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{{Short description|Hindustani raga}} | {{Short description|Hindustani raga}} | ||
{{cleanup lang|date=July 2022}} | |||
{{Infobox raga | {{Infobox raga | ||
| name = Yaman | | name = Yaman | ||
| image_name | | image_name = Kalyan.png | ||
| time of day (gayan samaye)= 1st part of the night | |||
| arohana = Ni R Ga {{overline|Ma}} Dha Ni Sa' | |||
| time | |||
| arohana = Ni R Ga {{overline|Ma}} Dha Ni Sa | |||
| avarohana = Sa' Ni Dha Pa {{overline|Ma}} Ga Re Sa | | avarohana = Sa' Ni Dha Pa {{overline|Ma}} Ga Re Sa | ||
| vadi = Ga | | vadi = Ga | ||
| samavadi = Ni | | samavadi = Ni | ||
| pakad = ni-Re-Ga-/Re-Ga/ni-Re-Sa/Pa-Ma | | pakad = ni-Re-Ga-/Re-Ga/ni-Re-Sa/Pa-{{overline|Ma}}-Ga-Re/ni-Re-Sa' (Ma is teevr) | ||
| equivalent = {{ubl|[[Kalyani (raga)|Kalyani]] | [[Lydian mode]]}} | | equivalent = {{ubl|[[Kalyani (raga)|Kalyani]] | [[Lydian mode]]}} | ||
| similar = [[Yaman Kalyan]] | | similar = [[Yaman Kalyan]], [[Kalyani (raga)|Kalyani]] | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{Hindustani Classical Music}} | {{Hindustani Classical Music}} | ||
'''Yaman''' (also known as '''Kalyaan''', '''Iman''', '''Aiman''', '''Eman''', '''[[Kalyani (raga)|Kalyani]]''' in [[Carnatic classical music]]) is a [[heptatonic]] ([[Sampurna raga|sampurna]]) [[Hindustani classical music|Indian classical]] [[raga]] of [[Kalyan (thaat)|Kalyan]] [[Thaat]]. | |||
The specific sequence of notes (pakad) that uniquely identifies raga Yaman is ni-Re-Ga-/Re-Ga/ni-Re-Sa/Pa-{{overline|Ma}}-Ga-Re/ni-Re-Sa' (Ma is sharp, or teevra). | |||
The tonal movements of the notes mostly reflect zigzag motion, skipping one or several notes and usually preferring a reverse order, such as: DNS' mDN GmD RGm N,GR or MDNS' GmDN RGmD N,RGm D,N,GR etc. Ideally, Yaman should not use a PR combination. Instead, it can use P~R, showing the 'colour' of m or G while gliding from P to R, as PR is one of the specific identification of raga Kalyaan. | |||
{{Listen | {{Listen | ||
| filename = Sitar sample yaman.ogg | | filename = Sitar sample yaman.ogg | ||
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Yaman's Jati is a Sampurna raga (ideally, yaman is audav sampoorna raag because of the structure- N,RGmDNR'S' NDPmGRS) and in some cases Shadav; the ascending Aaroha scale and the descending style of the [[Avrohana|avroha]] includes all seven notes in the octave (When it is audav, the Aroha goes like N,RGmDNS', where the fifth note is omitted; Pa but the Avaroha is the same complete octave). All the scale notes (called [[swaras]]) in the raga are Shuddha, the exception being Teevra [[Madhyama (music)|Madhyam]] or prati madhyamam (sharp fourth). The notes of the raga are considered analogous to the western [[Lydian mode]]. | Yaman's Jati is a Sampurna raga (ideally, yaman is audav sampoorna raag because of the structure- N,RGmDNR'S' NDPmGRS) and in some cases Shadav; the ascending Aaroha scale and the descending style of the [[Avrohana|avroha]] includes all seven notes in the octave (When it is audav, the Aroha goes like N,RGmDNS', where the fifth note is omitted; Pa but the Avaroha is the same complete octave). All the scale notes (called [[swaras]]) in the raga are Shuddha, the exception being Teevra [[Madhyama (music)|Madhyam]] or prati madhyamam (sharp fourth). The notes of the raga are considered analogous to the western [[Lydian mode]]. | ||
None of the three great treatises of music, accept the existence of {{lang|hi-Latn|tivra}} ma, | None of the three great treatises of music, accept the existence of {{lang|hi-Latn|tivra}} ma,[text missing] | ||
Not to be mistaken, Raag Yaman is slightly different from [[Raag Yaman Kalyan]]. Both have almost the same base, but they are sung differently. The Aroha and Avaroha of Yaman Kalyan goes like this: | Not to be mistaken, Raag Yaman is slightly different from [[Raag Yaman Kalyan]]. Both have almost the same base, but they are sung differently. The Aroha and Avaroha of Yaman Kalyan goes like this: | ||
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[[Vadi (music)|Vadi]] is ga, [[Samvadi]] is ni. | [[Vadi (music)|Vadi]] is ga, [[Samvadi]] is ni. | ||
=== Pakad | === Pakad === | ||
It is wrong to say that Kalyan has no specific phrases or particular features, many musicians avoid Sa and Pa in ascend or treat them very weakly in Yaman. One often applies N<sup>0</sup> R G M<sup>+</sup> D N S' in ascent and S' N D M<sup>+</sup> G R S in descend<ref>Kaufmann(1968)</ref>). | It is wrong to say that Kalyan has no specific phrases or particular features, many musicians avoid Sa and Pa in ascend or treat them very weakly in Yaman. One often applies N<sup>0</sup> R G M<sup>+</sup> D N S' in ascent and S' N D M<sup>+</sup> G R S in descend<ref>Kaufmann(1968)</ref>). | ||
=== Organization and relationships === | === Organization and relationships === | ||
There is some discussion whether Yaman and Kalyan | There is some discussion as to whether Yaman and Kalyan are just different names for the same raga, or that they are actually two distinct ragas. Joep Bor says "Kalyan (today usually referred to as Yaman)".<ref name="Bor 1997">Bor 1997</ref> Kaufmann<ref>Kaufmann 1968</ref> says that Yaman and Kalyan are just different names, but insists that rāga Yaman-Kalyan is different as natural Ma is occasionally inserted between two Ga, like Ga Ma Ga Re Sa, while in all other instances {{Transliteration|hi|italic=no|tivra Ma}} (Ma<sup>+</sup> is used as in Kalyan). S. Bagchee<ref>Bagchee 1998</ref> agrees with Kaufmann. | ||
As Bor, Kaufmann and Bagchee are not practising, professional and traditional musicians and artistes with training from qualified musicians | As Bor, Kaufmann and Bagchee are not practising, professional and traditional musicians and artistes with training from qualified musicians, their opinions and observations must be accepted with a pinch of salt. An analysis of the raag leads some musicians to believe that the names of the raags Yaman and Kalyan are different, so their tonal movements shall be different (Kalyan is more akin to shuddha Kalyan, not Yaman). People erratically believe that if natural Ma is occasionally added in a concluding figure leading to Sa, the raga is known as Yaman-Kalyan.<ref name="Bor 1997" /> | ||
Practically, yaman has a raganga very | Practically, yaman has a raganga very different from Kalyan raganga, resembling colours of Shuddha Kalyan. The use of shuddha ma must be restricted as a Vivadi swara (limited use) or grace note for Yaman Kalyan otherwise there is a chance of it becoming Yamani, Yamani Bilawal, Jaimini Kalyan. Moreover, neither of Kalyan or Yaman has Shuddha Ma in its main body thus use of shuddha Ma does not create Yaman Kalyan. Ideally there is no raga at all in Indian music that is recognized as any type of Kalyan because of shuddha Ma, thus raga Yaman Kalyan becomes a misnomer because of Shuddha Ma in the tonal structure of raga Yaman.<br /> | ||
Kalyan is mixed with several ragas that has either of Kalyan ang or Yaman ang: | Kalyan is mixed with several ragas that has either of Kalyan ang or Yaman ang: | ||
* Adbhut Kalyan | * Adbhut Kalyan | ||
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* Yaman Chhaya | * Yaman Chhaya | ||
[[Thaat]]: Kalyan is type raga of [[Kalyan (thaat)|Kalyan thaat]]. In thaat Kalyan, all notes are shuddha (natural) except {{ | [[Thaat]]: Kalyan is type raga of [[Kalyan (thaat)|Kalyan thaat]]. In thaat Kalyan, all notes are shuddha (natural) except {{Transliteration|hi|italic=no|teevra}} (sharp) Ma. | ||
=== Behaviour === | === Behaviour === | ||
Yaman is regarded | Yaman is regarded one of the grandest and most fundamental ragas in the hindustani tradition. It is one of the first ragas taught to students but it also has great scope for improvisation. Raag elaboration can focus more on mandra and madhya saptak, thus the key note chosen for yaman is preferred to be a higher tone. | ||
=== Samay (time) === | === Samay (time) === | ||
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=== Rasa === | === Rasa === | ||
Kalyan is described by [[Meshakarna]](1570) as "lord in white garments and pearl necklace on a splendid lion-throne, under a royal umbrella, fanned with whisk, chewing betel"<ref name="Bor 1997" /> | Kalyan is described by [[Meshakarna]] (1570) as "lord in white garments and pearl necklace on a splendid lion-throne, under a royal umbrella, fanned with whisk, chewing betel"<ref name="Bor 1997" /> | ||
This raga promotes romanticism, It sounds romantic, we can see in Bollywood many romantic songs are based on this raga. | |||
== Historical information == | |||
{{importance section|date=July 2022}} | |||
=== Yaman or Kalyan: An Ancient Indian Raag === | |||
It is hypothesized that Yaman or Kalyan is an older Indian raaga that underwent an evolution attributed to Ameer Khusro (1253–1325), who also renamed it from Kalyan to Yaman. Yaman raag finds its roots in the Kalyaan Thaat, which would categorize it as an aasreya raag within the Kalyaan Thaat. | |||
=== Origins of Yaman === | |||
Hindustani vocalist, scholar, and researcher Ramkrishna Das Nadrang suggests that some musicians believe Yaman's origin traces back to Yemen, a country in the Middle East situated at the southern end of the Arabian Peninsula. However, there exists no historical evidence or record of Yemeni natives practicing the Yaman melody within the context of Hindustani music in India. Consequently, Yemen seems to lack any substantive connection to the raag Yaman. | |||
Within the traditional confines of the Gwalior gharana and certain olden Hindustani music schools, music masters assert that a learner must imbue faith (IMAAN) in their teacher-mentor's words to progress in music. Consequently, they emphasize the importance of "imaan laao (submitting to the aphorism)," making Yaman the starting point for music instruction. As a result, the term "yaman" became synonymous with "iman," aligning it closely with the term "imaan." | |||
Ramkrishna Das posits an alternative hypothesis suggesting that the word "yaman" may be linked to Sanskrit "Yavan" (Muslim). This theory posits that the raag Yaman evolved from Kalyaan, as puritan Hindu musicians began referring to the melody as "kalyaan of the Muslim artistes" or "yavanon kaa kalyaan." Over time, this term transformed into "yavan kalyaan," then "yaman kalyan," and finally, "yaman." | |||
In South Indian Carnatic music, a similar melody is referred to as "yamuna kalyaani," while the Gwalior Paluskar tradition introduced a raag named "Jaimini Kalyaan," which potentially aligns with the Carnatic name. This transformation into "Yaman" was, in a sense, a derogatory term, as it altered the sanctity of Kalyaan due to its intricate tonal movements, characterized by excessive zigzag patterns and internal skips or gaps between notes. | |||
Yaman accentuates notes ni, ga, and ma, with limited use of saa and pa during the ascent. In contrast, Kalyaan emphasizes saa, pa, re, ga, with minimal reliance on ma and ni. Raag Kalyaan also exhibits frequent downward movements, similar to the model of raag shuddha kalyaan. | |||
=== Attributions to Ameer Khusro and Variations === | |||
Some proponents attribute the creation of Yaman to Ameer Khusro (1253–1325), a Sufi saint, poet, singer, and courtier to several Indian rulers. "Raag Vyaakaran" (1975, page 468-470) by Bimalakaanta Roychoudhury presents four varieties of Yaman, among which Khusro's Yaman lacks ni and tivra ma during the ascent, except for magama. This particular melody is penta-hexatonic (SRGPDS'| S'DPGmGRS), with vaadi ga-samvaadi dha. The tonal movements are detailed on page 469 as follows (, = lower octave, ' = upper octave): SRGRS D,S RG PGmG RGRS GRS PDS' G'R'S' DP GmGRG PGRS. This reveals that the contemporary Yaman differs significantly from the 14th-century version. | |||
=== Evolution and Connection to Yamani === | |||
According to Ramkrishna Das, contemporary Yaman is a derivative of an older raag called "yamani," which developed along the banks of the Yamuna River near Mathura-Vrindavan or in the Chaiti dhun of Varanasi. Precisely, Yaman appears to be a part of Yamani due to the name "Yamuna" being associated with it. Notably, the folk melody of the song 'Sautan ghar na jaa/ na jaa more saiyaan (SR SN,S D,N,R--N,RGR G~S--)' features the unique and spontaneous tonal movement "niresaa," an essential element of Yaman, not commonly found in other folk melodies. | |||
The oldest available chaiti song is "Piyaa se milan ham jaayeb ho raamaa piyaa se milana," composed by saint Kabir (1398–1518) of Varanasi. This song exhibits the following tonal structures: N,P,N,N,N,SS SS SR SN.S D,N,R-- N,R GMG- G~S--. Both of these tonal structures mirror essential movements of contemporary raag Yaman, sans the tivra madhyam (sharp fourth). However, the antaraa of the chaiti incorporates tivra ma as an essential part of the melody. Chaitis are popularly recognized as "maanjh khamaaj" (thanks to Pandit Ravishankar, Ali Akbar Khan, Vilayat Khan, Nikhil Banerjee). Otherwise, musicians in Varanasi referred to them as "yamani." | |||
=== The Influence of Tivra Madhyam === | |||
Spontaneous use of tivra madhyam is evident in the tune of raag "janglaa," prevalent in the rasiya singing of Braj-Vrindavan (mPGMPmP NDNS' DNP- nDP GMPmP). However, in Indian folk melodies, tivra ma is rarely and spontaneously employed. Since tivra ma, komal re, and komal dha were not acknowledged in the Naatya Shaastra, Brihaddeshi, and Sangeet Ratnaakar (1245 AD), raag Kalyaan did not exist in the pre-Muqaam or pre-Melakarta system of raags. | |||
It is conceivable that the frequent use of tivra ma was propagated by followers of Khusro, qawwali singers, and folk musicians, leading to the evolution of Yamani into Yaman while retaining the core tonal movements. Additionally, the advent of the melakarta system in Carnatic schools attributed to Venkatamakhi (~1630), further popularized the raag Kalyaan. Perhaps the name "kalyaan" drew inspiration from the popular tunes of Sanskrit verses recited during evening prayers. | |||
Yaman, or the commonly referred to term "kalyan," accommodates almost all tonal combinations. Renowned sitar maestro Abdul Halim Jaffer Khan used to affirm, "Ye man jo chaahe wahi yaman hai," emphasizing the vast umbrella of possibilities for tonal combinations within Yaman. | |||
=== Important recordings === | === Important recordings === | ||
* [[Amir Khan (singer)|Amir Khan]] – Shuddh Kalyan, Yaman, and Yaman Kalyan | * [[Amir Khan (singer)|Amir Khan]] – Shuddh Kalyan, Yaman, and Yaman Kalyan | ||
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== Film songs == | == Film songs == | ||
=== | === Hindi === | ||
Following is the list of film songs based on Yaman. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! Song | ! Song | ||
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! Singer | ! Singer | ||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "Is Mod Se Jaate Hai" | ||
| ''[[ | | ''[[Aandhi]]'' | ||
| [[ | | [[R.D.Burman]] | ||
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Kishore Kumar]] | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "Jiya Le Gayo Ji Mora" | ||
| ''[[Anpadh]]'' | |||
| [[ | | [[Madan Mohan]] | ||
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "Naam Gum Jaayega" | ||
| [[ | | '' [[Kinara (film)|Kinara]]'' | ||
| [[R.D.Burman]] | |||
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Bhupinder Singh (musician)|Bhupinder Singh]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "Rasik Balma" | ||
| ''[[ | | ''[[Chori Chori (1956 film)|Chori Chori]]'' | ||
| [[ | | [[Shankar–Jaikishan]] | ||
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "Chandan Sa Badan" | ||
| ''[[ | | '' [[Saraswatichandra (film)|Saraswatichandra]]'' | ||
| [[Kalyanji–Anandji]] | |||
| | | [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "Zindagi Bhar Nahi Bhulegi" | ||
| ''[[ | | ''[[Barsaat Ki Raat]]'' | ||
| | [[Roshan (music director)|Roshan]] | |||
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Mohammed Rafi]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "Jab Deep Jale Aana" | ||
| ''[[ | | ''[[Chitchor]]'' | ||
| [[Ravindra Jain]] | |||
| [[Hemlata (singer)]], [[K. J. Yesudas]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "Ek Pyar Ka Nagma Hai" | ||
| ''[[ | | ''[[Shor (film)]]'' | ||
| [[ | | [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]] | ||
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "Ehsan Tera Hoga Mujhpar" | ||
| ''[[ | | '' [[Junglee (1961 film)|Junglee]]'' | ||
| [[ | | [[Shankar–Jaikishan]] | ||
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Mohammed Rafi]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "Zaraasi Aahat Hoti Hai" | ||
| ''[[ | | '' [[Haqeeqat (1964 film)|Haqeeqat]]'' | ||
| [[ | | [[Madan Mohan]] | ||
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "Kabhi Kabhi Mere Dil Mein" | ||
| ''[[ | | ''[[Kabhi Kabhie]]'' | ||
| [[ | | [[Mohammed Zahur Khayyam|Khayyam]] | ||
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "Beeti Na Beetayi Raina" | ||
| ''[[ | | '' [[Parichay (film)|Parichay]]'' | ||
| [[ | | [[R.D.Burman]] | ||
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Bhupinder Singh (musician)|Bhupinder Singh]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | " [[Aayat (song)|Aayat]]" | ||
| ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]'' | |||
| | | [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] | ||
| [[Arijit Singh]], Mujtaba Aziz Naza, [[Shadab Faridi]], [[Altamash Faridi]], [[Farhan Sabri]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "Laal Ishq" | ||
| ''[[ | | ''[[Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela]]'' | ||
| [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] | |||
| [[Arijit Singh]], [[Osman Mir]], [[Altamash Faridi]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "[[Chaleya]]" | ||
| ''[[ | (loosely based) | ||
| ''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]'' | |||
| [[Anirudh Ravichander]] | |||
| [[Arijit Singh]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "Aap Ke Anurodh Pe" | ||
| ''[[ | | ''[[Anurodh]]'' | ||
| [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]] | |||
| [[Kishore Kumar]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "Nigahen Milaane ko Jee Chahta Hai" | ||
| ''[[ | | '' [[Dil Hi To Hai (1963 film)|Dil Hi To Hai]]'' | ||
| [[ | | [[Roshan (music director)|Roshan]] | ||
| [[Asha Bhosle]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "Ghar Se Nikalte Hi" | ||
| ''[[ | | ''[[Papa Kehte Hai]]'' | ||
| [[ | | [[Rajesh Roshan]] | ||
| [[Udit Narayan]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "Aaye Ho Meri Zindagi Mein" | ||
| ''[[ | | ''[[Raja Hindustani]]'' | ||
| | | [[Nadeem–Shravan]] | ||
| [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Udit Narayan]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "Hamesha Tumko Chaha" | ||
| ''[[ | | '' [[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]'' | ||
| [[Ismail Darbar]] | |||
| [[Kavita Krishnamurti]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "Aaj Ibaadat" | ||
| ''[[ | | ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]'' | ||
| [[ | | [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] | ||
| [[Javed Bashir]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "Hothon Se Chulo Tum" | ||
| ''[[ | | ''[[Prem Geet (1981 film)|Prem Geet]]'' | ||
| [[ | | [[Jagjit Singh]] | ||
| [[Jagjit Singh]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "Ek Dil Ek Jaan " | ||
| ''[[ | | ''[[Padmaavat]]'' | ||
| [[ | | [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] | ||
| [[Shivam Pathak]], Mujtaba Aziz Naza | |||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "Woh Sham Kuch Ajeeb Thi" | ||
| ''[[ | | ''[[Khamoshi (1970 film)|Khamoshi]]'' | ||
| [[ | | [[Hemant Kumar]] | ||
| [[Kishore Kumar]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| "Ey Hairathe" | |||
| "Ey | |||
| ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]'' | | ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]'' | ||
| [[ | | [[A. R. Rahman]] | ||
| [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[A. R. Rahman]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "Salaam-E-Ishq Meri Jaan" | ||
| ''[[ | | ''[[Muqaddar Ka Sikandar]]'' | ||
| [[ | | [[Kalyanji-Anandji]] | ||
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Kishore Kumar]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "Inhi logon ne" | ||
| '' | | ''[[Pakeezah]]'' | ||
| [[Naushad]] | |||
| [[ | | [[Lata Mangeshkar]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "Ja Re, Badra Bairi Ja" | ||
| ''[[ | | ''[[Bahana (1960 film)|Bahana]]'' | ||
| [[Madan Mohan]] | |||
| [[ | | [[Lata Mangeshkar]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "Tere Husn Ki Kya Tareef Karun" | ||
| '' | | ''[[Leader (1964 film)|Leader]]'' | ||
| [[ | | [[Naushad]] | ||
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Mohammed Rafi]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "Bhooli Hui Yaadon Mujhe Itna" | ||
| ''[[ | | ''[[Sanjog (1961 film)|Sanjog]]'' | ||
| [[ | | [[Madan Mohan]] | ||
| [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "Woh Jab Yaad Aaye" | ||
| ''[[ | | ''[[Parasmani]]'' | ||
| | | [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]] | ||
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Mohammed Rafi]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "Dil-E-Betaab Ko Seene Se Lagana Hoga" | ||
| ''[[ | | ''[[Palki (1967 film)|Palki]]'' | ||
| [[Naushad]] | |||
| | | [[Suman Kalyanpur]], [[Mohammed Rafi]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "Yun Shabnam" | ||
| ''[[ | | ''[[Saawariya]]'' | ||
| [[ | | [[Monty Sharma]] | ||
| [[Parthiv Gohil]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "Phir Na Kije Meri Gustakh Nigah Ka Gila" | ||
| ''[[ | | ''[[Phir Subah Hogi]]'' | ||
| [[ | | [[Mohammed Zahur Khayyam|Khayyam]] | ||
| [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "Tum Bin Jeevan Kaise Beeta" | ||
| ''[[ | | ''[[Anita (1967 film)|Anita]]'' | ||
| [[ | | [[Laxmikant-Pyarelal]] | ||
| [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "Kay Sera Sera" | ||
| ''[[ | | ''[[Pukar (2000 film)|Pukar]]'' | ||
| | | [[A. R. Rahman]] | ||
| [[ | | [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "Moh Moh Ke Dhaage" | ||
| ''[[ | | ''[[Dum Laga Ke Haisha]]'' | ||
| [[Anu Malik]] | |||
| [[ | | [[Papon (singer)|Papon]], [[Monali Thakur]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "Sochenge Tumhe Pyaar Karen ke Nahi" | ||
| ''[[ | | ''[[Deewana (1992 film)|Deewana]]'' | ||
| [[ | | [[Nadeem–Shravan]] | ||
| [[Kumar Sanu]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "Abhi Na Jao Chhodakar" | ||
| ''[[ | | ''[[Hum Dono (1961 film)|Hum Dono]]'' | ||
| | | [[Jaidev]] | ||
| [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Mohammed Rafi]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "Pyar Mein Hota Hai Kya Jadu" | ||
| ''[[ | | ''[[Papa Kehte Hai]]'' | ||
| | | [[Rajesh Roshan]] | ||
| [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Kumar Sanu]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "Yeh Safar Bahut Hai Kathi" | ||
| ''[[ | | ''[[1942: A Love Story]]'' | ||
| [[ | | [[R.D.Burman]] | ||
| [[ | | [[Shibaji Chatterjee]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "Huzur Is Kadar" | ||
| ''[[ | | ''[[Masoom (1983 film)|Masoom]]'' | ||
| [[R D Burman]] | |||
| [[ | | [[Bhupinder Singh (musician)|Bhupinder Singh]], [[Suresh Wadkar]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | "Do Naina Aur Ek Kahani" | ||
| ''[[Masoom (1983 film)|Masoom]]'' | |||
| [[R D Burman]] | |||
| [[Aarti Mukherjee]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "Tum Gagan Ke Chandrama Ho" | ||
| '' | | ''Sati Savitri (1964)'' | ||
| [[ | | [[Laxmikant Pyarelal]] | ||
| | | [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Manna Dey]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "Chupa Lo Yun Dil Mein Pyar Mera" | ||
| ''[[ | | ''[[Mamta (1966 film)|Mamta]]'' | ||
| [[ | | [[Roshan (music director)|Roshan]] | ||
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Hemant Kumar]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "aansu bhari hai jeevan ki rahen" | ||
| ''[[ | | ''[[Parvarish (1958 film)|Parvarish]]'' | ||
| [[ | | [[Dattaram Wadkar]] | ||
| [[ | | [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| " | | "Mausam Hai Aashiqana" | ||
| ''[[ | | ''[[Pakeezah]]'' | ||
| [[ | | [[Ghulam Mohammed (composer)|Ghulam Mohammed]] | ||
| [[ | | [[Lata Mangeshkar]] | ||
|} | |} | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
{{Portal|India|Music}} | |||
{{reflist|30em}} | {{reflist|30em}} | ||
| Line 585: | Line 424: | ||
== External links == | == External links == | ||
* [http://chandrakantha.com/raga_raag/film_song_raga.html] | * [http://chandrakantha.com/raga_raag/film_song_raga.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113105750/https://chandrakantha.com/raga_raag/film_song_raga.html |date=2022-01-13 }} | ||
* [http://oceanofragas.com/ocean_htmlpages/yaman.html More details about raag Yaman] | * [http://oceanofragas.com/ocean_htmlpages/yaman.html More details about raag Yaman] | ||
* {{Citation |last=Moutal |first=Patrick |title=Hindustāni Rāga-s Index |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt Ltd |place=New Delhi |year=1991 |id={{Listed Invalid ISBN|81-215-0525-7}}}} | * {{Citation |last=Moutal |first=Patrick |title=Hindustāni Rāga-s Index |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt Ltd |place=New Delhi |year=1991 |id={{Listed Invalid ISBN|81-215-0525-7}}}} | ||
Latest revision as of 13:20, 5 March 2026
 | This article or section should specify the language of its non-English content, using {{lang}}, {{transliteration}} for transliterated languages, and {{IPA}} for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate ISO 639 code. Bharatpedia's multilingual support templates may also be used. (July 2022) |
 | |
| Arohana | Ni R Ga Template:Overline Dha Ni Sa' |
|---|---|
| Avarohana | Sa' Ni Dha Pa Template:Overline Ga Re Sa |
| Pakad | ni-Re-Ga-/Re-Ga/ni-Re-Sa/Pa-Template:Overline-Ga-Re/ni-Re-Sa' (Ma is teevr) |
| Vadi | Ga |
| Samavadi | Ni |
| Equivalent | |
| Similar | Yaman Kalyan, Kalyani |
| Hindustani classical music |
|---|
| Concepts |
| Genres |
| Thaats |
Yaman (also known as Kalyaan, Iman, Aiman, Eman, Kalyani in Carnatic classical music) is a heptatonic (sampurna) Indian classical raga of Kalyan Thaat.
The specific sequence of notes (pakad) that uniquely identifies raga Yaman is ni-Re-Ga-/Re-Ga/ni-Re-Sa/Pa-Template:Overline-Ga-Re/ni-Re-Sa' (Ma is sharp, or teevra).
The tonal movements of the notes mostly reflect zigzag motion, skipping one or several notes and usually preferring a reverse order, such as: DNS' mDN GmD RGm N,GR or MDNS' GmDN RGmD N,RGm D,N,GR etc. Ideally, Yaman should not use a PR combination. Instead, it can use P~R, showing the 'colour' of m or G while gliding from P to R, as PR is one of the specific identification of raga Kalyaan.
Description[edit | edit source]
Yaman emerged from the parent musical scale of Kalyan. Considered to be one of the most fundamental and basic ragas in Hindustani tradition, it is thus often one of the first ragas taught to students.
Mechanics[edit | edit source]
Yaman's Jati is a Sampurna raga (ideally, yaman is audav sampoorna raag because of the structure- N,RGmDNR'S' NDPmGRS) and in some cases Shadav; the ascending Aaroha scale and the descending style of the avroha includes all seven notes in the octave (When it is audav, the Aroha goes like N,RGmDNS', where the fifth note is omitted; Pa but the Avaroha is the same complete octave). All the scale notes (called swaras) in the raga are Shuddha, the exception being Teevra Madhyam or prati madhyamam (sharp fourth). The notes of the raga are considered analogous to the western Lydian mode.
None of the three great treatises of music, accept the existence of tivra ma,[text missing]
Not to be mistaken, Raag Yaman is slightly different from Raag Yaman Kalyan. Both have almost the same base, but they are sung differently. The Aroha and Avaroha of Yaman Kalyan goes like this: SRGmPDNS' S'NDPm GMGRN, RS
Vadi and samavadi[edit | edit source]
Pakad[edit | edit source]
It is wrong to say that Kalyan has no specific phrases or particular features, many musicians avoid Sa and Pa in ascend or treat them very weakly in Yaman. One often applies N0 R G M+ D N S' in ascent and S' N D M+ G R S in descend[1]).
Organization and relationships[edit | edit source]
There is some discussion as to whether Yaman and Kalyan are just different names for the same raga, or that they are actually two distinct ragas. Joep Bor says "Kalyan (today usually referred to as Yaman)".[2] Kaufmann[3] says that Yaman and Kalyan are just different names, but insists that rāga Yaman-Kalyan is different as natural Ma is occasionally inserted between two Ga, like Ga Ma Ga Re Sa, while in all other instances tivra Ma (Ma+ is used as in Kalyan). S. Bagchee[4] agrees with Kaufmann.
As Bor, Kaufmann and Bagchee are not practising, professional and traditional musicians and artistes with training from qualified musicians, their opinions and observations must be accepted with a pinch of salt. An analysis of the raag leads some musicians to believe that the names of the raags Yaman and Kalyan are different, so their tonal movements shall be different (Kalyan is more akin to shuddha Kalyan, not Yaman). People erratically believe that if natural Ma is occasionally added in a concluding figure leading to Sa, the raga is known as Yaman-Kalyan.[2]
Practically, yaman has a raganga very different from Kalyan raganga, resembling colours of Shuddha Kalyan. The use of shuddha ma must be restricted as a Vivadi swara (limited use) or grace note for Yaman Kalyan otherwise there is a chance of it becoming Yamani, Yamani Bilawal, Jaimini Kalyan. Moreover, neither of Kalyan or Yaman has Shuddha Ma in its main body thus use of shuddha Ma does not create Yaman Kalyan. Ideally there is no raga at all in Indian music that is recognized as any type of Kalyan because of shuddha Ma, thus raga Yaman Kalyan becomes a misnomer because of Shuddha Ma in the tonal structure of raga Yaman.
Kalyan is mixed with several ragas that has either of Kalyan ang or Yaman ang:
- Adbhut Kalyan
- Anandi Kalyan
- Bhog Kalyan
- Bhoop Kalyan
- Bilas khani Kalyan
- Chandra Kalyan
- Chhaya Kalyan
- Deepak Kalyan
- Gaud Kalyan
- Gorakh Kalyan
- Hameer Kalyan
- Hem Kalyan
- Hindol Kalyan
- Husseini Kalyan
- Jaimini Kalyan
- Jait Kalyan
- Kamod Kalyan
- Kedar Kalyan
- Kesari Kalyan
- Khem Kalyan
- Kohri Kalyan
- Laxmi Kalyan
- Maru Kalyan
- Miyaan ki Kalyan
- Nand Kalyan
- Nat Kalyan
- Panch Kalyan
- Poorva Kalyan
- Puriya Kalyan
- Pyaar Kalyan
- Raam Kalyan
- Raini Kalyan
- Ravi Kalyan
- Saraswati Kalyan
- Shankar Kalyan
- Shankaraa Kalyan
- Shiv Kalyan
- Shree Kalyan
- Shuddha Kalyan
- Shyam Kalyan
- Sohni Kalyan
- Yaman Kalyan
Yaman raga mixing in other ragas:
- Kalavati Yaman
- Yaman Bhopali
- Yamani
- Yamani Basant
- Yamani Bilawal
- Yamani Hindol
- Yaman Chhaya
Thaat: Kalyan is type raga of Kalyan thaat. In thaat Kalyan, all notes are shuddha (natural) except teevra (sharp) Ma.
Behaviour[edit | edit source]
Yaman is regarded one of the grandest and most fundamental ragas in the hindustani tradition. It is one of the first ragas taught to students but it also has great scope for improvisation. Raag elaboration can focus more on mandra and madhya saptak, thus the key note chosen for yaman is preferred to be a higher tone.
Samay (time)[edit | edit source]
Ragas in the Kalyan thaat, including Yaman, should be performed during the first quarter of the night.
Rasa[edit | edit source]
Kalyan is described by Meshakarna (1570) as "lord in white garments and pearl necklace on a splendid lion-throne, under a royal umbrella, fanned with whisk, chewing betel"[2]
This raga promotes romanticism, It sounds romantic, we can see in Bollywood many romantic songs are based on this raga.
Historical information[edit | edit source]
Yaman or Kalyan: An Ancient Indian Raag[edit | edit source]
It is hypothesized that Yaman or Kalyan is an older Indian raaga that underwent an evolution attributed to Ameer Khusro (1253–1325), who also renamed it from Kalyan to Yaman. Yaman raag finds its roots in the Kalyaan Thaat, which would categorize it as an aasreya raag within the Kalyaan Thaat.
Origins of Yaman[edit | edit source]
Hindustani vocalist, scholar, and researcher Ramkrishna Das Nadrang suggests that some musicians believe Yaman's origin traces back to Yemen, a country in the Middle East situated at the southern end of the Arabian Peninsula. However, there exists no historical evidence or record of Yemeni natives practicing the Yaman melody within the context of Hindustani music in India. Consequently, Yemen seems to lack any substantive connection to the raag Yaman.
Within the traditional confines of the Gwalior gharana and certain olden Hindustani music schools, music masters assert that a learner must imbue faith (IMAAN) in their teacher-mentor's words to progress in music. Consequently, they emphasize the importance of "imaan laao (submitting to the aphorism)," making Yaman the starting point for music instruction. As a result, the term "yaman" became synonymous with "iman," aligning it closely with the term "imaan."
Ramkrishna Das posits an alternative hypothesis suggesting that the word "yaman" may be linked to Sanskrit "Yavan" (Muslim). This theory posits that the raag Yaman evolved from Kalyaan, as puritan Hindu musicians began referring to the melody as "kalyaan of the Muslim artistes" or "yavanon kaa kalyaan." Over time, this term transformed into "yavan kalyaan," then "yaman kalyan," and finally, "yaman."
In South Indian Carnatic music, a similar melody is referred to as "yamuna kalyaani," while the Gwalior Paluskar tradition introduced a raag named "Jaimini Kalyaan," which potentially aligns with the Carnatic name. This transformation into "Yaman" was, in a sense, a derogatory term, as it altered the sanctity of Kalyaan due to its intricate tonal movements, characterized by excessive zigzag patterns and internal skips or gaps between notes.
Yaman accentuates notes ni, ga, and ma, with limited use of saa and pa during the ascent. In contrast, Kalyaan emphasizes saa, pa, re, ga, with minimal reliance on ma and ni. Raag Kalyaan also exhibits frequent downward movements, similar to the model of raag shuddha kalyaan.
Attributions to Ameer Khusro and Variations[edit | edit source]
Some proponents attribute the creation of Yaman to Ameer Khusro (1253–1325), a Sufi saint, poet, singer, and courtier to several Indian rulers. "Raag Vyaakaran" (1975, page 468-470) by Bimalakaanta Roychoudhury presents four varieties of Yaman, among which Khusro's Yaman lacks ni and tivra ma during the ascent, except for magama. This particular melody is penta-hexatonic (SRGPDS'| S'DPGmGRS), with vaadi ga-samvaadi dha. The tonal movements are detailed on page 469 as follows (, = lower octave, ' = upper octave): SRGRS D,S RG PGmG RGRS GRS PDS' G'R'S' DP GmGRG PGRS. This reveals that the contemporary Yaman differs significantly from the 14th-century version.
Evolution and Connection to Yamani[edit | edit source]
According to Ramkrishna Das, contemporary Yaman is a derivative of an older raag called "yamani," which developed along the banks of the Yamuna River near Mathura-Vrindavan or in the Chaiti dhun of Varanasi. Precisely, Yaman appears to be a part of Yamani due to the name "Yamuna" being associated with it. Notably, the folk melody of the song 'Sautan ghar na jaa/ na jaa more saiyaan (SR SN,S D,N,R--N,RGR G~S--)' features the unique and spontaneous tonal movement "niresaa," an essential element of Yaman, not commonly found in other folk melodies.
The oldest available chaiti song is "Piyaa se milan ham jaayeb ho raamaa piyaa se milana," composed by saint Kabir (1398–1518) of Varanasi. This song exhibits the following tonal structures: N,P,N,N,N,SS SS SR SN.S D,N,R-- N,R GMG- G~S--. Both of these tonal structures mirror essential movements of contemporary raag Yaman, sans the tivra madhyam (sharp fourth). However, the antaraa of the chaiti incorporates tivra ma as an essential part of the melody. Chaitis are popularly recognized as "maanjh khamaaj" (thanks to Pandit Ravishankar, Ali Akbar Khan, Vilayat Khan, Nikhil Banerjee). Otherwise, musicians in Varanasi referred to them as "yamani."
The Influence of Tivra Madhyam[edit | edit source]
Spontaneous use of tivra madhyam is evident in the tune of raag "janglaa," prevalent in the rasiya singing of Braj-Vrindavan (mPGMPmP NDNS' DNP- nDP GMPmP). However, in Indian folk melodies, tivra ma is rarely and spontaneously employed. Since tivra ma, komal re, and komal dha were not acknowledged in the Naatya Shaastra, Brihaddeshi, and Sangeet Ratnaakar (1245 AD), raag Kalyaan did not exist in the pre-Muqaam or pre-Melakarta system of raags.
It is conceivable that the frequent use of tivra ma was propagated by followers of Khusro, qawwali singers, and folk musicians, leading to the evolution of Yamani into Yaman while retaining the core tonal movements. Additionally, the advent of the melakarta system in Carnatic schools attributed to Venkatamakhi (~1630), further popularized the raag Kalyaan. Perhaps the name "kalyaan" drew inspiration from the popular tunes of Sanskrit verses recited during evening prayers.
Yaman, or the commonly referred to term "kalyan," accommodates almost all tonal combinations. Renowned sitar maestro Abdul Halim Jaffer Khan used to affirm, "Ye man jo chaahe wahi yaman hai," emphasizing the vast umbrella of possibilities for tonal combinations within Yaman.
Important recordings[edit | edit source]
- Amir Khan – Shuddh Kalyan, Yaman, and Yaman Kalyan
- Ghulam Abbas Khan Vilambit and Drut 'Dharohar' by Mystica Music
- Imrat Khan "Nordindische Ragas, Live"
- Rashid Khan – bandish in vilambit ektal (India Archive Music IAM CD 1003)
- Ravi Shankar in matta tal: "The Genius of Pandit Ravi Shankar", Oriental Records Inc, New York AAMS CD108
- Zia Mohiuddin Dagar on Nimbus Records, LS5871 / NI7047/8
Film songs[edit | edit source]
Hindi[edit | edit source]
Following is the list of film songs based on Yaman.
References[edit | edit source]
Literature[edit | edit source]
Bor, Joep (1997), The Raga Guide, Charlottesville,Virginia: Nimbus Records
Kaufmann, Walter (1968), The Ragas of North India, Calcutta: Oxford and IBH Publishing Company.
Bagchee, Sandeep (1998), Nād, Understanding Rāga Music, Mumbai: Eshwar (Business Publications Inc.).
Bhatt, Balvantray (1964–1974), Bhāvaranga, Varanasi: Motilal Barnasidas.
Gandharva, Kumar (1965), Anūparāgavilāsa, Bombay: Mauj Prakashan.
Patwardhan, Vinayak Rao (1961–74), Rāga Vijñāna, Poona: Sangeet Gaurav Granthamala.
Srivastava, Harichandra (1973–79), Rāga Paricaya, Allahabad: SangeetSadan Prakashan.
Telang, Gokulanand; Bhartendu, Banwari Lal (1962), Sangīta Rāga Aṣṭachāpa, Hathras: Sangeet Karyalaya.
Thakar, Vasant Vaman, Sangīta Rāga Darśana, Prayag: Gandharva Mahavidyalaya Mandal Prakashan.
Rao, B. Subba (1964–66), Raganidhi, Madras: Music Academy.
Bhatt, Jivanlal (1950), Sangeet Parichay, Delhi: Atmaram & Sons.
External links[edit | edit source]
- [1] Archived 2022-01-13 at the Wayback Machine
- More details about raag Yaman
- Moutal, Patrick (1991), Hindustāni Rāga-s Index, New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt Ltd, ISBN 81-215-0525-7
- SRA on Ragas and Thaats
- SRA on Samay and Ragas
- Technical Aspects