9788126011940|pages=1293|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&q=sangolli+rayanna&pg=PA1293}}</ref> | |||
* ''[[Kittur Chennamma (film)|Kittur Chennamma]]'' is a 1962 film in [[Kannada language|Kannada]], directed by [[B. Ramakrishnaiah Panthulu]] with [[B. Saroja Devi]] in the title role.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0250471/ ''"Kittur Chennamma (1962)"''], imdb.com</ref> | |||
* A commemorative postage stamp was released on 23 October 1977 by Government of India. | |||
*Coast guard ship "Kittur Chennamma" was commissioned in 1983 and decommissioned in 2011.<ref>{{cite news|last=Varma|first=Dinesh M|title=Coast Guard to acquire 20 ships, 10 aircraft|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/coast-guard-to-acquire-20-ships-10-aircraft/article2139902.ece?css=print|access-date=13 November 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=28 June 2011}}</ref> | |||
* The [[Indian Railways]] train [[Rani Chennamma Express]] connecting [[Bangalore]] and [[Miraj]] is named after her. | |||
* [[Raiganj University]] [[Associate Professor]] Pinaki Roy's essay "Alternative History: A Postcolonial Rereading of Naikar’s ''The Queen of Kittur''", published in the ''Indian Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic Research'' (ISSN 2347-9884), 1(2), August 2014: 105-15, offers several instances of critical references to literary representations of the Queen of Kittur. | |||
* [[Rani Channamma University, Belagavi|Rani Channamma University]] in Belagavi is named in her honour. | |||
* Kittur Chennamma is the name of a Martian vessel in the [[List of The Expanse episodes#ep27| "Reload"]] episode of the science fiction series [[The Expanse (TV series)|The Expanse]]. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
==External links== | |||
*[http://karnatakatravel.blogspot.com/2009/05/kittur-rani-chennamma.html Paintings of Kittur Rani Chennamma] | |||
*[http://www.srikanta-sastri.org/kittur-rani-chennamma/4590688242 Karnataka Goddess of Courage: Kittur Rani Chennamma (an article)] by [[S. Srikanta Sastri]] | |||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kitturu | {{Karnataka topics}} | ||
{{Authority control}} | |||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chennamma, Kitturu}} | |||
[[Category:1778 births]] | [[Category:1778 births]] | ||
[[Category:1829 deaths]] | [[Category:1829 deaths]] | ||
[[Category:Indian women in war]] | |||
[[Category:Women in 19th-century warfare]] | |||
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]] | |||
[[Category:Indian female royalty]] | |||
[[Category:Kannada people]] | |||
[[Category:Lingayatism]] | |||
[[Category:History of Karnataka]] | |||
[[Category:People from Belgaum district]] | |||
[[Category:Resistance to the British Empire]] | [[Category:Resistance to the British Empire]] | ||
[[Category:Indian rebels]] | |||
[[Category:Indian queen consorts]] | |||
[[Category:18th-century Indian women]] | |||
[[Category:18th-century Indian people]] | |||
[[Category:19th-century Indian women]] | |||
[[Category:19th-century Indian people]] | |||
[[Category:Regents of India]] | |||
Revision as of 07:13, 2 July 2021
Kittur Chennamma | |
|---|---|
 Statue of Rani Chennamma in Belagavi | |
| Born | Chennamma 23 October 1778 Belgaum District, Kingdom of Mysore, India |
| Died | 21 February 1829 (aged 50) |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Other names | Rani Chennamma, Kittur Rani Chennamma |
| Known for | 1824 Revolt against the British East India Company |
Kittur Chennamma (23 October 1778 – 21 February 1829)[1] was the Indian queen (rani) of Kittur, a princely state in present-day Karnataka. She led an armed rebellion against the British East India Company (BEIC) in 1824 in defiance of the doctrine of lapse in an attempt to maintain Indian control over the region, but was defeated and died imprisoned. One of the first female rulers to rebel against British rule, she has become a folk hero in Karnataka and symbol of the independence movement in India.
Early life
Kittur Chennamma was born on 23 October 1778, in Kakati, a small village in the present Belagavi District of Karnataka, India. She belonged to the Lingayat community and received training in horse riding, sword fighting and archery from a young age.[citation needed]
She married Raja Mallasarja of the Desai family at the age of 15.
Rebellion against the British
Chennamma’s husband died in 1824 (or was it 1816?), leaving her with a son and a state full of volatility. This was followed by her son’s death in 1824. Rani Chennamma was left with the state of Kittur and an uphill task to save it from the British. Following the death of her husband and son, Rani Chennamma adopted Shivalingappa in the year 1824 and made him the heir to the throne. This irked the East India Company, who ordered Shivalingappa’s expulsion, on the pretext of the Doctrine of Lapse introduced by Lord Dalhousie, the then Governor General, to annex independent Indian States in 1848. This doctrine was based on the idea that in case the ruler of an independent state died childless, the right of ruling the State reverted or ‘lapsed’ to the sovereign. The state of Kittur came under the administration of Dharwad collectorate in charge of St John Thackeray of which Mr. Chaplin was the commissioner, both of whom did not recognize the new ruler and regent and notified Kittur to accept the British regime.
Rani Chennamma sent a letter to Mountstuart Elphinstone, Lieutenant-Governor of the Bombay Presidency pleading her cause, but the request was turned down, and war broke out.[2] The British tried to confiscate the treasure and jewels of Kittur, valued at around 1.5 million rupees.[3] They attacked with a force of 20,797 men and 437 guns, mainly from the third troop of Madras Native Horse Artillery.[4] In the first round of war, during October 1824, British forces lost heavily and St John Thackeray, collector and political agent,[5] was killed in the war.[2] Amatur Balappa, a lieutenant of Chennamma, was mainly responsible for his killing and losses to British forces.[6] Two British officers, Sir Walter Elliot and Mr. Stevenson[5] were also taken as hostages.[2] Rani Chennamma released them with an understanding with Chaplin that the war would be terminated but Chaplin continued the war with more forces.[2] During the second assault, subcollector of Solapur, Munro, nephew of Thomas Munro was killed.[5] Rani Chennamma fought fiercely with the aid of her deputy, Sangolli Rayanna, but was ultimately captured and imprisoned at Bailhongal Fort, where she died on 2 February 1829.[2] Chennamma was also helped by her henchman Gurusiddappa in the war against British.[7]
Sangolli Rayanna continued the guerrilla war to 1829, in vain, until his capture.[2] He wanted to install the adopted boy Shivalingappa as the ruler of Kittur, but Sangolli Rayanna was caught and hanged. Shivalingappa was arrested by the British.[2] Chennamma's legacy and first victory are still commemorated in Kittur, during the Kittur Utsava held on 22–24 October annually.
Memorials
Burial place
Rani Chennamma's samadhi or burial place is in Bailhongal taluk, and is currently in a poor state due to poor maintenance of the surrounding park area by Government agencies.[8]
Statues
- Parliament House, New Delhi
On 11 September 2007 a statue of Rani Chennamma was unveiled at the Indian Parliament Complex by Pratibha Patil, the first woman President of India.[9] On the occasion, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, Home Minister Shivraj Patil, Lok Sabha speaker Somnath Chatterjee, BJP leader L. K. Advani, Karnataka Chief Minister H. D. Kumaraswamy and others were present, marking the importance of the function.[10] The statue was donated by Kittur Rani Chennamma Memorial Committee and sculpted by Vijay Gaur.[10]
- Others
There are also statues commemorating her at Bengaluru, Belagavi, Kittur and Hubballi.[8]
In popular culture
- The heroics of Kittur Rani Chennamma are sung by folk in the form of ballads, lavani and GiGi pada.[11]
- Kittur Chennamma is a 1962 film in Kannada, directed by B. Ramakrishnaiah Panthulu with B. Saroja Devi in the title role.[12]
- A commemorative postage stamp was released on 23 October 1977 by Government of India.
- Coast guard ship "Kittur Chennamma" was commissioned in 1983 and decommissioned in 2011.[13]
- The Indian Railways train Rani Chennamma Express connecting Bangalore and Miraj is named after her.
- Raiganj University Associate Professor Pinaki Roy's essay "Alternative History: A Postcolonial Rereading of Naikar’s The Queen of Kittur", published in the Indian Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic Research (ISSN 2347-9884), 1(2), August 2014: 105-15, offers several instances of critical references to literary representations of the Queen of Kittur.
- Rani Channamma University in Belagavi is named in her honour.
- Kittur Chennamma is the name of a Martian vessel in the "Reload" episode of the science fiction series The Expanse.
References
- ↑ "Rani Chennamma of Kitturu". pib.nic.in. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Gopalakrishnan, Subramanian (Ed.); Gopalakrishnan, edited by S. (2007). The South Indian rebellions : before and after 1800 (1st ed.). Chennai: Palaniappa Brothers. pp. 102–103. ISBN 9788183795005.
{{cite book}}:|author2=has generic name (help) - ↑ Disturbances at Kittur and the death of Mr. Thackeray. London: Parbury, Allen, and Company. 1825. pp. 474–5.
- ↑ Asiatic Journal Vol.3 (1830). The Occurrences at Kittur in 1824. London: Parbury, Allen, and Co. pp. 218–222.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 O'Malley, Lewis Sydney Steward (1985). Indian civil service, 1601–1930. London: Frank Cass. p. 76. ISBN 9780714620237.
- ↑ "Restore Kittur monuments". The Hindu. 1 October 2011. Retrieved 13 November 2012.
- ↑ "Kambar calls for research on Chennamma". The Hindu. 25 October 2012. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Kittur Rani Chennamma's samadhi lies in neglect". The Times of India. 30 October 2012. Archived from the original on 20 July 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
- ↑ "Pratibha unveils Kittur Rani Chennamma statue", news.oneindia.in
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Kittur Rani statue unveiled". The Hindu. 12 September 2007. Archived from the original on 7 January 2008. Retrieved 5 November 2012.
- ↑ Datta, Amaresh (Ed.) (1988). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: devraj to jyoti, Volume 2. New Dehi: Sahitya Akademi. p. 1293. ISBN 9788126011940.
- ↑ "Kittur Chennamma (1962)", imdb.com
- ↑ Varma, Dinesh M (28 June 2011). "Coast Guard to acquire 20 ships, 10 aircraft". The Hindu. Retrieved 13 November 2012.
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