COVID-19 pandemic: Difference between revisions

COVID‑19 pandemic
COVID‑19 pandemic
	Confirmed cases per 100,000 population; as of >10%; 3–10%; 1–3%; 0.3–1%; 0.1–0.3%; 0.03–0.1%; 0–0.3%; None or no data;
Cases per country
	Total confirmed cases per country; as of 10,000,000+; 1,000,000–9,999,999; 100,000–999,999; 10,000–99,999; 1,000–9,999; 100–999; 1–99; None or no data;
Deaths per capita
	Confirmed deaths per 100 population date shown on map 100+; 10–100; 1–10; 0.1–1; 0–0.1; None or no data;
	Meeting of the Italian government task force to face the coronavirus outbreak, 23 February 2020 Clockwise, starting from top: A nurse caring for a COVID‑19 patient in an intensive care unit aboard a U.S. hospital ship; Disinfection vehicles in Taiwan; Donated medical supplies being received in the Philippines; Burial in Iran; The Italian government's outbreak task force;
Disease	Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19)
Virus strain	Severe acute respiratory syndrome; coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2)
Source	Probably bats, possibly via pangolins
Location	Worldwide
First outbreak	China
Index case	Wuhan, Hubei, China; 30°37′11″N 114°15′28″E / 30.61972°N 114.25778°E
Date	1 December 2019–present
Confirmed cases	148,815,508
Deaths	3,138,173
Territories	192

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Revision as of 23:28, 14 October 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic, also called the coronavirus pandemic, is a current pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).^[1]^[6]^{[lower-alpha 2]} The outbreak started in Wuhan, Hubei, China, in December 2019. The World Health Organization (WHO) called it a pandemic on 11 March 2020.^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11] The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses gave the virus its name. As of September 4, 2022, more than 600 million cases of COVID-19 have been reported in almost every country on Earth. More than six million people have died of COVID-19,^[12] and more than 580 million people have defeated, or recovered from the disease.^[12]^[13]^[14]

The virus usually moves from one person to another with small drops made when coughing^[15]^[16] or sneezing.^[17] It mostly spreads when people are close to each other, which is why social distancing is encouraged. Coronavirus can also spread when people touch a surface with the virus, and then they touch their face.^[16]^[17] Common symptoms include fever, cough, and trouble breathing.^[18] The illness can worsen with pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome.^[19] As of January 2021, a number of vaccines for COVID-19 have been developed, but only a few have been approved as safe for use. The first vaccine to be approved was created by Pfizer and BioNTech,^[20] followed by the Oxford / AstraZeneca ^[21] vaccine. Vaccine distribution has begun in many countries in Europe, North America, South America and Asia.^[22] The United Kingdom was the first western country to administer a COVID-19 vaccine.^[23] No antiviral medicine for COVID-19 is available.^[24] Doctors usually give patients supportive therapy instead.^[25] People can avoid spreading the virus by regularly washing their hands, covering their mouth when coughing, maintaining distance from other people, staying away from crowds, wearing medical or cloth face coverings, and being alone for people who think they are infected, also known as quarantining.^[24]

The outbreak might be from a coronavirus that usually lives in bats. This infected another animal, possibly a pangolin. It then changed inside that other animal until it could infect humans.^[26] It possibly originated at a wet market, Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market.^[27] A 55-year-old person from Hubei province was the first human to contract the virus on November 17, 2019.^[28] A 61-year-old man who was a regular customer at the market was the first person to die from the virus on January 11, 2020.^[29] The exact origin of the virus is still unknown since the market in Wuhan sold a variety of live wild animals in cages. Chinese tourists have spread the virus by traveling to other countries and made it a worldwide pandemic.^[30]

Racism and xenophobia against Chinese people and Asians increased during the pandemic.

In November 2020, two companies, Pfizer and Moderna, said they had finished making COVID-19 vaccines. Two mRNA vaccines, one by Pfizer and one by Moderna, have been tested. Both were over 90% effective.^[31] Countries began planning to give the vaccine to many people.^[32] ^[33]^[34] 25 other vaccines have been approved by at least one country, and many others are being developed.

The United States has the most deaths from the virus. More than 1,000,000 Americans have died from the virus.^[35] California had the most COVID-19 cases in the country.^[36]

Video summary (script) on the coronavirus disease (4:12 min)

Epidemiology

Epidemiology is the study of how diseases affect the health and illness of groups of people.

Background

On 31 December 2019, Chinese health authorities reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) a cluster of viral pneumonia cases of unknown cause in Wuhan,^[37]^[38] and an investigation was launched in early January 2020.^[39]

On 9 June 2020, a Harvard University study suggested that COVID-19 may have been spreading in China as early as August 2019, based on hospital car park usage and web search trends.^[40]

Cases

Cases means the number of people who have been tested for COVID-19 and have tested positive.^[41] These cases are according to Johns Hopkins University.

Deaths

Deceased in a 16 m (53 ft) "mobile morgue" outside a hospital in Hackensack, New Jersey in April 2020

Most people who contract COVID-19 recover. For those who do not, the time between the start of symptoms and death usually ranges from 6 to 41 days, but most of the time about 14 days.^[42] This data are recorded by the WHO.

Duration

On 11 March 2020, the WHO said that the pandemic could be controlled.^[7]

Symptoms

According to the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, COVID-19 makes people feel sick in different ways, but it usually affects the lungs. People usually cough and have difficulty breathing. They often also have a fever, chills, headache, pain in their muscles, or trouble tasting or smelling things,^[44] which can often be confused with the flu virus. ^[45]

According to an April 2020 study by the American Gastroenterological Association, COVID-19 can make sick people vomit or have diarrhea, but this is rare. They said about 7.7% of COVID-19 patients vomited, about 7.8% had diarrhea and about 3.6% had pain in their stomachs.^[46]

Data

Map of the 2019–20 COVID-19 outbreak
  100,000+ confirmed cases
  10,000–99,999 confirmed cases
  1,000–9,999 confirmed cases
  100–999 confirmed cases
  10–99 confirmed cases
  1–9 confirmed cases
  No confirmed cases, no population, or no data available

[show all]
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COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory
Location^{[lower-alpha 3]}		Cases^{[lower-alpha 4]}	Deaths^{[lower-alpha 5]}	Recov.^{[lower-alpha 6]}	Ref.
	World^{[lower-alpha 7]}	148,815,508	3,138,173	86,344,434	^[5]
	United States^{[lower-alpha 8]}	32,375,602	579,162	No data	^[54]
	India				^[55]
	Brazil	14,446,541	395,324	12,992,442	^[56]^[57]
	France^{[lower-alpha 9]}	5,534,313	103,603	No data	^[58]^[59]
	Russia^{[lower-alpha 10]}	4,787,273	109,367	4,411,098	^[60]
	Turkey^{[lower-alpha 11]}	4,710,582	39,057	4,167,263	^[64]
	United Kingdom^{[lower-alpha 12]}	4,409,631	127,451	No data	^[66]
	Italy	3,981,512	119,912	3,413,451	^[67]
	Spain^{[lower-alpha 13]}	3,496,134	77,855	No data	^[68]
	Germany^{[lower-alpha 14]}	3,307,769	82,344	2,910,042	^[70]^[69]
	Argentina^{[lower-alpha 15]}	2,905,109	62,599	2,563,160	^[72]
	Colombia	2,804,881	72,235	2,616,821	^[73]
	Poland	2,776,927	66,533	2,473,974	^[74]
	Iran	2,459,906	70,966	1,923,081	^[75]
	Mexico	2,333,126	215,547	1,856,543	^[76]
	Ukraine^{[lower-alpha 16]}	2,047,838	43,391	1,616,891	^[77]^[78]
	Peru	1,775,062	60,416	1,721,922	^[79]^[80]
	Indonesia				Lua error in Module:Wd at line 2250: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
	Czech Republic	1,626,033	29,141	1,542,244	^[81]
	South Africa	1,577,200	54,237	1,502,986	^[82]^[83]
	Netherlands^{[lower-alpha 17]}	1,417,772	16,965	No data	^[85]^[86]
	Canada^{[lower-alpha 18]}	1,192,427	24,066	1,084,029	^[89]
	Chile^{[lower-alpha 19]}	1,179,772	26,020	1,113,463	^[93]
	Romania	1,051,779	27,833	983,040	^[94]
	Iraq	1,031,322	15,257	905,301	^[95]
	Philippines	1,020,495	17,031	935,695	^[96]^[97]
	Belgium^{[lower-alpha 20]}	979,034	24,104	No data	^[99]^[100]
	Sweden	960,520	14,000	No data	^[101]
	Israel^{[lower-alpha 21]}	837,357	6,345	828,902	^[102]
	Portugal	835,563	16,973	794,781	^[103]^[104]
	Pakistan	810,231	17,530	704,494	^[105]
	Hungary	769,518	26,625	482,207	^[106]
	Bangladesh	754,614	11,305	672,319	^[107]^[108]
	Jordan	704,540	8,660	671,127	^[109]
	Serbia^{[lower-alpha 22]}	685,937	6,312	No data	^[110]
	Switzerland^{[lower-alpha 23]}	656,077	10,001	317,600	^[111]^[112]
	Austria	604,823	10,055	568,213	^[113]
	Japan^{[lower-alpha 24]}	575,563	10,055	512,069	^[114]
	Lebanon	522,763	7,197	453,865	^[115]
	United Arab Emirates	516,301	1,580	497,140	^[116]
	Morocco^{[lower-alpha 25]}	509,972	9,005	496,031	^[117]
	Saudi Arabia	412,216	6,900	395,557	^[118]
	Malaysia	401,593	1,477	373,397	^[119]
	Bulgaria	401,109	16,182	332,418	^[120]^[121]
	Slovakia	380,498	11,572	No data	^[122]
	Ecuador	375,329	18,389	318,598	^[123]^[124]
	Panama	363,533	6,216	353,503	^[125]
	Belarus	355,924	2,522	346,148	^[126]
	Greece	337,723	10,179	No data	^[127]
	Croatia	327,737	7,001	306,132	^[128]
	Azerbaijan^{[lower-alpha 26]}	315,119	4,429	282,786	^[129]
	Nepal	312,699	3,211	279,279	^[130]
	Georgia^{[lower-alpha 27]}	307,401	4,077	288,816	^[131]
	Kazakhstan	300,733	3,512	257,278	^[132]^[133]
	Bolivia	300,258	12,885	247,961	^[134]
	Tunisia	296,343	10,170	246,001	^[135]
	Palestine	289,120	3,138	259,105	^[136]
	Paraguay	271,814	6,094	223,606	^[137]
	Kuwait	269,681	1,535	252,888	^[138]
	Dominican Republic	265,481	3,462	222,466	^[139]
	Ethiopia	254,044	3,605	195,547	^[140]^[141]
	Moldova^{[lower-alpha 28]}	249,714	5,762	238,423	^[142]
	Denmark^{[lower-alpha 29]}	248,950	2,479	236,925	^[143]^[144]
	Ireland	247,489	4,884	No data	^[145]
	Lithuania	244,555	3,900	220,565	^[146]^[147]
	Costa Rica	243,167	3,186	201,784	^[148]^[149]
	Slovenia	238,023	4,221	No data	^[150]^[151]
	Egypt^{[lower-alpha 30]}	224,517	13,168	168,665	^[152]
	Guatemala	223,025	7,453	199,005	^[153]
	Armenia	214,064	4,058	195,701	^[154]
File:Flag of Honduras (2008 Olympics).svg	Honduras	208,356	5,212	78,127	^[155]^[156]
	Qatar	203,599	441	184,712	^[157]
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	197,378	8,464	158,160	^[158]
	Venezuela	192,498	2,065	175,242	^[159]
	Oman	190,270	1,983	169,784	^[160]
	Uruguay	190,096	2,452	160,362	^[161]^[162]
	Libya	176,254	3,010	161,676	^[163]
	Bahrain	172,576	625	161,491	^[164]
	Nigeria	164,912	2,063	155,012	^[165]
	Kenya	157,492	2,665	106,836	^[166]
	North Macedonia	151,122	4,742	130,910	^[167]
	Myanmar	142,778	3,208	131,951	^[168]
	Albania	130,736	2,383	107,163	^[169]^[170]
	Estonia	121,232	1,148	109,860	^[171]^[172]
	Algeria	120,992	3,207	84,299	^[173]
	South Korea	120,673	1,821	110,248	^[174]^[175]
	Latvia	115,316	2,102	105,254	^[176]^[177]
	Puerto Rico	114,852	2,285	No data	^[178]^[179]
	Norway^{[lower-alpha 31]}	111,686	736	54,004	^[182]
	Kosovo	104,196	2,140	91,972	^[183]
	Cuba^{[lower-alpha 32]}	103,524	604	97,462	^[184]^[185]
	Sri Lanka	103,487	647	94,856	^[186]^[187]
	Montenegro	96,930	1,478	92,971	^[188]
	Kyrgyzstan	94,277	1,589	88,415	^[189]
	Ghana	92,464	779	90,103	^[190]
	Zambia	91,418	1,249	89,717	^[191]^[192]
	China^{[lower-alpha 33]}	90,599	4,636	85,652	^[193]
	Uzbekistan	89,355	645	85,976	^[194]
	Finland^{[lower-alpha 34]}	86,405	911	31,000	^[197]^[198]
	Mozambique	69,762	814	64,448	^[199]
	El Salvador	68,922	2,111	64,667	^[200]
	Luxembourg	66,007	790	62,183	^[201]
	Cameroon	65,998	991	57,821	^[202]^[203]
	Cyprus^{[lower-alpha 35]}	63,730	303	No data	^[204]
	Thailand	61,699	178	34,402	^[205]^[206]
	Singapore	61,063	30	60,704	^[207]
File:Flag of Afghanistan.svg	Afghanistan	59,576	2,618	52,974	^[208]
	Namibia	48,011	634	45,740	^[209]
	Ivory Coast	45,885	285	45,451	^[210]
	Jamaica	45,212	767	20,729	^[211]^[212]
	Botswana^{[lower-alpha 36]}	41,729	684	39,733	^[214]
	Uganda	41,373	341	40,898	^[215]^[216]
	Senegal	40,249	1,107	38,991	^[217]
	Zimbabwe	38,164	1,565	35,480	^[218]
	Madagascar	36,045	605	28,868	^[219]^[220]
	Malawi	34,031	1,147	31,953	^[221]
	Mongolia	33,608	97	18,033	^[222]
	Sudan	33,104	2,349	26,795	^[223]^[224]
	Donetsk PR^{[lower-alpha 37]}	32,890	2,502	26,323	^[225]
	Malta	30,249	413	29,462	^[226]
	DR Congo^{[lower-alpha 38]}	29,768	763	26,172	^[227]^[228]
	Australia^{[lower-alpha 39]}	29,749	910	No data	^[229]
	Maldives	28,588	71	24,494	^[230]
	Angola	25,942	587	23,341	^[231]
	Rwanda	24,814	331	23,089	^[232]^[233]
File:Flag of Cape Verde.svg	Cape Verde	22,772	211	19,715	^[234]
	Gabon	22,568	138	19,173	^[235]
File:Flag of Syria.svg	Syria^{[lower-alpha 40]}	22,265	1,548	16,097	^[236]
	Guinea	22,087	141	19,558	^[237]
	French Polynesia	18,744	141	4,842	^[238]
	Eswatini	18,448	671	17,741	^[239]
	Mauritania	18,314	455	17,620	^[240]^[241]
	Abkhazia^{[lower-alpha 41]}	14,408	222	13,479	^[242]
	Mali	13,722	476	8,313	^[243]^[244]
	Somalia^{[lower-alpha 42]}	13,670	698	5,539	^[245]
	Tajikistan	13,308	90	13,218	^[246]^[247]
	Burkina Faso	13,286	157	13,000	^[248]^[249]
	Andorra	13,121	124	12,561	^[250]
	Haiti	13,017	254	12,143	^[251]^[252]
	Togo	12,884	122	10,927	^[253]
	Guyana	12,826	291	10,944	^[254]
	Belize	12,631	322	12,193	^[255]
	Curaçao	12,146	107	11,339	^[256]
	Hong Kong	11,756	209	11,392	^[257]
	Cambodia	11,063	82	3,704	^[258]
	Djibouti	10,931	142	10,510	^[259]^[260]
	Papua New Guinea	10,835	105	8,561	^[261]^[262]
	Lesotho	10,730	316	6,267	^[263]
	Congo^{[lower-alpha 43]}	10,678	144	8,208	^[264]^[265]
	Aruba	10,570	98	10,245	^[266]
	South Sudan	10,553	114	10,312	^[267]
	Bahamas^{[lower-alpha 44]}	10,220	198	9,326	^[268]^[269]
	Suriname	10,157	201	9,193	^[270]
	Trinidad and Tobago	9,947	161	8,281	^[271]^[272]
	Guam^{[lower-alpha 45]}	7,939	136	7,735	^[54]^[273]
	Benin	7,720	97	7,510	^[274]^[275]
	Equatorial Guinea	7,559	107	7,097	^[276]
	Nicaragua	6,835	181	No data	^[277]
	Iceland	6,456	29	6,244	^[278]
	Central African Republic	6,359	87	1,924	^[279]^[280]
	Yemen	6,220	1,207	2,674	^[281]
	Northern Cyprus^{[lower-alpha 46]}	6,071	29	5,272	^[282]
	The Gambia	5,882	174	5,309	^[283]
File:Flag of the Seychelles.svg	Seychelles	5,170	26	4,675	^[284]^[285]
	San Marino	5,058	90	4,880	^[286]
	Niger	5,048	188	4,715	^[287]
	Chad	4,779	170	4,406	^[288]^[289]
	Saint Lucia	4,508	74	4,344	^[290]
	Luhansk PR^{[lower-alpha 37]}	4,297	398	3,706	^[291]
	Gibraltar	4,283	94	4,183	^[292]
	Sierra Leone	4,046	79	3,045	^[293]^[294]
	Somaliland^{[lower-alpha 47]}	3,946	247	2,781	^[295]^[296]
	Burundi	3,884	6	773	^[297]^[298]
	Comoros	3,833	146	3,664	^[299]
	Barbados	3,831	44	3,750	^[300]
	Guinea-Bissau	3,726	67	3,142	^[301]^[302]
	Eritrea	3,640	10	3,455	^[303]
	South Ossetia^{[lower-alpha 48]}	3,296	60+	2,963	^[304]
	Jersey	3,233	69	3,172	^[305]
	U.S. Virgin Islands	3,093	27	3,008	^[306]^[307]
	Liechtenstein	2,908	57	2,774	^[308]
	Vietnam	2,857	35	2,516	^[309]
	Artsakh^{[lower-alpha 49]}	2,652	31	337	^[310]^[311]
	Monaco	2,442	32	2,338	^[312]
	Turks and Caicos Islands	2,379	17	2,328	^[313]
	Bermuda	2,362	24	1,737	^[314]
	São Tomé and Príncipe	2,299	35	2,240	^[315]
	New Zealand	2,254	26	2,201	^[316]^[317]
	Sint Maarten	2,220	27	2,181	^[318]
	East Timor	2,124	3	1.020	^[319]^[320]
	Liberia	2,098	85	1,942	^[321]
	Saint Vincent and The Grenadines	1,844	11	1,711	^[322]
	Isle of Man^{[lower-alpha 50]}	1,587	29	1,445	^[324]
	Bonaire	1,530	15	1,496	^[325]
	Antigua and Barbuda	1,232	32	1,014	^[326]
	Mauritius	1,206	17	1,055	^[327]
	Taiwan^{[lower-alpha 51]}	1,116	12	1,050	^[329]
	USS Theodore Roosevelt^{[lower-alpha 45]}	1,102	1	751	^[330]^[331]
	Charles de Gaulle^{[lower-alpha 52]}	1,081	0	0	^[332]
	Bhutan	1,053	1	951	^[336]
	Guernsey	822	14	808	^[337]
	Diamond Princess^{[lower-alpha 24]}	712	14	653	^[338]^[339]
	Faroe Islands	663	1	661	^[340]^[341]
	Laos	604	0	50	^[342]
	Cayman Islands	541	2	521	^[343]
	Wallis and Futuna	443	5	11	^[344]
	Sahrawi Arab DR^{[lower-alpha 53]}	353	20	236	^[345]
	Brunei	224	3	215	^[346]^[347]
	British Virgin Islands	194	1	189	^[348]
	Dominica	172	0	167	^[349]
	Northern Mariana Islands	164	2	32	^[350]^[351]
	Grenada	159	1	157	^[352]^[353]
	Costa Atlantica	148	0	148	^[354]^[355]
	Greg Mortimer	128	1	No data	^[356]^[357]
	New Caledonia	124	0	30	^[358]
	Fiji	111	2	65	^[359]
	Anguilla	87	0	29	^[360]
	Falkland Islands	63	0	62	^[361]
	Antarctica	58	0	0	^[362]
	Macau	49	0	49	^[363]
	Saint Kitts and Nevis	44	0	44	^[364]^[365]
	Greenland	31	0	31	^[366]^[367]
File:Flag of the Vatican City.svg	Vatican City	29	0	27	^[368]^[369]
	Saint Pierre and Miquelon	25	0	25	^[370]^[371]
	Montserrat	20	1	18	^[372]
	Sint Eustatius	20	0	20	^[373]
	Solomon Islands	20	0	18	^[374]^[375]
	MS Zaandam^{[lower-alpha 54]}	13	4	No data	^[378]^[379]
	Coral Princess^{[lower-alpha 55]}	12	3	No data	^[381]
	SeaDream I^{[lower-alpha 56]}	9	0	No data	^[382]^[383]
	HNLMS Dolfijn^{[lower-alpha 57]}	8	0	8	^[384]^[387]
	Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha	7	0	7	^[388]^[389]
	Saba	6	0	6	^[390]
	Marshall Islands	4	0	4	^[391]^[392]
	American Samoa	4	0	3	^[393]
	Samoa	4	0	2	^[394]^[395]
	Vanuatu	3	0	3	^[396]^[397]
	Federated States of Micronesia	1	0	1	^[398]
	Tanzania^{[lower-alpha 58]}	No data	No data	No data	^[400]^[401]
As of 14 October 2022 (UTC) · History of cases · History of deaths
For notes, see the Notes section.

Name

In February 2020, the WHO announced a name for the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19. It replaced the name "2019-nCoV."^[402] "Covi" is for "coronavirus," "D" for "disease," and "19" for the year 2019 – the year it was first detected. They said they did not want the name to have any person, place, or animal in it because people might blame the disease on that place, person, or animal. For example, it did not use the word "Wuhan." They also wanted the name to be easy to say out loud.^[403]

Mortality rate of COVID-19

According to an article in Market Watch dated on February 27, 2020, the overall case mortality rate in China was 2.3%. However, these results might be severely different between different age groups and between men and women. People over the age of 70 experienced a rate of mortality 4-5 times that of the average. Men were more likely to die than women (2.8% versus 1.7% for women) possibly due to lifestyle, such as it being more possible in men to drink and smoke, making the risk of having a respiratory illness more possible, and thus more vulnerable. ^[404]These numbers were the conclusion of a study by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention using 72,314 COVID-19 cases in mainland China as of Feb. 11. At that point this was the largest sample of cases for such a study.^[405]

On March 5, 2020, the WHO released the case fatality rate.^[406]

Race and racism

COVID-19 did not affect everyone in each country the same way.^[407] As of May 2020, APM Research Lab said the death rate among black Americans was 2.4 times as high as for white Americans and 2.2 times as high as for Latino and Asian Americans.^[408] In July 2020, The New York Times printed data from the Centers for Disease Control showing that black and Latino Americans were three times as likely to become sick and twice as likely to die as white Americans. This was not only in large cities but also in rural areas. This was not only for old people but for people in all age groups. Native Americans were also more likely than whites to become sick and die. Asian Americans were 1.3 times as likely as whites to become sick.^[409]

Camara Jones, an epidemiologist who once worked for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said this was socioeconomic and not because of any natural difference in black and white people's bodies.^[410] In the United States, black citizens are more likely to work jobs where they serve the public directly and to ride on public transport rather than take their own cars to work. This makes them more likely to be infected than people who work in private offices or from home. Sharrelle Barber, an epidemiologist and biostatistician from Drexel University, also said black Americans can live in crowded neighborhoods where social distancing is harder to do and healthy food harder to find.^[411] Both Barber and Jones blamed the long history of racism in the United States for these things. Three senators, Kamala Harris, Cory Booker and Elizabeth Warren said the federal government should start recording the race of COVID-19 patients so scientists could study this problem.^[411]

In June, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) told the public that people using the United States' government's Medicare health program had different results depending on race. Four times as many black Medicare patients went to hospitals for COVID-19 than white Medicare patients. There were twice as many hospitalized Hispanic patients than white patients. There were three hospitalized Asian patients for every two hospitalized white patients. The head of CMS, Seema Verma, said this was mostly because of socioeconomic status.^[412]

In the United Kingdom, twice as many black COVID-19 patients died as white COVID-19 patients. Other non-white people, like people from India and Bangladesh, were also more likely to die of COVID-19 than whites. Britain's Office of National Statistics said that the differences in money and education explained some of this difference but not all of it. They also said they did not know whether non-white patients caught COVID-19 more often or whether they caught more severe cases. Only female Chinese Britons were less likely to die of COVID-19 than white Britons.^[413]

Indigenous peoples

Native Americans in the United States have shown more deaths from COVID-19 than the rest of the U.S.^[414] As of May, the Navajo Nation had 88 deaths and 2,757 cases, and the money they had been promised by the government arrived several weeks late. Only 30% of the people in the Navajo Nation have pipes with running water, which made it difficult for people to wash their hands.^[415]

Scientists from Chapman University made a plan to protect the Tsimane people in Bolivia from COVID-19 and said this plan would also work for other indigenous peoples living on their own land. The scientists said that many indigenous peoples have problems that make COVID-19 more dangerous for them, like poverty, less clean water, and other lung diseases. Hospitals may be a long distance away, and racism can affect the way doctors and nurses react. But they also sometimes have things that help, like traditions of making decisions together and the ability to grow food nearby.^[414] The scientists found people who spoke the Tsimane language as a first language and made teams to go to Tsimane towns to warn them about COVID-19. They also used radio stations. They said the best plan was for whole communities to decide to isolate. They found this worked well because the Tsimane already usually made their big decisions together as a community in special meetings and already had a tradition of quarantining new mothers. The Chapman scientists said their plan would also work for other indigenous peoples who also make decisions together, like the Tsimane. ^[416]^[414] The Waswanipi Cree in Canada, the Mapoon people in Australia, and many groups in South America already tried plans like these on their own.^[414]^[417]

George Floyd protests

In May 2020, police officers in Minneapolis, Minnesota killed an unarmed black man called George Floyd while they were arresting him. There were weeks of protests all over the world against police brutality and racism. Experts said they were worried protesters and police could spread SARS-CoV-2 to each other. Other experts said some of the reasons that the protests were so big was because non-white people were being killed by COVID-19 more than white people were, because poor leadership in the COVID-19 crisis reminded them of poor leadership about racism, and because the lockdowns shut down workplaces and other things. This meant people had more time to protest.^[417] ^[418]^[419]^[420]

African Americans

African Americans are more likely to catch the virus compared to their white counterparts in the United States,^[421] and are also more likely to die from it.^[422]^[423] 50,000 African Americans died of COVID-19 in 2020.^[424] African Americans are the least likely to get vaccinated against the disease.^[425]

Romani people

Romani people (Gypsies) in Europe were hard-hit by COVID-19.^[426]

Hispanics

Latinos have been at a higher risk of hospitalization or death from COVID-19 in the United States.^[427]

Conspiracy theories

In early 2020, some people began to think that the SARS-CoV-2 may have been made on purpose in a laboratory and either released by accident or on purpose like a weapon. Some Iranians thought the Americans might have made it.^[428] Chinese state media said COVID-19 came from the United States to China and not the other way around.^[429] Some Americans thought the Chinese might have made it.^[430] Some Britons thought it might have been created by accident by 5G cell phone networks.^[431]

On March 17, 2020, scientists from Columbia University and other places published a paper in Nature Medicine showing that SARS-CoV-2 was almost surely not made by humans in a laboratory. They did this by comparing the genomes of different viruses to each other.^[26] The scientists saw that SARS-CoV-2 did not match any of the viral backbones that already exist for virologists to use.^[432] Within a few weeks, it became one of the most cited scientific papers in history, meaning that other scientists were reading and using it.

Graphs

Case fatality rates by age group in China. Data through 11 February 2020.^[433]
Epidemic curve of daily new cases of COVID-19 (7 day rolling average) by continent
Semi-log plot of weekly new cases of COVID-19 in the world and top five current countries (mean with deaths)
COVID-19 total cases per 100,000 population from selected countries^[434]
COVID-19 active cases per 100,000 population from selected countries^[434]
COVID-19 deaths per 100,000 population from selected countries^[434]

Timelines of COVID-19

Map of national and subnational lockdowns as of 29 November 2020 (table; more details)
  Current national lockdown
  Current subnational lockdown
  Former national lockdown
  Former subnational lockdown
  No lockdown or no data

On December 31, 2019, China alerted WHO to several cases of unusual pneumonia in Wuhan, Hubei province. ^[435]

On January 20, 2020, Chinese premier Li Keqiang called for efforts to stop and control the pneumonia epidemic caused by a novel coronavirus.^[436] As of February 5, 2020, 24,588 cases have been confirmed,^[437]^[438] including in every province-level division of China.^[437] A larger number of people may have been infected, but not detected (especially mild cases).^[439]^[440] The first local transmission of the virus outside China occurred in Vietnam between family members,^[441] while the first local transmission not involving family occurred in Germany, on January 22, when a German man contracted the disease from a Chinese business visitor at a meeting.^[442] As of 5 February 2020^[update], 493 deaths have been attributed to the virus since the first confirmed death on January 9, with 990 recoveries.^[443]^[437] The first death outside China was reported in the Philippines, in a 44-year-old Chinese male on February 1.^[444] but another source reported: "The first cases of COVID-19 outside of China were identified on January 13 in Thailand and on January 16 in Japan".^[445]

There has been testing which have showed over 6000 confirmed cases in China,^[446] some of whom are healthcare workers.^[447]^[448]

Confirmed cases have also been reported in Thailand, South Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Macau, Hong Kong, the United States (Everett, Washington and Chicago),^[448] Singapore,^[449] Vietnam,^[450] France^[451] and Nepal.^[452]

The World Health Organization declared that this is a Public Health Emergency of International Concern since January 30, 2020.

Bloomberg News and other business publications have reported several plant closures, travel restrictions, and imposed quarantines as a result of this outbreak.^[453]

As of February 10, 2020 there have been 40,235 confirmed cases reported of people infected by the virus in China. Also reported were 909 deaths, and 319 cases in 24 other countries, including one death, according to WHO chief Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus.^[454]

On November 14, 2020, there were 53,853,718 global COVID-19 cases and 1,311,524 deaths with cases in 217 countries and territories.^[455]

China

The first cases of COVID-19 were detected in Wuhan, Hubei, Mainland China in December of 2019.^[456]
On Feb. 4, 2020, the Seattle Times reported that Around 2020 Chinese new year authorities closed down travel from China to Macau. As a result visits fell eighty percent.^[457]
Feb 6, 2020, the COVID-19 whistleblower, Li Wenliang, dies of the disease.
On February 6, 2020, according to Chinese authorities, a man from the United States who tested positive for the virus died.^[458]
On February 25, 2020 the Asian Scientist Magazine reported Chinese Scientists Sequence Genome Of COVID-19 ^[459]
According to the European Centre for Disease Prevention, China had the largest number of confirmed cases and deaths on March 1, 2020.^[460]
On March 3, 2020 Science (journal) reported:
- China built two new hospitals in one week just for patients of COVID-19
- The article praised the way China has handled this crisis, but said "draconian" measures were used to achieve success.^[461]
On March 6, 2020, CNN reported that a hotel used as a COVID-19 quarantine center collapsed. Seventy people were trapped in a collapsed Quanzhou hotel.^[462]
The Chinese economy was greatly affected by the virus, and many factories shut down during the spike of cases in China during the early months of the pandemic.^[463]
As of October 30, 2020, the number of cases of the virus in China were generally going down, with only 771 new cases being reported in the month of October.^[464]

United States

The first case of COVID-19 in the United States was detected in a man from the state of Washington on January 21, 2020.^[465]
On February 27, 2020, US President Donald Trump appointed Vice President Mike Pence to lead the US response to COVID-19.^[466]
On February 29, 2020, the first death in the US was reported from the state of Washington.^[467]
On March 3, 2020 CBS reported 15 states with confirmed cases.^[468]
Movements such as elbow bumps began replacing handshakes , as handshakes spread the virus and bacteria more.^[469]
On March 6, 2020, the CDC announced that one million test kits would be distributed.^[470]^[471]
On March 9, 2020, the US stock market was approaching bear territory.^[472]
On March 9, 2020, there were also scattered reports that some were quarantined while their household members were not.^[473]
On March 10, 2020, the United States Secretary of Health and Human Services, Alex Azar, said that it is was not known how many Americans tested positive for the virus. This was because many of the test kits went out to private companies.^[474]
On March 10, 2020, the governor of New York, Andrew Cuomo, announced that the city of New Rochelle was the largest cluster of COVID-19 cases in the state. Among other things done to contain the virus in New Rochelle, the National Guard was sent to the city to hand out food and disinfect buildings.^[475]
On March 26, the United States surpass Italy and China's cases, becoming the epicenter for a while.^[476]
On April 3, 2020, the CDC first recommended the use of cloth face coverings by the general public to reduce the spread of the virus in places such as grocery stores and pharmacies.^[477]
On April 11, the U.S became the most death in the world. ^[478]
On July 22, 2020, the United States surpassed 1,000 daily COVID-19 deaths for a second time.^[479]
On September 22, 2020, the United States reached 200,000 deaths from the virus.^[480]
Between September to October, there was a COVID-19 outbreak at the White House, causing many officials to be diagnosed with the infection, including President Donald Trump and First Lady Melania Trump.^[481]
In December 2020, California surpassed over 30,000 new cases in a day.^[482]
On December 11, 2020, the Food and Drug Administration said doctors could give people the Pfizer vaccine.^[32]^[34]
On December 14, 2020, the State of New York gave people the first vaccines, starting with health care workers.^[32]^[34]
On December 26, 2020, California had a record breaking 65,055 new cases in a day after Christmas.^[483]
California became the first state to surpass 2 million cases in December 2020.^[484]

Economic effects of COVID-19 in the United States

On March 6, President Trump signed a $8.3 billion emergency spending package to fight the COVID outbreak.^[485]^[486]
On March 5, 2020, it was announced that medical costs for Washington state residents asking to be tested would be waived until May.^[487] (People have to pay for their own health care in the United States. See: Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act).
On March 9, 2020, President Trump proposed, among other measures, a payroll tax cut to help the US economy.^[488]

Italy

On February 27, 2020, according to the EU Observer, a dozen towns in the northern regions of Lombardy and Veneto were under lockdown, with around 50,000 citizens not allowed to leave, and over 200 reported cases of COVID n Italy.^[489]
On March 4, 2020, according to the Guardian , the Italian government has ordered the closing of all of Italy's schools and universities until 15 March, 2020^[490]
On March 5, 2020 the Guardian reported: "Italian educational institutions close as Covid-19 deaths pass 100"^[491]
On March 8, 2020, Al Jazeera reported that after a daily infection rate of 1,247 cases, Lombardy together with ten other areas were sealed off to try to quarantine 16 million people.^[492] The cities of Milan and Venice were in the quarantined area. ^[493]
On March 10, 2020, it was reported that Italy was under quarantine.^[494]^[495]
On October 5, 2020, Italy imposed a new lockdown and set of restrictions after previously relaxing them. This was due to a second wave of cases that was even worse than the one in spring.^[496]

Iran

On 28 February 2020, the BBC reported COVID-19 deaths in Iran were at least 210.^[497]
March 3, 2020 multiple Iranian government officials including deputy health minister Iraj Harirchi and vice president of women and family affairs Masoumeh Ebtekar, who served as a spokesperson during the Iran hostage crisis, had contracted COVID-19.^[498]^[499]

Canada

The first case of COVID-19 in Canada was detected in a man from Toronto on January 25, 2020.^[500]
On March 12, 2020, Sophie Grégoire Trudeau, the wife of Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, tested positive for coronavirus. The Prime Minister and his wife isolated for 14 days.^[501]
On April 6, 2020, Canada’s Chief Public Health Officer, Theresa Tam, said that people should use simple cloth facemasks to help slow the spread of the virus.^[502]
On May 1, 2020, Canada surpassed 200 daily coronavirus deaths.^[503]
On November 12, 2020, Canada surpassed 5,000 daily COVID-19 cases.^[503]
On December 26, 2020, Canada confirmed first two cases of mutant coronavirus strain from England.^[504]

South Africa

The new coronavirus strain, called the 501.V2 Variant, was first discovered in South African province Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal and Western Cape. It spreads more rapidly.^[505]

Australia

First case reported on 25 January 2020.^[506]
See COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

New Zealand

The first case of COVID-19 in New Zealand was detected in late February 2020 in a person in their 60s.^[507]
On March 24, 2020, New Zealand reported over 100 daily coronavirus cases for the first time.^[508]
From April to November 2020, New Zealand reported between 0 to 50 daily cases.^[508]
Between August 25, 2021 and August 31, 2021, the whole of New Zealand had been temporarily increased to its maximum lockdown level, Level 4, due to the delta variant.^[509] Most of the cases during August 2021 were originated from New South Wales.^[510] As of September 6, 2021, all of New Zealand has dropped to Level 2, while Auckland remains at Level 4.^[509]

Cruise ships

On the Diamond Princess cruise ship, out of 3,711 total passengers and crew members, 621 people, or 17% of all the people on board the ship tested positive for COVID-19. The ship ended its quarantine on February 18th.^[511]

Africa

In late February 2020, Nigeria had it’s first case in Sub-Saharan Africa.
In November 2020, Africa surpassed 2 million cases.^[512]

Food and hunger

The pandemic made it more difficult for millions of people all over the world to get enough food. People lost their jobs, so they did not have money to buy food. Farms were shut down, so there was less food made. Processing plants and food factories were shut down, so less food was made ready for people to eat.^[513]

In April, Arif Husain of the United Nations' World Food Program said that 130 million more people could go hungry, in addition to the 135 million who were already hungry before the pandemic began. He said that poorer countries would be more affected than rich countries because the way they move raw food from farms to cities and other places where people live is less organized and relies more on human beings than on automatic systems.^[513]

This hunger crisis is different from crises in other years because it happened to the whole world at the same time. That meant that people working in other countries could not help by sending money home.^[513]^[514]

All over the world, children who ate meals at school had less access to food when the schools were shut down.^[513]

Scientists from the University of Michigan said the pandemic was making it harder for people to find food. In a study published in May, they said one in seven Americans over age 50 said they had trouble getting enough food before the pandemic, and it got worse when senior centers that provided meals were closed.^[515] Federal and state governments started programs to bring food to older people and children. There were also more food donation drives in towns.^[514]

Old people

In the United States, nursing homes had some of the highest rates of infection and death,

40% of all COVID-19 deaths in the country. Nursing homes are group homes for old people who need medical care, for disabled people who need medical care, and for people recovering from severe sickness or injury, like stroke patients.

Many people who live in nursing homes pay through the government program Medicaid, which pays less than Medicare or regular insurance companies. In June, many American nursing homes were caught throwing their regular patients out so they could make room for COVID-19 patients who could pay them more. Because nursing homes had stopped allowing visitors, it took longer for them to get caught. United States law requires nursing homes to warn patients 30 days before kicking them out, but the nursing homes did not do this.

Some of the nursing homes took the COVID-19 patients because state governments asked them to and they say they sent their elderly residents away because they were worried they would catch COVID-19 from the sick patients.^[516]

Environment

Because so many governments told people to stay at home, there was less air pollution than usual for that time of year. Pollution in New York fell by 50% and the use of coal in China fell by 40%.^[517] The European Space Agency showed pictures taken from a satellite of China's pollution disappearing during quarantine and coming back when everyone went back to work.^[518]

The pandemic and shutdowns made people use less electricity. In the United States, people got less of their electricity from coal power but kept using gas and renewable power like wind and solar power. This was because coal plants are more expensive to run, so power companies used them less.^[519]

Pollution from before the pandemic also affected what happened after people became sick. Scientists saw that more people died from COVID-19 in places with large amounts of air pollution. One team of scientists from Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg looked at air pollution information from satellites and statistics on COVID-19 deaths in Italy, France, Germany and Spain and saw that places with large amounts of nitrogen dioxide pollution had more people die from COVID-19. Nitrogen dioxide can damage the lungs.^[520]^[521]

The shutdowns and social distancing also affected animals. Human beings started staying at home about the same time in the spring when sea turtles like to come on land to lay their eggs. Turtle scientists in the United States and Thailand both reported more nests than usual on seashores in Florida and Phuket. They say it is because people are not coming to the beach or bringing their dogs to the beach and because there are fewer boats in the water nearby. Scientists also say they see more dugong and dolphins.^[522]^[523]^[524] With fewer cars driving down roads, salamanders, frogs, and other amphibians were able to cross them for their spring migration. According to citizen scientists from Big Night Maine, a group that watches amphibians, four amphibians made it across the roads alive for every one amphibian killed by cars. Most years, it is only two to one.^[525]

Not all ocean mammals did well. According to marine biologists in Florida, manatee deaths in April and May were 20% higher than in 2019. They say this was because many people decided to go boating because other things to do were closed.^[526]

Stopping the next pandemic

Researchers from the San Diego Zoo Global had the idea for a system that people could use to find dangerous germs before they become pandemics or even before they jump from other animals to humans. They said it was important to watch the wildlife trade, like in the Wuhan wet market. The scientists said that over the past eleven years it has gotten easier and easier to sequence viral genomes, and it does not have to be done by a large lab or by a government any more. The scientists said it would be better to spread the work out among more people.^[527]^[528]

Prevention and treatment

Avoiding traveling and staying home will greatly reduce your risk from catching COVID-19. Staying home doesn't apply if one is sick and needs medical care. Get enough rest and stay hydrated.^[529] Wearing a mask and washing your hands can prevent the virus from spreading.^[530] Masks should not be placed on children under 2 years of age, people who have trouble breathing, have a respiratory or other medical condition which renders one unable to wear a mask safely, or anyone who is unable to remove the mask without help. Covering coughs and sneezes also reduce the risk of spreading the virus, but one can infect someone else by touching things with coughed/sneezed-in hands. Making sure not to share drinking glasses, cups and particularly other objects which people will drink or eat out of is important if one assumes they are infected or tested positive in the past. Washing eating utensils and other oral eating objects is preferable and cleaning surfaces or possessions which have been repeatedly touched is also important. These include, according to the Centers For Disease Control and Prevention, phones, remote controls, counters, tabletops, doorknobs, bathroom fixtures, toilets, keyboards, tablets, and bedside tables. Avoid touching your face, nose, or mouth with your hands. Avoiding public transportation, taxis or taking rides with others can stop one's exposure to the virus. ^[529] Rumors spread about high doses of Vitamin C preventing COVID-19, but these as of October 14, 2020, there has been no conclusive evidence to support this idea.^[531] However, there has been evidence pointing to the fact that dosing patients with Vitamin C, either through mouth or IV can reduce time on mechanical ventilators for seriously ill patients by 14%.^[532]Drinking tea such as black tea and green tea can inhibit the virus.^[533] Staying home for the holidays, having a small gathering of close friends and family members who are consistently taking measures to reduce the spread of COVID-19 and celebrating virtually through social media can prevent being infected by the virus. Airports, bus stations, train stations, public transport, gas stations, and rest stops are all places travelers can be exposed to catching the virus.^[534] Eating a healthy diet that is high in fruits and vegetables, getting rest and sleep, exercising, consuming raw honey, probiotics, garlic, mushrooms and elderberry can boost the immune system.^[535] Playing video games to pass time during quarantine can prevent the virus from spreading.^[536] Flavanols and proanthocyanidins which are chemicals found in dark chocolate, grapes and green tea may block SARS-CoV-2 proteins.^[537] Places you are most likely to catch the virus are churches, hair and nail salons, cruise ships, hospitals and the doctor’s office, restaurants and bars, theaters, sporting events, concert venues, buses, restrooms, elevators, the gym, airplanes, hotels, public swimming pools, nightclubs and the beach.^[538] Vaccinated people still need to wear a mask.^[539] Flying in a private jet can prevent the spread of coronavirus.^[540] Smoking marijuana and tobacco can further damage your lungs.^[541] Getting vaccinated can prevent new virus strains.^[542]

List of terminology associated with COVID-19

SARS-CoV-2 is the virus that causes COVID-19
2019-nCoV is the old name for SARS-CoV-2
Coronavirus disease 2019 is the complete name for COVID-19
Community spread is the spread of the disease without a known travel connection
Clusters are groups of COVID-19 cases in which many people in the same area became infected with COVID-19

Notes

↑ In summary, this article is about the coronavirus pandemic, which is caused by the disease COVID‑19, which is caused by the virus SARS‑CoV‑2.^[1]
↑ To summarize, this article is about the pandemic, which is caused by the disease COVID-19, which is caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2.
↑ Location: Countries, territories, and international conveyances where cases were diagnosed. The nationality of the infected and the origin of infection may vary. For some countries, cases are split into respective territories and noted accordingly.
↑ Cases: This number shows the cumulative number of confirmed human cases reported to date. The actual number of infections and cases is likely to be higher than reported.^[47] Reporting criteria and testing capacity vary between locations.
↑ Deaths: Reporting criteria vary between locations.
↑ Recoveries: May not correspond to actual current figures and not all recoveries may be reported. Reporting criteria vary between locations and some countries do not report recoveries.
↑ The worldwide totals for cases, deaths and recoveries are taken from the Johns Hopkins University Coronavirus Resource Center. They are not sums of the figures for the listed countries and territories.
↑
United States
1. Figures include cases identified on the Grand Princess.
2. Figures do not include the unincorporated territories of Puerto Rico, U.S Virgin Islands, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, and American Samoa, all of which are listed separately.
3. Not all states or overseas territories report recovery data.
4. Cases include clinically diagnosed cases as per CDC guidelines.^[48]
5. Recoveries and deaths include probable deaths and people released from quarantine as per CDC guidelines.^[49]^[50]^[51]
6. Figures from the United States Department of Defense are only released on a branch-by branch basis since April 2020, without distinction between domestic and foreign deployment, and cases may be reported to local health authorities.^[52]
7. Cases for the USS Theodore Roosevelt, currently docked at Guam, are reported separate from national figures but included in the Navy's totals.
8. There is also one case reported from Guantanamo Bay Naval Base not included in any other nation or territory's counts.^[53] Since April 2020, the United States Department of Defense has directed all bases, including Guantanamo Bay, to not publish case statistics.^[52]
↑
France
1. Including overseas regions of French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte and Réunion, and collectivities of Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin.
2. Excluding collectivities of New Caledonia, French Polynesia, Saint Pierre and Miquelon and Wallis and Futuna.
3. Recoveries only include hospitalized cases.^[58]
4. Figures for total confirmed cases and total deaths include data from both hospital and nursing home (ESMS: établissements sociaux et médico-sociaux).^[58]
↑
Russia
1. Including cases from the disputed Crimea and Sevastopol.
2. Excluding cases from the Diamond Princess cruise ship, which are classified as "on an international conveyance".
↑
Turkey
1. From 29 July to 24 November 2020, the Ministry of Health did not publish the total number of positive cases. Instead, symptomatic coronavirus cases were shown as "patients".^[61]^[62] The ministry began to report the daily numbers of previously unreported cases on 25 November, announced the total number of cases in the country on 10 December, and started to include asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic cases (who are usually considered recovered after 10 days of isolation^[63]) in the number of recoveries on 12 December.
↑
United Kingdom
1. Excluding all British Overseas Territories and Crown dependencies.
2. As of 23 March 2020, the UK government does not publish the number of recoveries. The last update on 22 March reported 135 recovered patients.^[65]
↑
Spain
1. The figure for cases excludes serology–confirmed cases.
2. As of 19 May 2020, the Spanish government does not publish the number of recoveries. The last update on 18 May reported 150,376 recovered patients.
↑
Germany
1. Not all state authorities count recoveries.^[69]
2. Recoveries include estimations by the Robert Koch Institute.^[69]^[70]
↑
Argentina
1. Excluding confirmed cases on the claimed territory of the Falkland Islands. Since 11 April 2020, the Argentine Ministry of Health includes them in their official reports.^[71]
↑
Ukraine
1. Excluding cases from the disputed Crimea and Sevastopol. Cases in these territories are included in the Russian total.
2. Excluding cases from the unrecognized Donetsk and Lugansk People's Republics.
↑
Netherlands
1. The Kingdom of the Netherlands consists of a) the Netherlands* [the country as opposed to the kingdom; listed here], which in turn includes the Caribbean Netherlands, that are made up of the special municipalities Bonaire*, Saba* and Sint Eustatius*; b) Aruba*; c) Curaçao*; and d) Sint Maarten*. All regions marked with an asterisk are listed separately.
2. The Dutch Government agency RIVM, responsible for the constituent country the Netherlands, does not count its number of recoveries.^[84]
↑
Canada
1. On 17 July 2020, Quebec, Canada, revised its criteria on recoveries. The Institut national de santé publique claims that "the previous method resulted in 'significant underestimations' of recovered cases."^[87] This change resulted in a drop of active cases nationwide, from a total of 27,603 on 16 July to 4,058 on 17 July.^[88]
↑
Chile
1. Including the special territory of Easter Island and cases reported in the Chilean Antarctic Territory.
2. The Chilean Ministry of Health considered all cases as "recovered" after 14 days since the initial symptoms of the virus, regardless of the health situation of the infected or if succeeding tests indicate the continuing presence of the virus. The only exceptions are casualties, which are not included as recovered.^[90]
3. Deaths include only cases with positive PCR tests and catalogued as a "COVID-19 related death" by the Civil Registry and Identification Service. This number is indicated in the daily reports of the Ministry of Health. A report with the total number of deaths, including suspected cases without PCR test, is released at least weekly since 20 June 2020.^[91] In the latest report (5 April 2021), the total number of deaths is 31,513.^[92]
↑
Belgium
1. The number of deaths also includes untested cases and cases in retirement homes that presumably died because of COVID-19, whilst most countries only include deaths of tested cases in hospitals.^[98]
↑
Israel
1. Including cases from the disputed Golan Heights.
2. Excluding cases from the Occupied Palestinian Territories.
↑
Serbia
1. Excluding cases from the disputed territory of Kosovo.
↑
Switzerland
1. Recoveries are estimates by the Tribune de Genève.
↑ ^24.0 ^24.1
Diamond Princess and Japan
1. The British cruise ship Diamond Princess was in Japanese waters, and the Japanese administration was asked to manage its quarantine, with the passengers having not entered Japan. Therefore, this case is included in neither the Japanese nor British official counts. The World Health Organization classifies the cases as being located "on an international conveyance".
↑
Morocco
1. Including cases in the disputed Western Sahara territory controlled by Morocco.
2. Excluding the de facto state of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.
↑
Azerbaijan
1. Excluding the self-declared state of Artsakh.
↑
Georgia
1. Excluding the de facto states of Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
↑
Moldova
1. Including the disputed territory of Transnistria.
↑
Denmark
1. The autonomous territories of the Faroe Islands and Greenland are listed separately.
↑
Egypt
1. Includes cases identified on the MS River Anuket.
↑
Norway
1. Estimation of the number of infected:
  As of 23 March 2020, according to figures from just over 40 per cent of all GPs in Norway, 20,200 patients have been registered with the "corona code" R991. The figure includes both cases where the patient has been diagnosed with coronavirus infection through testing, and where the GP has used the "corona code" after assessing the patient's symptoms against the criteria by the Norwegian Institute of Public Health.^[180]
  
  As of 24 March 2020, the Norwegian Institute of Public Health estimates that between 7,120 and 23,140 Norwegians are infected with the coronavirus.^[181]
↑
Cuba
1. Includes cases on the MS Braemar.
2. Excluding cases from Guantanamo Bay, which is governed by the United States.
↑
China
1. Excluding 205 asymptomatic cases under medical observation as of 19 December 2020^[update].
2. Asymptomatic cases were not reported before 31 March 2020.
3. Excluding Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau.
4. Does not include Taiwan.
↑
Finland
1. Including the autonomous region of the Åland Islands.
2. The number of recoveries is an estimate based on reported cases which were reported at least two weeks ago and there is no other monitoring data on the course of the disease.^[195] The exact number of recoveries is not known, as only a small proportion of patients have been hospitalised.^[196]
↑
Cyprus
1. Including the British Overseas Territory of Akrotiri and Dhekelia.
2. Excluding de facto state of Northern Cyprus.
↑
Botswana
1. 2,423 people who tested positive have been voluntarily repatriated to their respective countries and are not part of the confirmed case count as a result the Government of Botswana does not include the transferred-out cases.^[213]
↑ ^37.0 ^37.1
Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republic
1. Note that these territories are distinct from the Ukraine-administered regions of the Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts.
↑
DR Congo
1. The Democratic Republic of the Congo.
↑
Australia
1. Excluding the cases from Diamond Princess cruise ship which are classified as "on an international conveyance". Ten cases, including one fatality recorded by the Australian government.
↑
Syria
1. Excluding cases from the disputed Golan Heights.
↑
Abkhazia
1. Cases from this de facto state are not counted by Georgia.
↑
Somalia
1. Excluding the de facto state of Somaliland.
↑
Congo
1. Also known as the Republic of the Congo and not to be confused with the DR Congo.
↑
Bahamas
1. Some of these deaths may still be under investigation as stated in the Ministry's press release.
↑ ^45.0 ^45.1
Guam and USS Theodore Roosevelt
1. Cases for the USS Theodore Roosevelt, currently docked at Guam, are reported separately.
↑
Northern Cyprus
1. Cases from this de facto state are not counted by Cyprus.
↑
Somaliland
1. Cases from this de facto state are not counted by Somalia.
↑
South Ossetia
1. Cases from this de facto state are not counted by Georgia.
↑
Artsakh
1. Cases from this de facto state are not counted by Azerbaijan.
↑
Isle of Man
1. Recoveries are presumed. Defined as "An individual testing positive for coronavirus who completes the 14 day self-isolation period from the onset of symptoms who is at home on day 15, or an individual who is discharged from hospital following more severe symptoms."^[323]
↑
Taiwan
1. Including cases from the ROCS Pan Shi.^[328]
↑
Charles de Gaulle
1. Including cases on the escort frigate Chevalier Paul.
2. Florence Parly, Minister of the Armed Forces, reported to the National Assembly's National Defense and Armed Forces Committee [fr] that 2010 sailors of the carrier battle group led by Charles de Gaulle had been tested, with 1081 tests returning positive so far.^[332] Many of these cases were aboard Charles de Gaulle, some of the cases were reportedly aboard French frigate Chevalier Paul, and it is unclear if any other ships in the battle group had cases on board.^[333]^[334]^[335]
↑
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
1. Cases from this de facto state are not counted by Morocco.
↑
MS Zaandam
1. Including cases from MS Rotterdam.
2. The MS Rotterdam rendezvoused with the Zaandam on 26 March off the coast of Panama City to provide support and evacuate healthy passengers. Both have since docked in Florida.^[376]^[377]
3. MS Zaandam and Rotterdam's numbers are currently not counted in any national figures.
↑
Coral Princess
1. The cruise ship Coral Princess has tested positive cases since early April 2020 and has since docked in Miami.^[380]
2. Coral Princess's numbers are currently not counted in any national figures.
↑
SeaDream I
1. SeaDream I's numbers are currently not counted in any national figures.
↑
HNLMS Dolfijn
1. All 8 cases currently associated with Dolfijn were reported while the submarine was at sea in the waters between Scotland and the Netherlands.^[384]
2. It is unclear whether the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) is including these cases in their total count, but neither their daily update details nor their daily epidemiological situation reports appear to have mentioned the ship, with a breakdown of cases listing the twelve provinces of the country of the Netherlands (as opposed to the kingdom) accounting for all the cases in the total count.^[385]^[386]
↑
Tanzania
1. Figures for Tanzania are "No data" as the country stopped publishing figures on coronavirus cases on 29 April 2020.^[399] Figures as of that date were 509 cases, 21 deaths, and 183 recoveries.^[400]^[401]

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External links

WHO site for COVID-19
CDC site for COVID-19
WHO questions on COVID-19
Novel Coronavirus Map Infographics, Channel News Asia

[fn1-2] In summary, this article is about the coronavirus pandemic, which is caused by the disease COVID‑19, which is caused by the virus SARS‑CoV‑2.^[1]

[8] To summarize, this article is about the pandemic, which is caused by the disease COVID-19, which is caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2.

[49] Location: Countries, territories, and international conveyances where cases were diagnosed. The nationality of the infected and the origin of infection may vary. For some countries, cases are split into respective territories and noted accordingly.

[ccc-51] Cases: This number shows the cumulative number of confirmed human cases reported to date. The actual number of infections and cases is likely to be higher than reported.^[47] Reporting criteria and testing capacity vary between locations.

[52] Deaths: Reporting criteria vary between locations.

[53] Recoveries: May not correspond to actual current figures and not all recoveries may be reported. Reporting criteria vary between locations and some countries do not report recoveries.

[54] The worldwide totals for cases, deaths and recoveries are taken from the Johns Hopkins University Coronavirus Resource Center. They are not sums of the figures for the listed countries and territories.

[61] United States
Figures include cases identified on the Grand Princess.
Figures do not include the unincorporated territories of Puerto Rico, U.S Virgin Islands, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, and American Samoa, all of which are listed separately.
Not all states or overseas territories report recovery data.
Cases include clinically diagnosed cases as per CDC guidelines.^[48]
Recoveries and deaths include probable deaths and people released from quarantine as per CDC guidelines.^[49]^[50]^[51]
Figures from the United States Department of Defense are only released on a branch-by branch basis since April 2020, without distinction between domestic and foreign deployment, and cases may be reported to local health authorities.^[52]
Cases for the USS Theodore Roosevelt, currently docked at Guam, are reported separate from national figures but included in the Navy's totals.
There is also one case reported from Guantanamo Bay Naval Base not included in any other nation or territory's counts.^[53] Since April 2020, the United States Department of Defense has directed all bases, including Guantanamo Bay, to not publish case statistics.^[52]

[9] Figures include cases identified on the Grand Princess.

[10] Figures do not include the unincorporated territories of Puerto Rico, U.S Virgin Islands, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, and American Samoa, all of which are listed separately.

[11] Not all states or overseas territories report recovery data.

[12] Cases include clinically diagnosed cases as per CDC guidelines.^[48]

[13] Recoveries and deaths include probable deaths and people released from quarantine as per CDC guidelines.^[49]^[50]^[51]

[14] Figures from the United States Department of Defense are only released on a branch-by branch basis since April 2020, without distinction between domestic and foreign deployment, and cases may be reported to local health authorities.^[52]

[15] Cases for the USS Theodore Roosevelt, currently docked at Guam, are reported separate from national figures but included in the Navy's totals.

[16] There is also one case reported from Guantanamo Bay Naval Base not included in any other nation or territory's counts.^[53] Since April 2020, the United States Department of Defense has directed all bases, including Guantanamo Bay, to not publish case statistics.^[52]

[67] France
Including overseas regions of French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte and Réunion, and collectivities of Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin.
Excluding collectivities of New Caledonia, French Polynesia, Saint Pierre and Miquelon and Wallis and Futuna.
Recoveries only include hospitalized cases.^[58]
Figures for total confirmed cases and total deaths include data from both hospital and nursing home (ESMS: établissements sociaux et médico-sociaux).^[58]

[18] Including overseas regions of French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte and Réunion, and collectivities of Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin.

[19] Excluding collectivities of New Caledonia, French Polynesia, Saint Pierre and Miquelon and Wallis and Futuna.

[20] Recoveries only include hospitalized cases.^[58]

[21] Figures for total confirmed cases and total deaths include data from both hospital and nursing home (ESMS: établissements sociaux et médico-sociaux).^[58]

[69] Russia
Including cases from the disputed Crimea and Sevastopol.
Excluding cases from the Diamond Princess cruise ship, which are classified as "on an international conveyance".

[23] Including cases from the disputed Crimea and Sevastopol.

[24] Excluding cases from the Diamond Princess cruise ship, which are classified as "on an international conveyance".

[74] Turkey
From 29 July to 24 November 2020, the Ministry of Health did not publish the total number of positive cases. Instead, symptomatic coronavirus cases were shown as "patients".^[61]^[62] The ministry began to report the daily numbers of previously unreported cases on 25 November, announced the total number of cases in the country on 10 December, and started to include asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic cases (who are usually considered recovered after 10 days of isolation^[63]) in the number of recoveries on 12 December.

[26] From 29 July to 24 November 2020, the Ministry of Health did not publish the total number of positive cases. Instead, symptomatic coronavirus cases were shown as "patients".^[61]^[62] The ministry began to report the daily numbers of previously unreported cases on 25 November, announced the total number of cases in the country on 10 December, and started to include asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic cases (who are usually considered recovered after 10 days of isolation^[63]) in the number of recoveries on 12 December.

[77] United Kingdom
Excluding all British Overseas Territories and Crown dependencies.
As of 23 March 2020, the UK government does not publish the number of recoveries. The last update on 22 March reported 135 recovered patients.^[65]

[28] Excluding all British Overseas Territories and Crown dependencies.

[29] As of 23 March 2020, the UK government does not publish the number of recoveries. The last update on 22 March reported 135 recovered patients.^[65]

[80] Spain
The figure for cases excludes serology–confirmed cases.
As of 19 May 2020, the Spanish government does not publish the number of recoveries. The last update on 18 May reported 150,376 recovered patients.

[31] The figure for cases excludes serology–confirmed cases.

[32] As of 19 May 2020, the Spanish government does not publish the number of recoveries. The last update on 18 May reported 150,376 recovered patients.

[84] Germany
Not all state authorities count recoveries.^[69]
Recoveries include estimations by the Robert Koch Institute.^[69]^[70]

[34] Not all state authorities count recoveries.^[69]

[35] Recoveries include estimations by the Robert Koch Institute.^[69]^[70]

[86] Argentina
Excluding confirmed cases on the claimed territory of the Falkland Islands. Since 11 April 2020, the Argentine Ministry of Health includes them in their official reports.^[71]

[37] Excluding confirmed cases on the claimed territory of the Falkland Islands. Since 11 April 2020, the Argentine Ministry of Health includes them in their official reports.^[71]

[92] Ukraine
Excluding cases from the disputed Crimea and Sevastopol. Cases in these territories are included in the Russian total.
Excluding cases from the unrecognized Donetsk and Lugansk People's Republics.

[39] Excluding cases from the disputed Crimea and Sevastopol. Cases in these territories are included in the Russian total.

[40] Excluding cases from the unrecognized Donetsk and Lugansk People's Republics.

[101] Netherlands
The Kingdom of the Netherlands consists of a) the Netherlands* [the country as opposed to the kingdom; listed here], which in turn includes the Caribbean Netherlands, that are made up of the special municipalities Bonaire*, Saba* and Sint Eustatius*; b) Aruba*; c) Curaçao*; and d) Sint Maarten*. All regions marked with an asterisk are listed separately.
The Dutch Government agency RIVM, responsible for the constituent country the Netherlands, does not count its number of recoveries.^[84]

[42] The Kingdom of the Netherlands consists of a) the Netherlands* [the country as opposed to the kingdom; listed here], which in turn includes the Caribbean Netherlands, that are made up of the special municipalities Bonaire*, Saba* and Sint Eustatius*; b) Aruba*; c) Curaçao*; and d) Sint Maarten*. All regions marked with an asterisk are listed separately.

[43] The Dutch Government agency RIVM, responsible for the constituent country the Netherlands, does not count its number of recoveries.^[84]

[106] Canada
On 17 July 2020, Quebec, Canada, revised its criteria on recoveries. The Institut national de santé publique claims that "the previous method resulted in 'significant underestimations' of recovered cases."^[87] This change resulted in a drop of active cases nationwide, from a total of 27,603 on 16 July to 4,058 on 17 July.^[88]

[45] On 17 July 2020, Quebec, Canada, revised its criteria on recoveries. The Institut national de santé publique claims that "the previous method resulted in 'significant underestimations' of recovered cases."^[87] This change resulted in a drop of active cases nationwide, from a total of 27,603 on 16 July to 4,058 on 17 July.^[88]

[111] Chile
Including the special territory of Easter Island and cases reported in the Chilean Antarctic Territory.
The Chilean Ministry of Health considered all cases as "recovered" after 14 days since the initial symptoms of the virus, regardless of the health situation of the infected or if succeeding tests indicate the continuing presence of the virus. The only exceptions are casualties, which are not included as recovered.^[90]
Deaths include only cases with positive PCR tests and catalogued as a "COVID-19 related death" by the Civil Registry and Identification Service. This number is indicated in the daily reports of the Ministry of Health. A report with the total number of deaths, including suspected cases without PCR test, is released at least weekly since 20 June 2020.^[91] In the latest report (5 April 2021), the total number of deaths is 31,513.^[92]

[47] Including the special territory of Easter Island and cases reported in the Chilean Antarctic Territory.

[48] The Chilean Ministry of Health considered all cases as "recovered" after 14 days since the initial symptoms of the virus, regardless of the health situation of the infected or if succeeding tests indicate the continuing presence of the virus. The only exceptions are casualties, which are not included as recovered.^[90]

[49] Deaths include only cases with positive PCR tests and catalogued as a "COVID-19 related death" by the Civil Registry and Identification Service. This number is indicated in the daily reports of the Ministry of Health. A report with the total number of deaths, including suspected cases without PCR test, is released at least weekly since 20 June 2020.^[91] In the latest report (5 April 2021), the total number of deaths is 31,513.^[92]

[118] Belgium
The number of deaths also includes untested cases and cases in retirement homes that presumably died because of COVID-19, whilst most countries only include deaths of tested cases in hospitals.^[98]

[51] The number of deaths also includes untested cases and cases in retirement homes that presumably died because of COVID-19, whilst most countries only include deaths of tested cases in hospitals.^[98]

[122] Israel
Including cases from the disputed Golan Heights.
Excluding cases from the Occupied Palestinian Territories.

[53] Including cases from the disputed Golan Heights.

[54] Excluding cases from the Occupied Palestinian Territories.

[131] Serbia
Excluding cases from the disputed territory of Kosovo.

[56] Excluding cases from the disputed territory of Kosovo.

[133] Switzerland
Recoveries are estimates by the Tribune de Genève.

[58] Recoveries are estimates by the Tribune de Genève.

[DiamondPrincess-137] 24.0 ^24.1 Diamond Princess and Japan
The British cruise ship Diamond Princess was in Japanese waters, and the Japanese administration was asked to manage its quarantine, with the passengers having not entered Japan. Therefore, this case is included in neither the Japanese nor British official counts. The World Health Organization classifies the cases as being located "on an international conveyance".

[60] The British cruise ship Diamond Princess was in Japanese waters, and the Japanese administration was asked to manage its quarantine, with the passengers having not entered Japan. Therefore, this case is included in neither the Japanese nor British official counts. The World Health Organization classifies the cases as being located "on an international conveyance".

[141] Morocco
Including cases in the disputed Western Sahara territory controlled by Morocco.
Excluding the de facto state of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.

[62] Including cases in the disputed Western Sahara territory controlled by Morocco.

[63] Excluding the de facto state of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.

[154] Azerbaijan
Excluding the self-declared state of Artsakh.

[65] Excluding the self-declared state of Artsakh.

[157] Georgia
Excluding the de facto states of Abkhazia and South Ossetia.

[67] Excluding the de facto states of Abkhazia and South Ossetia.

[169] Moldova
Including the disputed territory of Transnistria.

[69] Including the disputed territory of Transnistria.

[171] Denmark
The autonomous territories of the Faroe Islands and Greenland are listed separately.

[71] The autonomous territories of the Faroe Islands and Greenland are listed separately.

[181] Egypt
Includes cases identified on the MS River Anuket.

[73] Includes cases identified on the MS River Anuket.

[212] Norway
Estimation of the number of infected:

As of 23 March 2020, according to figures from just over 40 per cent of all GPs in Norway, 20,200 patients have been registered with the "corona code" R991. The figure includes both cases where the patient has been diagnosed with coronavirus infection through testing, and where the GP has used the "corona code" after assessing the patient's symptoms against the criteria by the Norwegian Institute of Public Health.^[180]

As of 24 March 2020, the Norwegian Institute of Public Health estimates that between 7,120 and 23,140 Norwegians are infected with the coronavirus.^[181]

[75] Estimation of the number of infected:

As of 23 March 2020, according to figures from just over 40 per cent of all GPs in Norway, 20,200 patients have been registered with the "corona code" R991. The figure includes both cases where the patient has been diagnosed with coronavirus infection through testing, and where the GP has used the "corona code" after assessing the patient's symptoms against the criteria by the Norwegian Institute of Public Health.^[180]

As of 24 March 2020, the Norwegian Institute of Public Health estimates that between 7,120 and 23,140 Norwegians are infected with the coronavirus.^[181]

[76] As of 23 March 2020, according to figures from just over 40 per cent of all GPs in Norway, 20,200 patients have been registered with the "corona code" R991. The figure includes both cases where the patient has been diagnosed with coronavirus infection through testing, and where the GP has used the "corona code" after assessing the patient's symptoms against the criteria by the Norwegian Institute of Public Health.^[180]

[77] As of 24 March 2020, the Norwegian Institute of Public Health estimates that between 7,120 and 23,140 Norwegians are infected with the coronavirus.^[181]

[215] Cuba
Includes cases on the MS Braemar.
Excluding cases from Guantanamo Bay, which is governed by the United States.

[79] Includes cases on the MS Braemar.

[80] Excluding cases from Guantanamo Bay, which is governed by the United States.

[225] China
Excluding 205 asymptomatic cases under medical observation as of 19 December 2020^[update].
Asymptomatic cases were not reported before 31 March 2020.
Excluding Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau.
Does not include Taiwan.

[82] Excluding 205 asymptomatic cases under medical observation as of 19 December 2020^[update].

[83] Asymptomatic cases were not reported before 31 March 2020.

[84] Excluding Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau.

[85] Does not include Taiwan.

[230] Finland
Including the autonomous region of the Åland Islands.
The number of recoveries is an estimate based on reported cases which were reported at least two weeks ago and there is no other monitoring data on the course of the disease.^[195] The exact number of recoveries is not known, as only a small proportion of patients have been hospitalised.^[196]

[87] Including the autonomous region of the Åland Islands.

[88] The number of recoveries is an estimate based on reported cases which were reported at least two weeks ago and there is no other monitoring data on the course of the disease.^[195] The exact number of recoveries is not known, as only a small proportion of patients have been hospitalised.^[196]

[238] Cyprus
Including the British Overseas Territory of Akrotiri and Dhekelia.
Excluding de facto state of Northern Cyprus.

[90] Including the British Overseas Territory of Akrotiri and Dhekelia.

[91] Excluding de facto state of Northern Cyprus.

[249] Botswana
2,423 people who tested positive have been voluntarily repatriated to their respective countries and are not part of the confirmed case count as a result the Government of Botswana does not include the transferred-out cases.^[213]

[93] 2,423 people who tested positive have been voluntarily repatriated to their respective countries and are not part of the confirmed case count as a result the Government of Botswana does not include the transferred-out cases.^[213]

[DNR-LNR-261] 37.0 ^37.1 Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republic
Note that these territories are distinct from the Ukraine-administered regions of the Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts.

[95] Note that these territories are distinct from the Ukraine-administered regions of the Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts.

[264] DR Congo
The Democratic Republic of the Congo.

[97] The Democratic Republic of the Congo.

[267] Australia
Excluding the cases from Diamond Princess cruise ship which are classified as "on an international conveyance". Ten cases, including one fatality recorded by the Australian government.

[99] Excluding the cases from Diamond Princess cruise ship which are classified as "on an international conveyance". Ten cases, including one fatality recorded by the Australian government.

[275] Syria
Excluding cases from the disputed Golan Heights.

[101] Excluding cases from the disputed Golan Heights.

[Abkhazia-282] Abkhazia
Cases from this de facto state are not counted by Georgia.

[103] Cases from this de facto state are not counted by Georgia.

[286] Somalia
Excluding the de facto state of Somaliland.

[105] Excluding the de facto state of Somaliland.

[306] Congo
Also known as the Republic of the Congo and not to be confused with the DR Congo.

[107] Also known as the Republic of the Congo and not to be confused with the DR Congo.

[311] Bahamas
Some of these deaths may still be under investigation as stated in the Ministry's press release.

[109] Some of these deaths may still be under investigation as stated in the Ministry's press release.

[TheodoreRoosevelt-317] 45.0 ^45.1 Guam and USS Theodore Roosevelt
Cases for the USS Theodore Roosevelt, currently docked at Guam, are reported separately.

[111] Cases for the USS Theodore Roosevelt, currently docked at Guam, are reported separately.

[TRNC-327] Northern Cyprus
Cases from this de facto state are not counted by Cyprus.

[113] Cases from this de facto state are not counted by Cyprus.

[341] Somaliland
Cases from this de facto state are not counted by Somalia.

[115] Cases from this de facto state are not counted by Somalia.

[South_Ossetia-351] South Ossetia
Cases from this de facto state are not counted by Georgia.

[117] Cases from this de facto state are not counted by Georgia.

[Nagorno-Karabakh-358] Artsakh
Cases from this de facto state are not counted by Azerbaijan.

[119] Cases from this de facto state are not counted by Azerbaijan.

[373] Isle of Man
Recoveries are presumed. Defined as "An individual testing positive for coronavirus who completes the 14 day self-isolation period from the onset of symptoms who is at home on day 15, or an individual who is discharged from hospital following more severe symptoms."^[323]

[121] Recoveries are presumed. Defined as "An individual testing positive for coronavirus who completes the 14 day self-isolation period from the onset of symptoms who is at home on day 15, or an individual who is discharged from hospital following more severe symptoms."^[323]

[379] Taiwan
Including cases from the ROCS Pan Shi.^[328]

[123] Including cases from the ROCS Pan Shi.^[328]

[387] Charles de Gaulle
Including cases on the escort frigate Chevalier Paul.
Florence Parly, Minister of the Armed Forces, reported to the National Assembly's National Defense and Armed Forces Committee [fr] that 2010 sailors of the carrier battle group led by Charles de Gaulle had been tested, with 1081 tests returning positive so far.^[332] Many of these cases were aboard Charles de Gaulle, some of the cases were reportedly aboard French frigate Chevalier Paul, and it is unclear if any other ships in the battle group had cases on board.^[333]^[334]^[335]

[125] Including cases on the escort frigate Chevalier Paul.

[126] Florence Parly, Minister of the Armed Forces, reported to the National Assembly's National Defense and Armed Forces Committee [fr] that 2010 sailors of the carrier battle group led by Charles de Gaulle had been tested, with 1081 tests returning positive so far.^[332] Many of these cases were aboard Charles de Gaulle, some of the cases were reportedly aboard French frigate Chevalier Paul, and it is unclear if any other ships in the battle group had cases on board.^[333]^[334]^[335]

[397] Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
Cases from this de facto state are not counted by Morocco.

[128] Cases from this de facto state are not counted by Morocco.

[431] MS Zaandam
Including cases from MS Rotterdam.
The MS Rotterdam rendezvoused with the Zaandam on 26 March off the coast of Panama City to provide support and evacuate healthy passengers. Both have since docked in Florida.^[376]^[377]
MS Zaandam and Rotterdam's numbers are currently not counted in any national figures.

[130] Including cases from MS Rotterdam.

[131] The MS Rotterdam rendezvoused with the Zaandam on 26 March off the coast of Panama City to provide support and evacuate healthy passengers. Both have since docked in Florida.^[376]^[377]

[132] MS Zaandam and Rotterdam's numbers are currently not counted in any national figures.

[435] Coral Princess
The cruise ship Coral Princess has tested positive cases since early April 2020 and has since docked in Miami.^[380]
Coral Princess's numbers are currently not counted in any national figures.

[134] The cruise ship Coral Princess has tested positive cases since early April 2020 and has since docked in Miami.^[380]

[135] Coral Princess's numbers are currently not counted in any national figures.

[437] SeaDream I
SeaDream I's numbers are currently not counted in any national figures.

[137] SeaDream I's numbers are currently not counted in any national figures.

[443] HNLMS Dolfijn
All 8 cases currently associated with Dolfijn were reported while the submarine was at sea in the waters between Scotland and the Netherlands.^[384]
It is unclear whether the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) is including these cases in their total count, but neither their daily update details nor their daily epidemiological situation reports appear to have mentioned the ship, with a breakdown of cases listing the twelve provinces of the country of the Netherlands (as opposed to the kingdom) accounting for all the cases in the total count.^[385]^[386]

[139] All 8 cases currently associated with Dolfijn were reported while the submarine was at sea in the waters between Scotland and the Netherlands.^[384]

[140] It is unclear whether the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) is including these cases in their total count, but neither their daily update details nor their daily epidemiological situation reports appear to have mentioned the ship, with a breakdown of cases listing the twelve provinces of the country of the Netherlands (as opposed to the kingdom) accounting for all the cases in the total count.^[385]^[386]

[459] Tanzania
Figures for Tanzania are "No data" as the country stopped publishing figures on coronavirus cases on 29 April 2020.^[399] Figures as of that date were 509 cases, 21 deaths, and 183 recoveries.^[400]^[401]

[142] Figures for Tanzania are "No data" as the country stopped publishing figures on coronavirus cases on 29 April 2020.^[399] Figures as of that date were 509 cases, 21 deaths, and 183 recoveries.^[400]^[401]

[143] Figures include cases identified on the Grand Princess.

[144] Figures do not include the unincorporated territories of Puerto Rico, U.S Virgin Islands, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, and American Samoa, all of which are listed separately.

[145] Not all states or overseas territories report recovery data.

[146] Cases include clinically diagnosed cases as per CDC guidelines.^[48]

[147] Recoveries and deaths include probable deaths and people released from quarantine as per CDC guidelines.^[49]^[50]^[51]

[148] Figures from the United States Department of Defense are only released on a branch-by branch basis since April 2020, without distinction between domestic and foreign deployment, and cases may be reported to local health authorities.^[52]

[149] Cases for the USS Theodore Roosevelt, currently docked at Guam, are reported separate from national figures but included in the Navy's totals.

[150] There is also one case reported from Guantanamo Bay Naval Base not included in any other nation or territory's counts.^[53] Since April 2020, the United States Department of Defense has directed all bases, including Guantanamo Bay, to not publish case statistics.^[52]

[151] Including overseas regions of French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte and Réunion, and collectivities of Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin.

[152] Excluding collectivities of New Caledonia, French Polynesia, Saint Pierre and Miquelon and Wallis and Futuna.

[153] Recoveries only include hospitalized cases.^[58]

[154] Figures for total confirmed cases and total deaths include data from both hospital and nursing home (ESMS: établissements sociaux et médico-sociaux).^[58]

[155] Including cases from the disputed Crimea and Sevastopol.

[156] Excluding cases from the Diamond Princess cruise ship, which are classified as "on an international conveyance".

[157] From 29 July to 24 November 2020, the Ministry of Health did not publish the total number of positive cases. Instead, symptomatic coronavirus cases were shown as "patients".^[61]^[62] The ministry began to report the daily numbers of previously unreported cases on 25 November, announced the total number of cases in the country on 10 December, and started to include asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic cases (who are usually considered recovered after 10 days of isolation^[63]) in the number of recoveries on 12 December.

[158] Excluding all British Overseas Territories and Crown dependencies.

[159] As of 23 March 2020, the UK government does not publish the number of recoveries. The last update on 22 March reported 135 recovered patients.^[65]

[160] The figure for cases excludes serology–confirmed cases.

[161] As of 19 May 2020, the Spanish government does not publish the number of recoveries. The last update on 18 May reported 150,376 recovered patients.

[162] Not all state authorities count recoveries.^[69]

[163] Recoveries include estimations by the Robert Koch Institute.^[69]^[70]

[164] Excluding confirmed cases on the claimed territory of the Falkland Islands. Since 11 April 2020, the Argentine Ministry of Health includes them in their official reports.^[71]

[165] Excluding cases from the disputed Crimea and Sevastopol. Cases in these territories are included in the Russian total.

[166] Excluding cases from the unrecognized Donetsk and Lugansk People's Republics.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|Ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019}}
+{{current|date=January 2020}}
-<!-- Please discuss on the talk page before adding hatnotes -->
-{{Pp-move-indef}}
-{{Pp-extended|small=yes}}
-{{Use British English|date=June 2021}}<!-- Page notice explicitly states to use British English. Please do not change it again. Thanks. -->
-{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
 {{Infobox pandemic
-| name            = COVID-19 pandemic
+| name = COVID‑19 pandemic
-| map1            = COVID-19 Outbreak World Map Total Deaths per Capita.svg{{!}}upright=1.5
+| map1 = COVID-19 Outbreak World Map per Capita.svg{{!}}upright=1.5
-| legend1         = {{Center|Confirmed deaths per 100,000 population<br />as of 15 April 2022}}
+| legend1 = {{Center|Confirmed cases per 100,000 population<br>as of {{wikidata|property|Q95963597|P585}}}}
-{{collapsed infobox section begin|div=y|{{nowrap|Cases per capita}}}}
+{{div col |colwidth=8em |gap=0 |style=padding-left:3em; |content= {{ubl |item_style=margin: 0;
-| map2            = COVID-19 Outbreak World Map per Capita.svg{{!}}upright=1.46
+    |{{legend inline|#290000|>10%}}
-| legend2         = {{Center|Cumulative percentage of population infected<br />as of 6 February 2022}}
+    |{{legend inline|#510000|3–10%}}
-{{div col |colwidth=8em |gap=0 |class=plainlist}}
+    |{{legend inline|#900000|1–3%}}
-* {{legend inline|#290000|>10%}}
+    |{{legend inline|#c80200|0.3–1%}}
-* {{legend inline|#510000|3–10%}}
+    |{{legend inline|#ee7070|0.1–0.3%}}
-* {{legend inline|#900000|1–3%}}
+    |{{legend inline|#ffc0c0|0.03–0.1%}}
-* {{legend inline|#c80200|0.3–1%}}
+    |{{legend inline|#ffdfe0|0–0.3%}}
-* {{legend inline|#ee7070|0.1–0.3%}}
+    |{{legend inline|#e0e0e0|None or no data}}
-* {{legend inline|#ffc0c0|0.03–0.1%}}
+}}}}{{parabr}}
-* {{legend inline|#ffdfe0|0–0.03%}}
+{{collapsed infobox section begin|Cases per country}}
-* {{legend inline|#e0e0e0|None or no data}}
+| map2 = COVID-19 Outbreak World Map.svg{{!}}upright=1.45
-{{div col end}}
+| legend2 = {{Center|Total confirmed cases per country<br>as of {{wikidata|property|Q95963597|P585}}}}
-{{collapsed infobox section end|div=y}}
+{{div col |colwidth=8em |gap=0 |style=padding-left:3em; |content= {{ubl |item_style=margin: 0;
-| image           = Covid-19_SP_-_UTI_V._Nova_Cachoeirinha.jpg<!-- PLEASE DISCUSS POTENTIAL CHANGES TO THIS PHOTO AT THE TALK PAGE BEFORE MAKING THEM. -->
+    |{{legend inline|#290000|10,000,000+}}
-| image_upright   = 1.35
+    |{{legend inline|#510000|1,000,000–9,999,999}}
-| caption         = Medical professionals treating a COVID-19 patient in critical condition in an [[Intensive care unit|ICU]] in [[São Paulo]] in May 2020
+    |{{legend inline|#900000|100,000–999,999}}
-| disease         = [[COVID-19|Coronavirus disease 2019]] (COVID-19)
+    |{{legend inline|#c80200|10,000–99,999}}
-| virus_strain    = [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2|Severe acute respiratory syndrome<br />coronavirus 2]] (SARS‑CoV‑2)
+    |{{legend inline|#ee7070|1,000–9,999}}
-| location        = [[COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory|Worldwide]]
+    |{{legend inline|#ffc0c0|100–999}}
-| index_case      = [[Wuhan]], China<br />{{coord|30|37|11|N|114|15|28|E|type:adm2nd_region:CN-42}}
+    |{{legend inline|#ffdfe0|1–99}}
-| date            = {{Start date|2019|11|17|df=y}} – present<br />({{time interval|2019-11-17|show=ym}})
+    |{{legend inline|#e0e0e0|None or no data}}
-| source          = Bats,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zoumpourlis V, Goulielmaki M, Rizos E, Baliou S, Spandidos DA | title = [Comment] The COVID‑19 pandemic as a scientific and social challenge in the 21st century | journal = Molecular Medicine Reports | volume = 22 | issue = 4 | pages = 3035–3048 | date = October 2020 | pmid = 32945405 | pmc = 7453598 | doi = 10.3892/mmr.2020.11393 }}</ref> likely indirectly<ref name="who-origins-20210330" />
+}}}}{{parabr}}
+{{collapsed infobox section end}}
+{{collapsed infobox section begin|{{nowrap|Deaths per capita}}}}
+| map3 = COVID-19 Outbreak World Map Total Deaths per Capita.svg{{!}}upright=1.45
+| legend3 = {{Center|Confirmed deaths per 100 population date shown on map}}
+{{div col |colwidth=8em |gap=0 |style=padding-left:3em; |content= {{ubl |item_style=margin: 0;
+    |{{legend inline|#253494|100+}}
+    |{{legend inline|#2c7fb8|10–100}}
+    |{{legend inline|#41b6c4|1–10}}
+    |{{legend inline|#7fcdbb|0.1–1}}
+    |{{legend inline|#c7e9b4|0–0.1}}
+    |{{legend inline|#e0e0e0|None or no data}}
+}}}}{{parabr}}
+{{collapsed infobox section end}}
+| map4 = {{multiple image|border=infobox|perrow=1/2/2|total_width=300
+| image1 = Covid-19 SP - UTI V. Nova Cachoeirinha.jpg
+| alt1 = A nurse caring for a patient with COVID‑19 in an intensive care unit
+| image2 = 2020 coronavirus task force.jpg
+| alt2 = Meeting of the Italian government task force to face the coronavirus outbreak, 23 February 2020
+| image3 = 蔡總統視導33化學兵群 02.jpg
+| alt3 = Taiwanese 33rd Chemical Corps spraying disinfectant on a street in Taipei, Taiwan
+| image4 = Temporary graves in Iran during COVID-19 pandemic 1.jpg
+| alt4 = Burial in Hamadan, Iran
+| image5 = China COVID19 test kit PH donation 8.jpg
+| alt5 = Workers unloading boxes of medical supplies at Villamor Air Base
+| footer_align = center
+| footer = '''Clockwise, starting from top''':{{flatlist|
+* A nurse caring for a COVID‑19 patient in an [[Intensive care medicine|intensive care]] unit aboard a U.S. hospital ship
+* Disinfection vehicles in Taiwan
+* Donated medical supplies being received in the Philippines
+* Burial in Iran
+* The [[Conte II Cabinet|Italian government]]'s outbreak task force}}
+}}
+| disease = [[Coronavirus disease 2019]] (COVID‑19)
+| virus_strain = [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2|Severe acute respiratory syndrome<br />coronavirus 2]] (SARS‑CoV‑2){{Efn|name=fn1|group=|In summary, this article is about the coronavirus ''pandemic'', which is caused by the ''disease'' COVID‑19, which is caused by the ''virus'' SARS‑CoV‑2.<ref name="WHO name" />}}
+| location = [[COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory|Worldwide]]
+| first_outbreak = China<ref name="auto" />
+| index_case = [[Wuhan]], [[Hubei]], China<br />{{coord|30|37|11|N|114|15|28|E|type:adm2nd_region:CN-42}}
+| date = {{Start date|2019|12|01|df=yes}}&ndash;present<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Novel Coronavirus—China |url=https://www.who.int/csr/don/12-january-2020-novel-coronavirus-china/en/ |website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=14 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114185815/https://www.who.int/csr/don/12-january-2020-novel-coronavirus-china/en/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+| source = Probably [[bat]]s, possibly via [[pangolin]]s<ref name="reuters223180">{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-who-virus-idUSKCN223180 |title=Coronavirus very likely of animal origin, no sign of lab manipulation: WHO |date=21 April 2020 |work=Reuters |access-date=23 April 2020 |archive-date=30 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730024747/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-who-virus-idUSKCN223180 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lau SK, Luk HK, Wong AC, Li KS, Zhu L, He Z, Fung J, Chan TT, Fung KS, Woo PC |s2cid=216073459 |display-authors=6 |title=Possible Bat Origin of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=26 |issue=7 |publisher=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |issn=1080-6059 |oclc=1058036512 |date=April 2020 |pages=1542–1547 |pmid=32315281 |doi=10.3201/eid2607.200092 |pmc=7323513}}</ref>
 | confirmed_cases = {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|confirmed|editlink=}}
-| suspected_cases =
+| deaths = {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|deaths|editlink=}}
-| deaths          = {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|deaths|editlink=}} (reported) <br /> 15–25 million<ref>{{cite news |title=The pandemic's true death toll |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/coronavirus-excess-deaths-estimates |access-date=4 May 2022}}</ref> (estimated)
+| territories = {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|territories|editlink=}}
-}}<!-- *************************************************************************************
-    **** Many aspects of this lead section reflect carefully achieved consensuses.     ****
-    **** Please check the talk page before making any major edits to see whether there ****
-    **** is discussion there on the portion you wish to edit. If there is, please do   ****
-    **** not make any changes until consensus has been reached. Thank you.             ****
-    ************************************************************************************* -->
-{{COVID-19 pandemic sidebar}}
-<!-- Please discuss changes to the first sentence on talk, per current consensus item 17. -->The '''COVID-19 pandemic''', also known as the '''coronavirus pandemic''', is an ongoing global [[pandemic]] of [[coronavirus disease 2019]] (COVID-19) caused by [[severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] (SARS-CoV-2). The [[novel virus]] was first identified from an outbreak in [[Wuhan|Wuhan, China]], in December 2019. Attempts to contain it there failed, allowing the virus to [[COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory|spread worldwide]]. The [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) declared a [[Public Health Emergency of International Concern]] on 30 January 2020 and a pandemic on 11 March 2020.  As of {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|date|editlink=|ref=no}}, the pandemic had caused [[COVID-19 pandemic cases|<!--These templates are updated regularly. DO ''not'' REPLACE THEM WITH STATIC FIGURES.-->more than {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|conround|editlink=|ref=no}} cases]] and [[COVID-19 pandemic deaths|{{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|dround|editlink=|ref=no}} deaths]], making it one of the [[deadliest pandemics in history|deadliest in history]].<!--Disease and transmission-->
-[[COVID-19 symptoms]] range from [[Asymptomatic|undetectable]] to deadly, but most commonly include fever, [[Cough#Classification|dry cough]], and fatigue. Severe illness is more likely in elderly patients and those with certain underlying medical conditions. [[Transmission of COVID-19|COVID‑19 transmits]] when people breathe in air contaminated by droplets and small [[Airborne transmission|airborne]] particles containing the virus. The risk of breathing these in is highest when people are in close proximity, but they can be inhaled over longer distances, particularly indoors. Transmission can also occur if contaminated fluids reach the eyes, nose or mouth, and, rarely, via contaminated surfaces. Infected persons are typically contagious for 10 days, and can spread the virus even if they do not develop symptoms. Mutations have [[Variants of SARS-CoV-2|produced many strains]] (variants) with varying degrees of infectivity and virulence.<ref>{{cite web|last=CDC|date=11 February 2020|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/faq.html|access-date=6 January 2022|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref><ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/faq.html ''Clinical Questions about COVID‑19: Questions and Answers'' ] US [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]</ref><!--Responses-->
-[[COVID-19 vaccine]]s have been [[Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines|approved and widely distributed]]<!-- "Widely" needed because clinical trials began before Dec. 2020 --> in various countries since December 2020. Other recommended [[Preventive healthcare|preventive measures]] include [[Social distancing measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic|social distancing]], [[Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic|wearing masks]], improving [[Ventilation (architecture)|ventilation]] and air filtration, and [[self-isolation|quarantining]] those who have been exposed or are symptomatic. [[Treatment and management of COVID-19|Treatments]] include [[Monoclonal antibody|monoclonal antibodies]],<ref>{{cite web | author = Office of the Commissioner |date=23 November 2020|title=Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Authorizes Monoclonal Antibodies for Treatment of COVID-19|url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-authorizes-monoclonal-antibodies-treatment-covid-19|access-date=19 December 2021|website=FDA}}</ref> [[COVID-19 drug development|novel antiviral drugs]], and symptom control. Governmental interventions include [[Travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic|travel restrictions]], [[COVID-19 lockdowns|lockdowns]], business restrictions and closures, [[Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19|workplace hazard controls]], quarantines, [[COVID-19 testing|testing]] systems, and [[Contact tracing|tracing contacts]] of the infected.<!--Impact-->
-The pandemic triggered severe [[Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic|social]] and [[Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic|economic disruption]] around the world, including [[COVID-19 recession|the largest global recession]] since the [[Great Depression]].<ref name="RFXoH">{{cite web | url=https://blogs.imf.org/2020/04/14/the-great-lockdown-worst-economic-downturn-since-the-great-depression/|title=The Great Lockdown: Worst Economic Downturn Since the Great Depression|website=IMF Blog|access-date=23 April 2020}}</ref> [[Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic|Widespread supply shortages]], including [[Food security during the COVID-19 pandemic|food shortages]], were caused by [[2021–2022 global supply chain crisis|supply chain disruption]]. The resultant near-global lockdowns saw an [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment|unprecedented pollution decrease]]. [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education|Educational institutions]] and public areas were partially or fully closed in many jurisdictions, and many events were cancelled or postponed. [[COVID-19 misinformation|Misinformation circulated]] through [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social media|social media]] and [[Media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic|mass media]] and [[Political impact of the COVID-19 pandemic|political tensions intensified]]. The pandemic raised issues of [[Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic|racial and geographic discrimination]], [[health equity]], and [[Individual and group rights|the balance]] between [[public health]] imperatives and individual rights.
-{{Toclimit|3}}
-== Etymology ==
-[[File:2020-3-20 黄冈送别山东援鄂医疗队 黄梅戏大剧院.jpg|thumb|upright|Chinese medics in [[Huanggang]], Hubei, in 2020.]]
-The pandemic is known by several names. It is often referred in news media as the "coronavirus pandemic",<ref>Multiple sources:
-* {{cite web|title=Coronavirus - The latest news on the COVID-19 outbreak|url=https://news.sky.com/topic/coronavirus-8483|access-date=20 July 2021|website=Sky News}}
-* {{cite web|title=Coronavirus News - BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/coronavirus|access-date=20 July 2021|website=BBC News}}
-* {{cite web|date=2 June 2020|title=Coronavirus (COVID-19)|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/coronavirus-covid-19/|access-date=20 July 2021|website=nhs.uk}}</ref> despite the existence of other [[human coronaviruses]] that have caused epidemics and outbreaks (e.g. [[2002–2004 SARS outbreak|SARS]]).<ref>{{cite web | author = Coronavirus: the science explained-UKRI |title=What is coronavirus? The different types of coronaviruses|url=https://coronavirusexplained.ukri.org/en/article/cad0003/|access-date=20 July 2021|website=coronavirusexplained.ukri.org}}</ref>
-During [[COVID-19 pandemic in Hubei|the initial outbreak]] in [[Wuhan]], the virus and disease were commonly referred to as "coronavirus", "Wuhan coronavirus",<ref>Multiple sources:
-* {{cite news|title=2nd U.S. Case Of Wuhan Coronavirus Confirmed|newspaper=NPR.org|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/01/24/799208865/a-second-u-s-case-of-wuhan-coronavirus-is-confirmed|access-date=4 April 2020|publisher=NPR}}
-* {{cite news|author-link=Donald McNeil Jr.|name-list-style=vanc|date=2 February 2020|title=Wuhan Coronavirus Looks Increasingly Like a Pandemic, Experts Say|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/02/health/coronavirus-pandemic-china.html|access-date=4 April 2020|issn=0362-4331|vauthors=McNeil Jr DG}}
-* {{cite news|name-list-style=vanc|title=Wuhan coronavirus deaths spike again as outbreak shows no signs of slowing|publisher=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/05/asia/wuhan-coronavirus-update-death-toll-spike-intl-hnk/index.html|access-date=4 April 2020|vauthors=Griffiths J}}</ref> "the coronavirus outbreak" and the "Wuhan coronavirus outbreak"<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Zhu H, Wei L, Niu P|date=2 March 2020|title=The novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China|journal=Global Health Research and Policy|volume=5|issue=1|page=6|doi=10.1186/s41256-020-00135-6|pmc=7050114|pmid=32226823}}</ref> with the disease sometimes called "Wuhan pneumonia".<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jiang S, Xia S, Ying T, Lu L | title = A novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) causing pneumonia-associated respiratory syndrome | journal = Cellular & Molecular Immunology | volume = 17 | issue = 5 | page = 554 | date = May 2020 | pmid = 32024976 | pmc = 7091741 | doi = 10.1038/s41423-020-0372-4 | title-link = doi | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chan JF, Yuan S, Kok KH, To KK, Chu H, Yang J, Xing F, Liu J, Yip CC, Poon RW, Tsoi HW, Lo SK, Chan KH, Poon VK, Chan WM, Ip JD, Cai JP, Cheng VC, Chen H, Hui CK, Yuen KY | display-authors = 6 | title = A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster | journal = Lancet | volume = 395 | issue = 10223 | pages = 514–523 | date = February 2020 | pmid = 31986261 | pmc = 7159286 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9 | title-link = doi | doi-access = free }}</ref> In January 2020, the WHO recommended 2019-nCoV<ref>{{cite web|date=21 January 2020|title=Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Situation Report – 1|url=https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200121-sitrep-1-2019-ncov.pdf|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)}}</ref> and 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease<ref>{{cite web|date=30 January 2020|title=Novel Coronavirus(2019-nCoV) Situation Report – 10|url=https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200130-sitrep-10-ncov.pdf|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)}}</ref> as interim names for the virus and disease per 2015 international guidelines against using geographical locations (e.g. Wuhan, China), animal species, or groups of people in disease and virus names in part to prevent [[social stigma]].<ref>Multiple sources:
-* {{cite news|title=Novel coronavirus named 'Covid-19': WHO|work=Today|location=Singapore|url=https://www.todayonline.com/world/wuhan-novel-coronavirus-named-covid-19-who|url-status=live|access-date=11 February 2020|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200321085608/https://www.todayonline.com/world/wuhan-novel-coronavirus-named-covid-19-who|archive-date=21 March 2020}}
-* {{cite news|date=17 February 2020|title=The coronavirus spreads racism against – and among – ethnic Chinese|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|url=https://www.economist.com/china/2020/02/17/the-coronavirus-spreads-racism-against-and-among-ethnic-chinese|url-status=live|access-date=17 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217223902/https://www.economist.com/china/2020/02/17/the-coronavirus-spreads-racism-against-and-among-ethnic-chinese|archive-date=17 February 2020}}
-* {{cite report|url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/163636/WHO_HSE_FOS_15.1_eng.pdf|title=World Health Organization Best Practices for the Naming of New Human Infectious Diseases|date=May 2015|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|hdl-access=free|hdl=10665/163636}}</ref> WHO finalized the official names COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 on 11 February 2020.<ref name="WHO-naming">{{cite web|title=Naming the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the virus that causes it|url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/naming-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-2019)-and-the-virus-that-causes-it|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228035651/https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/naming-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-2019)-and-the-virus-that-causes-it|archive-date=28 February 2020|access-date=13 March 2020|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)}}</ref> [[Tedros Adhanom]] explained: CO{{nbs}}for ''corona'', VI{{nbs}}for ''virus'', D{{nbs}}for ''disease'' and 19 for when the outbreak was first identified (31 December 2019).<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/covid-19-rapid-risk-assessment-coronavirus-disease-2019-eighth-update-8-april-2020.pdf|title=Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the EU/EEA and the UK – eighth update|publisher=ecdc|access-date=19 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314223709/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/RRA-sixth-update-Outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-disease-2019-COVID-19.pdf|archive-date=14 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> WHO additionally uses "the COVID-19 virus" and "the virus responsible for COVID-19" in public communications.<ref name="WHO-naming" />
-WHO names [[variant of concern|variants of concern]] and [[Variant of concern|variants of interest]] using [[Greek alphabet|Greek letters]]. The initial practice of naming them according to where the variants were identified (e.g. [[SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant|Delta]] began as the "Indian variant") is no longer common.<ref>{{Cite news|date=7 June 2021|title=Covid Indian variant: Where is it, how does it spread and is it more infectious?|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-57157496|access-date=20 July 2021}}</ref> A more systematic naming scheme reflects the variant's [[Phylogenetic Assignment of Named Global Outbreak Lineages|PANGO lineage]] (e.g., [[SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant|Omicron]]'s lineage is B.1.1.529) and is used for other variants.<ref name="BBC.May.31.2021">{{cite news|date=31 May 2021|title=Covid: WHO renames UK and other variants with Greek letters|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-57308592|access-date=8 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| vauthors  = Patel V |date=27 November 2021|title=How Omicron, the New Covid-19 Variant, Got Its Name|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/27/world/africa/omicron-covid-greek-alphabet.html|access-date=28 November 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=28 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128015620/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/27/world/africa/omicron-covid-greek-alphabet.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=27 November 2021|title=There are several COVID-19 variants you haven't heard of|url=https://www.newsnationnow.com/health/coronavirus/there-are-several-covid-19-variants-you-havent-heard-of/|access-date=27 November 2021|website=NewsNation Now|archive-date=27 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127211302/https://www.newsnationnow.com/health/coronavirus/there-are-several-covid-19-variants-you-havent-heard-of/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-== Epidemiology ==
-{{#invoke:Infobox|infoboxTemplate
-|subheader=For country-level [[Template:COVID-19 pandemic data|data]], see:
-|subheader2=<div style="padding:3px 0; font-size:larger;">'''[[COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory]]'''</div>
-|image=[[File:732-bar-chart.svg|link=COVID-19 pandemic by country|80px|732-bar-chart]]
-|rowstyle1=text-align:center
-|data1=
-<div style="display:inline-block;margin: 0 5px 10px">'''[[COVID-19 pandemic cases|Cases]]'''<br /><span style="font-size:1.2em;">{{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|confirmed|editlink=|ref=no}}</span></div><div style="display:inline-block;margin: 0 5px 10px">'''[[COVID-19 pandemic deaths|Deaths]]'''<br /><span style="font-size:1.2em;">{{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|deaths|editlink=|ref=no}}</span></div>
-<div>As of {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|date|editlink=|ref=yes}}</div>
-{{flatlist|class=nowraplinks|style=margin:5px 10px 5px;font-weight:bold;|1=
-* [[COVID-19 pandemic in Africa|Africa]]
-* [[COVID-19 pandemic in Asia|Asia]]
-* [[COVID-19 pandemic in Europe|Europe]]
-* [[COVID-19 pandemic in North America|North America]]
-* [[COVID-19 pandemic in Oceania|Oceania]]
-* [[COVID-19 pandemic in South America|South America]]
-* [[COVID-19 pandemic in Antarctica|Antarctica]]
-}}
 }}
-=== Background ===
+The '''COVID-19 pandemic''', also called the '''coronavirus pandemic''', is a current [[pandemic]] of [[coronavirus disease 2019]] (COVID-19). It is caused by<!--NO DEFINITE ARTICLE ("THE") AS PER VIRUS'S ARTICLE--> [[severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] (SARS-CoV-2).<ref name="WHO name">{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/naming-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-2019)-and-the-virus-that-causes-it|title=Naming the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the virus that causes it|website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|access-date=2020-07-04|archive-date=2020-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228035651/https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/naming-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-2019)-and-the-virus-that-causes-it|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Coronavirus disease 2019 |url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |access-date=15 March 2020 |archive-date=30 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130202553/https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Efn|text=To summarize, this article is about the ''pandemic'', which is caused by the ''disease'' COVID-19, which is caused by the ''virus'' SARS-CoV-2.|group=lower-alpha}} The [[wikt:outbreak|outbreak]] started in [[Wuhan]], [[Hubei]], China, in December 2019. The [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) called it a [[pandemic]] on 11 March 2020.<ref name="WHOpandemic2">{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020 |title=WHO Director-General's opening 7remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19—11 March 2020 |date=11 March 2020 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |access-date=11 March 2020 |archive-date=11 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311212521/https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Hui14Jan2020">{{cite journal|last1=Hui|first1=David S.|last2=Azhar|first2=Esam EI|last3=Madani|first3=Tariq A.|last4=Ntoumi|first4=Francine|last5=Kock|first5=Richard|last6=Dar|first6=Osman|last7=Ippolito|first7=Giuseppe|last8=Mchugh|first8=Timothy D.|last9=Memish|first9=Ziad A.|last10=Drosten|first10=Christian|last11=Zumla|first11=Alimuddin|date=14 January 2020|title=The continuing epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health – the latest novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China|url=https://www.ijidonline.com/article/S1201-9712(20)30011-4/pdf|journal=International Journal of Infectious Diseases|language=en|volume=91|pages=264–266|doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009|pmid=31953166|pmc=7128332|issn=1201-9712|access-date=24 January 2020|archive-date=31 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131005858/https://www.ijidonline.com/article/S1201-9712(20)30011-4/pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="promedmail">{{cite web|title=Undiagnosed pneumonia - China (HU) (01): wildlife sales, market closed, RFI Archive Number: 20200102.6866757|url=https://promedmail.org/promed-post/?id=6866757|website=Pro-MED-mail|publisher=International Society for Infectious Diseases|access-date=13 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122124653/https://promedmail.org/promed-post/?id=6866757|archive-date=22 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Cohen17Jan2020">{{cite journal|last1=Cohen|first1=Jon|last2=Normile|first2=Dennis|date=17 January 2020|title=New SARS-like virus in China triggers alarm|url=https://science.sciencemag.org/content/367/6475/234|journal=Science|language=en|volume=367|issue=6475|pages=234–235|doi=10.1126/science.367.6475.234|issn=0036-8075|pmid=31949058|bibcode=2020Sci...367..234C|s2cid=210701594|url-access=subscription|access-date=17 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117100226/https://science.sciencemag.org/content/367/6475/234|archive-date=17 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Parry20Jan2020">{{cite journal|last=Parry|first=Jane|date=20 January 2020|title=China coronavirus: cases surge as official admits human to human transmission|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m236|journal=British Medical Journal|volume=368|pages=m236|doi=10.1136/bmj.m236|pmid=31959587|s2cid=210840428|issn=1756-1833|url-access=subscription|access-date=24 January 2020|archive-date=31 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131005901/https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m236|url-status=live}}</ref> The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses gave the virus its name. As of September 4, 2022, more than 600 million cases of COVID-19 have been reported in almost every country on Earth. More than six million people have died of COVID-19,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html|title=COVID-19 Map|website=Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center|language=en|access-date=2022-09-04}}</ref> and more than 580 million people have defeated, or recovered from the disease.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="JHU CSSE">{{cite web|url=https://www.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6|title=Coronavirus COVID-19 Global Cases|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University]]|access-date=2022-09-04}}</ref><ref name="WOM">{{cite web|url=https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/|title=COVID Live - Coronavirus Statistics — Worldometer|website=www.worldometers.info|access-date=2022-09-04}}</ref>
-{{Main|Investigations into the origin of COVID-19|COVID-19 pandemic in Hubei}}
-SARS-CoV-2 is a newly discovered virus that is closely related to [[Bat virome#Coronaviruses|bat coronaviruses]],<ref name="LancetNowcasting" /> [[pangolin]] coronaviruses,<ref name="ia56U" /><ref name="Zhang6April2020">{{cite journal|vauthors=Zhang T, Wu Q, Zhang Z|date=April 2020|title=Probable Pangolin Origin of SARS-CoV-2 Associated with the COVID-19 Outbreak|journal=Current Biology|volume=30|issue=7|pages=1346–1351.e2|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.022|pmc=7156161|pmid=32197085}}</ref> and [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus|SARS-CoV]].<ref name="ECDC risk assessment" /> The first known [[outbreak]] started in [[Wuhan]], Hubei, China, in November 2019. Many early cases were linked to people who had visited the [[Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market]] there,<ref name="Sun2020epidemiology">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sun J, He WT, Wang L, Lai A, Ji X, Zhai X, Li G, Suchard MA, Tian J, Zhou J, Veit M, Su S | display-authors = 6 | title = COVID-19: Epidemiology, Evolution, and Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives | journal = Trends in Molecular Medicine | volume = 26 | issue = 5 | pages = 483–495 | date = May 2020 | pmid = 32359479 | pmc = 7118693 | doi = 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.02.008 | name-list-style = vanc }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=WHO Points To Wildlife Farms In Southern China As Likely Source Of Pandemic |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2021/03/15/977527808/who-points-to-wildlife-farms-in-southwest-china-as-likely-source-of-pandemic?t=1616302540855 |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=15 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="Maxmen2021whoReport">{{cite journal | vauthors = Maxmen A | title = WHO report into COVID pandemic origins zeroes in on animal markets, not labs | journal = Nature | volume = 592 | issue = 7853 | pages = 173–174 | date = April 2021 | pmid = 33785930 | doi = 10.1038/d41586-021-00865-8 | s2cid = 232429241 | bibcode = 2021Natur.592..173M |doi-access=free}}</ref> but it is possible that human-to-human transmission began earlier.<ref name="Hu2020natureReviews" /><ref name="Graham2020immunity" />
-The scientific consensus is that the virus is most likely of [[zoonotic]] origin, from bats or another closely-related mammal.<ref name="Hu2020natureReviews">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hu B, Guo H, Zhou P, Shi ZL | title = Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 | journal = Nature Reviews. Microbiology | volume = 19 | issue = 3 | pages = 141–154 | date = March 2021 | pmid = 33024307 | pmc = 7537588 | doi = 10.1038/s41579-020-00459-7 }}</ref><ref>Multiple sources:
+The virus usually moves from one person to another with small drops made when [[Cough|coughing]]<ref name="ECDCQA">{{cite web|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/novel-coronavirus-china/questions-answers|title=Q & A on COVID-19|website=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control|language=en|access-date=23 March 2020|archive-date=16 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216042601/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/novel-coronavirus-china/questions-answers|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="WHO2020QA" /><!-- Quote=The main way the disease spreads is through respiratory droplets expelled by someone who is coughing. --> or [[Sneeze|sneezing]].<ref name="CDCTrans">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prepare/transmission.html|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)—Transmission|date=17 March 2020|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|access-date=23 March 2020|archive-date=3 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403001235/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prepare/transmission.html|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- Quote=The virus is thought to spread mainly from person-to-person&nbsp;... Via respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes. --> It mostly spreads when people are close to each other, which is why [[social distancing]] is encouraged. Coronavirus can also spread when people touch a surface with the virus, and then they touch their face.<ref name="WHO2020QA" /><!-- These droplets land on objects and surfaces around the person. Other people then catch COVID-19 by touching these objects or surfaces, then touching their eyes, nose or mouth.--><ref name="CDCTrans" /><!-- The virus is thought to spread mainly from person-to-person... Between people who are in close contact with one another --> Common [[Symptom|symptoms]] include [[fever]], cough, and trouble breathing.<ref name="CDC2020Over222" /> The [[Disease|illness]] can worsen with [[pneumonia]] and [[acute respiratory distress syndrome]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/clinical-guidance-management-patients.html|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)|date=11 February 2020|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|access-date=23 March 2020|archive-date=2 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302201644/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/clinical-guidance-management-patients.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As of January 2021, a number of vaccines for COVID-19 have been developed, but only a few have been approved as safe for use. The first vaccine to be approved was created by [[Pfizer]] and [[BioNTech]],<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-12-21|title=Covid: Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine approved for EU states|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-55401136|access-date=2021-01-05|archive-date=2021-01-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103180714/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-55401136|url-status=live}}</ref> followed by the [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] / [[AstraZeneca]] <ref>{{Cite news|last=Reuters|first=Source|date=2020-12-30|title='Safety first': UK health regulatory officials approve Oxford vaccine – video|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/video/2020/dec/30/safety-first-uk-health-regulatory-officials-approve-oxford-vaccine-video|access-date=2021-01-05|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=2020-12-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231112809/https://www.theguardian.com/society/video/2020/dec/30/safety-first-uk-health-regulatory-officials-approve-oxford-vaccine-video|url-status=live}}</ref> vaccine. Vaccine distribution has begun in many countries in Europe, North America, South America and Asia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Which countries have rolled out COVID vaccine?|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/12/24/vaccine-rollout-which-countries-have-started|access-date=2021-01-05|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en|archive-date=2021-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104140830/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/12/24/vaccine-rollout-which-countries-have-started|url-status=live}}</ref> The United Kingdom was the first western country to administer a COVID-19 vaccine.<ref>{{Cite web|last=CNN|first=Emma Reynolds, Stephanie Halasz, Frederik Pleitgen and Lindsay Isaac|title=UK becomes first country to authorize Pfizer/BioNTech's Covid-19 vaccine, first shots roll out next week|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/02/uk/pfizer-coronavirus-vaccine-uk-intl-hnk/index.html|access-date=2021-01-05|website=CNN|date=2 December 2020|archive-date=2021-01-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103193139/https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/02/uk/pfizer-coronavirus-vaccine-uk-intl-hnk/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> No [[Antiviral treatment|antiviral medicine]] for COVID-19 is available.<ref name="WHO2020QA2">{{cite web|date=12 October 2020|title=FAQ: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)|url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses|access-date=29 October 2020|work=[[World Health Organization]]|archive-date=14 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514224315/https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- Quote=To date, there is no vaccine and no specific antiviral medicine to prevent or treat COVID-2019 --> Doctors usually give patients supportive therapy instead.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/if-you-are-sick/caring-for-yourself-at-home.html|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)|date=11 February 2020|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|access-date=23 March 2020|archive-date=15 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515092858/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/if-you-are-sick/caring-for-yourself-at-home.html|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- Quote = People with COVID-19 should receive supportive care to help relieve symptoms. For severe cases, treatment should include care to support vital organ functions. --> People can avoid spreading the virus by regularly washing their hands, covering their mouth when coughing, [[Social distancing|maintaining distance from other people]], staying away from crowds, wearing [[Surgical mask|medical]] or [[Cloth facemask|cloth]] face coverings, and being alone for people who think they are infected, also known as [[Quarantine|quarantining]].<ref name="WHO2020QA2" />
-* {{cite news |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |publisher=Scripps Research Institute |title=The COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin, scientists say – Scripps Research's analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS‑CoV‑2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-03/sri-tcc031720.php |date=17 March 2020 |access-date=15 April 2020 }}
-* {{cite journal | vauthors = Andersen KG, Rambaut A, Lipkin WI, Holmes EC, Garry RF | title = The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2 | journal = Nature Medicine | volume = 26 | issue = 4 | pages = 450–452 | date = April 2020 | pmid = 32284615 | pmc = 7095063 | doi = 10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9 | doi-access = free }}
-* {{cite journal | vauthors = Latinne A, Hu B, Olival KJ, Zhu G, Zhang L, Li H, Chmura AA, Field HE, Zambrana-Torrelio C, Epstein JH, Li B, Zhang W, Wang LF, Shi ZL, Daszak P | display-authors = 6 | title = Origin and cross-species transmission of bat coronaviruses in China | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | page = 4235 | date = August 2020 | pmid = 32843626 | pmc = 7447761 | doi = 10.1038/s41467-020-17687-3 | bibcode = 2020NatCo..11.4235L }}
-* {{cite news | vauthors = Fox M |date=7 July 2021 |title=Coronavirus almost certainly came from an animal, not a lab leak, top scientists argue |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/07/health/origins-coronavirus-letter-virologists-scn/index.html |work=CNN |location= |access-date=9 July 2021}}
-* {{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.-->  |date=19 November 2021 |title=Market in China's Wuhan likely origin of COVID-19 outbreak - study |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/market-chinas-wuhan-likely-origin-covid-19-outbreak-study-2021-11-19/ |work=Reuters |location= |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref><ref name="To2021lessons">{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=To KK, Sridhar S, Chiu KH, Hung DL, Li X, Hung IF, Tam AR, Chung TW, Chan JF, Zhang AJ, Cheng VC, Yuen KY|date=March 2021|title=Lessons learned 1 year after SARS-CoV-2 emergence leading to COVID-19 pandemic|journal=Emerging Microbes & Infections|volume=10|issue=1|pages=507–535|doi=10.1080/22221751.2021.1898291|pmc=8006950|pmid=33666147}}</ref>  Despite this, the subject has generated extensive [[Investigations into the origin of COVID-19|speculation about alternative origins]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hakim MS | title = SARS-CoV-2, Covid-19, and the debunking of conspiracy theories | journal = Reviews in Medical Virology | pages = e2222 | date = February 2021 | volume = 31 | issue = 6 | pmid = 33586302 | pmc = 7995093 | doi = 10.1002/rmv.2222 }}</ref><ref name="Graham2020immunity">{{cite journal | vauthors = Graham RL, Baric RS | title = SARS-CoV-2: Combating Coronavirus Emergence | journal = Immunity | volume = 52 | issue = 5 | pages = 734–736 | date = May 2020 | pmid = 32392464 | pmc = 7207110 | doi = 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | vauthors = Qin A, Wang V, Hakim D |title=How Steve Bannon and a Chinese Billionaire Created a Right-Wing Coronavirus Media Sensation |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/20/business/media/steve-bannon-china.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=20 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430175006/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/20/business/media/steve-bannon-china.html |archive-date=30 April 2021}}</ref> The origin controversy heightened geopolitical divisions, notably between the United States and China.<ref>Multiple sources:
-* {{cite journal | vauthors = Frutos R, Gavotte L, Devaux CA | title = Understanding the origin of COVID-19 requires to change the paradigm on zoonotic emergence from the spillover to the circulation model | journal = Infection, Genetics and Evolution | page = 104812 | date = March 2021 | volume = 95 | pmid = 33744401 | pmc = 7969828 | doi = 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104812 | quote = The origin of SARS-Cov-2 is still passionately debated since it makes ground for geopolitical confrontations and conspiracy theories besides scientific ones. }}
-* {{cite journal | vauthors = Maxmen A |title=Divisive COVID 'lab leak' debate prompts dire warnings from researchers |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01383-3 |journal=Nature |date=27 May 2021 |volume=594 |issue=7861 |pages=15–16 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01383-3|pmid=34045757 |bibcode=2021Natur.594...15M |s2cid=235232290 }}
-* {{cite news | vauthors = Ni V, Borger J |title=Biden move to investigate Covid origins opens new rift in US-China relations |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/may/27/biden-china-coronavirus-origins-beijing |work=The Guardian |date=27 May 2021}}</ref>
-The earliest known infected person fell ill on 1{{nbsp}}December 2019. That individual did not have a connection with the later [[Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market#Link to COVID-19|wet market]] cluster.<ref name="AutoDW-67" /><ref name="Wang24Jan2020" /> However, an earlier case may have occurred on 17 November.<ref name="November case">{{Cite news |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3074991/coronavirus-chinas-first-confirmed-covid-19-case-traced-back |title=Coronavirus: China's first confirmed Covid-19 case traced back to November 17 |date=13 March 2020 |access-date=16 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313004217/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3074991/coronavirus-chinas-first-confirmed-covid-19-case-traced-back |archive-date=13 March 2020 |website=[[South China Morning Post]] |vauthors=Ma J |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> Two-thirds of the initial case cluster were linked with the market.<ref name="Huang24Jan2020" /><ref name="Joseph24Jan2020" /><ref name="han24Jan2020" /> [[Molecular clock]] analysis suggests that the [[index case]] is likely to have been infected between mid-October and mid-November 2019.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pekar J, Worobey M, Moshiri N, Scheffler K, Wertheim JO | title = Timing the SARS-CoV-2 index case in Hubei province | journal = Science | volume = 372 | issue = 6540 | pages = 412–417 | date = April 2021 | pmid = 33737402 | pmc = 8139421 | doi = 10.1126/science.abf8003 | name-list-style = vanc | bibcode = 2021Sci...372..412P }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = To KK, Sridhar S, Chiu KH, Hung DL, Li X, Hung IF, Tam AR, Chung TW, Chan JF, Zhang AJ, Cheng VC, Yuen KY | display-authors = 6 | title = Lessons learned 1 year after SARS-CoV-2 emergence leading to COVID-19 pandemic | journal = Emerging Microbes & Infections | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 507–535 | date = December 2021 | pmid = 33666147 | pmc = 8006950 | doi = 10.1080/22221751.2021.1898291 }}</ref>
+The outbreak might be from a coronavirus that usually lives in [[Horseshoe bat|bats]]. This infected another animal, possibly a [[pangolin]]. It then changed inside that other animal until it could infect humans.<ref name="SciTech"/> It possibly originated at a wet market, Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/coronavirus-could-started-market-koala-21346952|title = Coronavirus 'could have started at market where koala, snake and wolf meat sold'|website = [[Daily Mirror]]|date = 23 January 2020|access-date = 27 December 2020|archive-date = 28 December 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201228203719/https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/coronavirus-could-started-market-koala-21346952|url-status = live}}</ref> A 55-year-old person from Hubei province was the first human to contract the virus on November 17, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.livescience.com/first-case-coronavirus-found.html|title = 1st known case of coronavirus traced back to November in China|website = [[Live Science]]|date = 14 March 2020|access-date = 27 December 2020|archive-date = 14 March 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200314150202/https://www.livescience.com/first-case-coronavirus-found.html|url-status = live}}</ref> A 61-year-old man who was a regular customer at the market was the first person to die from the virus on January 11, 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/article/coronavirus-timeline.html|title=A Timeline of the Coronavirus Pandemic|newspaper=The New York Times|date=17 March 2021|last1=Taylor|first1=Derrick Bryson|access-date=27 December 2020|archive-date=27 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227132641/https://www.nytimes.com/article/coronavirus-timeline.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The exact origin of the virus is still unknown since the market in Wuhan sold a variety of live wild animals in cages. Chinese tourists have spread the virus by traveling to other countries and made it a worldwide pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/travel/article/3047888/china-coronavirus-unchecked-flow-chinese-tourists|title = How Chinese tourism helped spread the coronavirus|date = 29 January 2020|access-date = 4 January 2021|archive-date = 24 December 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201224111911/https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/travel/article/3047888/china-coronavirus-unchecked-flow-chinese-tourists|url-status = live}}</ref>
-=== Cases ===
+Racism and xenophobia against [[Chinese people]] and [[Asians]] increased during the pandemic.
-{{Main|COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory|COVID-19 pandemic cases}}
-[[File:COVID-19 Outbreak World Map.svg|thumb|left|upright=1.6|Cumulative confirmed cases by country, as of 1 December 2021{{legend-col
-|{{legend|#290000|10,000,000+}}
-|{{legend|#510000|1,000,000–9,999,999}}
-|{{legend|#900000|100,000–999,999}}
-|{{legend|#c80200|10,000–99,999}}
-|{{legend|#ee7070|1,000–9,999}}
-|{{legend|#ffc0c0|100–999}}
-|{{legend|#ffdfe0|1–99}}
-|{{legend|#e0e0e0|0}}}}]]
-Official "case" counts refer to the number of people who have been [[COVID-19 testing|tested for COVID-19]] and whose test has been confirmed positive according to official protocols whether or not they experienced symptomatic disease.<ref name="1ceLG">{{cite web | url=https://www.who.int/publications-detail/laboratory-testing-for-2019-novel-coronavirus-in-suspected-human-cases-20200117 |title=Laboratory testing for 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in suspected human cases |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) |access-date=30 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="J0rix">{{cite web | url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/full-list-cumulative-total-tests-per-thousand |title=Total tests for COVID-19 per 1,000 people |website=Our World in Data |access-date=16 April 2020}}</ref> Due to the effect of [[sampling bias]], studies which obtain a more accurate number by extrapolating from a random sample have consistently found that total infections considerably exceed the reported case counts.<ref name="WqXOo">{{cite web | url=https://www.imperial.ac.uk/medicine/departments/school-public-health/infectious-disease-epidemiology/mrc-global-infectious-disease-analysis/covid-19/report-13-europe-npi-impact/ |title=Report 13 – Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 in 11 European countries |website=Imperial College London |access-date=7 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="BtFLV">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lau H, Khosrawipour V, Kocbach P, Mikolajczyk A, Ichii H, Schubert J, Bania J, Khosrawipour T | display-authors = 6 | title = Internationally lost COVID-19 cases | journal = Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection = Wei Mian Yu Gan Ran Za Zhi | volume = 53 | issue = 3 | pages = 454–458 | date = June 2020 | pmid = 32205091 | pmc = 7102572 | doi = 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.03.013 }}</ref> Many countries, early on, had official policies to not test those with only mild symptoms.<ref name="elpais640000">{{cite web | url=https://english.elpais.com/society/2020-03-23/640000-rapid-coronavirus-tests-arrive-in-spain.html |title=640,000 rapid coronavirus tests arrive in Spain | vauthors = Sevillano EG, Linde P, Vizoso S |date=23 March 2020 |website=El País |access-date=2 April 2020 }}</ref><ref name="20200313reuters">{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-response-specialre-idUSKBN20Z27P |title=Special Report: Italy and South Korea virus outbreaks reveal disparity in deaths and tactics |date=13 March 2020 |work=Reuters |access-date=30 March 2020}}</ref> The strongest risk factors for severe illness are obesity, [[complications of diabetes]], anxiety disorders, and the total number of conditions.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kompaniyets L, Pennington AF, Goodman AB, Rosenblum HG, Belay B, Ko JY, Chevinsky JR, Schieber LZ, Summers AD, Lavery AM, Preston LE, Danielson ML, Cui Z, Namulanda G, Yusuf H, Mac Kenzie WR, Wong KK, Baggs J, Boehmer TK, Gundlapalli AV | display-authors = 6 | title = Underlying Medical Conditions and Severe Illness Among 540,667 Adults Hospitalized With COVID-19, March 2020-March 2021 | journal = Preventing Chronic Disease | volume = 18 | pages = E66 | date = July 2021 | pmid = 34197283 | pmc = 8269743 | doi = 10.5888/pcd18.210123 | publisher = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention }}</ref>
-In early 2020, a meta-analysis of self-reported cases in China by age indicated that a relatively low proportion of cases occurred in individuals under 20.<ref name="statista1095024">{{cite web | url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1095024/china-age-distribution-of-wuhan-coronavirus-covid-19-patients/ |title=China: age distribution of novel coronavirus patients 2020 |website=Statista |access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref> It was not clear whether this was because young people were less likely to be infected, or less likely to develop symptoms and be tested.<ref name="vox21190033">{{cite web | url=https://www.vox.com/2020/3/23/21190033/coronavirus-covid-19-deaths-by-age |title=The Covid-19 risks for different age groups, explained | vauthors = Scott D |date=23 March 2020 |website=Vox |access-date=12 April 2020}}</ref> A retrospective [[cohort study]] in China found that [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children|children]] and adults were just as likely to be infected.<ref name="489Q3">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bi Q, Wu Y, Mei S, Ye C, Zou X, Zhang Z, Liu X, Wei L, Truelove SA, Zhang T, Gao W, Cheng C, Tang X, Wu X, Wu Y, Sun B, Huang S, Sun Y, Zhang J, Ma T, Lessler J, Feng T | display-authors = 6 | title = Epidemiology and transmission of COVID-19 in 391 cases and 1286 of their close contacts in Shenzhen, China: a retrospective cohort study | journal = The Lancet. Infectious Diseases | volume = 20 | issue = 8 | pages = 911–919 | date = August 2020 | pmid = 32353347 | pmc = 7185944 | doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30287-5 }}</ref>
+In November 2020, two companies, [[Pfizer]] and [[Moderna]], said they had finished making [[COVID-19 vaccine|COVID-19 vaccines]]. Two mRNA vaccines, one by Pfizer and one by Moderna, have been tested. Both were over 90% effective.<ref name=NYTModerna>{{cite news|work=New York Times|access-date=January 16, 2021|title=Early Data Show Moderna's Coronavirus Vaccine Is 94.5% Effective|date=November 16, 2020|author=Denise Grady|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/16/health/Covid-moderna-vaccine.html|archive-date=February 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224173613/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/16/health/Covid-moderna-vaccine.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Countries began planning to give the vaccine to many people.<ref name=World>{{cite news|work=New York Times|access-date=December 14, 2020|title=How the Vaccine Rollout Will Compare in Britain, Canada and the U.S.|date=December 12, 2020|author=Richard Pérez-Peña|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/12/world/americas/covid-vaccine-us-uk-canada.html|archive-date=December 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214062255/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/12/world/americas/covid-vaccine-us-uk-canada.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
+<ref name=UK>{{cite news|work=New York Times|access-date=December 14, 2020|title=As U.K. Begins Vaccinations, a Glimpse of Life After Covid|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/08/world/europe/uk-vaccination-covid-virus.html|author=Benjamin Mueller|date=December 8, 2020|archive-date=December 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214030536/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/08/world/europe/uk-vaccination-covid-virus.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Ambitious>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2020/12/14/world/covid-19-coronavirus/america-begins-its-most-ambitious-vaccination-campaign|work=New York Times|access-date=December 14, 2020|date=December 14, 2020|title=America begins its most ambitious vaccination campaign.|archive-date=December 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214165206/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2020/12/14/world/covid-19-coronavirus/america-begins-its-most-ambitious-vaccination-campaign|url-status=live}}</ref> 25 other vaccines have been approved by at least one country, and many others are being developed.
-Among more thorough studies, [[COVID-19 Case-Cluster-Study|preliminary results]] from 9 April 2020 found that in [[Gangelt]], the centre of a major infection cluster in Germany, 15 percent of a population sample tested positive for [[antibody|antibodies]].<ref name="otW1O">{{cite web | url=https://www.land.nrw/sites/default/files/asset/document/zwischenergebnis_covid19_case_study_gangelt_0.pdf |title=Vorläufiges Ergebnis und Schlussfolgerungen der COVID-19 Case-Cluster-Study (Gemeinde Gangelt) | vauthors = Streeck H |date=9 April 2020 |website=Land NRW – State of North Rhine-Westphalia |access-date=13 April 2020}}</ref> Screening for COVID-19 in pregnant women in New York City, and [[blood donor]]s in the Netherlands, found rates of positive antibody tests that indicated more infections than reported.<ref name="rCdvL">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sutton D, Fuchs K, D'Alton M, Goffman D | title = Universal Screening for SARS-CoV-2 in Women Admitted for Delivery | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 382 | issue = 22 | pages = 2163–2164 | date = May 2020 | pmid = 32283004 | pmc = 7175422 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMc2009316 }}</ref><ref name="20200416reuters">{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-netherlands-study-idUSKCN21Y102 |title=Dutch study suggests 3% of population may have coronavirus antibodies |date=16 April 2020 |work=Reuters |access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref> [[Seroprevalence]]-based estimates are conservative as some studies show that persons with mild symptoms do not have detectable antibodies.<ref name="0LgFK">{{cite web | title=Interactive Serology Dashboard for Commercial Laboratory Surveys |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-updates/commercial-labs-interactive-serology-dashboard.html |date=21 July 2020 |access-date=24 July 2020 |publisher=Centres for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref>
+The [[United States]] has the most deaths from the virus. More than 1,000,000 Americans have died from the virus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1093256/novel-coronavirus-2019ncov-deaths-worldwide-by-country/|title=Coronavirus deaths worldwide by country|website=Statista|accessdate=May 13, 2022|archive-date=May 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521010712/https://www.statista.com/statistics/1093256/novel-coronavirus-2019ncov-deaths-worldwide-by-country/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[California]] had the most COVID-19 cases in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1102807/coronavirus-covid19-cases-number-us-americans-by-state/|title=U.S. COVID-19 cases by state|website=Statista|accessdate=May 13, 2022|archive-date=February 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202223932/https://www.statista.com/statistics/1102807/coronavirus-covid19-cases-number-us-americans-by-state/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Initial estimates of the [[basic reproduction number]] (R<sub>0</sub>) for COVID-19 in January were between 1.4 and 2.5,<ref name="WFNfK">{{cite web | url=https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/23-01-2020-statement-on-the-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov) |title=Statement on the meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus 2019 (n-CoV) on 23 January 2020 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) |access-date=9 April 2020}}</ref> but a subsequent analysis claimed that it may be about 5.7 (with a 95 percent [[confidence interval]] of 3.8 to 8.9).<ref name="mmCQc">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sanche S, Lin YT, Xu C, Romero-Severson E, Hengartner N, Ke R | title = High Contagiousness and Rapid Spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 | journal = Emerging Infectious Diseases | volume = 26 | issue = 7 | pages = 1470–1477 | date = July 2020 | pmid = 32255761 | pmc = 7323562 | doi = 10.3201/eid2607.200282 | s2cid = 215410037 }}</ref>
+[[File:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Coronavirus disease 2019.webm|thumb|thumbtime=0:02|upright=1.4|Video summary ([[Wikipedia:VideoWiki/Coronavirus disease 2019|script]]) on the coronavirus disease <small>(4:12{{Spaces}}min)</small>]]
+{{TOC limit}}
-In December 2021, the number of cases continued to climb due to several factors including new COVID-19 variants. As of that 28{{nbsp}}December, 282,790,822 individuals worldwide had been confirmed as infected.<ref>{{cite web |title=ArcGIS Dashboards |url=https://gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com/apps/dashboards/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6 |publisher=gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref> {{As of |2022|April|14}}, over 500&nbsp;million cases were confirmed globally.<ref>{{cite web |last1=B |first1=Kavya |last2=Mazumder |first2=Aparupa |title=Worldwide COVID cases surpass 500 mln as Omicron variant BA.2 surges |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/worldwide-covid-cases-surpass-500-mln-omicron-variant-ba2-surges-2022-04-14/ |website=Reuters |access-date=21 April 2022 |language=en |date=14 April 2022}}</ref> Most cases are unconfirmed with the [[Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation]] estimating the true number of cases as of early 2022 to be in the billions.<ref name="57percent1" /><ref name="57percent2" />
 {{clear}}
-<gallery widths="230px" heights="170px">
+==Epidemiology==
-File:Covid-19 new cases in top 5 countries and the world.png|Semi-log plot of weekly new cases of COVID-19 in the world and the current top six countries (mean with deaths)
+Epidemiology is the study of how diseases affect the health and illness of groups of people.
-File:Covid-19 total cases per 100 000 population from selected countries.png|Total COVID-19 cases per 100,000 people from selected countries<ref name="ECDC">{{cite web |title=COVID-19/csse_covid_19_data/csse_covid_19_time_series at master · CSSEGISandData/COVID-19 |url=https://github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19/tree/master/csse_covid_19_data/csse_covid_19_time_series |website=GitHub |access-date=18 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
-File:COVID-19 Active Cases per 100 000 population.png|Active COVID-19 cases per 100,000 people from selected countries<ref name="ECDC"/>
-File:COVID-19 Active Cases per 100 000 Population from Omicrone variant.png|Latest COVID-19 infections, mainly caused by the Omicron variant, with data since 2021-10-01
-</gallery>
-=== Deaths ===
+===Background===
-[[File:COVID19 deceased in Hackensack NJ April 27.jpg|thumb|Deceased in a refrigerated "mobile morgue" outside a hospital in [[Hackensack, New Jersey]], U.S., in April 2020.]]
+On 31 December 2019, Chinese health authorities reported to the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) a [[Disease cluster|cluster]] of viral pneumonia cases of unknown cause in [[Wuhan]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/westernpacific/emergencies/novel-coronavirus |title=Novel Coronavirus |work=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) |access-date=6 February 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200202151307/https://www.who.int/westernpacific/emergencies/novel-coronavirus |archive-date=2 February 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=27 cases of viral pneumonia reported in central China's Wuhan City|url=https://news.cgtn.com/news/2019-12-31/Authorities-begin-testing-after-pneumonia-cases-in-central-China-MRPvtFbCve/index.html|website=news.cgtn.com|language=en|access-date=29 May 2020|archive-date=2020-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310153851/https://news.cgtn.com/news/2019-12-31/Authorities-begin-testing-after-pneumonia-cases-in-central-China-MRPvtFbCve/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> and an investigation was launched in early January 2020.<ref name="bbc50984025">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-50984025 |title=Mystery pneumonia virus probed in China |date=3 January 2020 |access-date=29 January 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200105051949/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-50984025 |archive-date=5 January 2020 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref>
-[[File:Covid-19 São Paulo - Cemiterios.jpg|thumb|Gravediggers wearing protection against contamination bury the body of a man suspected of having died of COVID-19 in the cemetery of Vila Alpina, east side of [[São Paulo]], in April 2020.]]
-{{Main|COVID-19 pandemic deaths|COVID-19 pandemic death rates by country}}
-{{Further|List of deaths due to COVID-19}}
-As of {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|date|editlink=|ref=no}}, more than {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|dround|editlink=|ref=yes}} deaths had been attributed to COVID-19. The first confirmed death was in Wuhan on 9 January 2020.<ref name="AutoDW-25" /> These numbers vary by region and over time, influenced by testing volume, healthcare system quality, treatment options, government response,<ref>Multiple sources:
-* {{cite magazine|title=The Best Global Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic|url=https://time.com/5851633/best-global-responses-covid-19/|magazine=Time|access-date=18 August 2020}}
-* {{cite web|name-list-style=vanc|date=11 May 2020|title=Portugal and Spain: same peninsula, very different coronavirus impact|url=https://english.elpais.com/spanish_news/2020-05-11/portugal-and-spain-same-peninsula-very-different-coronavirus-impact.html|access-date=25 May 2020|website=El País|vauthors=Barrio PL, del Javier M}}
-* {{cite news|name-list-style=vanc|date=5 April 2020|title=Fewer deaths in Veneto offer clues for fight against virus|website=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/9c75d47f-49ee-4613-add1-a692b97d95d3|access-date=25 May 2020|vauthors=Johnson M}}</ref> time since the initial outbreak, and population characteristics, such as age, sex, and overall health.<ref name="worldindata">{{cite journal|vauthors=Ritchie H, Roser M|date=25 March 2020|title=What do we know about the risk of dying from COVID-19?|url=https://ourworldindata.org/covid-mortality-risk|journal=[[Our World in Data]]|access-date=28 March 2020|veditors=Chivers T}}</ref>
-Multiple measures are used to quantify mortality.<ref name="wBm2a">{{cite web|date=18 February 2019|title=Principles of Epidemiology {{!}} Lesson 3 – Section 3|url=https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson3/section3.html|access-date=28 March 2020|website=US [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}</ref> Official death counts typically include people who died after testing positive. Such counts exclude deaths without a test.<ref name="20200331reuters">{{Cite news|date=31 March 2020|title=Italy's coronavirus deaths could be underestimated in data: Official|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-italy-data/italys-coronavirus-deaths-could-be-underestimated-in-data-official-idUSKBN21I250}}</ref> Conversely, deaths of people who died from underlying conditions following a positive test may be included.<ref name="stuff120443722">{{cite web | title=Coronavirus: Is Covid-19 really the cause of all the fatalities in Italy?|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/health/coronavirus/120443722/coronavirus-is-covid19-really-the-cause-of-all-the-fatalities-in-italy|access-date=16 April 2020|website=Stuff|date=20 March 2020}}</ref> Countries such as Belgium include deaths from suspected cases, including those without a test, thereby increasing counts.<ref name="npr841005901">{{cite news| vauthors = Schultz T |date=22 April 2020|title=Why Belgium's Death Rate Is So High: It Counts Lots Of Suspected COVID-19 Cases|newspaper=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/04/22/841005901/why-belgiums-death-rate-is-so-high-it-counts-lots-of-suspected-covid-19-cases|access-date=25 April 2020}}</ref>
+On 9 June 2020, a [[Harvard University]] study suggested that COVID-19 may have been spreading in China as early as August 2019, based on hospital car park usage and web search trends.<ref>{{cite news |title=Coronavirus may have been in Wuhan in August, study suggests |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/09/coronavirus-may-have-been-in-wuhan-in-august-study-suggests |access-date=15 June 2020 |date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609230554/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/09/coronavirus-may-have-been-in-wuhan-in-august-study-suggests |url-status=live }}</ref>
-Official death counts have been claimed to underreport the actual death toll, because [[Mortality displacement|excess mortality]] (the number of deaths in a period compared to a long-term average) data show an increase in deaths that is not explained by COVID-19 deaths alone.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news|title=Tracking covid-19 excess deaths across countries|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/coronavirus-excess-deaths-tracker|access-date=9 March 2022}}</ref> Using such data, estimates of the true number of deaths from COVID-19 worldwide have included a range from 9.5 to 18.6 million by ''[[The Economist]]'',<ref name=":7" /> as well as over 10.3 million by the [[Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation]]<ref name="COVID-19 Projections">{{cite web | title=COVID-19 Projections|url=https://covid19.healthdata.org/|access-date=20 January 2022|website=Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation}}</ref> and ~18.2 million (earlier) deaths between Jan 1, 2020, and Dec 31, 2021 by a comprehensive international study.<ref name="10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02796-3">{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Haidong |last2=Paulson |first2=Katherine R. |last3=Pease |first3=Spencer A. |display-authors=et al. |title=Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality, 2020–21 |journal=The Lancet |date=16 April 2022 |volume=399 |issue=10334 |pages=1513–1536 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02796-3 |pmid=35279232 |pmc=8912932 |language=English |issn=0140-6736}}<br />News article about the study: {{cite journal |last1=Adam |first1=David |title=COVID's true death toll: much higher than official records |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-00708-0 |access-date=18 April 2022 |journal=Nature |date=10 March 2022 |volume=603 |issue=7902 |pages=562 |language=en |doi=10.1038/d41586-022-00708-0|pmid=35277684 |bibcode=2022Natur.603..562A |s2cid=247407282 }}</ref> Such deaths include deaths due to healthcare capacity constraints and priorities, as well as reluctance to seek care (to avoid possible infection).<ref name="20200429reason">{{cite web | date=29 April 2020|title=What 'Excess Deaths' Do and Don't Tell Us About COVID-19|url=https://reason.com/2020/04/29/what-excess-deaths-do-and-dont-tell-us-about-covid-19/|access-date=4 May 2020|website=Reason}}</ref> Further research may help distinguish the proportions directly caused by COVID-19 from those caused by indirect consequences of the pandemic.<ref name="10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02796-3"/>  In May 2022, the WHO estimated the number of excess deaths to be 14.9 million compared to 5.4 million reported Covid deaths, with the majority of the unreported 9.5 million deaths believed to be direct deaths due the virus, rather than indirect deaths.  Some deaths were because people with other conditions could not access medical services.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-61327778 |title=Covid: World’s true pandemic death toll nearly 15 million, says WHO|first1= Naomi |last1=Grimley|first2= Jack |last2=Cornish|first3= Nassos |last3=Stylianou|work=BBC News |date=5 May 2022}}</ref>
+===Cases===
+Cases means the number of people who have been [[COVID-19 testing|tested for COVID-19]] and have tested positive.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/publications-detail/laboratory-testing-for-2019-novel-coronavirus-in-suspected-human-cases-20200117 |title=Laboratory testing for 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in suspected human cases |website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) |access-date=30 March 2020 |archive-date=17 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317023052/https://www.who.int/publications-detail/laboratory-testing-for-2019-novel-coronavirus-in-suspected-human-cases-20200117 |url-status=live }}</ref> These cases are according to [[Johns Hopkins University]].
-The time between symptom onset and death ranges from{{nbsp}}6 to 41 days, typically about 14 days.<ref name="pathogenesis" /> Mortality rates increase as a function of age. People at the greatest mortality risk are the elderly and those with underlying conditions.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Yanez ND, Weiss NS, Romand JA, Treggiari MM | title = COVID-19 mortality risk for older men and women | journal = BMC Public Health | volume = 20 | issue = 1 | page = 1742 | date = November 2020 | pmid = 33213391 | pmc = 7675386 | doi = 10.1186/s12889-020-09826-8 }}</ref><ref name="6XONR">{{cite web | date=15 March 2021|title=People with Certain Medical Conditions|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-with-medical-conditions.html|access-date=19 March 2021|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref>
+===Deaths===
+{{Further|List of deaths due to COVID-19}}
+[[File:COVID19 deceased in Hackensack NJ April 27.jpg|thumb|Deceased in a {{convert|53|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on}} "mobile morgue" outside a hospital in [[Hackensack, New Jersey]] in April 2020]]
-<gallery mode="packed" widths="360px" heights="220">
+Most people who contract COVID-19 recover. For those who do not, the time between the start of symptoms and death usually ranges from{{Spaces}}6 to 41 days, but most of the time about 14 days.<ref name="pathogenesis">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rothan HA, Byrareddy SN |title=The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak |journal=Journal of Autoimmunity |volume=109 |page=102433 |date=May 2020 |pmid=32113704 |pmc=7127067 |doi=10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102433}}</ref> This data are recorded by the [[World Health Organization|WHO]].
-File:Covid-19 daily deaths in top 5 countries and the world.png|Semi-log plot of weekly deaths due to COVID-19 in the world and top six current countries (mean with cases)
-<!-- Commented out for staleness: over a month old. If it gets updated, please de-comment! File:Covid-19-total-confirmed-cases-vs-total-confirmed-deaths.svg|Case fatality rate of COVID-19 by country and confirmed cases -->
-<!-- Commented out for staleness: over a month old. If it gets updated, please de-comment! File:Coronavirus-cfr.svg|Ongoing case fatality rate of COVID-19 by country -->
-File:COVID-19 deaths per 100,000 population.png|thumb|COVID-19 deaths per 100 000 population from selected countries<ref name="ECDC"/>
-</gallery>
-In May 2022 the World Health Organization estimated that COVID has caused just under 15 million excess deaths worldwide.  The virus directly caused most of these deaths but some were because people with other conditions could not access medical services.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-61327778 Covid: World’s true pandemic death toll nearly 15 million, says WHO] ''[[BBC]]''</ref>
+===Duration===
-==== Infection fatality ratio (IFR) ====
+On 11 March 2020, the WHO said that the pandemic could be controlled.<ref name="WHOpandemic2" />
-{| class="wikitable floatright"
-|+ {{Nowrap|IFR estimate}} per {{Nowrap|age group}}<ref name="EJE_levinetal" />
-|-
-! Age group !! IFR
-|-
-| 0–34 || 0.004%
-|-
-| 35–44 || 0.068%
-|-
-| 45–54 || 0.23%
-|-
-| 55–64 || 0.75%
-|-
-| 65–74 || 2.5%
-|-
-| 75–84 || 8.5%
-|-
-| 85 + || 28.3%
-|}
-The [[Infection fatality rate|infection fatality ratio]] (IFR) is the cumulative number of deaths attributed to the disease divided by the cumulative number of infected individuals (including asymptomatic and undiagnosed infections and excluding vaccinated infected individuals).<ref name="fjMw6">{{cite web | vauthors = Tate N |title=What Changing Death Rates Tell Us About COVID-19|url=https://www.webmd.com/lung/news/20200901/what-changing-death-rates-tell-us-about-covid|access-date=19 September 2020|website=WebMD}}</ref><ref name="WHOest">{{cite web | date=4 August 2020|title=Estimating mortality from COVID-19|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/estimating-mortality-from-covid-19|access-date=21 September 2020|publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref><ref name="ovoEx">{{cite web | last=CDC|date=11 February 2020|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/planning-scenarios.html|access-date=19 September 2020|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> It is expressed in percentage points (not as a decimal).<ref>Multiple sources:
+==Symptoms==
-* {{cite journal | vauthors = Mallapaty S | title = How deadly is the coronavirus? Scientists are close to an answer | journal = Nature | volume = 582 | issue = 7813 | pages = 467–468 | date = June 2020 | pmid = 32546810 | doi = 10.1038/d41586-020-01738-2 | s2cid = 219726496 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2020Natur.582..467M }}
+{{Further|Coronavirus disease 2019#Signs and symptoms}}
-* {{cite journal | vauthors = Alwan NA, Burgess RA, Ashworth S, Beale R, Bhadelia N, Bogaert D, Dowd J, Eckerle I, Goldman LR, Greenhalgh T, Gurdasani D, Hamdy A, Hanage WP, Hodcroft EB, Hyde Z, Kellam P, Kelly-Irving M, Krammer F, Lipsitch M, McNally A, McKee M, Nouri A, Pimenta D, Priesemann V, Rutter H, Silver J, Sridhar D, Swanton C, Walensky RP, Yamey G, Ziauddeen H | display-authors = 6 | title = Scientific consensus on the COVID-19 pandemic: we need to act now | journal = Lancet | volume = 396 | issue = 10260 | pages = e71–e72 | date = October 2020 | pmid = 33069277 | pmc = 7557300 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32153-X }}
+[[File:Symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 2.0.svg|thumb|upright=1.6|Symptoms of COVID-19. There are reports that even people who do not show symptoms can spread it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencealert.com/wuhan-coronavirus-can-be-infectious-before-people-show-symptoms-official-claims|title=Wuhan Coronavirus Can Be Infectious Before People Show Symptoms, Official Claims|author=Julia Naftulin, Business Insider|website=sciencealert.com|date=26 January 2020|access-date=28 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127072016/https://www.sciencealert.com/wuhan-coronavirus-can-be-infectious-before-people-show-symptoms-official-claims|archive-date=27 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
-* {{cite journal | vauthors = Meyerowitz-Katz G, Merone L | title = A systematic review and meta-analysis of published research data on COVID-19 infection fatality rates | journal = International Journal of Infectious Diseases | volume = 101 | pages = 138–148 | date = December 2020 | pmid = 33007452 | pmc = 7524446 | doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.1464 }}</ref> Other studies refer to this metric as the 'infection fatality risk'.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Yang W, Kandula S, Huynh M, Greene SK, Van Wye G, Li W, Chan HT, McGibbon E, Yeung A, Olson D, Fine A, Shaman J | display-authors = 6 | title = Estimating the infection-fatality risk of SARS-CoV-2 in New York City during the spring 2020 pandemic wave: a model-based analysis | journal = The Lancet. Infectious Diseases | volume = 21 | issue = 2 | pages = 203–212 | date = February 2021 | pmid = 33091374 | pmc = 7572090 | doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30769-6 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pastor-Barriuso R, Pérez-Gómez B, Hernán MA, Pérez-Olmeda M, Yotti R, Oteo-Iglesias J, Sanmartín JL, León-Gómez I, Fernández-García A, Fernández-Navarro P, Cruz I, Martín M, Delgado-Sanz C, Fernández de Larrea N, León Paniagua J, Muñoz-Montalvo JF, Blanco F, Larrauri A, Pollán M | display-authors = 6 | title = Infection fatality risk for SARS-CoV-2 in community dwelling population of Spain: nationwide seroepidemiological study | journal = BMJ | volume = 371 | pages = m4509 | date = November 2020 | pmid = 33246972 | pmc = 7690290 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.m4509 }}</ref>
-In November 2020, a review article in [[Nature (journal)|''Nature'']] reported estimates of population-weighted IFRs for various countries, excluding deaths in elderly care facilities, and found a median range of 0.24% to 1.49%.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = O'Driscoll M, Ribeiro Dos Santos G, Wang L, Cummings DA, Azman AS, Paireau J, Fontanet A, Cauchemez S, Salje H | display-authors = 6 | title = Age-specific mortality and immunity patterns of SARS-CoV-2 | journal = Nature | volume = 590 | issue = 7844 | pages = 140–145 | date = February 2021 | pmid = 33137809 | doi = 10.1038/s41586-020-2918-0 | bibcode = 2021Natur.590..140O | s2cid = 226244375 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
+According to the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, COVID-19 makes people feel sick in different ways, but it usually affects the lungs. People usually cough and have difficulty breathing. They often also have a [[fever]], chills, [[headache]], pain in their muscles, or trouble tasting or smelling things,<ref name="CDCSymptom">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html|access-date=May 4, 2020|title=Symptoms of Coronavirus|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|archive-date=January 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130202038/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/symptoms.html|url-status=live}}</ref> which can often be confused with the flu virus. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Influenza (flu) - Symptoms and causes|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719|access-date=2020-12-04|website=Mayo Clinic|language=en|archive-date=2020-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203042634/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719|url-status=live}}</ref>
-IFRs rise as a function of age (from 0.002% at age 10 and 0.01% at age 25, to 0.4% at age 55, 1.4% at age 65, 4.6% at age 75, and 15% at age 85). These rates vary by a factor of ~10,000 across the age groups.<ref name="EJE_levinetal" /> For comparison the IFR for middle-aged adults is two orders of magnitude more likely than the annualised risk of a fatal automobile accident and far more dangerous than seasonal influenza.<ref name="EJE_levinetal" />
+According to an April 2020 study by the American Gastroenterological Association, COVID-19 can make sick people vomit or have [[diarrhea]], but this is rare. They said about 7.7% of COVID-19 patients [[Vomit|vomited]], about 7.8% had [[diarrhea]] and about 3.6% had pain in their stomachs.<ref name="EurekaAGA">{{cite press release|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-05/aga-ncg050420.php|date=May 4, 2020|access-date=May 4, 2020|title=New COVID-19 guidance for gastroenterologists|publisher=Eurekalert.org|archivedate=May 6, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506115359/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-05/aga-ncg050420.php}}</ref>
-In December 2020, a systematic review and meta-analysis estimated that population-weighted IFR was 0.5% to 1% in some countries (France, Netherlands, New Zealand, and Portugal), 1% to 2% in other countries (Australia, England, Lithuania, and Spain), and about 2.5% in Italy. This study reported that most of the differences reflected corresponding differences in the population's age structure and the age-specific pattern of infections.<ref name="EJE_levinetal">{{cite journal | vauthors = Levin AT, Hanage WP, Owusu-Boaitey N, Cochran KB, Walsh SP, Meyerowitz-Katz G | title = Assessing the age specificity of infection fatality rates for COVID-19: systematic review, meta-analysis, and public policy implications | journal = European Journal of Epidemiology | volume = 35 | issue = 12 | pages = 1123–1138 | date = December 2020 | pmid = 33289900 | pmc = 7721859 | doi = 10.1007/s10654-020-00698-1 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
+==Data==
+<gallery mode="packed" heights="200">
+File:COVID-19 Outbreak World Map.svg|Map of the 2019–20 COVID-19 outbreak <div align=left>{{legend|#510000|100,000+ confirmed cases}}{{legend|#900000|10,000–99,999 confirmed cases}}{{legend|#c80200|1,000–9,999 confirmed cases}}{{legend|#ee7070|100–999 confirmed cases}}{{legend|#ffC0C0|10–99 confirmed cases}}{{legend|#ffdfe0|1–9 confirmed cases}}{{legend|#e0e0e0|No confirmed cases, no population, or no data available}}</div>
+</gallery>{{COVID-19 pandemic data}}
+==Name==
-==== Case fatality ratio (CFR) ====
+In February 2020, the WHO announced a name for the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19. It replaced the name "2019-nCoV."<ref name="NPR">{{cite web
-Another metric in assessing death rate is the [[case fatality rate|case fatality ratio]] (CFR),{{efn|Some refer to 'fatality rate'; however 'fatality ratio' is more accurate as this is not per unit time.<ref name="WHOest" />|name=|group=}} which is the ratio of deaths to diagnoses. This metric can be misleading because of the delay between symptom onset and death and because testing focuses on symptomatic individuals.<ref name="Hauser 2020">{{cite journal|vauthors=Hauser A, Counotte MJ, Margossian CC, Konstantinoudis G, Low N, Althaus CL, Riou J|date=July 2020|title=Estimation of SARS-CoV-2 mortality during the early stages of an epidemic: A modeling study in Hubei, China, and six regions in Europe|journal=PLOS Medicine|volume=17|issue=7|pages=e1003189|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1003189|pmc=7386608|pmid=32722715}}</ref>
+|url = https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/02/11/802352351/new-coronavirus-gets-an-official-name-from-the-world-health-organization
+|title = New Coronavirus Disease Officially Named COVID-19 By The World Health Organization
+|author = Brett Dahlberg and Elena Renken
+|publisher = NPR
+|access-date = February 12, 2020
+|date = February 11, 2020
+|archive-date = February 11, 2020
+|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200211180832/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/02/11/802352351/new-coronavirus-gets-an-official-name-from-the-world-health-organization
+|url-status = live
+}}</ref> "Covi" is for "coronavirus," "D" for "disease," and "19" for the year 2019 – the year it was first detected. They said they did not want the name to have any person, place, or animal in it because people might blame the disease on that place, person, or animal. For example, it did not use the word "Wuhan." They also wanted the name to be easy to say out loud.<ref name="Time">{{cite news|url=https://time.com/5782284/who-name-coronavirus-covid-19/|title=What's in a Name? Why WHO's Formal Name for the New Coronavirus Disease Matters|author=Sanya Mansoor|date=February 11, 2020|access-date=February 13, 2020|publisher=Time|archive-date=February 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212144323/https://time.com/5782284/who-name-coronavirus-covid-19/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Based on [[Johns Hopkins University]] statistics, the global CFR is {{replace|{{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|ratio|editlink=|ref=no}}|%|&nbsp;percent}} ({{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|deaths|editlink=|ref=no}} deaths for {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|confirmed|editlink=|ref=no}} cases) as of {{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|date|editlink=|ref=no}}.{{Cases in the COVID-19 pandemic|ref=yes}} The number varies by region and has generally declined over time.<ref name="b0L7I">{{cite journal|vauthors=Lazzerini M, Putoto G|date=May 2020|title=COVID-19 in Italy: momentous decisions and many uncertainties|journal=The Lancet. Global Health|volume=8|issue=5|pages=e641–e642|doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30110-8|pmc=7104294|pmid=32199072}}</ref>
+==Mortality rate of COVID-19==
+[[File:Coronavirus-cfr.svg|right|350px|thumb|The current death rate of COVID-19]]
+According to an article in [[Market Watch]] dated on February 27, 2020, the overall case [[mortality]] rate in China was 2.3%. However, these results might be severely different between different age groups and between men and women. People over the age of 70 experienced a rate of mortality 4-5 times that of the average. Men were more likely to die than women (2.8% versus 1.7% for women) possibly due to lifestyle, such as it being more possible in men to drink and smoke, making the risk of having a respiratory illness more possible, and thus more vulnerable. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bwire|first=George M.|date=2020-06-04|title=Coronavirus: Why Men are More Vulnerable to Covid-19 Than Women?|journal=Sn Comprehensive Clinical Medicine|volume=2|issue=7|pages=874–876|doi=10.1007/s42399-020-00341-w|issn=2523-8973|pmc=7271824|pmid=32838138}}</ref>These numbers were the conclusion of a study by the [[Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention]] using 72,314 COVID-19 cases in mainland China as of Feb. 11. At that point this was the largest sample of cases for such a study.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/coronavirus-fatality-rates-vary-wildly-depending-on-age-gender-and-medical-history-some-patients-fare-much-worse-than-others-2020-02-26|title=Will coronavirus kill you? Why fatality rates for COVID-19 vary wildly depending on age, gender, medical history and country|first=Quentin|last=Fottrell|website=MarketWatch|accessdate=May 13, 2022|archive-date=2020-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302152703/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/coronavirus-fatality-rates-vary-wildly-depending-on-age-gender-and-medical-history-some-patients-fare-much-worse-than-others-2020-02-26|url-status=live}}</ref>
-== Disease ==
+On March 5, 2020, the [[World Health Organization|WHO]] released the case fatality rate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/2020/3/5/21165973/coronavirus-death-rate-explained|title=Did the coronavirus get more deadly? The death rate, explained.|first=Julia|last=Belluz|date=Mar 5, 2020|website=Vox|accessdate=May 13, 2022|archive-date=April 12, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412063244/https://www.vox.com/2020/3/5/21165973/coronavirus-death-rate-explained|url-status=live}}</ref>
-{{Main|COVID-19}}
-=== Signs and symptoms ===
+==Race and racism==
-{{Main|Symptoms of COVID-19}}
-[[File:Symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 4.0.svg|350px|thumb|[[Signs and symptoms|Symptoms]] of COVID-19]]
-Symptoms of COVID-19 are variable, ranging from mild symptoms to severe illness.<ref name="CDC2020Sym"><!-- KEEP THIS NAMED REFERENCE -->{{cite web|date=22 February 2021|title=Symptoms of Coronavirus|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304195413/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html|archive-date=4 March 2021|access-date=4 March 2021|website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}</ref><ref name="Grant et al 2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Grant MC, Geoghegan L, Arbyn M, Mohammed Z, McGuinness L, Clarke EL, Wade RG | title = The prevalence of symptoms in 24,410 adults infected by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis of 148 studies from 9 countries | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 15 | issue = 6 | pages = e0234765 | date = 23 June 2020 | pmid = 32574165 | pmc = 7310678 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0234765 | bibcode = 2020PLoSO..1534765G | s2cid = 220046286 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Common symptoms include [[headache]], [[Anosmia|loss of smell]] and [[Ageusia|taste]], [[Nasal Obstruction|nasal congestion]] and [[rhinorrhea|runny nose]], [[cough]], [[muscle pain]], [[sore throat]], [[fever]], [[diarrhea|diarrhoea]], and [[breathing difficulties]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Symptoms |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=19 January 2022 |language=en-us |date=22 February 2021}}</ref> People with the same infection may have different symptoms, and their symptoms may change over time. Three common clusters of symptoms have been identified: one respiratory symptom cluster with cough, [[sputum]], shortness of breath, and fever; a musculoskeletal symptom cluster with muscle and joint pain, headache, and fatigue; a cluster of digestive symptoms with abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhoea.<ref name="ECDC"/> In people without prior ear, nose, and throat disorders, [[hypogeusia|loss of taste]] combined with [[hyposmia|loss of smell]] is associated with [[COVID-19]] and is reported in as many as 88% of cases.<ref name="Paderno_2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Paderno A, Mattavelli D, Rampinelli V, Grammatica A, Raffetti E, Tomasoni M, Gualtieri T, Taboni S, Zorzi S, Del Bon F, Lombardi D, Deganello A, Redaelli De Zinis LO, Schreiber A | display-authors = 6 | title = Olfactory and Gustatory Outcomes in COVID-19: A Prospective Evaluation in Nonhospitalized Subjects | journal = Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery | volume = 163 | issue = 6 | pages = 1144–1149 | date = December 2020 | pmid = 32600175 | pmc = 7331108 | doi = 10.1177/0194599820939538 }}</ref><ref name="Chabot_2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chabot AB, Huntwork MP | title = Turmeric as a Possible Treatment for COVID-19-Induced Anosmia and Ageusia | journal = Cureus | volume = 13 | issue = 9 | pages = e17829 | date = September 2021 | pmid = 34660038 | pmc = 8502749 | doi = 10.7759/cureus.17829 }}</ref><ref name="pmid32483687">{{cite journal | vauthors = Niazkar HR, Zibaee B, Nasimi A, Bahri N | title = The neurological manifestations of COVID-19: a review article | journal = Neurological Sciences | volume = 41 | issue = 7 | pages = 1667–1671 | date = July 2020 | pmid = 32483687 | pmc = 7262683 | doi = 10.1007/s10072-020-04486-3 }}</ref>
-=== Transmission ===
+COVID-19 did not affect everyone in each country the same way.<ref name="SciR">{{cite news|access-date=April 16, 2020|title=Why African-Americans may be especially vulnerable to COVID-19|url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/coronavirus-why-african-americans-vulnerable-covid-19-health-race|publisher=Science News|date=April 9, 2020|author=Sujata Gupta|archive-date=April 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415080635/https://www.sciencenews.org/article/coronavirus-why-african-americans-vulnerable-covid-19-health-race|url-status=live}}</ref> As of May 2020, APM Research Lab said the death rate among black Americans was 2.4 times as high as for white Americans and 2.2 times as high as for Latino and Asian Americans.<ref name="APM">{{cite news|publisher=APM Research Labs|title=The color of coronavirus: COVID-19 deaths by race and ethnicity in the U.S.|url=https://www.apmresearchlab.org/covid/deaths-by-race|date=May 20, 2020|access-date=May 25, 2020|archive-date=February 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215013735/https://www.apmresearchlab.org/covid/deaths-by-race|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2020, ''The New York Times'' printed data from the Centers for Disease Control showing that black and Latino Americans were three times as likely to become sick and twice as likely to die as white Americans. This was not only in large cities but also in rural areas. This was not only for old people but for people in all age groups. Native Americans were also more likely than whites to become sick and die. Asian Americans were 1.3 times as likely as whites to become sick.<ref name="NYTCDC">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/07/05/us/coronavirus-latinos-african-americans-cdc-data.html|work=New York Times|date=July 5, 2020|access-date=July 6, 2020|title=The Fullest Look Yet at the Racial Inequity of Coronavirus|author1=Richard A. Oppel Jr.|author2=Robert Gebeloff|author3=K.K. Rebecca Lai|author4=Will Wright|author5=Mitch Smith|archive-date=July 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706010248/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/07/05/us/coronavirus-latinos-african-americans-cdc-data.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
-{{Main|Transmission of COVID-19}}
+Camara Jones, an epidemiologist who once worked for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said this was [[socio-economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic|socioeconomic]] and not because of any natural difference in black and white people's bodies.<ref name="MJRace">{{cite news|title=Black People Are Dying From COVID-19 at Higher Rates Because Racism Is a Preexisting Condition|author=Edwin Rios|url=https://www.motherjones.com/coronavirus-updates/2020/04/black-people-are-dying-from-covid-19-at-higher-rates-because-racism-is-a-pre-existing-condition/|publisher=Mother Jones|access-date=April 16, 2020|date=April 9, 2020|archive-date=April 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415190604/https://www.motherjones.com/coronavirus-updates/2020/04/black-people-are-dying-from-covid-19-at-higher-rates-because-racism-is-a-pre-existing-condition/|url-status=live}}</ref>  In the United States, black citizens are more likely to work jobs where they serve the public directly and to ride on [[public transport]] rather than take their own cars to work.  This makes them more likely to be infected than people who work in private offices or from home. Sharrelle Barber, an epidemiologist and biostatistician from [[Drexel University]], also said black Americans can live in crowded neighborhoods where social distancing is harder to do and healthy food harder to find.<ref name="NYTRaceStat">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/07/us/coronavirus-race.html|title=Black Americans Face Alarming Rates of Coronavirus Infection in Some States|access-date=April 16, 2020|author1=John Eligon|author2=Audra D. S. Burch|author3=Dionne Searcey|author4=Richard A. Oppel Jr.|date=April 7, 2020|archive-date=September 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930182311/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/07/us/coronavirus-race.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Both Barber and Jones blamed the long history of [[racism]] in the United States for these things. Three senators, [[Kamala Harris]], [[Cory Booker]] and [[Elizabeth Warren]] said the federal government should start recording the race of COVID-19 patients so scientists could study this problem.<ref name="NYTRaceStat"/>
-The disease is mainly transmitted via the respiratory route when people inhale droplets and small airborne particles (that form an [[aerosol]]) that infected people exhale as they breathe, talk, cough, sneeze, or sing.<ref name="Wang_2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang CC, Prather KA, Sznitman J, Jimenez JL, Lakdawala SS, Tufekci Z, Marr LC | title = Airborne transmission of respiratory viruses | language = EN | journal = Science | volume = 373 | issue = 6558 | date = August 2021 | pmid = 34446582 | doi = 10.1126/science.abd9149 | pmc = 8721651 | bibcode = 2021Sci...373.....W | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite journal | vauthors = Greenhalgh T, Jimenez JL, Prather KA, Tufekci Z, Fisman D, Schooley R | title = Ten scientific reasons in support of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 | journal = Lancet | volume = 397 | issue = 10285 | pages = 1603–1605 | date = May 2021 | pmid = 33865497 | pmc = 8049599 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00869-2 }}</ref><ref name="AR2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bourouiba L |title=Fluid Dynamics of Respiratory Infectious Diseases |journal=Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering |date=13 July 2021 |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=547–577 |doi=10.1146/annurev-bioeng-111820-025044 |pmid=34255991 |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-111820-025044 |access-date=7 September 2021|hdl=1721.1/131115 |s2cid=235823756 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite journal |last1=Stadnytskyi |first1=Valentyn |last2=Bax |first2=Christina E. |last3=Bax |first3=Adriaan |last4=Anfinrud |first4=Philip |title=The airborne lifetime of small speech droplets and their potential importance in SARS-CoV-2 transmission |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=2 June 2020 |volume=117 |issue=22 |pages=11875–11877 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2006874117 |pmid=32404416 |pmc=7275719 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Infected people are more likely to transmit COVID-19 when they are physically close. However, infection can occur over longer distances, particularly indoors.<ref name="Wang_2021" /><ref name="Miller_2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Miller SL, Nazaroff WW, Jimenez JL, Boerstra A, Buonanno G, Dancer SJ, Kurnitski J, Marr LC, Morawska L, Noakes C | display-authors = 6 | title = Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by inhalation of respiratory aerosol in the Skagit Valley Chorale superspreading event | journal = Indoor Air | volume = 31 | issue = 2 | pages = 314–323 | date = March 2021 | pmid = 32979298 | pmc = 7537089 | doi = 10.1111/ina.12751 }}</ref>
-=== Cause ===
+In June, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) told the public that people using the United States' government's Medicare health program had different results depending on race. Four times as many black Medicare patients went to hospitals for COVID-19 than white Medicare patients. There were twice as many hospitalized Hispanic patients than white patients. There were three hospitalized Asian patients for every two hospitalized white patients. The head of CMS, Seema Verma, said this was mostly because of socioeconomic status.<ref name="Medicare">{{cite news|access-date=June 22, 2020|publisher=NPR|title=Black Medicare Patients With COVID-19 Nearly 4 Times As Likely To End Up In Hospital|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/06/22/881886733/black-medicare-patients-with-covid-19-nearly-4-times-as-likely-to-end-up-in-hosp?utm_term=nprnews&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=npr&utm_source=facebook.com&fbclid=IwAR2tYj8HOc0udduj9LeFx1T3dk8Yy1KFzaQnQwzTnbQw2S1_LRY6dZI5Qu0|author=Maria Godoy|date=June 22, 2020|archive-date=June 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626071828/https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/06/22/881886733/black-medicare-patients-with-covid-19-nearly-4-times-as-likely-to-end-up-in-hosp?utm_term=nprnews&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=npr&utm_source=facebook.com&fbclid=IwAR2tYj8HOc0udduj9LeFx1T3dk8Yy1KFzaQnQwzTnbQw2S1_LRY6dZI5Qu0|url-status=live}}</ref>
-{{Main|Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2}}
-[[File:Coronavirus virion structure.svg|thumb|right|Illustration of SARS-CoV-2 [[virion]]]]
-SARS‑CoV‑2 belongs to the broad family of viruses known as [[coronavirus]]es.<ref name="Fox2020">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fox D |title=What you need to know about the novel coronavirus |journal=Nature |date=January 2020 |pmid=33483684 |doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00209-y|s2cid=213064026 }}</ref> It is a [[Positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus|positive-sense single-stranded RNA]] (+ssRNA) virus, with a single linear RNA segment. Coronaviruses infect humans, other mammals, including livestock and companion animals, and avian species.<ref name="V’kovskik:21">{{cite journal |vauthors=V'kovski P, Kratzel A, Steiner S, Stalder H, Thiel V |title=Coronavirus biology and replication: implications for SARS-CoV-2 |journal=Nature Reviews. Microbiology |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=155–170 |date=March 2021 |pmid=33116300 |pmc=7592455 |doi=10.1038/s41579-020-00468-6}}</ref> Human coronaviruses are capable of causing illnesses ranging from the [[common cold]] to more severe diseases such as [[Middle East respiratory syndrome]] (MERS, fatality rate ~34%). SARS-CoV-2 is the seventh known coronavirus to infect people, after [[Human coronavirus 229E|229E]], [[Human coronavirus NL63|NL63]], [[Human coronavirus OC43|OC43]], [[Human coronavirus HKU1|HKU1]], [[Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus|MERS-CoV]], and the original [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus|SARS-CoV]].<ref name="NEJM-Novel">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, Zhao X, Huang B, Shi W, Lu R, Niu P, Zhan F, Ma X, Wang D, Xu W, Wu G, Gao GF, Tan W | display-authors = 6 |title=A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019 |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=382 |issue=8 |pages=727–733 |date=February 2020 |pmid=31978945 |pmc=7092803 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2001017}}</ref>
-=== Diagnosis ===
+In the United Kingdom, twice as many black COVID-19 patients died as white COVID-19 patients. Other non-white people, like people from India and Bangladesh, were also more likely to die of COVID-19 than whites. Britain's Office of National Statistics said that the differences in money and education explained some of this difference but not all of it. They also said they did not know whether non-white patients caught COVID-19 more often or whether they caught more severe cases. Only female Chinese Britons were less likely to die of COVID-19 than white Britons.<ref name="NYTUKRacism">{{cite news|date=May 7, 2020|access-date=May 7, 2020|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/07/world/europe/coronavirus-uk-black-britons.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage|work=New York Times|title=Coronavirus Killing Black Britons at Twice the Rate of Whites|author=Benjamin Mueller|archive-date=April 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410224329/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/07/world/europe/coronavirus-uk-black-britons.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage|url-status=live}}</ref>
-{{Main|COVID-19#Diagnosis}}
-The standard methods of testing for presence of SARS-CoV-2 are [[nucleic acid test]]s,<ref name="20200130cdc">{{cite web|date=30 January 2020|title=2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Situation Summary|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/summary.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126210549/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-nCoV/summary.html|archive-date=26 January 2020|access-date=30 January 2020|website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}</ref> which detects the presence of viral RNA fragments.<ref name="WHO_InterimGuidance">{{cite web |title=Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) technical guidance: Laboratory testing for 2019-nCoV in humans |work=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) |url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/laboratory-guidance |access-date=14 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315044138/https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/laboratory-guidance |archive-date=15 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> As these tests detect RNA but not infectious virus, its "ability to determine duration of infectivity of patients is limited."<ref name="2k0iS">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bullard J, Dust K, Funk D, Strong JE, Alexander D, Garnett L, Boodman C, Bello A, Hedley A, Schiffman Z, Doan K, Bastien N, Li Y, Van Caeseele PG, Poliquin G | display-authors = 6 | title = Predicting Infectious Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 From Diagnostic Samples | journal = Clinical Infectious Diseases | volume = 71 | issue = 10 | pages = 2663–2666 | date = December 2020 | pmid = 32442256 | pmc = 7314198 | doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa638 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The test is typically done on respiratory samples obtained by a [[nasopharyngeal swab]]; however, a nasal swab or sputum sample may also be used.<ref name="CDC2020Testing">{{cite web|date=11 February 2020|title=Interim Guidelines for Collecting, Handling, and Testing Clinical Specimens from Persons for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/lab/guidelines-clinical-specimens.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304165907/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-nCoV/lab/guidelines-clinical-specimens.html|archive-date=4 March 2020|access-date=26 March 2020|website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}</ref><ref name="20200129cdc">{{cite web|date=29 January 2020|title=Real-Time RT-PCR Panel for Detection 2019-nCoV|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/lab/rt-pcr-detection-instructions.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130202031/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/lab/rt-pcr-detection-instructions.html|archive-date=30 January 2020|access-date=1 February 2020|website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}</ref> The WHO has published several testing protocols for the disease.<ref>{{cite web|title=Laboratory testing for 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in suspected human cases|url=https://www.who.int/publications-detail/laboratory-testing-for-2019-novel-coronavirus-in-suspected-human-cases-20200117|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317023052/https://www.who.int/publications-detail/laboratory-testing-for-2019-novel-coronavirus-in-suspected-human-cases-20200117|archive-date=17 March 2020|access-date=13 March 2020|website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)}}</ref>
+===Indigenous peoples===
-=== Prevention ===
+Native Americans in the United States have shown more deaths from COVID-19 than the rest of the U.S.<ref name="LancetI"/> As of May, the Navajo Nation had 88 deaths and 2,757 cases, and the money they had been promised by the government arrived several weeks late. Only 30% of the people in the Navajo Nation have pipes with running water, which made it difficult for people to wash their hands.<ref name="JNav">{{cite news|publisher=Jezebel|url=https://jezebel.com/navajo-nation-has-among-the-highest-rates-of-covid-19-i-1843375956?utm_campaign=Jezebel&utm_content=1589900434&utm_medium=SocialMarketing&utm_source=facebook&fbclid=IwAR3G9axWdR_P3JlmBCjTMf8MmxDvJFq1DWUz2T514L6PGoCzvPjVi1QlqW4|title=Navajo Nation Has Among the Highest Rates of Covid-19 Infections and the Fewest Resources|author=Garrett Schlichte|access-date=May 19, 2020|date=May 10, 2020|archive-date=July 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714031440/https://jezebel.com/navajo-nation-has-among-the-highest-rates-of-covid-19-i-1843375956?utm_campaign=Jezebel&utm_content=1589900434&utm_medium=SocialMarketing&utm_source=facebook&fbclid=IwAR3G9axWdR_P3JlmBCjTMf8MmxDvJFq1DWUz2T514L6PGoCzvPjVi1QlqW4|url-status=live}}</ref>
-{{Further|COVID-19#Prevention|Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic|Social distancing measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic}}
-Preventive measures to reduce the chances of infection include getting vaccinated, staying at home, wearing a mask in public,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bagheri|first1=Gholamhossein|last2=Thiede|first2=Birte|last3=Hejazi|first3=Bardia|last4=Schlenczek|first4=Oliver|last5=Bodenschatz|first5=Eberhard|date=7 December 2021|title=An upper bound on one-to-one exposure to infectious human respiratory particles|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=118|issue=49|pages=e2110117118|doi=10.1073/pnas.2110117118|issn=0027-8424|pmid=34857639|pmc=8670465|bibcode=2021PNAS..11810117B}}</ref> avoiding crowded places, keeping distance from others, ventilating indoor spaces, managing potential exposure durations,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://reallycorrect.com/ReallyCorrectWp1/covid-19-safety-information-ideas/#Viral-Load-Exposure-Factors|title=Viral Load Exposure Factors|website=ReallyCorrect.com}}</ref> washing hands with soap and water often and for at least twenty seconds, practising good respiratory hygiene, and avoiding touching the eyes, nose, or mouth with unwashed hands.<ref name="CDC042020">{{cite web|date=28 June 2020|title=Recommendation Regarding the Use of Cloth Face Coverings, Especially in Areas of Significant Community-Based Transmission|work=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/cloth-face-cover.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Scientific Brief: SARS-CoV-2 and Potential Airborne Transmission |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/more/scientific-brief-sars-cov-2.html |website=COVID-19 Published Science and Research |date=11 February 2020 |publisher=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref>
-Those diagnosed with COVID-19 or who believe they may be infected are advised by the CDC to stay home except to get medical care, call ahead before visiting a healthcare provider, wear a face mask before entering the healthcare provider's office and when in any room or vehicle with another person, cover coughs and sneezes with a tissue, regularly wash hands with soap and water and avoid sharing personal household items.<ref name="CDC2020IfSick">{{cite web|date=5 April 2020|title=What to Do if You Are Sick|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/if-you-are-sick/steps-when-sick.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214153016/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/steps-when-sick.html|archive-date=14 February 2020|access-date=24 April 2020|website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)|vauthors=((Centers for Disease Control and Prevention))}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=10 March 2020|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Prevention & Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/prevention.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311163637/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/prevention.html|archive-date=11 March 2020|access-date=11 March 2020|work=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}</ref>
+Scientists from [[Chapman University]] made a plan to protect the Tsimane people in [[Bolivia]] from COVID-19 and said this plan would also work for other indigenous peoples living on their own land. The scientists said that many indigenous peoples have problems that make COVID-19 more dangerous for them, like poverty, less clean water, and other lung diseases. Hospitals may be a long distance away, and racism can affect the way doctors and nurses react. But they also sometimes have things that help, like traditions of making decisions together and the ability to grow food nearby.<ref name="LancetI"/> The scientists found people who spoke the Tsimane language as a first language and made teams to go to Tsimane towns to warn them about COVID-19. They also used radio stations. They said the best plan was for whole communities to decide to isolate. They found this worked well because the Tsimane already usually made their big decisions together as a community in special meetings and already had a tradition of quarantining new mothers. The Chapman scientists said their plan would also work for other indigenous peoples who also make decisions together, like the Tsimane.
+<ref name="Indigenous">{{cite press release|publisher=Eurekalert|title=Voluntary collective isolation is best response to COVID-19 for indigenous populations|date=May 15, 2020|access-date=May 16, 2020|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-05/cu-vci051520.php|author=Chapman University|archivedate=May 22, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522011129/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-05/cu-vci051520.php}}</ref><ref name="LancetI">{{cite journal|journal=Lancet|access-date=May 16, 2020|title=Voluntary collective isolation as a best response to COVID-19 for indigenous populations? A case study and protocol from the Bolivian Amazon|url=https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(20)31104-1.pdf|author1=Hillard S. Kaplan|author2=Benjamin C. Trumble|author3=Jonathan Stieglitz|author4=Roberta Mendez Mamany|author5=Maguin Gutierrez Cayuba|author6=Leonardina Maito Moye|author7=Sarah Alami|author8=Thomas Kraft|author9=Raul Quispe Gutierrez|author10=Juan Copajira Adrian|author11=Randall C. Thompson|author12=Gregory S. Thomas|author13=David E. Michalik|author14=Daniel Eid Rodriguez|author15=Michael D. Gurven|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31104-1|date=May 15, 2020|volume=395|issue=10238|pages=1727–1734|pmid=32422124|pmc=7228721|archive-date=March 3, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303064426/https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(20)31104-1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The Waswanipi [[Cree]] in Canada, the Mapoon people in Australia, and many groups in South America already tried plans like these on their own.<ref name="LancetI"/><ref name="NYTInterP">{{cite news|access-date=June 1, 2020|date=June 1, 2020|work=New York Times|title=Global Anger Grows Over George Floyd's Death in Minneapolis|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/01/world/asia/george-floyd-protest-global.html?action=click&module=Spotlight&pgtype=Homepage|author=Javier C. Hernández|author2=Benjamin Mueller|archive-date=June 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603233127/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/01/world/asia/george-floyd-protest-global.html?action=click&module=Spotlight&pgtype=Homepage|url-status=live}}</ref>
-=== Vaccines ===
+===George Floyd protests===
-{{Main|COVID-19 vaccine}}
+{{further|George Floyd protests}}
-{{See also|History of COVID-19 vaccine development|Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines}}
+In May 2020, police officers in Minneapolis, Minnesota [[Killing of George Floyd|killed an unarmed black man called George Floyd]] while they were arresting him. There were [[George Floyd protests|weeks of protests]] all over the world against police brutality and racism. Experts said they were worried protesters and police could spread SARS-CoV-2 to each other. Other experts said some of the reasons that the protests were so big was because non-white people were being killed by COVID-19 more than white people were, because poor leadership in the COVID-19 crisis reminded them of poor leadership about racism, and because the lockdowns shut down workplaces and other things. This meant people had more time to protest.<ref name="NYTInterP" />
-[[File:Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine (2020) G.jpg|COVID-19 vaccine|thumb]]
+<ref name="TimeGFloyd">{{cite news|publisher=Time|date=June 8, 2020|access-date=June 9, 2020|url=https://time.com/5849991/protests-covid-19-essential-work/|title=Protesting Police Brutality and Racial Oppression Is Essential Work|author=Brooke Cunningham|archive-date=June 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608172432/https://time.com/5849991/protests-covid-19-essential-work/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="USAFloydCOVID">{{cite news|publisher=USA Today|title=Why George Floyd's death, COVID-19 inequality sparked protests: 'We're witnessing history'|author1=David Robinson|author2=David McKay Wilson|author3=Nancy Cutler|author4=Ashley Biviano|author5=Matt Steecker|date=June 6, 2020|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2020/06/06/george-floyd-death-covid-19-racial-inequality-sparked-protests/3156595001/|access-date=June 9, 2020|archive-date=June 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609110635/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2020/06/06/george-floyd-death-covid-19-racial-inequality-sparked-protests/3156595001/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Daily">{{cite AV media|url=http://www.cc.com/episodes/f8xwyu/the-daily-show-with-trevor-noah-june-8--2020---miski-noor---anquan-boldin-season-25-ep-25112|date=June 8, 2020|access-date=June 8, 2020|title=The Daily Show with Trevor Noah: June 8, 2020 - Miski Noor & Anquan Boldin|publisher=Comedy Central}}</ref>
-A COVID‑19 [[vaccine]] is intended to provide [[acquired immunity]] against [[severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] (SARS‑CoV‑2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 ([[COVID‑19]]). Prior to the [[COVID‑19 pandemic]], an established body of knowledge existed about the structure and function of [[coronavirus]]es causing diseases like [[severe acute respiratory syndrome]] (SARS) and [[Middle East respiratory syndrome]] (MERS). This knowledge accelerated the development of various [[vaccine platform]]s during early 2020.<ref name="pmid33341119">{{cite journal |vauthors=Li YD, Chi WY, Su JH, Ferrall L, Hung CF, Wu TC |date=December 2020 |title=Coronavirus vaccine development: from SARS and MERS to COVID-19 |journal=Journal of Biomedical Science |volume=27 |issue=1 |page=104 |doi=10.1186/s12929-020-00695-2 |pmc=7749790 |pmid=33341119}}</ref> The initial focus of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines was on preventing symptomatic, often severe illness.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Subbarao K |date=July 2021 |title=The success of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and challenges ahead |journal=Cell Host & Microbe |volume=29 |issue=7 |pages=1111–1123 |doi=10.1016/j.chom.2021.06.016 |pmc=8279572 |pmid=34265245}}</ref> On 10 January 2020, the SARS-CoV-2 [[DNA sequencing|genetic sequence]] data was shared through [[GISAID]], and by 19 March, the global pharmaceutical industry announced a major commitment to address COVID‑19.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 February 2021 |title=No one is safe unless everyone is safe |work=BusinessWorld |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/no-one-is-safe-unless-everyone-is-safe/ |access-date=24 February 2021 |vauthors=Padilla TB}}</ref> The COVID‑19 vaccines are widely credited for their role in reducing the severity and death caused by COVID‑19.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/danvergano/mrna-covid-vaccine-success |title=COVID-19 Vaccines Work Way Better Than We Had Ever Expected. Scientists Are Still Figuring Out Why. |date=5 June 2021 | vauthors = Vergano D |website=[[BuzzFeed News]] |access-date=24 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mallapaty|first1=Smriti|last2=Callaway|first2=Ewen|last3=Kozlov|first3=Max|last4=Ledford|first4=Heidi|last5=Pickrell|first5=John|last6=Van Noorden|first6=Richard|date=16 December 2021|title=How COVID vaccines shaped 2021 in eight powerful charts|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-03686-x|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|volume=600|issue=7890|pages=580–583|doi=10.1038/d41586-021-03686-x|pmid=34916666|bibcode=2021Natur.600..580M|s2cid=245262732}}</ref>
-As of late-December 2021, more than 4.49 billion people had received one or more doses<ref>{{Cite news| vauthors = Holder J |date=29 January 2021 |title=Tracking Coronavirus Vaccinations Around the World  |work=The New York Times |url= https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/world/covid-vaccinations-tracker.html |access-date=23 December 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> (8+ billion in total) in over 197 countries. The Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine was the most widely used.<ref>{{Cite news|author=The Visual and Data Journalism Team|title=Covid vaccines: How fast is progress around the world?|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-56237778|access-date=18 August 2021}}</ref>
+===African Americans===
+[[African Americans]] are more likely to catch the virus compared to their white counterparts in the [[United States]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/08/us-blacks-3-times-more-likely-whites-get-covid-19|title=US blacks 3 times more likely than whites to get COVID-19|website=CIDRAP|accessdate=May 13, 2022|archive-date=May 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511170827/https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/08/us-blacks-3-times-more-likely-whites-get-covid-19|url-status=live}}</ref> and are also more likely to die from it.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-usa-race-idUSKBN21O2B6|title=African Americans more likely to die from coronavirus illness, early data shows|newspaper=Reuters|date=Apr 6, 2020|accessdate=May 13, 2022|via=www.reuters.com|archive-date=March 30, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330134116/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-usa-race-idUSKBN21O2B6|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/05/health/coronavirus-african-americans-study/index.html|title=Black communities account for disproportionate number of Covid-19 deaths in the US, study finds|website=[[CNN]]|date=5 May 2020|access-date=5 December 2020|archive-date=4 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204042824/https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/05/health/coronavirus-african-americans-study/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> 50,000 African Americans died of COVID-19 in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2020/12/pandemic-black-death-toll-racism/617460/|title = The Virus is Showing Black People What They Knew All Along|website = [[The Atlantic]]|date = 22 December 2020|access-date = 22 May 2021|archive-date = 22 May 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210522055232/https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2020/12/pandemic-black-death-toll-racism/617460/|url-status = live}}</ref> African Americans are the least likely to get [[COVID-19 vaccine|vaccinated]] against the disease.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://khn.org/news/article/black-americans-are-getting-vaccinated-at-lower-rates-than-white-americans/|title=Black Americans Are Getting Vaccinated at Lower Rates Than White Americans|first=Hannah Recht, Lauren|last=Weber|date=Jan 17, 2021|accessdate=May 13, 2022|archive-date=May 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526112625/https://khn.org/news/article/black-americans-are-getting-vaccinated-at-lower-rates-than-white-americans/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-=== Treatment ===
+===Romani people===
-{{Main|Treatment and management of COVID-19}}
+[[Romani people]] (Gypsies) in Europe were hard-hit by COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/11/europes-marginalised-roma-people-hit-hard-by-coronavirus|title=Europe's marginalised Roma people hit hard by coronavirus|date=May 11, 2020|website=the Guardian|accessdate=May 13, 2022|archive-date=April 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420050332/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/11/europes-marginalised-roma-people-hit-hard-by-coronavirus|url-status=live}}</ref>
-[[File:Respiradores da USP utilizados do Incor (50119127303).jpg|thumb|left|A critically ill patient receiving invasive ventilation in the intensive care unit of the [[Heart Institute, University of São Paulo]] in July 2020. Due to a shortage of mechanical ventilators, a [[resuscitator|bridge ventilator]] is being used to automatically actuate a [[bag valve mask]].]]
-For the first two years of the pandemic, no specific and effective treatment or cure was available.<ref name="BMJLivingReview">{{cite journal | vauthors = Siemieniuk RA, Bartoszko JJ, Ge L, Zeraatkar D, Izcovich A, Kum E, Pardo-Hernandez H, Qasim A, Martinez JP, Rochwerg B, Lamontagne F, Han MA, Liu Q, Agarwal A, Agoritsas T, Chu DK, Couban R, Cusano E, Darzi A, Devji T, Fang B, Fang C, Flottorp SA, Foroutan F, Ghadimi M, Heels-Ansdell D, Honarmand K, Hou L, Hou X, Ibrahim Q, Khamis A, Lam B, Loeb M, Marcucci M, McLeod SL, Motaghi S, Murthy S, Mustafa RA, Neary JD, Rada G, Riaz IB, Sadeghirad B, Sekercioglu N, Sheng L, Sreekanta A, Switzer C, Tendal B, Thabane L, Tomlinson G, Turner T, Vandvik PO, Vernooij RW, Viteri-García A, Wang Y, Yao L, Ye Z, Guyatt GH, Brignardello-Petersen R | display-authors = 6 | title = Drug treatments for covid-19: living systematic review and network meta-analysis | journal = BMJ | volume = 370 | pages = m2980 | date = July 2020 | pmid = 32732190 | pmc = 7390912 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.m2980 }}</ref><ref name="AutoDW-63">{{cite web | title=Coronavirus|url=https://www.webmd.com/lung/coronavirus|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201075444/https://www.webmd.com/lung/coronavirus|archive-date=1 February 2020|access-date=1 February 2020|work=WebMD}}</ref> In 2021, the European Medicines Agency's (EMA) Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) approved the oral antiviral [[Protease inhibitor (pharmacology)|protease inhibitor]], [[Paxlovid]] (nirmatrelvir plus [[AIDS]] drug [[ritonavir]]), to treat adult patients.<ref>{{cite web|date=17 December 2021|title=EMA CHMP advises use of Pfizer's Covid-19 oral antiviral Paxlovid|url=https://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/news/ema-chmp-pfizer-paxlovid/|url-status=live|access-date=18 December 2021|website=www.pharmaceutical-technology.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218175759/https://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/news/ema-chmp-pfizer-paxlovid/ |archive-date=18 December 2021 }}</ref> FDA later gave it an EUA.<ref>{{cite web|title=Paxlovid LOA 12222021 {{!}} FDA|url=https://www.fda.gov/media/155049|access-date=23 December 2021|website=www.fda.gov}}</ref>
-Most cases of COVID-19 are mild. In these, supportive care includes medication such as [[paracetamol]] or [[NSAID]]s to relieve symptoms (fever,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Islam MA, Kundu S, Alam SS, Hossan T, Kamal MA, Hassan R | title = Prevalence and characteristics of fever in adult and paediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis of 17515 patients | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 16 | issue = 4 | pages = e0249788 | date = 6 April 2021 | pmid = 33822812 | pmc = 8023501 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0249788 | s2cid = 233173405 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2021PLoSO..1649788I }}</ref> body aches, cough), adequate intake of oral fluids and rest.<ref name="AutoDW-63" /><ref>Multiple sources:
+===Hispanics===
-* {{cite journal | vauthors = Wang Y, Wang Y, Chen Y, Qin Q | title = Unique epidemiological and clinical features of the emerging 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) implicate special control measures | journal = Journal of Medical Virology | volume = 92 | issue = 6 | pages = 568–576 | date = June 2020 | pmid = 32134116 | pmc = 7228347 | doi = 10.1002/jmv.25748 | doi-access = free }}
+Latinos have been at a higher risk of hospitalization or death from COVID-19 in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/race-ethnicity/2021/07/15/for-u-s-latinos-covid-19-has-taken-a-personal-and-financial-toll/|title=For U.S. Latinos, COVID-19 Has Taken a Personal and Financial Toll|first1=Luis|last1=Noe-Bustamante|first2=Jens Manuel|last2=Krogstad|first3=Mark Hugo|last3=Lopez|date=Jul 15, 2021|accessdate=May 13, 2022|archive-date=May 12, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512152227/https://www.pewresearch.org/race-ethnicity/2021/07/15/for-u-s-latinos-covid-19-has-taken-a-personal-and-financial-toll/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-* {{cite journal | vauthors = Martel J, Ko YF, Young JD, Ojcius DM | title = Could nasal nitric oxide help to mitigate the severity of COVID-19? | journal = Microbes and Infection | volume = 22 | issue = 4–5 | pages = 168–171 | date = May 2020 | pmid = 32387333 | pmc = 7200356 | doi = 10.1016/j.micinf.2020.05.002 }}
-* {{cite web | title=Coronavirus recovery: breathing exercises|url=https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/coronavirus/coronavirus-recovery-breathing-exercises|access-date=30 July 2020|website=hopkinsmedicine.org|publisher=Johns Hopkins Medicine}}</ref> Good personal hygiene and a [[healthy diet]] are also recommended.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang L, Wang Y, Ye D, Liu Q | title = Review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) based on current evidence | journal = International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents | volume = 55 | issue = 6 | page = 105948 | date = June 2020 | pmid = 32201353 | pmc = 7156162 | doi = 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105948 }}</ref>
-[[Supportive care]] includes treatment to [[Symptomatic treatment|relieve symptoms]], [[Fluid replacement|fluid therapy]], [[oxygen support]] and [[prone positioning]], and medications or devices to support other affected vital organs.<ref>Multiple sources:
+==Conspiracy theories==
-* {{cite journal|vauthors=Fisher D, Heymann D|date=February 2020|title=Q&A: The novel coronavirus outbreak causing COVID-19|journal=BMC Medicine|volume=18|issue=1|page=57|doi=10.1186/s12916-020-01533-w|pmc=7047369|pmid=32106852|doi-access=free}}
+{{main|Misinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic}}
-* {{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Liu K, Fang YY, Deng Y, Liu W, Wang MF, Ma JP, Xiao W, Wang YN, Zhong MH, Li CH, Li GC, Liu HG|date=May 2020|title=Clinical characteristics of novel coronavirus cases in tertiary hospitals in Hubei Province|journal=Chinese Medical Journal|volume=133|issue=9|pages=1025–1031|doi=10.1097/CM9.0000000000000744|pmc=7147277|pmid=32044814|doi-access=free}}
+In early 2020, some people began to think that the SARS-CoV-2 may have been made on purpose in a laboratory and either released by accident or on purpose like a weapon. Some Iranians thought the Americans might have made it.<ref name="Iran">{{cite news
-* {{cite journal|vauthors=Wang T, Du Z, Zhu F, Cao Z, An Y, Gao Y, Jiang B|date=March 2020|title=Comorbidities and multi-organ injuries in the treatment of COVID-19|journal=Lancet|publisher=Elsevier BV|volume=395|issue=10228|pages=e52|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30558-4|pmc=7270177|pmid=32171074|doi-access=free}}</ref> More severe cases may need treatment in hospital. In those with low oxygen levels, use of the [[glucocorticoid]] [[dexamethasone]] is recommended, to reduce mortality.<ref>Multiple sources:
+|url    =https://apnews.com/2cffa4c49cbf085562a71cd36a4e4378
-* {{cite journal | vauthors = | title = Update to living WHO guideline on drugs for covid-19 | journal = BMJ | volume = 371 | pages = m4475 | date = November 2020 | pmid = 33214213 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.m4475 | s2cid = 227059995 | doi-access = free }}
+|title    =Iran leader refuses US help, citing virus conspiracy theory
-* {{cite web | title=Q&A: Dexamethasone and COVID-19|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-dexamethasone-and-covid-19|access-date=11 July 2020|publisher=World Health Organization}}
+|author    =Jon Gambrell
-* {{cite web | title=Home|url=https://covid19evidence.net.au/|access-date=11 July 2020|website=National COVID-19 Clinical Evidence Taskforce}}</ref> [[Noninvasive ventilation]] and, ultimately, admission to an [[intensive care unit]] for [[mechanical ventilation]] may be required to support breathing.<ref name="NIHGuidelines2020">{{cite web | title=COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines|url=https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/|access-date=18 January 2021|website=nih.gov|publisher=National Institutes of Health}}</ref> [[Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation]] (ECMO) has been used to address the issue of respiratory failure.<ref name="Guan Ni Hu Liang p.">{{cite journal | vauthors = Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, Liu L, Shan H, Lei CL, Hui DS, Du B, Li LJ, Zeng G, Yuen KY, Chen RC, Tang CL, Wang T, Chen PY, Xiang J, Li SY, Wang JL, Liang ZJ, Peng YX, Wei L, Liu Y, Hu YH, Peng P, Wang JM, Liu JY, Chen Z, Li G, Zheng ZJ, Qiu SQ, Luo J, Ye CJ, Zhu SY, Zhong NS | display-authors = 6 | title = Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 382 | issue = 18 | pages = 1708–1720 | date = April 2020 | pmid = 32109013 | pmc = 7092819 | doi = 10.1056/nejmoa2002032 | publisher = Massachusetts Medical Society | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Henry 2020 p.">{{cite journal | vauthors = Henry BM | title = COVID-19, ECMO, and lymphopenia: a word of caution | journal = The Lancet. Respiratory Medicine | volume = 8 | issue = 4 | pages = e24 | date = April 2020 | pmid = 32178774 | pmc = 7118650 | doi = 10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30119-3 | publisher = Elsevier BV }}</ref>
+|work    =Associated Press
+|access-date    =2020-03-29
+|archive-date    =2020-03-29
+|archive-url    =https://web.archive.org/web/20200329124123/https://apnews.com/2cffa4c49cbf085562a71cd36a4e4378
+|url-status    =live
+}}</ref> Chinese state media said COVID-19 came from the United States to China and not the other way around.<ref name="20200312theguardian">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/12/conspiracy-theory-that-coronavirus-originated-in-us-gaining-traction-in-china |title='American coronavirus': China pushes propaganda casting doubt on virus origin |first=Lily |last=Kuo |date=March 13, 2020 |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |access-date=May 5, 2020 |archive-date=May 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518202803/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/12/conspiracy-theory-that-coronavirus-originated-in-us-gaining-traction-in-china |url-status=live }}</ref> Some Americans thought the Chinese might have made it.<ref name="NYTPomp">{{cite news|work=New York Times|date=May 3, 2020|access-date=May 3, 2020|author=David E. Sanger|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/03/us/politics/coronavirus-pompeo-wuhan-china-lab.html?|title=Pompeo Ties Coronavirus to China Lab, Despite Spy Agencies' Uncertainty|archive-date=May 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503223010/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/03/us/politics/coronavirus-pompeo-wuhan-china-lab.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Some Britons thought it might have been created by accident by [[5G]] cell phone networks.<ref name="GuardCon">{{cite news|work=The Guardian|access-date=April 17, 2020|title=A third of Americans believe Covid-19 laboratory conspiracy theory – study|author=Poppy Noor|date=April 13, 2020|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/apr/13/coronavirus-conspiracy-theory-laboratory-report|archive-date=April 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418155738/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/apr/13/coronavirus-conspiracy-theory-laboratory-report|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Existing drugs such as [[hydroxychloroquine]], [[lopinavir/ritonavir]], [[ivermectin]] and so-called early treatment are not recommended by US or European health authorities.<ref name="BMJLivingReview" /><ref name="Kim Read Fauci p=2149">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kim PS, Read SW, Fauci AS | title = Therapy for Early COVID-19: A Critical Need | journal = JAMA | volume = 324 | issue = 21 | pages = 2149–2150 | date = December 2020 | pmid = 33175121 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2020.22813 | publisher = American Medical Association (AMA) | s2cid = 226301949 | doi-access = free | author-link3 = Anthony Fauci }}</ref><ref name="NIHGuidelinesTherapeuticManagement">{{cite web | title=COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines|url=https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/therapeutic-management|access-date=18 January 2021|website=nih.gov|publisher=National Institutes of Health}}/</ref> Two [[monoclonal antibody]]-based therapies are available for early use in high-risk cases.<ref name="NIHGuidelinesTherapeuticManagement" /> The antiviral [[remdesivir]] is available in the US, Canada, Australia, and several other countries, with varying restrictions; however, it is not recommended for use with mechanical ventilation, and is discouraged altogether by the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO),<ref name="Hsu p=m4457">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hsu J | title = Covid-19: What now for remdesivir? | journal = BMJ | volume = 371 | pages = m4457 | date = November 2020 | pmid = 33214186 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.m4457 | s2cid = 227060756 | doi-access = free }}</ref> due to limited evidence of its efficacy.<ref name="BMJLivingReview" />
+On March 17, 2020, scientists from [[Columbia University]] and other places published a paper in ''Nature Medicine'' showing that SARS-CoV-2 was almost surely not made by humans in a laboratory. They did this by comparing the genomes of different viruses to each other.<ref name="SciTech">{{cite web
+ |url          = https://scitechdaily.com/unlocking-the-genetic-code-of-the-novel-coronavirus-how-covid-19-made-the-leap-from-animals-to-humans/
+ |title        = Unlocking the Genetic Code of the Novel Coronavirus: How COVID-19 Made the Leap From Animals to Humans
+ |author       = University of Sydney
+ |publisher    = SciTech Daily
+ |date         = March 26, 2020
+ |access-date  = March 29, 2020
+ |archive-date = March 29, 2020
+ |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20200329124640/https://scitechdaily.com/unlocking-the-genetic-code-of-the-novel-coronavirus-how-covid-19-made-the-leap-from-animals-to-humans/
+ |url-status   = live
+}}</ref> The scientists saw that SARS-CoV-2 did not match any of the viral backbones that already exist for virologists to use.<ref name="NatureMed">{{cite journal|title=The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2|author1=Kristian G. Anderson|author2=Andrew Rambaut|author3=W. Ian Lipkin|author4=Edward C. Holmes|author5=Robert F. Garry|date=March 17, 2020|journal=Nature Medicine|volume=26|issue=4|pages=450–452|doi=10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9|pmid=32284615|pmc=7095063}}</ref> Within a few weeks, it became one of the most cited scientific papers in history, meaning that other scientists were reading and using it.
-=== Variants ===
+==Graphs==
-{{Main|Variants of SARS-CoV-2}}
+<gallery heights="220" mode="packed">
+File:Illustration of SARS-COV-2 Case Fatality Rate 200228 01-1.png|alt=3D Medical Animation Still Shot graph showing Case Fatality rates by age group from SARS-COV-2 in China.|Case fatality rates by age group in China. Data through 11 February 2020.<ref>[http://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/id/e53946e2-c6c4-41e9-9a9b-fea8db1a8f51 The Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Emergency Response Epidemiology Team. The Epidemiological Characteristics of an Outbreak of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Diseases (COVID-19) – China, 2020] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219142101/http://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/id/e53946e2-c6c4-41e9-9a9b-fea8db1a8f51 |date=2020-02-19 }}. China CDC Weekly, 2020, 2(8): 113–122.</ref>
+File:Epidemic curve of daily new COVID-19 cases by continent.svg|Epidemic curve of daily new cases of COVID-19 (7 day rolling average) by continent
+File:Covid-19 new cases in top 5 countries and the world.png|Semi-log plot of weekly new cases of COVID-19 in the world and top five current countries (mean with deaths)
+File:Covid-19 total cases per 100 000 population from selected countries.png|COVID-19 total cases per 100,000 population from selected countries<ref name="European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control" />
+File:COVID-19 Active Cases per 100 000 population.png|COVID-19 active cases per 100,000 population from selected countries<ref name="European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control">{{Cite web|title=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control|url=https://opendata.ecdc.europa.eu/covid19/casedistribution/csv/|access-date=2020-11-14|archive-date=2021-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125030501/https://opendata.ecdc.europa.eu/covid19/casedistribution/csv/|url-status=live}}</ref>
+File:COVID-19 deaths per 100,000 population.png|COVID-19 deaths per 100,000 population from selected countries<ref name="European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control" />
+</gallery>
-Several variants have been named by WHO and labelled as a [[variant of concern]] (VoC) or a [[variant of interest]] (VoI). They share the more infectious [[D614G mutation]]:<ref>{{cite web | title=Cases, Data, and Surveillance |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-updates/variant-surveillance/variant-info.html |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=11 February 2021 |date=11 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Infographic: Mutation of SARS-CoV-2 – current variants of concern |url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/covid-19-infographic-mutations-current-variants-concern |website=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control |date=19 April 2021 |access-date=3 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19 - 7 September 2021 | url=https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19---7-september-2021|date=7 September 2021|access-date=9 September 2021}}</ref> Delta dominated and then eliminated earlier VoC from most jurisdictions. Omicron's [[immune escape]] ability may allow it to spread via [[breakthrough infection]]s, which in turn may allow it to coexist with Delta, which more often infects the unvaccinated.<ref>{{cite web|date=22 December 2021|title=A computational biologist weighs in on Omicron, the future of vaccines, and the CDC's variant forecast|url=https://www.statnews.com/2021/12/22/a-computational-biologist-weighs-in-on-omicron-the-future-of-vaccines-and-the-cdcs-variant-forecast/|access-date=22 December 2021|website=STAT}}</ref>
+== Timelines of COVID-19   ==
-[[File:WHO EN 3 Working Together 03Mar2021.webm|thumb|279x279px|[[World Health Organization]] video describing how variants proliferate in unvaccinated areas.]]
+[[File:COVID-19 Outbreak lockdowns.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Map of national and subnational lockdowns as of 29 November 2020 ([[Template:2020 coronavirus quarantines outside Hubei|table]]; [[National responses to the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic#In other countries|more details]])
-{| class="wikitable"
+{{legend|#003380|Current national lockdown}}{{legend|#80b3ff|Current subnational lockdown}}{{legend|#309940|Former national lockdown}}{{legend|#66e080|Former subnational lockdown}}{{legend|#c0c0c0|No lockdown or no data}}]]
-|+Variants
+On December 31, 2019, China alerted [[WHO]] to several cases of unusual [[pneumonia]] in [[Wuhan]], [[Hubei]] province. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/01/timeline-china-coronavirus-spread-200126061554884.html?utm_source=website&utm_medium=article_page&utm_campaign=read_more_links |title=Timeline: How the new coronavirus spread {{!}} Coronavirus pandemic News {{!}} Al Jazeera |access-date=2020-03-08 |archive-date=2020-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308091731/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/01/timeline-china-coronavirus-spread-200126061554884.html?utm_source=website&utm_medium=article_page&utm_campaign=read_more_links |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-! Name !! Lineage !! Detected !! Countries !! Priority
-|-
-| [[SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant|Alpha]] || [[Lineage B.1.1.7|B.1.1.7]] ||UK|| 190 || VoC
-|-
-| [[SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant|Beta]] || [[Lineage B.1.351|B.1.351]] ||South Africa|| 140 || VoC
-|-
-| [[SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant|Delta]] || [[Lineage B.1.617.2|B.1.617.2]] ||India|| 170 ||VoC
-|-
-|[[SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant|Gamma]] || [[Lineage P.1|P.1]] ||Brazil|| 90 ||VoC
-|-
-|[[SARS-CoV-2 Lambda variant|Lambda]] || [[Lineage C.37|C.37]] ||Peru|| 30 ||VoI
-|-
-|[[SARS-CoV-2 Mu variant|Mu]] || [[Lineage B.1.621|B.1.621]] ||Colombia|| 57 || VoI
-|-
-|[[SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant|Omicron]] || [[Lineage B.1.1.529|B.1.1.529]] || Botswana || 77 ||VoC<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-59427770 Coronavirus: EU to block flights after Belgium new variant case] ''[[BBC]]''</ref>
-|}
-=== Prognosis ===
+On January 20, 2020, Chinese premier [[Li Keqiang]] called for efforts to stop and control the pneumonia epidemic caused by a novel coronavirus.<ref name="Premier urged">{{cite web|url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202001/21/WS5e26556ca31012821727269c.html|title=Chinese premier stresses curbing viral pneumonia epidemic|location=[[Beijing]]|website=[[China Daily]]|publisher=[[Xinhua News Agency]]|date=21 January 2020|access-date=22 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122124640/https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202001/21/WS5e26556ca31012821727269c.html|archive-date=22 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> As of February 5, 2020, 24,588 cases have been confirmed,<ref name="bno1">{{cite web |url=https://bnonews.com/index.php/2020/01/the-latest-coronavirus-cases/ |title=Tracking coronavirus: Map, data and timeline |date=10 February 2020 |website=[[BNO News]] |access-date=10 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128010639/https://bnonews.com/index.php/2020/01/the-latest-coronavirus-cases/ |archive-date=28 January 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ncov.dxy.cn/ncovh5/view/pneumonia|title=全国新型肺炎疫情实时动态 – 丁香园·丁香医生|website=ncov.dxy.cn|access-date=3 February 2020|archive-date=4 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204124757/https://ncov.dxy.cn/ncovh5/view/pneumonia|url-status=live}}</ref> including in every [[Provinces of China|province-level division of China]].<ref name="bno1" /> A larger number of people may have been infected, but not detected (especially mild cases).<ref name="Imai21Jan2020">{{cite web |url=https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/medicine/sph/ide/gida-fellowships/2019-nCoV-outbreak-report-22-01-2020.pdf |title=Estimating the potential total number of novel Coronavirus cases in Wuhan City, China (Report 2 |last1=Imai |first1=Natsuko |last2=Dorigatti |first2=Ilaria |date=21 January 2020 |website=Imperial College London |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124060030/https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/medicine/sph/ide/gida-fellowships/2019-nCoV-outbreak-report-22-01-2020.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2020 |access-date=27 January 2020 |last3=Cori |first3=Anne |last4=Donnelly |first4=Christl |last5=Riley |first5=Steven |last6=Ferguson |first6=Neil M}}</ref><ref name="hkumed">{{cite web |url=https://sph.hku.hk/en/news/press-releases/2020/nowcasting-and-forecasting-the-wuhan-2019-ncov-outbreak |title=HKUMed WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control releases real-time nowcast on the likely extent of the Wuhan coronavirus outbreak, domestic and international spread with the forecast for chunyun |website=HKUMed School of Public Health |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125050442/https://sph.hku.hk/en/news/press-releases/2020/nowcasting-and-forecasting-the-wuhan-2019-ncov-outbreak |archive-date=25 January 2020 |access-date=23 January 2020 }}</ref> The first local transmission of the virus outside China occurred in Vietnam between family members,<ref name="scmp3048017">{{cite web |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/economics/article/3048017/china-coronavirus-vietnam-flags-likely-human-transmission-case |title=China coronavirus: 'family cluster' in Vietnam fuels concerns over human transmission |date=29 January 2020 |website=South China Morning Post |access-date=29 January 2020 |archive-date=14 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214202429/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/economics/article/3048017/china-coronavirus-vietnam-flags-likely-human-transmission-case |url-status=live }}</ref> while the first local transmission not involving family occurred in Germany, on January 22, when a German man contracted the disease from a Chinese business visitor at a meeting.<ref name="dw52169007">{{cite web |url=https://www.dw.com/en/germany-confirms-human-transmission-of-coronavirus/a-52169007 |title=Germany confirms human transmission of coronavirus |date=28 January 2020 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128220039/https://www.dw.com/en/germany-confirms-human-transmission-of-coronavirus/a-52169007 |archive-date=28 January 2020 |access-date=29 January 2020}}</ref> {{as of|2020|02|05|df=}}, 493 deaths have been attributed to the virus since the first confirmed death on January 9, with 990 recoveries.<ref name="QinNYT11Jan20202">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/10/world/asia/china-virus-wuhan-death.html |title=China Reports First Death From New Virus |last1=Qin |first1=Amy |date=10 January 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=11 January 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111020017/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/10/world/asia/china-virus-wuhan-death.html |archive-date=11 January 2020 |last2=Hernández |first2=Javier C. |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="bno1" /> The first death outside China was reported in the Philippines, in a 44-year-old Chinese male on February 1.<ref name="NYT2020PhilDeath">{{cite news |last1=Ramzy |first1=Austin |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/02/world/asia/philippines-coronavirus-china.html |title=Philippines Reports First Coronavirus Death Outside China |date=2 February 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=4 February 2020 |last2=May |first2=Tiffany |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203204845/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/02/world/asia/philippines-coronavirus-china.html |archive-date=3 February 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> but another source reported:
-{{Further|COVID-19#Prognosis}}
+"The first cases of COVID-19 outside of China were identified on January 13 in Thailand and on January 16 in Japan".<ref>coronavirus#citationMax Roser and Hannah Ritchie (2020) - "Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)". Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from: 'https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus'{{Dead link|date=September 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [Online Resource]</ref>
-The severity of COVID-19 varies. The disease may take a mild course with few or no symptoms, resembling other common upper respiratory diseases such as the [[common cold]]. In 3–4% of cases (7.4% for those over age 65) symptoms are severe enough to cause hospitalization.<ref name="pmid33087398">{{cite journal | vauthors = Doshi P | title = Will covid-19 vaccines save lives? Current trials aren't designed to tell us | journal = BMJ | volume = 371 | pages = m4037 | date = October 2020 | pmid = 33087398 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.m4037 | s2cid = 224817161 }}</ref> Mild cases typically recover within two weeks, while those with severe or critical diseases may take three to six weeks to recover. Among those who have died, the time from symptom onset to death has ranged from two to eight weeks. Prolonged [[prothrombin]] time and elevated [[C-reactive protein]] levels on admission to the hospital are associated with severe course of COVID-19 and with a transfer to [[intensive care unit]]s (ICU).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Baranovskii DS, Klabukov ID, Krasilnikova OA, Nikogosov DA, Polekhina NV, Baranovskaia DR, Laberko LA, Maneksha S, Harry TV, Durbin RP | display-authors = 6 | title = Letter: Acid secretion by gastric mucous membrane | journal = The American Journal of Physiology | volume = 229 | issue = 6 | pages = 21–25 | date = December 1975 | pmid = 33210948<!--Despite the error message it generates, the PMID is correct and valid as of 29 November 2020.--> | pmc = 7738209 | doi = 10.1080/03007995.2020.1853510 | s2cid = 227065216 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Christensen B, Favaloro EJ, Lippi G, Van Cott EM | title = Hematology Laboratory Abnormalities in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) | journal = Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis | volume = 46 | issue = 7 | pages = 845–849 | date = October 2020 | pmid = 32877961 | pmc = 7645834 | doi = 10.1055/s-0040-1715458 }}</ref>
-== Strategies ==
+There has been testing which have showed over 6000 confirmed cases in China,<ref name=":3">{{cite report | vauthors=((World Health Organization)) | url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/330778/nCoVsitrep02Feb2020-eng.pdf | year=2020 | title=Novel Coronavirus (&lrm;2019-nCoV)&lrm;: situation report, 13 | publisher=[[World Health Organization]] | hdl=10665/330778 | hdl-access=free | access-date=2020-02-21 | archive-date=2020-03-28 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328163421/https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/330778/nCoVsitrep02Feb2020-eng.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> some of whom are healthcare workers.<ref name="Schnirring22Jan2020">[http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/who-decision-ncov-emergency-delayed-cases-spike Lisa Schnirring: WHO decision on nCoV emergency delayed as cases spike] {{Webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200124063004/http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/who-decision-ncov-emergency-delayed-cases-spike |date=24 January 2020 23 January 2020 ''CIDRAP News''. Retrieved 23 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="Field22Jan2020">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/nine-dead-as-chinese-coronavirus-spreads-despite-efforts-to-contain-it/2020/01/22/1eaade72-3c6d-11ea-afe2-090eb37b60b1_story.html|title=Nine dead as Chinese coronavirus spreads, despite efforts to contain it|last=Field|first=Field|date=22 January 2020|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=22 January 2020|archive-date=31 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131005902/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/nine-dead-as-chinese-coronavirus-spreads-despite-efforts-to-contain-it/2020/01/22/1eaade72-3c6d-11ea-afe2-090eb37b60b1_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
-{{Main|Public health mitigation of COVID-19}}
-[[File:20200410 Flatten the curve, raise the line - pandemic (English).gif|thumb|upright=1.5|Goals of mitigation include delaying and reducing peak burden on healthcare (''[[flattening the curve]]'') and lessening overall cases and health impact.<ref name="Lancet2020Flatten" /><ref name="RnW59" /> Moreover, progressively greater increases in healthcare capacity (''[[raising the line]]'') such as by increasing bed count, personnel, and equipment, help to meet increased demand.<ref name="Vox_20200407">{{cite news | vauthors = Barclay E, Scott D, Animashaun A |title=The US doesn't just need to flatten the curve. It needs to "raise the line." |url=https://www.vox.com/2020/4/7/21201260/coronavirus-usa-chart-mask-shortage-ventilators-flatten-the-curve |work=Vox |date=7 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407155950/https://www.vox.com/2020/4/7/21201260/coronavirus-usa-chart-mask-shortage-ventilators-flatten-the-curve |archive-date=7 April 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>]]
-Many countries attempted to slow or stop the spread of COVID-19 by recommending, mandating or prohibiting behaviour changes, while others relied primarily on providing information. Measures ranged from public advisories to stringent lockdowns. Outbreak control strategies are divided into elimination and mitigation. Experts differentiate between elimination strategies (commonly known as "[[zero-COVID]]")  that aim to completely stop the spread of the virus within the community,<ref name=Barcelona >Anna Llupià, Rodríguez-Giralt, Anna Fité, Lola Álamo, Laura de la Torre, Ana Redondo, Mar Callau and Caterina Guinovart (2020) ''[https://www.isglobal.org/documents/10179/7943094/26_ISGlobal+COVID19+y+COVIDCero+o+Maxima+Supresion+EN/0a4e83bb-6257-4f5d-8960-16c323b464b2 What Is a Zero-COVID Strategy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103205923/https://www.isglobal.org/documents/10179/7943094/26_ISGlobal+COVID19+y+COVIDCero+o+Maxima+Supresion+EN/0a4e83bb-6257-4f5d-8960-16c323b464b2 |date=3 January 2022 }}'', Barcelona Institute for Global Health - COVID-19 & response strategy. "''The strategy of control and maximum suppression (zero-COVID) has been implemented successfully in a number of countries. The objective of this strategy is to keep transmission of the virus as close to zero as possible and ultimately to eliminate it entirely from particular geographical areas. The strategy aims to increase the capacity to identify and trace chains of transmission and to identify and manage outbreaks, while also integrating economic, psychological, social and healthcare support to guarantee the isolation of cases and contacts. This approach is also known as “Find, Test, Trace, Isolate and Support” (FTTIS)''"</ref>  and mitigation strategies (commonly known as "[[flattening the curve]]") that attempt to lessen the effects of the virus on society, but which still tolerate some level of transmission within the community.<ref name=Livermore >{{cite web|author=[[David Livermore (microbiologist)|David Livermore]]|url=https://www.hartgroup.org/zero-covid-an-impossible-dream/|title='Zero Covid' - an impossible dream|date=28 March 2021|publisher=HART – Health Advisory & Recovery Team|access-date=2 January 2022|archive-date=2 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102070601/https://www.hartgroup.org/zero-covid-an-impossible-dream/|url-status=live}}</ref> These initial strategies can be pursued sequentially or simultaneously during the [[acquired immunity|acquired immunity phase]] through natural and [[COVID-19 vaccine|vaccine-induced immunity]].<ref name="Bhopal2020">{{cite journal | last1 = Bhopal | first1 = Raj S | title = To achieve "zero covid" we need to include the controlled, careful acquisition of population (herd) immunity | journal = BMJ | date = 9 September 2020 | volume = 370 | page = m3487 | eissn = 1756-1833 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.m3487 | pmid = 32907816 | s2cid = 221538577 | url = }}</ref>
-''Nature'' reported in 2021 that 90% of immunologists who responded to a survey "think that the coronavirus will become endemic".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Phillips |first1=Nicky |title=The coronavirus is here to stay — here's what that means |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-00396-2 |journal=Nature |access-date=3 January 2022 |pages=382–384  |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-00396-2 |date=16 February 2021|volume=590 |issue=7846 |pmid=33594289 |bibcode=2021Natur.590..382P |s2cid=231945680 }}</ref>
+Confirmed cases have also been reported in [[Thailand]], [[South Korea]], [[Japan]], [[Taiwan]], [[Macau]], [[Hong Kong]], the [[United States]] ([[Everett, Washington]] and [[Chicago]]),<ref name=Field22Jan2020/> [[Singapore]],<ref name="ST23Jan">{{cite web |last1=Goh |first1=Timothy |last2=Toh |first2=Ting Wei |title=Singapore confirms first case of Wuhan virus; second case likely |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/health/singapore-confirms-first-case-of-wuhan-virus |website=The Straits Times |access-date=23 January 2020 |date=23 January 2020 |archive-date=24 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124014101/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/health/singapore-confirms-first-case-of-wuhan-virus |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Vietnam]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/vietnam-confirms-first-acute-pneumonia-cases-from-wuhan-virus-4046310.html |title=Vietnam confirms first acute pneumonia cases in Saigon - VnExpress International |access-date=2020-03-07 |archive-date=2020-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530221251/https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/vietnam-confirms-first-acute-pneumonia-cases-in-saigon-4046310.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[France]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/coronavirus-france-china-wuhan-virus-symptoms-outbreak-latest-a9301106.html|title=France confirms two cases of deadly coronavirus|date=2020-01-24|website=The Independent|language=en|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=2020-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125140131/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/coronavirus-france-china-wuhan-virus-symptoms-outbreak-latest-a9301106.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Nepal]].<ref name="Nepal24Jan2020">{{cite news|url= https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/first-case-of-coronavirus-in-nepal-after-student-who-returned-from-wuhan-tests-postive20200124184400/|title= First case of coronavirus in Nepal after student who returned from Wuhan tests positive|date= 24 January 2020|access-date= 24 January 2020|archive-date= 2 May 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200502003522/https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/first-case-of-coronavirus-in-nepal-after-student-who-returned-from-wuhan-tests-postive20200124184400/|url-status= live}}</ref>
-=== Containment ===
+The World Health Organization declared that this is a [[Public Health Emergency of International Concern]] since January 30, 2020.
-{{see| Zero-COVID}}
-Containment is undertaken to stop an outbreak from spreading into the general population. Infected individuals are isolated while they are infectious. The people they have interacted with are contacted and isolated for long enough to ensure that they are either not infected or no longer contagious. Screening is the starting point for containment. Screening is done by checking for symptoms to identify infected individuals, who can then be isolated or offered treatment.<ref name="f4SpW">{{cite web|title=Fever Screening &#124; IntelliSEC &#124; Durban, Johannesburg, Cape Town|url=https://intellisec.co.za/fever-screening/|website=IntelliSEC}}</ref>  The [[Zero-COVID]] strategy involves using public health measures such as [[contact tracing]], [[COVID-19 testing|mass testing]], [[Travel during the COVID-19 pandemic|border quarantine]], [[COVID-19 lockdowns|lockdowns]] and [[Use and development of software for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation|mitigation software]] in order to stop [[Transmission of COVID-19|community transmission]] of COVID-19 as soon as it is detected, with the goal of getting the area back to zero detected infections and resuming normal economic and social activities.<ref name=Barcelona /><ref name="Lancet-Li-2020">{{cite journal |journal=The Lancet |title=Active case finding with case management: the key to tackling the COVID-19 pandemic |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31278-2 |date=4 June 2020 |volume=396 |issue=10243 |pages=63–70 |first1=Zhongjie |last1=Li |first2=Qiulan |last2=Chen |first3=Luzhao |last3=Feng |first4=Lance |last4=Rodewald |first5=Yinyin |last5=Xia |first6=Hailiang |last6=Yu |first7=Ruochen |last7=Zhang |first8=Zhijie |last8=An |first9=Wenwu |last9=Yin |first10=Wei |last10=Chen |first11=Ying |last11=Qin |first12=Zhibin |last12=Peng |first13=Ting |last13=Zhang |first14=Daxin |last14=Ni |first15=Jinzhao |last15=Cui |first16=Qing |last16=Wang |first17=Xiaokun |last17=Yang |first18=Muli |last18=Zhang |first19=Xiang |last19=Ren |first20=Dan |last20=Wu |first21=Xiaojin |last21=Sun |first22=Yuanqiu |last22=Li |first23=Lei |last23=Zhou |first24=Xiaopeng |last24=Qi |first25=Tie |last25=Song |first26=George F |last26=Gao |first27=Zijian |last27=Feng|pmid=32505220 |pmc=7272157 }}</ref>  Successful containment or suppression reduces Rt to less than 1.<ref name="ImpCollege16mar2020" />
-=== Mitigation ===
+[[Bloomberg News]] and other business publications have reported several [[plant closure]]s, [[travel restriction]]s, and imposed [[quarantine]]s as a result of this outbreak.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Hospital Says Chinese Doctor Has Officially Died: Virus Update|website=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=5 February 2020 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-02-05/death-toll-tops-560-testing-lab-opens-in-wuhan-virus-update|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206153927/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-02-05/death-toll-tops-560-testing-lab-opens-in-wuhan-virus-update|archive-date=2020-02-06|access-date=2020-02-07}}</ref>
-{{see|Flattening the curve}}
-Should containment fail, efforts focus on mitigation: measures taken to slow the spread and limit its effects on the healthcare system and society.
-Successful mitigation delays and decreases the epidemic peak, known as "flattening the [[epidemic curve]]".<ref name="Lancet2020Flatten" /> This decreases the risk of overwhelming health services and provides more time for developing vaccines and treatments.<ref name="Lancet2020Flatten" />
-Individual behaviour changed in many jurisdictions. Many people worked from home instead of at their traditional workplaces.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bureau |first1=US Census |title=Those Who Switched to Telework Have Higher Income, Education and Better Health |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/03/working-from-home-during-the-pandemic.html |website=Census.gov |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>
+As of February 10, 2020 there have been 40,235 confirmed cases reported of people infected by the virus in China. Also reported were 909 deaths, and 319 cases in 24 other countries, including one death, according to [[WHO]] chief [[Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/world/coronavirus-cases-outside-china-could-spark-a-bigger-fire-who|title=Coronavirus cases outside China could spark a 'bigger fire': WHO|first1=Shivani|last1=Singh|first2=Stephanie|last2=Nebehay|newspaper=National Post |date=Feb 10, 2020|accessdate=May 13, 2022}}</ref>
-==== Non-pharmaceutical interventions ====
+On November 14, 2020, there were 53,853,718 global COVID-19 cases and 1,311,524 deaths with cases in 217 countries and territories.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus Update (Live): 53,854,371 Cases and 1,311,534 Deaths from COVID-19 Virus Pandemic - Worldometer|url=https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/|access-date=2020-11-14|website=www.worldometers.info|language=en|archive-date=2020-03-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322140128/https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-[[File:OCD handwash.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Person washing hands with [[soap]] and water.]]
-[[Non-pharmaceutical intervention]]s that may reduce spread include personal actions such as [[Hand washing|hand hygiene]], wearing [[Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic|face masks]], and self-quarantine; community measures aimed at reducing interpersonal contacts such as closing workplaces and schools and cancelling large gatherings; community engagement to encourage acceptance and participation in such interventions; as well as environmental measures such as surface cleaning.<ref name="community mitigation" /> Many such measures were criticised as [[hygiene theatre]].<ref name="Hygiene theatre">{{Cite news| vauthors = Thompson D |date=27 July 2020|title=Hygiene Theater Is a Huge Waste of Time|work=[[The Atlantic]]|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/07/scourge-hygiene-theater/614599/|access-date=22 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426193738/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/07/scourge-hygiene-theater/614599/|archive-date=26 April 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-==== Other measures ====
+=== China ===
-More drastic actions, such as quarantining entire populations and strict travel bans have been attempted in various jurisdictions.<ref name="RwmYm" /> China and Australia's lockdowns have been the most strict. New Zealand implemented the most severe travel restrictions. South Korea introduced mass screening and localised quarantines, and issued alerts on the movements of infected individuals. Singapore provided financial support, quarantined, and imposed large fines for those who broke quarantine.<ref name="shZdf" />
+* The first cases of COVID-19 were detected in [[Wuhan]], [[Hubei]], [[Mainland China]] in December of 2019.<ref name="BBCJ">{{cite news|publisher=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-51148303|author=James Gallagher|title=New virus in China 'will have infected hundreds'|date=January 18, 2020|access-date=April 13, 2020|archive-date=January 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118020222/https://www.bbc.com/news/health-51148303|url-status=live}}</ref>
+* On Feb. 4, 2020, the [[Seattle Times]] reported that Around 2020 [[Chinese new year]] authorities closed down travel from China to [[Macau]]. As a result visits fell eighty percent.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/coronavirus-shuts-macao-the-worlds-gambling-capital/|title=Coronavirus shuts Macao, the world's gambling capital|date=Feb 4, 2020|website=The Seattle Times|accessdate=May 13, 2022|archive-date=April 7, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407150125/https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/coronavirus-shuts-macao-the-worlds-gambling-capital/|url-status=live}}</ref>
+* Feb 6, 2020, the COVID-19 whistleblower, [[Li Wenliang]], dies of the disease.
+* On February 6, 2020, according to Chinese authorities, a man from the United States who tested positive for the virus died.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/feb/08/coronavirus-kills-american-citizen-in-china-say-officials|publisher=Guardian|date=January 8, 2020|access-date=April 13, 2020|title=Coronavirus: two deaths in Wuhan thought to be first of foreign nationals|archive-date=April 10, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410012813/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/feb/08/coronavirus-kills-american-citizen-in-china-say-officials|url-status=live}}</ref>
+* On February 25, 2020 the [[Asian Scientist Magazine]] reported ''Chinese Scientists Sequence Genome Of COVID-19'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianscientist.com/2020/02/topnews/china-coronavirus-covid-19-study/|title=Chinese Scientists Sequence Genome Of COVID-19|date=Feb 25, 2020|website=Asian Scientist Magazine|accessdate=May 13, 2022|archive-date=May 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504210736/https://www.asianscientist.com/2020/02/topnews/china-coronavirus-covid-19-study/|url-status=live}}</ref>
+* According to the [[European Centre for Disease Prevention]], China had the largest number of confirmed cases and deaths on March 1, 2020.<ref>refname=ecdc</ref>
+* On March 3, 2020 [[Science (journal)]] reported:
+** China built two new hospitals in one week just for patients of COVID-19
+** The article praised the way China has handled this crisis, but said "draconian" measures were used to achieve success.<ref name="sciencemag">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/03/china-s-aggressive-measures-have-slowed-coronavirus-they-may-not-work-other-countries|title=China's aggressive measures have slowed the coronavirus. They may not work in other countries|website=www.science.org|accessdate=May 13, 2022|archive-date=February 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215013608/https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/03/china-s-aggressive-measures-have-slowed-coronavirus-they-may-not-work-other-countries|url-status=live}}</ref>
+* On March 6, 2020, [[CNN]] reported that a hotel used as a COVID-19 [[quarantine]] center collapsed. Seventy people were trapped in a collapsed [[Quanzhou]] hotel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/07/china/china-coronavirus-hotel-collapse/index.html|title=10 dead after coronavirus quarantine hotel collapses in China|first=Yong Xiong, Theresa Waldrop, and Steven Jiang|last=CNN|website=CNN|accessdate=May 13, 2022|archive-date=March 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308041011/https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/07/china/china-coronavirus-hotel-collapse/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
+* The Chinese economy was greatly affected by the virus, and many factories shut down during the spike of cases in China during the early months of the pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mistreanu|first=Simina|title=China's Factories Are Reeling From Forced Coronavirus Closures|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/siminamistreanu/2020/02/23/chinas-factories-are-reeling-from-forced-coronavirus-closures/|access-date=2020-10-29|website=Forbes|language=en|archive-date=2020-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028231330/https://www.forbes.com/sites/siminamistreanu/2020/02/23/chinas-factories-are-reeling-from-forced-coronavirus-closures/|url-status=live}}</ref>
+*As of October 30, 2020, the number of cases of the virus in China were generally going down, with only 771 new cases being reported in the month of October.<ref>{{Cite web|title=China - COVID-19 Overview - Johns Hopkins|url=https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/region/china|access-date=2020-10-30|website=Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center|language=en|archive-date=2020-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029175135/https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/region/china|url-status=live}}</ref>
-==== Contact tracing ====
+=== United States ===
-{{See also|Use and development of software for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation|Public health mitigation of COVID-19#Information technology}}
+* The first case of COVID-19 in the [[United States]] was detected in a man from the state of [[Washington (state)|Washington]] on January 21, 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=News|first=A. B. C.|title=1st confirmed case of new coronavirus reported in US: CDC|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/1st-confirmed-case-coronavirus-reported-washington-state-cdc/story?id=68430795|access-date=2020-10-29|website=ABC News|language=en|archive-date=2020-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029171940/https://abcnews.go.com/Health/1st-confirmed-case-coronavirus-reported-washington-state-cdc/story?id=68430795|url-status=live}}</ref>
+* On February 27, 2020, US President [[Donald Trump]] appointed Vice President [[Mike Pence]] to lead the US response to COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.healio.com/infectious-disease/emerging-diseases/news/online/%7Be4659648-0adb-4028-a79e-6157cb729345%7D/trump-appoints-pence-to-lead-us-response-to-covid-19|title=Trump appoints Pence to lead US response to COVID-19|website=www.healio.com|accessdate=May 13, 2022|archive-date=May 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521005709/https://www.healio.com/infectious-disease/emerging-diseases/news/online/%7Be4659648-0adb-4028-a79e-6157cb729345%7D/trump-appoints-pence-to-lead-us-response-to-covid-19|url-status=live}}</ref>
+* On February 29, 2020, the first death in the US was reported from the state of Washington.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/925932|title=US Reports First Death From COVID-19|website=Medscape|accessdate=May 13, 2022|archive-date=April 7, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407150129/https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/925932|url-status=live}}</ref>
+* On March 3, 2020 [[CBS]] reported 15 states with confirmed cases.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/live-updates/coronavirus-outbreak-death-toll-us-infections-latest-news-updates-2020-03-02/|title=Coronavirus kills 6 in Washington state|website=www.cbsnews.com|accessdate=May 13, 2022|archive-date=2022-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517151933/https://www.cbsnews.com/live-updates/coronavirus-outbreak-death-toll-us-infections-latest-news-updates-2020-03-02/|url-status=live}}</ref>
+* Movements such as [[elbow bumps]] began replacing [[handshake]]s , as handshakes spread the virus and bacteria more.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Davies|first=Caroline|date=2020-03-03|title=Elbow-bumps and footshakes: the new coronavirus etiquette|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/03/elbow-bumps-and-footshakes-the-new-coronavirus-etiquette|access-date=2020-10-29|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=2020-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202220212/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/03/elbow-bumps-and-footshakes-the-new-coronavirus-etiquette|url-status=live}}</ref>
+* On March 6, 2020, the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]] announced that one million test kits would be distributed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Trying to make up for lost time, the CDC will distribute 1.1M COVID-19 tests by this weekend|url=https://social.techcrunch.com/2020/03/06/trying-to-make-up-for-lost-time-the-cdc-will-distribute-1-1-million-covid-19-tests-this-weekend/|access-date=2020-10-29|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527045553/https://techcrunch.com/2020/03/06/trying-to-make-up-for-lost-time-the-cdc-will-distribute-1-1-million-covid-19-tests-this-weekend/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/white-house-says-will-fail-1m-goal-coronavirus-test-kits-2020-3|title=The White House says it will fail to meet its goal of providing enough coronavirus test kits for 1 million people by the end of the week|first=Mia|last=Jankowicz|website=Business Insider|accessdate=May 13, 2022|archive-date=March 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306195733/https://www.businessinsider.com/white-house-says-will-fail-1m-goal-coronavirus-test-kits-2020-3|url-status=live}}</ref>
+* On March 9, 2020, the US [[stock market]] was approaching [[Stock mrket crash|bear territory.]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=A devastating day leaves the Dow only 210 points from bear market territory|url=https://fortune.com/2020/03/09/coronavirus-stock-market-today-dow-sp-500-worst-day-drop-in-years/|access-date=2020-10-29|website=Fortune|language=en|archive-date=2020-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207100709/https://fortune.com/2020/03/09/coronavirus-stock-market-today-dow-sp-500-worst-day-drop-in-years/|url-status=live}}</ref>
+* On March 9, 2020, there were also scattered reports that some were quarantined while their household members were not.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Newman|first=Andy|date=2020-03-09|title=Confusion Over Coronavirus Quarantines Feeds Anxiety|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/09/nyregion/coronavirus-ny-quarantines.html|access-date=2020-10-29|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2020-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114183346/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/09/nyregion/coronavirus-ny-quarantines.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
+* On March 10, 2020, the United States [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services|Secretary of Health and Human Services]], [[Alex Azar]], said that it is was not known how many Americans tested positive for the virus. This was because many of the test kits went out to private companies.<ref>{{Cite web|last=CNN|first=Chandelis Duster and Jacqueline Howard|title=Health and Human Services chief says 'we don't know' how many Americans have been tested for coronavirus|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/10/politics/alex-azar-americans-tested-for-coronavirus-cnntv/index.html|access-date=2020-10-29|website=CNN|archive-date=2020-10-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030180126/https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/10/politics/alex-azar-americans-tested-for-coronavirus-cnntv/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
+* On March 10, 2020, the [[governor of New York]], [[Andrew Cuomo]], announced that the city of [[New Rochelle]] was the largest [[cluster]] of COVID-19 cases in the state. Among other things done to contain the virus in New Rochelle, the [[United States National Guard|National Guard]] was sent to the city to hand out food and disinfect buildings.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Nir|first1=Sarah Maslin|last2=McKinley|first2=Jesse|date=2020-03-19|title='Containment Area' Is Ordered for New Rochelle Coronavirus Cluster|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/10/nyregion/coronavirus-new-rochelle-containment-area.html|access-date=2020-10-29|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2020-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028124748/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/10/nyregion/coronavirus-new-rochelle-containment-area.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
+*On March 26, the United States surpass Italy and China's cases, becoming the epicenter for a while.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wang|first=Yanan|date=2020-03-27|title=U.S. COVID-19 caseload surges to most in the world|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/u-s-covid-19-caseload-surges-to-most-in-the-world-1.4870638|access-date=2021-01-09|website=Coronavirus|language=en|archive-date=2021-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111133908/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/u-s-covid-19-caseload-surges-to-most-in-the-world-1.4870638|url-status=live}}</ref>
+*On April 3, 2020, the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]] first recommended the use of [[Cloth facemask|cloth face coverings]] by the general public to reduce the spread of the virus in places such as grocery stores and pharmacies.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-03|title=Recommendation Regarding the Use of Cloth Face Coverings {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/cloth-face-cover.html|access-date=2020-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403221424/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/cloth-face-cover.html|archive-date=2020-04-03}}</ref>
+*On April 11, the U.S became the most death in the world. <ref>{{Cite web|title=U.S. Has Most Coronavirus Deaths In The World|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/04/12/832722919/u-s-has-most-coronavirus-deaths-in-the-world|access-date=2021-01-09|website=NPR.org|date=12 April 2020|language=en|last1=Hernandez|first1=Nicole|archive-date=2021-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110050248/https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/04/12/832722919/u-s-has-most-coronavirus-deaths-in-the-world|url-status=live}}</ref>
+*On July 22, 2020, the United States surpassed 1,000 daily COVID-19 deaths for a second time.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Aratani|first1=Lauren|last2=agencies|date=2020-07-22|title=US daily coronavirus deaths surpass 1,000 for first time since June|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jul/22/us-coronavirus-death-toll-covid-daily-average|access-date=2020-10-29|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=2020-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119005008/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jul/22/us-coronavirus-death-toll-covid-daily-average|url-status=live}}</ref>
+*On September 22, 2020, the United States reached 200,000 deaths from the virus.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-22|title='Unfathomable': US death toll from coronavirus hits 200,000|url=https://apnews.com/article/virus-outbreak-huntsville-alabama-us-news-public-health-a05360a9df7e19f9bee83f520deada1c|access-date=2020-10-29|website=AP NEWS|archive-date=2020-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028023917/https://apnews.com/article/virus-outbreak-huntsville-alabama-us-news-public-health-a05360a9df7e19f9bee83f520deada1c|url-status=live}}</ref>
+* Between September to October, there was a COVID-19 [[White House COVID-19 outbreak|outbreak]] at the [[White House]], causing many officials to be diagnosed with the infection, including President [[Donald Trump]] and First Lady [[Melania Trump]].<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Buchanan|first1=Larry|last2=Gamio|first2=Lazaro|last3=Leatherby|first3=Lauren|last4=Keefe|first4=John|last5=Koettl|first5=Christoph|last6=Walker|first6=Amy Schoenfeld|date=2020-10-08|title=Tracking the White House Coronavirus Outbreak|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/10/02/us/politics/trump-contact-tracing-covid.html|access-date=2020-10-29|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2020-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007214202/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/10/02/us/politics/trump-contact-tracing-covid.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
+* In December 2020, [[California]] surpassed over 30,000 new cases in a day.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-12-09/california-coronavirus-deaths-cases-hospitalizations-surge|title = California has its most coronavirus deaths in a single day as cases, hospitalizations continue to surge|website = [[Los Angeles Times]]|date = 9 December 2020|access-date = 2020-12-10|archive-date = 2020-12-10|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201210160524/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-12-09/california-coronavirus-deaths-cases-hospitalizations-surge|url-status = live}}</ref>
+* On December 11, 2020, the Food and Drug Administration said doctors could give people the Pfizer vaccine.<ref name=World /><ref name=Ambitious />
+* On December 14, 2020, the State of New York gave people the first vaccines, starting with health care workers.<ref name=World /><ref name=Ambitious />
+* On December 26, 2020, California had a record breaking 65,055 new cases in a day after Christmas.<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/us/california-coronavirus-cases{{Dead link|date=September 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
+* California became the first state to surpass 2 million cases in December 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/california-becomes-first-state-surpass-160422900.html|title=California Becomes First State to Surpass 2 Million Covid-19 Cases|access-date=2020-12-27|archive-date=2020-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225190016/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/california-becomes-first-state-surpass-160422900.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
-[[Contact tracing]] attempts to identify recent contacts of newly infected individuals, and to screen them for infection;<ref name="web" /> the traditional approach is to request a list of contacts from infectees, and then telephone or visit the contacts.
+==== Economic effects of COVID-19 in the United States ====
+* On March 6, [[President Trump]] signed a $8.3 billion emergency spending package to fight the COVID outbreak.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/03/06/donald-trump-jay-inslee-coronavirus-123114|title=Trump calls Inslee a 'snake' over criticism of coronavirus rhetoric|first=Matthew|last=Choi|website=POLITICO|accessdate=May 13, 2022|archive-date=May 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521130519/https://www.politico.com/news/2020/03/06/donald-trump-jay-inslee-coronavirus-123114|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/live-blog/coronavirus-updates-live-14-dead-across-u-s-trump-signs-n1151451|title=Florida confirms two deaths, first outside West Coast|website=[[NBC News]]|access-date=2020-03-07|archive-date=2020-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307161337/https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/live-blog/coronavirus-updates-live-14-dead-across-u-s-trump-signs-n1151451|url-status=live}}</ref>
+* On March 5, 2020, it was announced that [[medical cost]]s for [[Washington state]] residents asking to be tested would be waived until May.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kreidler orders Washington health insurers to waive deductibles, coinsurance and copays for coronavirus testing {{!}} Washington state Office of the Insurance Commissioner|url=https://www.insurance.wa.gov/news/kreidler-orders-washington-health-insurers-waive-deductibles-coinsurance-and-copays|access-date=2020-10-29|website=www.insurance.wa.gov|language=en|archive-date=2020-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027091652/https://www.insurance.wa.gov/news/kreidler-orders-washington-health-insurers-waive-deductibles-coinsurance-and-copays|url-status=live}}</ref> (People have to pay for their own [[health care]] in the United States. See: [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]]).
+* On March 9, 2020, [[President Trump]] proposed, among other measures, a [[payroll]] [[tax cut]] to help the [[US economy]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Trump proposes payroll tax cut, other measures to offset coronavirus economic damage|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/trump-proposes-payroll-tax-cut-other-measures-offset-coronavirus-economic-n1153691|access-date=2020-10-29|website=NBC News|language=en|archive-date=2020-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031224334/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/trump-proposes-payroll-tax-cut-other-measures-offset-coronavirus-economic-n1153691|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Another approach is to collect location data from mobile devices to identify those who have come in significant contact with infectees, which prompted privacy concerns.<ref name="IngramWard20200407">{{cite web|date=7 April 2020|title=Behind the global efforts to make a privacy-first coronavirus tracking app|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/behind-global-efforts-make-privacy-first-coronavirus-tracking-app-n1177871|access-date=10 April 2020|publisher=NBC News|vauthors=Ingram D, Ward J}}</ref> On 10 April 2020, Google and [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] announced an initiative for privacy-preserving contact tracing.<ref name="0DF25">{{cite web | url=https://social.techcrunch.com/2020/04/10/apple-and-google-are-launching-a-joint-covid-19-tracing-tool/ |title=Apple and Google are launching a joint COVID-19 tracing tool for iOS and Android |website=TechCrunch |access-date=10 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="20200410apple">{{cite web | url=https://www.apple.com/covid19/contacttracing/ |title=Privacy-Preserving Contact Tracing |date=10 April 2020 |website=Apple }}</ref> In Europe and in the US, [[Palantir Technologies]] initially provided COVID-19 tracking services.<ref name="0k3hR">{{cite news |title=Palantir provides COVID-19 tracking software to CDC and NHS, pitches European health agencies |url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/04/01/palantir-coronavirus-cdc-nhs-gotham-foundry/ |access-date=22 April 2020 |work=TechCrunch}}</ref>
+=== Italy ===
+* On February 27, 2020, according to the [[EU Observer]], a dozen towns in the northern regions of [[Lombardy]] and [[Veneto]] were under [[lockdown]], with around 50,000 citizens not allowed to leave, and over 200 reported cases of COVID n Italy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://euobserver.com/social/147543|title=No risk yet to Schengen from Italy's coronavirus outbreak|website=EUobserver|accessdate=May 13, 2022|archive-date=January 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119034142/https://euobserver.com/social/147543|url-status=live}}</ref>
+* On March 4, 2020, according to the [[Guardian]] , the Italian government has ordered the closing of all of Italy's schools and universities until 15 March, 2020<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/04/italy-orders-closure-of-schools-and-universities-due-to-coronavirus|title=Italy orders closure of all schools and universities due to coronavirus|date=Mar 4, 2020|website=the Guardian|accessdate=May 13, 2022|archive-date=May 18, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518074655/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/04/italy-orders-closure-of-schools-and-universities-due-to-coronavirus|url-status=live}}</ref>
+* On March 5, 2020 the [[Guardian]] reported: "Italian educational institutions close as Covid-19 deaths pass 100"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2020/mar/04/coronavirus-live-updates-who-global-recession-fears-update-latest-news|title=Italian educational institutions close as Covid-19 deaths pass 100 – as it happened|date=Mar 5, 2020|website=the Guardian|accessdate=May 13, 2022|archive-date=May 7, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507052533/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2020/mar/04/coronavirus-live-updates-who-global-recession-fears-update-latest-news|url-status=live}}</ref>
+* On March 8, 2020, [[Al Jazeera]] reported that after a daily infection rate of 1,247 cases, Lombardy together with ten other areas were sealed off to try to quarantine 16 million people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/italy-poised-seal-north-coronavirus-live-updates-200307234942500.html|title=366 coronavirus deaths in Italy, Saudi schools shut: Live updates|first=Kate Mayberry,Ramy Allahoum,Hamza|last=Mohamed|website=www.aljazeera.com|accessdate=May 13, 2022|archive-date=September 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918140104/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/italy-poised-seal-north-coronavirus-live-updates-200307234942500.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The cities of [[Milan]] and [[Venice]] were in the quarantined area. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-51787238|title=Coronavirus: Northern Italy quarantines 16 million people|work=BBC News |date=Mar 8, 2020|accessdate=May 13, 2022|archive-date=April 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414111715/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-51787238|url-status=live}}</ref>
+* On March 10, 2020, it was reported that Italy was under [[quarantine]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://winnipeg.ctvnews.ca/load-of-malarkey-manitobans-trapped-in-italy-lockdown-not-worried-about-covid-19-outbreak-1.4847179|title='Load of malarkey': Manitobans trapped in Italy lockdown not worried about COVID-19 outbreak|date=Mar 10, 2020|website=Winnipeg|accessdate=May 13, 2022|archive-date=April 7, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407104653/https://winnipeg.ctvnews.ca/load-of-malarkey-manitobans-trapped-in-italy-lockdown-not-worried-about-covid-19-outbreak-1.4847179|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/2020/3/10/21171217/coronavirus-covid-19-italy-hospitals|title=Italy's coronavirus crisis could be America's|first=Julia|last=Belluz|date=Mar 10, 2020|website=Vox|accessdate=May 13, 2022|archive-date=April 7, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407220658/https://www.vox.com/2020/3/10/21171217/coronavirus-covid-19-italy-hospitals|url-status=live}}</ref>
+*On October 5, 2020, Italy imposed a new lockdown and set of restrictions after previously relaxing them. This was due to a second wave of cases that was even worse than the one in spring.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mellen|first=Ruby|title=Italy imposes harshest coronavirus restrictions since spring lockdown as second wave sweeps Europe|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/coronavirus-europe-italy-second-wave-lockdown/2020/10/25/6c011306-16df-11eb-82db-60b15c874105_story.html|access-date=2020-10-30|issn=0190-8286|archive-date=2020-10-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030081609/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/coronavirus-europe-italy-second-wave-lockdown/2020/10/25/6c011306-16df-11eb-82db-60b15c874105_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
-=== Health care ===
+=== Iran ===
-{{Further|Flattening the curve|list of countries by hospital beds|Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic}}
+* On 28 February 2020, the [[BBC]] reported COVID-19 deaths in Iran were at least 210.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-51673053|title=Coronavirus: Iran's deaths at least 210, hospital sources say|work=BBC News |date=Feb 28, 2020|accessdate=May 13, 2022|archive-date=February 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229151242/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-51673053|url-status=live}}</ref>
-WHO described increasing capacity and adapting healthcare as a fundamental mitigation.<ref name="WHOEuropeResponse">{{cite web | url=https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-emergencies/coronavirus-covid-19/novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov-technical-guidance/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-outbreak-technical-guidance-europe/hospital-readiness-checklist-for-covid-19 |title=Hospital readiness checklist for COVID-19 |date=25 March 2020 |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=27 March 2020}}</ref> The ECDC and WHO's European regional office issued guidelines for hospitals and [[primary health care|primary healthcare services]] for shifting resources at multiple levels, including focusing laboratory services towards testing, cancelling elective procedures, separating and isolating patients, and increasing [[Intensive care unit|intensive care]] capabilities by training personnel and increasing [[ventilator]]s and beds.<ref name="WHOEuropeResponse" /><ref name="ECDCresponse">{{Cite report |url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/checklist-hospitals-preparing-reception-and-care-coronavirus-2019-covid-19 |title=Checklist for hospitals preparing for the reception and care of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) patients |date=26 February 2020 |publisher=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control |access-date=27 March 2020}}</ref> The pandemic drove widespread adoption of [[telehealth]].<ref>Multiple sources:
+* March 3, 2020 multiple Iranian government officials including deputy health minister [[Iraj Harirchi]] and vice president of women and family affairs [[Masoumeh Ebtekar]], who served as a spokesperson during the [[Iran hostage crisis]], had contracted COVID-19.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=Tehran Times|access-date=April 14, 2020|title=Expediency Council member Mohammad Mirmohammadi dies|date=March 2, 2020|url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/445735/Expediency-Council-member-Mohammad-Mirmohammadi-dies|archive-date=March 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302165403/https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/445735/Expediency-Council-member-Mohammad-Mirmohammadi-dies|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|publisher=Associated Press|url=https://apnews.com/2ab5535d09074fd0e1c70fc78fef2fad|access-date=April 14, 2020|date=March 2, 2020|title=Virus ravaging Iran kills confidant of its supreme leader|author1=Nasser Karimi|author2=Jon Gambrell|archive-date=April 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415033037/https://apnews.com/2ab5535d09074fd0e1c70fc78fef2fad|url-status=live}}</ref>
-* {{cite journal | vauthors = Smith AC, Thomas E, Snoswell CL, Haydon H, Mehrotra A, Clemensen J, Caffery LJ | title = Telehealth for global emergencies: Implications for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) | journal = Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare | volume = 26 | issue = 5 | pages = 309–313 | date = June 2020 | pmid = 32196391 | pmc = 7140977 | doi = 10.1177/1357633x20916567 }}
-* {{cite journal | vauthors = Ohannessian R, Duong TA, Odone A | title = Global Telemedicine Implementation and Integration Within Health Systems to Fight the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Call to Action | journal = JMIR Public Health and Surveillance | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = e18810 | date = April 2020 | pmid = 32238336 | pmc = 7124951 | doi = 10.2196/18810 }}
-* {{cite journal | vauthors = Keshvardoost S, Bahaadinbeigy K, Fatehi F | title = Role of Telehealth in the Management of COVID-19: Lessons Learned from Previous SARS, MERS, and Ebola Outbreaks | journal = Telemedicine Journal and e-Health | volume = 26 | issue = 7 | pages = 850–852 | date = July 2020 | pmid = 32329659 | doi = 10.1089/tmj.2020.0105 | s2cid = 216111135 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
-==== Improvised manufacturing ====
+=== Canada ===
-[[File:COVID-19 patient wearing scuba mask in absence of available artificial lung ventilation. Chernivtsi, Ukraine.jpg|thumb|upright|A patient in Ukraine in 2020 wearing a [[Diving mask|scuba mask]] in the absence of [[artificial ventilation]].]]
+* The first case of COVID-19 in Canada was detected in a man from [[Toronto]] on January 25, 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus: Here's a timeline of COVID-19 cases in Canada|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/6627505/coronavirus-covid-canada-timeline/|access-date=2020-11-14|website=Global News|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-11-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116085150/https://globalnews.ca/news/6627505/coronavirus-covid-canada-timeline/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Due to capacity [[supply chain]]s limitations, some manufacturers began [[3D printing]] material such as nasal swabs and ventilator parts.<ref name="technologyreview615420">{{cite news | vauthors = Temple J |title=How 3D printing could save lives in the coronavirus outbreak |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/615420/3d-printing-coronavirus-covid-19-medical-supplies-devices/ |access-date=5 April 2020 |work=MIT Technology Review}}</ref><ref name="aCPem">{{cite news | vauthors = Tibken S |title=3D printing may help supply more essential coronavirus medical gear |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/3d-printing-may-help-supply-more-essential-coronavirus-medical-gear/ |access-date=5 April 2020 |publisher=CNET}}</ref> In one example, an Italian startup received legal threats due to alleged [[patent infringement]] after reverse-engineering and printing one hundred requested ventilator valves overnight.<ref>Multiple sources:
+*On March 12, 2020, Sophie Grégoire Trudeau, the wife of Prime Minister [[Justin Trudeau]], tested positive for coronavirus. The Prime Minister and his wife isolated for 14 days.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sophie Grégoire Trudeau tests positive for coronavirus {{!}} CBC News|language=en-US|work=CBC|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/covid19-premiers-coronavirus-1.5495001|access-date=2020-11-14|archive-date=2020-03-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313001402/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/covid19-premiers-coronavirus-1.5495001|url-status=live}}</ref>
-* {{cite news |title=[Updating] Italian hospital saves Covid-19 patients lives by 3D printing valves for reanimation devices |url=https://www.3dprintingmedia.network/covid-19-3d-printed-valve-for-reanimation-device/ |access-date=20 March 2020 |work=3D Printing Media Network |date=14 March 2020}}
+*On April 6, 2020, Canada’s Chief Public Health Officer, Theresa Tam, said that people should use simple cloth facemasks to help slow the spread of the virus.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Theresa Tam offers new advice: Wear a non-medical face mask when shopping or using public transit|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-tam-offers-new-advice-wear-a-non-medical-mask-when-shopping-or-using/|access-date=2020-11-14|archive-date=2020-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818160640/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-tam-offers-new-advice-wear-a-non-medical-mask-when-shopping-or-using/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-* {{cite news | vauthors = Peters J |title=Volunteers produce 3D-printed valves for life-saving coronavirus treatments |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/3/17/21184308/coronavirus-italy-medical-3d-print-valves-treatments |access-date=20 March 2020 |work=The Verge |date=17 March 2020}}
+*On May 1, 2020, Canada surpassed 200 daily coronavirus deaths.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Canada Coronavirus: 287,318 Cases and 10,828 Deaths - Worldometer|url=https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/canada/|access-date=2020-11-14|website=www.worldometers.info|language=en|archive-date=2020-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420072624/https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/canada|url-status=live}}</ref>
-* {{cite web | url=https://globalnews.ca/news/6695286/coronavirus-italy-3d-print-valves/ |title=Engineers 3D-print patented valves for free to save coronavirus patients in Italy |website=Global News}}</ref> On 23 April 2020, [[NASA]] reported building, in 37 days, a ventilator which is undergoing further testing.<ref name="NASA-20200423">{{cite news | vauthors = Good A, Greicius T |title=NASA Develops COVID-19 Prototype Ventilator in 37 Days |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-develops-covid-19-prototype-ventilator-in-37-days |date=23 April 2020 |work=[[NASA]] |access-date=24 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="SPC-20200424">{{cite news | vauthors = Wall M |title=NASA engineers build new COVID-19 ventilator in 37 days |url=https://www.space.com/nasa-covid-19-ventilator-passes-test.html |date=24 April 2020 |work=[[Space.com]] |access-date=24 April 2020 }}</ref> Individuals and groups of [[Maker culture|makers]] created and shared [[open source]] designs, and manufacturing devices using locally sourced materials, sewing, and 3D printing. Millions of [[face shield]]s, protective gowns, and masks were made. Other ad hoc medical supplies included shoe covers, surgical caps, [[powered air-purifying respirator]]s, and [[hand sanitizer]]. Novel devices were created such as [[ear saver]]s, [[non-invasive ventilation]] helmets, and ventilator splitters.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Cavalcanti G, Cocciole C, Cole C, Forgues A, Jaqua V, Jones-Davis D, Merlo S |title=Design, Make, Protect: A report on the Open Source Maker and Manufacturer Response to the COVID-19 PPE Crisis |date=2021 |publisher=Open Source Medical Supplies & Nation of Makers |pages=18–22 |url=https://opensourcemedicalsupplies.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Design-Make-Protect_21.01.27.pdf |access-date=17 June 2021}}</ref>
+*On November 12, 2020, Canada surpassed 5,000 daily COVID-19 cases.<ref name=":1" />
+*On December 26, 2020, Canada confirmed first two cases of mutant coronavirus strain from England.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.the-sun.com/news/2034222/canada-two-cases-coronavirus-strain-superspreader/|title=SPREAD DREAD Canada confirms first two cases of mutant Covid strain from UK in couple with 'no known travel history or exposure'|date=December 26, 2020|author=Kassidy Vavra|publisher=The Sun, U.S.|access-date=January 16, 2021|archive-date=January 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120193047/https://www.the-sun.com/news/2034222/canada-two-cases-coronavirus-strain-superspreader/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-{{Main|Open Source Medical Supplies}}
+=== South Africa ===
+[[File:CoViD-19_outbreak_cases_in_South_Africa.png|thumb|]]
+*The new coronavirus strain, called the 501.V2 Variant, was first discovered in South African province Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal and Western Cape. It spreads more rapidly.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wionews.com/world/new-covid-19-mutant-found-in-south-africa-spreads-more-swiftly-351972|title=New Covid-19 mutant found in South Africa spreads more swiftly|date=December 24, 2020|website=WION|access-date=December 27, 2020|archive-date=December 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228185619/https://www.wionews.com/world/new-covid-19-mutant-found-in-south-africa-spreads-more-swiftly-351972|url-status=live}}</ref>
-=== Herd immunity ===
+===Australia===
-In July 2021, several experts expressed concern that achieving [[herd immunity]] may not be possible because Delta can transmit among vaccinated individuals.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal|vauthors=Dyer O|date=August 2021|title=Covid-19: Delta infections threaten herd immunity vaccine strategy|journal=BMJ|volume=374|pages=n1933|doi=10.1136/bmj.n1933|pmid=34340962|s2cid=236778544}}</ref> CDC published data showing that vaccinated people could transmit Delta, something officials believed was less likely with other variants. Consequently, WHO and CDC encouraged vaccinated people to continue with non-pharmaceutical interventions such as masking, social distancing, and quarantining if exposed.<ref name=":2">{{cite news|date=13 August 2021|title=5 Things To Know About the Delta Variant|work=Yale Medicine News|url=https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/5-things-to-know-delta-variant-covid|access-date=18 August 2021|vauthors=Katella K}}</ref>
+* First case reported on 25 January 2020.<ref name="Case1">{{cite web|url=https://www.health.gov.au/ministers/the-hon-greg-hunt-mp/media/first-confirmed-case-of-novel-coronavirus-in-australia|title=First confirmed case of novel coronavirus in Australia|date=25 January 2020|website=Australian Government Department of Health|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215171557/https://www.health.gov.au/ministers/the-hon-greg-hunt-mp/media/first-confirmed-case-of-novel-coronavirus-in-australia|archive-date=15 February 2020|access-date=3 March 2020}}</ref>
+* See [[COVID-19 pandemic in Australia]]
-== History ==
+===New Zealand===
-{{Main|Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic}}
-{{see|Pandemic prevention|Pandemic predictions and preparations prior to the COVID-19 pandemic}}
+* The first case of COVID-19 in New Zealand was detected in late February 2020 in a person in their 60s.<ref>{{Cite web|last=www.ETHealthworld.com|title=New Zealand confirms first case of coronavirus: health ministry - ET HealthWorld|url=https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/diagnostics/new-zealand-confirms-first-case-of-coronavirus-health-ministry/74377332|access-date=2020-11-14|website=ETHealthworld.com|language=en|archive-date=2020-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115084442/https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/diagnostics/new-zealand-confirms-first-case-of-coronavirus-health-ministry/74377332|url-status=live}}</ref>
+* On March 24, 2020, New Zealand reported over 100 daily coronavirus cases for the first time.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=New Zealand Coronavirus: 1,998 Cases and 25 Deaths - Worldometer|url=https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/new-zealand/|access-date=2020-11-14|website=www.worldometers.info|language=en|archive-date=2020-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114074333/https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/new-zealand/|url-status=live}}</ref>
+* From April to November 2020, New Zealand reported between 0 to 50 daily cases.<ref name=":2" />
+* Between August 25, 2021 and August 31, 2021, the whole of New Zealand had been temporarily increased to its maximum lockdown level, Level 4, due to the delta variant.<ref name="nz-covid-history-official">{{Cite web|url=https://covid19.govt.nz/alert-levels-and-updates/history-of-the-covid-19-alert-system/|title=History of the COVID-19 Alert System|access-date=2021-09-06|archive-date=2021-09-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906061642/https://covid19.govt.nz/alert-levels-and-updates/history-of-the-covid-19-alert-system/|url-status=live}}</ref> Most of the cases during August 2021 were originated from [[New South Wales]].<ref name="stuff-nz-covidaugust2021">{{Cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/health/coronavirus/126158263/covid19-a-timeline-of-the-delta-outbreak|title=Covid-19: A timeline of the Delta outbreak|date=23 August 2021|access-date=6 September 2021|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906050653/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/health/coronavirus/126158263/covid19-a-timeline-of-the-delta-outbreak|url-status=live}}</ref> As of September 6, 2021, all of New Zealand has dropped to Level 2, while Auckland remains at Level 4.<ref name="nz-covid-history-official" />
-=== 2019 ===
+=== Cruise ships ===
-{{Main|Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019}}
+* On the [[Diamond Princess (ship)|''Diamond Princess'' cruise ship]], out of 3,711 total passengers and crew members, 621 people, or 17% of all the people on board the ship tested positive for COVID-19. The ship ended its quarantine on February 18th.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Transmission of the novel coronavirus onboard the Diamond Princess|url=https://www.cebm.net/study/covid-19-transmission-of-the-novel-coronavirus-onboard-the-diamond-princess-cruises-ship/|access-date=2020-11-14|website=The Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine|language=en|archive-date=2020-11-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116023502/https://www.cebm.net/study/covid-19-transmission-of-the-novel-coronavirus-onboard-the-diamond-princess-cruises-ship/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-{{Image frame
-|content={{Interactive COVID-19 maps/Per capita confirmed cases}}
-|caption=Interactive timeline map of cumulative confirmed cases per million people<br />(drag circle to adjust; may not work on mobile devices).
-|link=Template:Interactive COVID-19 maps
-|mode=scrollable
-}}
-The [[outbreak]] was discovered in Wuhan in November 2019. It is possible that human-to-human transmission was happening before the discovery.<ref name="Hu2020natureReviews" /><ref name="Graham2020immunity" /> Based on a retrospective analysis starting from December 2019, the number of cases in Hubei gradually increased, reaching 60 by 20 December and at least 266 by 31 December.<ref name="original_report" />
-A [[pneumonia]] cluster was observed on 26 December and treated by Doctor [[Zhang Jixian]]. She informed the Wuhan Jianghan CDC on 27 December.<ref name="D54YB">{{cite web|last1=Lu|first1=Zikang (路子康)|script-title=zh:最早上报疫情的她，怎样发现这种不一样的肺炎|url=https://news.china.com/zw/news/13000776/20200209/37780703.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302165302/https://news.china.com/zw/news/13000776/20200209/37780703.html|archive-date=2 March 2020|access-date=11 February 2020|location=Beijing|language=zh-cn|script-website=zh:中国网新闻}}</ref> Vision Medicals reported the discovery of a [[novel coronavirus]] to the [[Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention|China CDC]] (CCDC) on 28 December.<ref name="AP OR">{{cite news| url=https://apnews.com/article/3c061794970661042b18d5aeaaed9fae|title=China delayed releasing coronavirus info, frustrating WHO|date=2 June 2020|work=Associated Press|access-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025163939/https://apnews.com/article/united-nations-health-ap-top-news-virus-outbreak-public-health-3c061794970661042b18d5aeaaed9fae |archive-date=25 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="caixintrace">{{Cite news |last1=Gao |first1=Yu (高昱) |script-title=zh:独家 {{!}} 新冠病毒基因测序溯源：警报是何时拉响的|trans-title=Exclusive {{!}} Tracing the New Coronavirus gene sequencing: when did the alarm sound|work=[[Caixin]]|date=26 February 2020|language=zh|url=https://china.caixin.com/2020-02-26/101520972.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227094018/https://china.caixin.com/2020-02-26/101520972.html|archive-date=27 February 2020|access-date=1 March 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-On 30 December, a test report from CapitalBio Medlab addressed to Wuhan Central Hospital reported an erroneous positive result for [[SARS]], causing doctors there to alert authorities. Eight of those doctors, including [[Li Wenliang]] (who was also punished on 3{{nbsp}}January),<ref name="siStf" /> were later admonished by the police for spreading false rumours; and [[Ai Fen]] was reprimanded.<ref name="20200311theguardian">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/11/coronavirus-wuhan-doctor-ai-fen-speaks-out-against-authorities |title=Coronavirus: Wuhan doctor speaks out against authorities | vauthors = Kuo L |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=11 March 2020 |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> That evening, Wuhan Municipal Health Commission (WMHC) issued a notice about "the treatment of pneumonia of unknown cause".<ref name="promedmail6864153">{{cite web | title=Undiagnosed pneumonia – China (HU): RFI |url=https://promedmail.org/promed-post/?id=6864153 |website=ProMED Mail |publisher=ProMED |access-date=7 May 2020}}</ref> The next day, WMHC made the announcement public, confirming 27 cases<ref name="AutoDW-69" /><ref name="PYMIR">{{cite news |url=https://news.163.com/19/1231/10/F1NGTJNJ00019K82.html |script-title=zh:武汉现不明原因肺炎 官方确认属实：已经做好隔离 |date=31 December 2019 |access-date=31 March 2020 |work=[[Xinhua News]] |via=[[163.com]]}}</ref><ref name="AutoDW-68" />—enough to trigger an investigation.<ref name="bbc50984025" />
-On 31 December, the WHO office in China was informed of cases of the pneumonia cases<ref name="WHO report">{{cite web | title=Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) SITUATION REPORT – 1 |url=https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200121-sitrep-1-2019-ncov.pdf |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=7 June 2021 |date=20 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="AutoDW-69" /> and immediately launched an investigation.<ref name="bbc50984025" />
-Official Chinese sources claimed that the early cases were mostly linked to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market, which also sold live animals.<ref name="characteristicsZH" /> However, in May 2020, CCDC director [[George F. Gao|George Gao]] indicated the market was not the origin (animal samples had tested negative).<ref name="ALmAQ">{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-rules-out-animal-market-and-lab-as-coronavirus-origin-11590517508 |title=China Rules Out Animal Market and Lab as Coronavirus Origin | vauthors = Areddy JT |date=26 May 2020 |access-date=29 May 2020 |work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref>
-=== 2020 ===
-{{Hatnote|Timelines of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 by month: [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2020|January]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2020|February]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020|March]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020|April]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020|May]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2020|June]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2020|July]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2020|August]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2020|September]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2020|October]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2020|November]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2020|December]]}}
-On 11 January, WHO was notified by the Chinese National Health Commission that the outbreak was associated with exposures in the market, and that China had identified a new type of coronavirus, which it isolated on 7 January.<ref name="WHO report" />
-Initially, the number of cases doubled approximately every seven and a half days.<ref name="Qun29Jan2020" /> In early and mid-January, the virus spread to other [[Provinces of China|Chinese provinces]], helped by the [[Chunyun|Chinese New Year migration]]. Wuhan was a transport hub and major rail interchange.<ref name="WHO report 28 February 2020" /> On 10 January, the virus' genome was shared through [[GISAID]].<ref>{{Cite news| vauthors = Padilla T |date=24 February 2021|title=No one is safe unless everyone is safe|work=BusinessWorld|url=https://www.bworldonline.com/no-one-is-safe-unless-everyone-is-safe/|access-date=24 February 2021}}</ref> A retrospective study published in March found that 6,174 people had reported symptoms by 20 January.<ref name="Epidemiology17Feb2020" /> A 24 January report indicated human transmission, recommended [[personal protective equipment]] for health workers, and advocated testing, given the outbreak's "pandemic potential".<ref name="Huang24Jan2020" /><ref name="Horton 18 March" /> On 31 January the first published modelling study warned of inevitable "independent self-sustaining outbreaks in major cities globally" and called for "large-scale public health interventions."<ref name="pmid32014114">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wu JT, Leung K, Leung GM | title = Nowcasting and forecasting the potential domestic and international spread of the 2019-nCoV outbreak originating in Wuhan, China: a modelling study | journal = Lancet | volume = 395 | issue = 10225 | pages = 689–697 | date = February 2020 | pmid = 32014114 | pmc = 7159271 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30260-9 }}</ref>
-On 30 January, 7,818 infections had been confirmed, leading WHO to declare the outbreak a [[Public Health Emergency of International Concern]] (PHEIC).<ref name="WHO_PHEICSR">{{cite web | date=30 January 2020|title=Novel Coronavirus(2019-nCoV): Situation Report – 10|url=https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200130-sitrep-10-ncov.pdf|access-date=14 October 2020|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)}}</ref><ref name="WHO_PHEIC_decl2" /> On 11 March, WHO elevated it to a pandemic.<ref name="WHO_pandemicSR">{{cite web | date=11 March 2020|title=Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Situation Report – 51|url=https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200311-sitrep-51-covid-19.pdf|access-date=14 October 2020|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)}}</ref><ref name="WHOpandemic" />
-[[File:Student during Coronavirus in Mexico (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|A student in Mexico wearing a surgical mask while taking classes at home. This occurred in April 2020, at the beginning of the pandemic, when the risks of contagion were not yet well known.]]
-By 31 January, Italy had its first confirmed infections, in two tourists from China.<ref name="Corriere_20Jan" /> On 19 March, Italy overtook China as the country with the most reported deaths.<ref name="sky11960412">{{cite web | title=Coronavirus: Number of COVID-19 deaths in Italy surpasses China as total reaches 3,405 |url=https://news.sky.com/story/coronavirus-number-of-covid-19-deaths-in-italy-surpasses-china-as-total-reaches-3-405-11960412 |publisher=Sky News |access-date=7 May 2020}}</ref> By 26 March, the United States had overtaken China and Italy as the country with the highest number of confirmed infections.<ref name="NYT-20200326" /> Genomic analysis indicated that the majority of [[COVID-19 pandemic in New York (state)|New York]]'s confirmed infections came from Europe, rather than directly from Asia.<ref name="20200408nytimes">{{cite news |title=Studies Show N.Y. Outbreak Originated in Europe |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/08/us/coronavirus-live-updates.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=8 April 2020}}</ref> Testing of prior samples revealed a person who was infected in France on 27 December 2019<ref name="France-retest">{{cite news |title=After retesting samples, French hospital discovers COVID-19 case from December |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-france-idUSKBN22G20L | vauthors = Irish J |date=4 May 2020 | veditors = Lough R, Graff P |work=Reuters |access-date=4 May 2020 |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref><ref name="Deslandes 2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Deslandes A, Berti V, Tandjaoui-Lambotte Y, Alloui C, Carbonnelle E, Zahar JR, Brichler S, Cohen Y | display-authors = 6 | title = SARS-CoV-2 was already spreading in France in late December 2019 | journal = International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents | volume = 55 | issue = 6 | page = 106006 | date = June 2020 | pmid = 32371096 | pmc = 7196402 | doi = 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106006 }}</ref> and a person in the United States who died from the disease on 6{{nbsp}}February.<ref name="PBS-2wks">{{cite web | title=2 died with coronavirus weeks before 1st U.S. virus death |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/2-died-with-coronavirus-weeks-before-1st-u-s-virus-death |date=22 April 2020 |website=PBS NewsHour |access-date=23 April 2020}}</ref>
-In April Russia sent a cargo plane with medical aid to the United States.<ref name="20200401themoscowtimes">{{cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Where Has Russia Sent Coronavirus Aid Around the World?|work=[[The Moscow Times]]|url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2020/04/01/where-has-russia-sent-coronavirus-aid-around-the-world-a69825}}</ref>
-In October, WHO reported that one in ten people around the world may have been infected, or 780&nbsp;million people, while only 35&nbsp;million infections had been confirmed.<ref name="bbc_oneinten">{{Cite news|date=5 October 2020|title=One in 10 worldwide may have had Covid – WHO|publisher=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-54422023|access-date=14 October 2020}}</ref>
-On 9 November, [[Pfizer]] released trial results for a candidate vaccine, showing a 90% effectiveness against infection.<ref name="FEv4C">{{Cite news| vauthors = Boseley S, Olterman P |date=9 November 2020|title=Covid-19 vaccine candidate is 90% effective, says Pfizer|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/09/covid-19-vaccine-candidate-effective-pfizer-biontech|access-date=9 November 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> That day, [[Novavax]] entered an [[Food and Drug Administration|FDA]] Fast Track application for their vaccine.<ref name="NPZ5P">{{Cite news| vauthors = Linnane C |title=Novavax wins FDA fast track designation for COVID-19 vaccine candidate|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/novavax-wins-fda-fast-track-designation-for-covid-19-vaccine-candidate-2020-11-09|access-date=9 November 2020|website=MarketWatch}}</ref>
-On 14 December, [[Public Health England]] reported that a variant had been discovered in the UK's southeast, predominantly in [[Kent]]. The variant, later named [[Variant of Concern 202012/01|Alpha]], showed changes to the [[coronavirus spike protein|spike protein]] that could be more infectious. As of 13 December, 1,108 infections had been confirmed.<ref>{{cite web | title=PHE investigating a novel strain of COVID-19|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/phe-investigating-a-novel-strain-of-covid-19|website=GOV.UK|date=14 December 2020|access-date=15 December 2020 }}</ref>
-On 4 February 2020, [[US Secretary of Health and Human Services]] [[Alex Azar]] waived liability for vaccine manufacturers.<ref name="mXTUz">{{cite web|name-list-style=vanc|date=4 February 2020|title=Notice of Declaration under the Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act for medical countermeasures against COVID-19|url=https://www.phe.gov/Preparedness/legal/prepact/Pages/COVID19.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425015411/https://www.phe.gov/Preparedness/legal/prepact/Pages/COVID19.aspx|archive-date=25 April 2020|access-date=22 April 2020|vauthors=Azar A}}</ref>
-=== 2021 ===
-{{Hatnote|Timelines of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021 by month: [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2021|January]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2021|February]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2021|March]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2021|April]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2021|May]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2021|June]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2021|July]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2021|August]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2021|September]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2021|October]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2021|November]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2021|December]]}}
-On 2 January, the [[SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant|Alpha]] variant, first discovered in the UK, had been identified in 33 countries.<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Hauck G |title=More contagious COVID-19 strain identified in 3 states and 33 countries: What to know |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/health/2021/01/02/new-covid-strain-b-117-explained/4112125001/ |website=USA Today |access-date=2 January 2021}}</ref> On 6 January, the [[Lineage P.1|Gamma variant]] was first identified in Japanese travellers returning from Brazil.<ref>{{cite web | title=Genomic characterisation of an emergent SARS-CoV-2 lineage in Manaus: preliminary findings |url=https://virological.org/t/genomic-characterisation-of-an-emergent-sars-cov-2-lineage-in-manaus-preliminary-findings/586 |website=Virological |access-date=6 May 2021 |date=12 January 2021}}</ref> On 29 January, it was reported that the Novavax vaccine was 49% effective against the [[SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant|Beta]] variant in a clinical trial in South Africa.<ref>{{cite news |  vauthors = Nedelman M |title=South Carolina detects first US cases of coronavirus strain first seen in South Africa |date=28 January 2021 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/28/health/south-carolina-variant-south-africa/index.html |publisher=CNN |access-date=29 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | vauthors = Johnson CY |title=Novavax vaccine protects against coronavirus in variant hot spots but proved less effective against strain in South Africa |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2021/01/28/covid-vaccine-variant-south-africa/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=29 January 2021}}</ref> The CoronaVac vaccine was reported to be 50.4% effective in a Brazil clinical trial.<ref>{{cite journal |title=COVID variants test immunity, NIH chief and China's mixed vaccine data |journal=Nature |page=497 |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-00186-w |date=27 January 2021|volume=589 |issue=7843 |bibcode=2021Natur.589..497. |doi-access=free }}</ref>
-[[File:Covid-19 SP - Santo Andre's hospital at peak of pandemic.jpg|thumb|left|upright|A temporary hospital for COVID-19 patients in Brazil in March 2021.]]
-On 12 March, several countries stopped using the Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine due to blood clotting problems, specifically [[cerebral venous sinus thrombosis]] (CVST).<ref>{{cite web | title=AstraZeneca defends COVID vaccine as handful of nations pause use over fear of blood clots |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/astrazeneca-defends-covid-vaccine-as-handful-of-nations-pause-use-over-fear-of-blood-clots/ |publisher=CBS News |access-date=14 March 2021}}</ref> On 20 March, the WHO and European Medicines Agency found no link to [[thrombus]], leading several countries to resume the vaccine.<ref>{{Cite news|date=20 March 2021|title=WHO renews backing for AstraZeneca's COVID-19 jab as European countries resume vaccinations|work=[[SBS News]]|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/who-renews-backing-for-astrazeneca-s-covid-19-jab-as-european-countries-resume-vaccinations|access-date=21 March 2021}}</ref> In March WHO reported that an animal host was the most likely origin, without ruling out other possibilities.<ref name="who-origins-20210330">{{cite web|date=30 March 2021|title=WHO-convened global study of origins of SARS-CoV-2: China Part|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/who-convened-global-study-of-origins-of-sars-cov-2-china-part|access-date=31 March 2021|publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref><ref name="Maxmen2021whoReport" /> The [[SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant|Delta variant]] was first identified in India. In mid-April, the variant was first detected in the UK and two months later it had metastasized into a third wave there, forcing the government to delay reopening that was originally scheduled for June.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Callaway E | title = Delta coronavirus variant: scientists brace for impact | journal = Nature | volume = 595 | issue = 7865 | pages = 17–18 | date = July 2021 | pmid = 34158664 | doi = 10.1038/d41586-021-01696-3 | bibcode = 2021Natur.595...17C | s2cid = 235609029 }}</ref>
-On 10 November, Germany advised against the Moderna vaccine for people under 30.<ref>{{cite web|title=Germany Advises Against Moderna Covid Vaccine For People Under 30|url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/germany-advises-against-moderna-covid-vaccine-for-people-under-30-2605574|access-date=23 December 2021|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> On 24 November, the [[SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant|Omicron variant]] was detected in South Africa; a few days later the World Health Organization declared it a VoC (variant of concern).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fink |first1=Jenni |title=Omicron variant that may resist vaccines found in all U.S. states |url=https://www.newsweek.com/omicron-variant-that-may-resist-vaccines-found-all-us-states-1656826 |website=Newsweek |access-date=25 December 2021 |date=22 December 2021}}</ref> The new variant is more infectious than the Delta variant.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Karim |first1=Salim S Abdool |last2=Karim |first2=Quarraisha Abdool |title=Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant: a new chapter in the COVID-19 pandemic |journal=Lancet |date=2021 |volume=398 |issue=10317 |pages=2126–2128 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02758-6 |pmid=34871545 |pmc=8640673 |issn=0140-6736}}</ref> {{clear}}
-===2022===
-{{Hatnote|Timelines of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2022 by month: [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2022|January]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2022|February]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2022|March]], [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2022|April]]}}
-On 1 January, Europe passed 100 million cases amidst a surge in the [[SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant|Omicron variant]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Europe Tops 100 Million Coronavirus Cases in Pandemic |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/omicron-coronavirus-variant-sweeps-across-the-globe/6377972.html |website=VOA |access-date=2 January 2022 }}</ref>
-On 14 January, the World Health Organization recommended two new treatments, [[Baricitinib]], and [[Sotrovimab]] (although conditionally).<ref>{{cite web |title=World Health Organization recommends 2 new COVID treatments |url=https://news.yahoo.com/world-health-organization-recommends-2-024202907.html |website=news.yahoo.com |access-date=15 January 2022}}</ref>
-On 24 January, it was reported that about 57% of the world has been infected by COVID-19, per the  Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation Model.<ref name="57percent1">{{cite web |title=COVID-19 Results Briefing |url=https://www.healthdata.org/sites/default/files/files/1_briefing_Global_5.pdf |website=healthdata.org |access-date=7 February 2022}}</ref><ref name="57percent2">{{cite web |title=COVID Evaluation Model Estimates 57 Percent of World Population Infected at Least Once |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/health/medical/covid-evaluation-model-estimates-57-percent-of-world-population-infected-at-least-once/ar-AAT6yyz?ocid=BingNewsSearch |website=MSN |access-date=7 February 2022}}</ref>
-On 6 March, it was reported that  the total worldwide death count surpassed 6 million people since the start of the pandemic.<ref>{{cite web |author=Deidre McPhillips |title=Global Covid-19 deaths surpass 6 million |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/03/07/health/global-covid-deaths-surpass-six-million/index.html |website=CNN |date=7 March 2022 |access-date=9 March 2022}}</ref>
-On 13 March, it was reported that COVID-19 cases rapidly approached 457 million as the pandemic entered into its third year. According to Johns Hopkins University, the total case count amounted to 456,908,767.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Latest count of confirmed COVID-19 cases worldwide at 1500 GMT, March 13 - China.org.cn |url=http://www.china.org.cn/world/Off_the_Wire/2022-03/13/content_78106125.htm |access-date=15 March 2022 |website=www.china.org.cn}}</ref>
-== National responses ==
-<!-- ****************************************************************************************
-    **** Please get a consensus at the talk before adding a section for any new country here. ****
-    **************************************************************************************** -->
-{{Main|COVID-19 lockdowns|COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory|National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic}}
-<!-- This map has been commented out because of concerns raised about its inaccuracy (see "Map of world lockdowns is inaccurate" at talk). Please do not bring it back until they have been addressed.
-[[File:COVID-19 Outbreak lockdowns.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Map of national and subnational lockdowns as of 27 May 2020 ([[Template:COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns|table]]; [[National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic#In other countries|more details]]){{Dubious|date=June 2020}}
-{{Block indent|{{legend|#003380|National lockdown}}{{legend|#80b3ff|Subnational lockdown}}{{legend|silver|No lockdown}}|left=2}}]] -->
-National reactions ranged from strict lockdowns to public education.<ref name="IVdfl" /> WHO recommended that curfews and lockdowns should be short-term measures to reorganise, regroup, rebalance resources, and protect the health care system.<ref name="58tIM">{{cite news |  url =https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-10-12/world-health-organization-coronavirus-lockdown-advice/12753688 | title =WHO doctor says lockdowns should not be main coronavirus defence | vauthors = Doyle M | date =11 October 2020 | newspaper =ABC News | access-date =25 October 2020}}</ref>
-As of 26 March 2020, 1.7&nbsp;billion people worldwide were under some form of lockdown.<ref name="theguardian500000">{{cite news | vauthors = Jones S, Kassam A |title=Spain defends response to coronavirus as global cases exceed 500,000 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/26/spanish-coronavirus-deaths-slow-as-world-nears-500000-cases |access-date=29 March 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=26 March 2020}}</ref> This increased to 3.9&nbsp;billion people by the first week of April—more than half the [[World population|world's population]].<ref name="20200403euronews">{{cite news |title=Coronavirus: Half of humanity now on lockdown as 90 countries call for confinement |url=https://www.euronews.com/2020/04/02/coronavirus-in-europe-spain-s-death-toll-hits-10-000-after-record-950-new-deaths-in-24-hou |work=[[Euronews]] |date=3 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="20200328businessinsider">{{cite news |title=A third of the global population is on coronavirus lockdown – here's our constantly updated list of countries and restrictions |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/countries-on-lockdown-coronavirus-italy-2020-3 |work=Business Insider |date=28 March 2020}}</ref>
-=== Asia ===
-{{Main|COVID-19 pandemic in Asia}}
-As of the end of 2021, Asia's peak had come at the same time and at the same level as the world as a whole, in May 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title=COVID-19 Data Explorer|url=https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/coronavirus-data-explorer?zoomToSelection=true&time=2020-04-11..latest&facet=none&pickerSort=asc&pickerMetric=location&Metric=Confirmed+cases&Interval=7-day+rolling+average&Relative+to+Population=true&Align+outbreaks=false&country=USA~South+America~Asia~Europe~Africa~OWID_WRL|url-status=live|access-date=9 December 2021|website=Our World in Data|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209081315/https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/coronavirus-data-explorer?zoomToSelection=true&time=2020-04-11..latest&facet=none&pickerSort=asc&pickerMetric=location&Metric=Confirmed+cases&Interval=7-day+rolling+average&Relative+to+Population=true&Align+outbreaks=false&country=USA~South+America~Asia~Europe~Africa~OWID_WRL |archive-date=9 December 2021 }}</ref> However, cumulatively they had experienced only half the world average.<ref>{{cite web|title=COVID-19 Data Explorer|url=https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/coronavirus-data-explorer?zoomToSelection=true&time=2020-04-11..latest&facet=none&pickerSort=asc&pickerMetric=location&Metric=Confirmed+cases&Interval=Cumulative&Relative+to+Population=true&Align+outbreaks=false&country=USA~South+America~Asia~Europe~Africa~OWID_WRL|url-status=live|access-date=9 December 2021|website=Our World in Data|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209081315/https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/coronavirus-data-explorer?zoomToSelection=true&time=2020-04-11..latest&facet=none&pickerSort=asc&pickerMetric=location&Metric=Confirmed+cases&Interval=Cumulative&Relative+to+Population=true&Align+outbreaks=false&country=USA~South+America~Asia~Europe~Africa~OWID_WRL |archive-date=9 December 2021 }}</ref>
-[[File:塔子湖体育中心改造的方舱医院 07.jpg|thumb|left|A [[Fangcang Hospital|temporary hospital]] constructed in [[Wuhan]] in February 2020.]]
-China opted for containment, inflicting strict lockdowns to eliminate spread.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Burki T | title = China's successful control of COVID-19 | journal = The Lancet. Infectious Diseases | volume = 20 | issue = 11 | pages = 1240–1241 | date = November 2020 | pmid = 33038941 | pmc = 7544475 | doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30800-8 }}</ref><ref>Multiple sources:
-* {{Cite magazine| vauthors = Hessler P |title=How China Controlled the Coronavirus|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/08/17/how-china-controlled-the-coronavirus|access-date=4 January 2021|magazine=The New Yorker}}
-* {{cite web | title=China's response shows how bold decision-making can contain coronavirus|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/03/chinas-response-shows-how-bold-decision-making-can-contain-coronavirus/|access-date=4 January 2021|website=World Economic Forum}}
-* {{cite journal | vauthors = Kupferschmidt K, Cohen J |date=2 March 2020|title=China's aggressive measures have slowed the coronavirus. They may not work in other countries|url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/03/china-s-aggressive-measures-have-slowed-coronavirus-they-may-not-work-other-countries|journal=Science|doi=10.1126/science.abb5426|s2cid=216508232|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref>
-The vaccines distributed in China included the [[Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine|BIBP]], [[Sinopharm WIBP COVID-19 vaccine|WIBP]], and [[CoronaVac]].<ref>{{cite web |vauthors=Pike LL |title=In China, nearly 1 million people have reportedly already gotten a coronavirus vaccine |url=https://www.vox.com/2020/11/25/21612338/does-china-have-a-covid-19-vaccine-1-million-sinopharm-sinovac |website=Vox |access-date=26 November 2020 |date=25 November 2020}}</ref> It was reported on 11 December 2021 that China had vaccinated 1.162 billion of its citizens, or 82.5% of the total population of the country against COVID-19.<ref>{{cite web |title=China vaccinates over 80% of its people against COVID-19 |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/china-vaccinates-over-80-its-people-against-covid-19-2021-12-11/ |website=Reuters |access-date=11 December 2021 |date=11 December 2021}}</ref> During the initial outbreak, multiple sources cast doubt upon the accuracy of China's death tolls, with some suggesting intentional data suppression.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=30 May 2021|title=Covid-19 deaths in Wuhan seem far higher than the official count|url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2021/05/30/covid-19-deaths-in-wuhan-seem-far-higher-than-the-official-count|magazine=[[The Economist]]|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| vauthors = Thomas L |date=8 June 2020|title=Cremation numbers reveal possible suppression of true COVID-19 data in China|url=https://www.news-medical.net/news/20200608/Cremation-numbers-reveal-possible-suppression-of-true-COVID-19-data-in-China.aspx|website=www.news-medical.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=1 April 2020|title=How accurate are China's virus numbers?|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/how-accurate-are-chinas-virus-numbers|website=[[PBS NewsHour]]}}</ref> China's large scale adoption of [[Zero-COVID]] had largely contained the first wave of infections of the disease, with external experts agreeing with the accuracy of China's infection numbers and deaths since the initial outbreak.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last=Burki|first=Talha|date=1 November 2020|title=China's successful control of COVID-19|journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases|language=English|volume=20|issue=11|pages=1240–1241|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30800-8|issn=1473-3099|pmc=7544475|pmid=33038941}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=China's response shows how bold decision-making can contain coronavirus|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/03/chinas-response-shows-how-bold-decision-making-can-contain-coronavirus/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104204702/https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/03/chinas-response-shows-how-bold-decision-making-can-contain-coronavirus/|archive-date=4 January 2021|access-date=4 January 2021|website=World Economic Forum|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Kupferschmidt|first1=Kai|last2=Cohen|first2=Jon|date=2 March 2020|title=China's aggressive measures have slowed the coronavirus. They may not work in other countries|url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/03/china-s-aggressive-measures-have-slowed-coronavirus-they-may-not-work-other-countries|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215013608/https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/03/china-s-aggressive-measures-have-slowed-coronavirus-they-may-not-work-other-countries|archive-date=15 February 2021|access-date=4 January 2021|website=Science {{!}} AAAS|language=en}}</ref> China is almost alone in pursuing a Zero-Covid policy to combat the continuing wave of infections due to the [[SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant|Omicron variant]] in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/59882774 |title=China: How is its zero-Covid strategy changing? |first1= Kai |last1=Wang |first2= Wanyuan |last2=Song|date=4 April 2022 |work=BBC }}</ref>
-The first case in India was reported on 30 January 2020. India ordered a nationwide lockdown starting 24 March 2020,<ref name="mrGsK">{{Cite news| vauthors = Gettleman J, Schultz K |date=24 March 2020|title=Modi Orders 3-Week Total Lockdown for All 1.3 Billion Indians|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/24/world/asia/india-coronavirus-lockdown.html|access-date=2 August 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> with a phased unlock beginning 1 June 2020. Six cities accounted for around half of reported cases—[[COVID-19 pandemic in Maharashtra|Mumbai]], [[COVID-19 pandemic in Delhi|Delhi]], [[COVID-19 pandemic in Gujarat|Ahmedabad]], [[COVID-19 pandemic in Tamil Nadu|Chennai]], [[COVID-19 pandemic in Maharashtra|Pune]] and [[COVID-19 pandemic in West Bengal|Kolkata]].<ref name="sHMHJ">{{cite web | title=Infections over 1 lakh, five cities with half the cases: India's coronavirus story so far|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/05/19/infections-coronavirus-1-lakh-five-cities-with-half-the-cases.html|access-date=20 May 2020|website=The Week}}</ref> Post-lockdown, the Government of India introduced a contact tracking app called Arogya Setu to help authorities manage contact tracing. Later this app was also used for a vaccination management program.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's Aarogya Setu becomes world's most downloaded contact-tracing app |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/indias-aarogya-setu-becomes-worlds-most-downloaded-contact-tracing-app-313748 |access-date=25 March 2022 |website=WION |language=en}}</ref> India's vaccination program was considered to be the world's largest and the most successful with over 90% of citizens getting the first dose and another 65% getting the second dose.<ref>{{Cite news |title=India's Covid vaccination programme one of world's most successful: Govt |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/indias-covid-vaccination-programme-one-of-worlds-most-successful-govt/articleshow/88648882.cms |access-date=25 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India rolls out the world's largest COVID-19 vaccination drive |url=https://www.who.int/india/news/feature-stories/detail/india-rolls-out-the-world-s-largest-covid-19-vaccination-drive |access-date=25 March 2022 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> A second wave hit India in April 2021, straining healthcare services.<ref>{{cite news | vauthors = Yeung J, Sud V |title=India's second Covid wave hits like a 'tsunami' as hospitals buckle under weight|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/21/india/india-covid-hospital-shortage-intl-hnk/index.html|access-date=26 April 2021|publisher=CNN}}</ref> On 21 October 2021, it was reported that the country had surpassed 1 billion vaccinations.<ref>{{cite web |title=India Has Hit The 100-crore Vaccination Mark |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/india-has-hit-the-100-crore-vaccination-mark-7607041.html |website=Moneycontrol |access-date=28 December 2021 }}</ref>
-[[File:Disinfection of Tehran subway wagons against coronavirus 2020-02-26 09.jpg|thumb|Disinfection of [[Tehran Metro]] trains against COVID-19 transmission. Similar measures have also been taken in other countries.<ref name="2kQpo">{{cite web | url=https://www.tvn-2.com/nacionales/Coronavirus-en-Panama-Metro-limpieza_0_5531446820.html |title=Realizan jornada de limpieza en vagones del Metro de Panamá |date=12 March 2020 |publisher=Tvn-2.com |access-date=23 April 2020}}</ref>]]
-Iran reported its first confirmed cases on 19 February 2020 in [[Qom]].<ref name="wHBRB" /><ref name="4yrqM" /> Early measures included the cancellation of concerts and other cultural events,<ref name="Xm5nq" /> Friday prayers,<ref name="Urdn6" /> and education shutdowns.<ref name="2YX6a" /> Iran became a centre of the pandemic in February 2020.<ref name="HHOnl" /><ref name="New Yorker" /> More than ten countries had traced their outbreaks to Iran by 28 February, indicating a more severe outbreak than the 388 reported cases.<ref name="New Yorker" /><ref name="D2Xpc" /> The [[Islamic Consultative Assembly|Iranian Parliament]] closed, after 23 of its 290 members tested positive on 3{{nbsp}}March 2020.<ref name="fXv2K" /> At least twelve sitting or former Iranian politicians and government officials had died by 17 March 2020.<ref name="oxtUC" /> By August 2021, the pandemic's fifth wave peaked, with more than 400 deaths in 1 day.<ref>{{cite web|date=5 August 2021|title=Iranian Hospitals Overflow As Number Of Reported COVID-19 Cases Passes 4 Million|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-covid-4-million/31393785.html|access-date=6 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805130006/https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-covid-4-million/31393785.html|archive-date=5 August 2021}}</ref>
-COVID-19 was confirmed in South Korea on 20 January 2020. Military bases were quarantined after tests showed three infected soldiers.<ref name="b82186" /> South Korea introduced what was then considered the world's largest and best-organised screening programme, isolating infected people, and tracing and quarantining contacts.<ref name="science20200317" /> Screening methods included mandatory self-reporting by new international arrivals through mobile application,<ref name="nbcnews1167376">{{cite web | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/how-south-korea-flattened-its-coronavirus-curve-n1167376 |title=This is how South Korea flattened its coronavirus curve | vauthors = Moon G |publisher=NBC News |access-date=31 March 2020}}</ref> combined with [[drive-through]] testing,<ref name="CvyZS" /> and increasing testing capability to 20,000 people/day.<ref name="fdhQW" /> Despite some early criticisms,<ref name="imx38" /> South Korea's programme was considered a success in controlling the outbreak without quarantining entire cities.<ref name="science20200317" /><ref name="Wypis" /><ref name="joins23778577">{{cite web | script-title=ko:'K방역 극찬' 빌 게이츠, KT 손잡고 제2 코로나 막을 연구에 60억 투자 |url=https://news.joins.com/article/23778577 |date=17 May 2020 |script-website=ko:중앙일보 |language=ko |access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref>
-=== Europe ===
-{{Main|COVID-19 pandemic in Europe}}
-[[File:Persons died due to coronavirus COVID-19 per capita in Europe.svg|upright=1.35|thumb|left|Deaths per 100,000 residents]]
-The global COVID-19 pandemic arrived in [[Europe]] with its first confirmed case in [[Bordeaux]], [[COVID-19 pandemic in France|France]], on 24 January 2020, and subsequently spread widely across the continent. By 17 March 2020, every country in Europe had confirmed a case,<ref>{{cite tweet|user=MeGovernment|number=1239992049350447104|title=Two COVID-19 cases confirmed in Montenegro|date=17 March 2020|accessdate=17 March 2020}}</ref> and all have reported at least one death, with the exception of [[COVID-19 pandemic in Vatican City|Vatican City]]. [[COVID-19 pandemic in Italy|Italy]] was the first European nation to experience a major outbreak in early 2020, becoming the first country worldwide to introduce a national [[COVID-19 lockdowns in Italy|lockdown]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Saglietto A, D'Ascenzo F, Zoccai GB, De Ferrari GM | title = COVID-19 in Europe: the Italian lesson | language = English | journal = Lancet | volume = 395 | issue = 10230 | pages = 1110–1111 | date = April 2020 | pmid = 32220279 | pmc = 7118630 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30690-5 }}</ref> By 13 March 2020, the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) declared Europe the epicentre of the pandemic<ref>{{cite web| vauthors = Nebehay S |date=13 March 2020|title=Europe is epicenter of coronavirus pandemic: WHO|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-who/europe-is-epicenter-of-coronavirus-pandemic-who-idUSKBN2102Q0|work=Reuters|access-date=8 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=13 March 2020|title=Coronavirus: Europe now epicentre of the pandemic, says WHO|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-51876784|publisher=BBC|access-date=8 May 2021}}</ref> and it remained so until the WHO announced it has been overtaken by [[COVID-19 pandemic in South America|South America]] on 22 May.<ref>{{cite news| vauthors = Feuer W |date=22 May 2020|title=South America is a 'new epicenter' of the coronavirus pandemic, WHO says|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/05/22/south-america-is-a-new-epicenter-of-the-coronavirus-pandemic-who-says.html}}</ref> By 18 March 2020, more than 250&nbsp;million people were in [[Stay-at-home order|lockdown]] in Europe.<ref>{{cite news| vauthors = Henley J |date=18 March 2020|title=More than 250m in lockdown in EU as Belgium and Germany adopt measures|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/18/coronavirus-lockdown-eu-belgium-germany-adopt-measures|url-status=live|access-date=4 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401085742/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/18/coronavirus-lockdown-eu-belgium-germany-adopt-measures|archive-date=1 April 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Despite [[deployment of COVID-19 vaccines]], Europe became the pandemic's epicentre once again in late 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title=COVID-19's epicentre again: Europe faces fresh reckoning|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/12/covid-19s-epicentre-again-europe-faces-fresh-reckoning|access-date=19 November 2021|website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=With Covid cases rising, Europe is back at the epicenter of the pandemic |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/who-says-europe-back-epicenter-covid-pandemic-despite-vaccines-n1283263 |website=NBC News |access-date=15 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
-The Italian outbreak began on 31 January 2020, when two Chinese tourists tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in Rome.<ref name="Corriere_20Jan" /> Cases began to rise sharply, which prompted the government to suspend flights to and from China and declare a state of emergency.<ref name="thelocal-flight" /> On 22 February 2020, the Council of Ministers announced a new decree-law to contain the outbreak, including quarantining more than 50,000 people in northern Italy.<ref name="AutoDW-201" /> On 4 March the Italian government ordered schools and universities closed as Italy reached a hundred deaths. Sport was suspended completely for at least one month.<ref name="Kv4Ld" /><!-- We should summarise restrictions generally for Europe as a continent, not for various individual countries. At a high level, restrictions can be categorised into broadly similar groups. --> On 11 March Conte stopped nearly all commercial activity except supermarkets and pharmacies.<ref name="SWDJe" /><ref name="1B1Ui" /> On 19 March Italy overtook China as the country with the most COVID-19-related deaths.<ref name="To26Y" /><ref name="ClzT6" /> On 19 April the first wave ebbed, as 7-day deaths declined to 433.<ref name="thehill493586">{{cite web | vauthors = Coleman J |title=Italy sees fewest coronavirus deaths in a week |url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/europe/493586-italy-sees-fewest-coronavirus-deaths-in-a-week |website=The Hill |access-date=20 April 2020 |date=19 April 2020 |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> On 13 October, the Italian government again issued restrictive rules to contain the second wave.<ref name="KhaW7">{{cite news |title=Conte firma il dpcm: stop a movida e gite, niente didattica a distanza |url=https://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/politica/2020/10/12/coronavirus-conte-dpcm-nuove-misure-anti-covid-stretta_f39a3a5d-1412-48eb-9e73-c2c0009fd90b.html |access-date=13 October 2020 |agency=ansa.it |date=13 October 2020}}</ref> On 10 November Italy surpassed 1&nbsp;million confirmed infections.<ref name="8XEwk">{{cite web | title=Italy passes 1 million Covid-19 cases, France overtakes Russia |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/3109462/coronavirus-italy-passes-1-million-cases-joining-10-worst-hit |website=South China Morning Post |access-date=13 November 2020 |date=12 November 2020}}</ref> On 23 November, it was reported that the second wave of the virus had led some hospitals to stop accepting patients.<ref>{{cite web | title=Coronavirus: Clinics in Naples, Italy, on the brink of collapse | date=23 November 2020 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/coronavirus-clinics-in-naples-italy-on-the-brink-of-collapse/a-55703503 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |access-date=25 November 2020}}</ref>
-[[File:2020 12 27 mas vacunados en la residencia mixta 1 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Vaccinations at a [[retirement home]] in [[Gijón]], Spain, in December 2020.|alt=Elderly woman rolls up sleeve as two nurses administer a vaccine.]]
-The virus was first confirmed to have spread to [[Spain]] on 31 January 2020, when a German tourist tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in [[La Gomera]], Canary Islands.<ref name="SanidadConfirmaEnLaGomera">{{cite news|title=Sanidad confirma en La Gomera el primer caso de coronavirus en España|url=https://elpais.com/sociedad/2020/01/31/actualidad/1580509404_469734.html|website=[[El Pais]]|access-date=31 January 2020|date=31 January 2020|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131225909/https://elpais.com/sociedad/2020/01/31/actualidad/1580509404_469734.html|archive-date=31 January 2020|url-status=live | vauthors = Linde P }}</ref> Post-hoc genetic analysis has shown that at least 15 strains of the virus had been imported, and [[community transmission]] began by mid-February.<ref name="genetic analysis">{{cite news | vauthors = Ansede M |title=El análisis genético sugiere que el coronavirus ya circulaba por España a mediados de febrero |url=https://elpais.com/ciencia/2020-04-22/el-analisis-genetico-sugiere-que-el-coronavirus-ya-circulaba-por-espana-a-mediados-de-febrero.html |access-date=23 April 2020 |work=El País |date=22 April 2020 |language=es}}</ref> On 29 March, it was announced that, beginning the following day, all non-essential workers were ordered to remain at home for the next 14 days.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-nz/news/world/spain-poised-to-tighten-coronavirus-lockdown-after-record-daily-toll/ar-BB11S9Gj|title=Spain poised to tighten coronavirus lockdown after record daily toll|publisher=MSN|access-date=29 March 2020}}</ref> The number of cases increased again in July in a number of cities including [[Barcelona]], [[Zaragoza]] and [[Madrid]], which led to reimposition of some restrictions but no national lockdown.<ref name=bbc25july>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-53539015 |title=Coronavirus: Spain drives fears of European 'second wave' |date=25 July 2020 |publisher=BBC }}</ref><ref name="elpais6aug">{{cite news |url=https://english.elpais.com/spanish_news/2020-08-06/spains-basque-region-admits-to-second-wave-of-covid-19.html |title=Spain's Basque region admits to second wave of Covid-19 |work=El País |date=6 August 2020 }}</ref><ref name="telegraph aug16">{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/08/14/spain-shuts-nightlife-amid-fears-major-second-wave-coronavirus/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/08/14/spain-shuts-nightlife-amid-fears-major-second-wave-coronavirus/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Spain shuts down nightlife amid fears of major second wave of coronavirus| vauthors = Badcock J |date=14 August 2020 |work=The Telegraph}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/coronavirus/news/spain-wont-declare-another-national-state-of-alarm-allows-regions-to-lockdown-if-necessary/ |title=Spain won't declare another national state of alarm, allows regions to lockdown if necessary |date=26 August 2020 |work=Euroactiv }}</ref> By September 2021, Spain was one of the countries with the highest percentage of its population vaccinated (76% fully vaccinated and 79% with the first dose),<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Ritchie H, Mathieu E, Rodés-Guirao L, Appel C, Giattino C, Ortiz-Ospina E, Hasell J, Macdonald B, Beltekian D, Roser M | display-authors = 6 |date=5 March 2020|title=Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19)|url=https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations|journal=Our World in Data}}</ref> while also being one of the countries more in favour of vaccines against COVID-19 (nearly 94% of its population were already vaccinated or wanted to be).<ref>{{cite web|title=·CIS·Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas·Avance de resultados del estudio 3330 Barómetro de julio 2021|url=https://www.cis.es/cis/opencms/ES/NoticiasNovedades/InfoCIS/2021/Documentacion_3330.html|access-date=2 October 2021|website=www.cis.es}}</ref> However, as of 21 January 2022, this figure had only increased to 80.6%. Nevertheless, Spain leads Europe for per-capita full-vaccination rates. Italy is ranked 2nd at 75%.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ritchie|first1=Hannah|last2=Mathieu|first2=Edouard|last3=Rodés-Guirao|first3=Lucas|last4=Appel|first4=Cameron|last5=Giattino|first5=Charlie|last6=Ortiz-Ospina|first6=Esteban|last7=Hasell|first7=Joe|last8=Macdonald|first8=Bobbie|last9=Beltekian|first9=Diana|last10=Roser|first10=Max|date=5 March 2020|title=Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19)|url=https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations|journal=Our World in Data}}</ref><!-- We should summarise vaccination status for Europe as a continent, not for dozens of individual countries. -->
-Sweden differed from most other European countries in that it mostly remained open.<ref name="NYT20200515">{{cite news | vauthors = Leatherby L |title=Sweden Stayed Open. A Deadly Month Shows the Risks |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/05/15/world/europe/sweden-coronavirus-deaths.html |access-date=18 May 2020 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=15 May 2020}}</ref> Per the Swedish Constitution, the [[Public Health Agency of Sweden]] has autonomy that prevents political interference and the agency favoured remaining open. The Swedish strategy focused on longer-term measures, based on the assumption that after lockdown the virus would resume spreading, with the same result.<ref name="7ys2k">{{cite web | vauthors = Milne R |date=8 May 2020|title=Architect of Sweden's no-lockdown strategy insists it will pay off|url=https://www.ft.com/content/a2b4c18c-a5e8-4edc-8047-ade4a82a548d|access-date=16 August 2020|website=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref><ref name="I06mN">{{cite web | title=Sverige diskuterar inte exitstrategier: "Vår strategi är hållbar, vi kan ligga kvar med den en väldigt lång tid"|url=https://svenska.yle.fi/artikel/2020/04/22/sverige-diskuterar-inte-exitstrategier-var-strategi-ar-hallbar-vi-kan-ligga-kvar|access-date=16 August 2020|website=svenska.yle.fi|language=sv-FI}}</ref> By the end of June, Sweden no longer had [[excess mortality]].<ref name="HEUrz">{{cite web | title=Inte längre någon överdödlighet i Sverige|url=https://www.dagensmedicin.se/artiklar/2020/06/25/inte-langre-nagon-overdodlighet-i-sverige/|access-date=16 August 2020|website=Dagens Medicin|language=sv}}</ref>
-[[Devolution in the United Kingdom]] meant that each of its four [[Countries of the United Kingdom|countries]] developed its own response. [[England]]'s restrictions were shorter-lived than the others.<ref name="8VnMf">{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/britain/2020/06/06/devolution-has-become-less-dysfunctional-during-the-pandemic |title=Ignore the squabbling Devolution has become less dysfunctional during the pandemic |newspaper=The Economist |date=6 June 2020 |access-date=22 July 2020}}</ref> The [[Government of the United Kingdom|UK government]] started enforcing social distancing and quarantine measures on 18 March 2020.<ref name="PkWGD" /><ref name="Pkx25" /> On 16 March, Prime Minister [[Boris Johnson]] advised against non-essential travel and social contact, praising [[Remote work|work from home]] and avoiding venues such as pubs, restaurants, and theatres.<ref name="5Q93q" /><ref name="hYdUy" /> On 20 March, the government ordered all leisure establishments to close,<ref name="dmBNt" /> and promised to prevent unemployment.<ref name="mV2p3" /> On 23 March, Johnson banned gatherings and restricted non-essential travel and outdoor activity. Unlike previous measures, these restrictions were enforceable by police through fines and dispersal of gatherings. Most non-essential businesses were ordered to close.<ref name="bbc-pm-2403" /> On 24 April 2020, it was reported that a promising vaccine trial had begun in England; the government pledged more than £50&nbsp;million towards research.<ref name="vKeXC">{{cite web | title=Large-scale human trial of potential COVID-19 vaccine kicks off at Oxford |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/coronavirus-vaccine-covid-19-human-clinical-trial-oxford-england/ |publisher=CBS News |access-date=24 April 2020}}</ref> On 16 April 2020, it was reported that the UK would have first access to the Oxford vaccine, due to a prior contract; should the trial be successful, some 30&nbsp;million doses would be available.<ref name="Lbt4o">{{cite web | title=Coronavirus updates: Texas reports single highest daily rate increase of infections |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/coronavirus-updates-texas-reports-single-highest-daily-rate-increase-of-infections/ar-BB14cpOY?ocid=spartan-dhp-feeds |publisher=MSN |access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref> On 2 December 2020, the UK became the first developed country to approve the Pfizer vaccine; 800,000 doses were immediately available for use.<ref>{{cite news | vauthors = Mueller B |title=U.K. Approves Pfizer Coronavirus Vaccine, a First in the West |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/02/world/europe/pfizer-coronavirus-vaccine-approved-uk.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=2 December 2020 |date=2 December 2020}}</ref>
-=== North America ===
-{{Main|COVID-19 pandemic in North America}}
-The virus arrived in the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United States|United States]] on 13 January 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Second Travel-related Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Detected in United States |url=https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2020/p0124-second-travel-coronavirus.html |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us |date=18 February 2020}}</ref> Cases were reported in all North American countries after [[COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Kitts and Nevis|Saint Kitts and Nevis]] confirmed a case on 25 March, and in all North American territories after [[COVID-19 pandemic in Bonaire|Bonaire]] confirmed a case on 16 April.<ref name="FirstBonaire_local">{{cite web| url=https://www.infobonaire.com/update-on-coronavirus-covid-19-by-bonaires-lt-governor/| title=Update on Coronavirus (COVID-19) by Bonaire's Lt. Governor InfoBonaire | website=The Bonaire Information Site| date=16 April 2020 |access-date=17 April 2020}}</ref>
-[[File:USNS Comfort New York City 2020.jpg|thumb|The hospital ship [[USNS Comfort (T-AH-20)|USNS ''Comfort'']] arrives in [[Manhattan]] on 30 March 2020.]]
-{{COVID-19 data/Text|US|cases}} confirmed cases have been reported in the United States with {{COVID-19 data/Text|US|deaths}} deaths, the most of any country, and [[COVID-19 pandemic death rates by country|the nineteenth-highest]] per capita worldwide.<ref name="JH Mortality">{{cite web|url= https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/data/mortality|title=Mortality Analyses|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University]]|access-date=17 December 2020}}</ref> COVID-19 is the [[List of disasters in the United States by death toll|deadliest pandemic in U.S. history]];<ref>{{cite web|date=21 September 2021|title=COVID-19 surpasses 1918 flu as deadliest pandemic in U.S. history|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/covid-19-is-now-the-deadliest-pandemic-in-us-history|access-date=2 October 2021|website=National Geographic}}</ref> it was the third-leading cause of death in the U.S. in 2020, behind heart disease and cancer.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/us-coronavirus-deaths-top-3-million-e2bc856b6ec45563b84ee2e87ae8d5e7|title=US deaths in 2020 top 3 million, by far most ever counted| vauthors = Stobbe M |date=21 December 2020|access-date=22 December 2020|work=Associated Press }}</ref> From 2019 to 2020, U.S. life expectancy dropped by 3{{nbsp}}years for Hispanic Americans, 2.9{{nbsp}}years for African Americans, and 1.2{{nbsp}}years for white Americans.<ref name=Bosman>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/21/us/american-life-expectancy-report.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/21/us/american-life-expectancy-report.html |archive-date=28 December 2021 |url-access=limited|title=U.S. Life Expectancy Plunged in 2020, Especially for Black and Hispanic Americans| vauthors = Bosman J, Kasakove S, Victor D |date=21 July 2021|access-date=21 July 2021|work=[[The New York Times]]|name-list-style=vanc}}{{cbignore}}</ref> These effects have persisted as U.S. deaths due to COVID-19 in 2021 exceeded those in 2020.<ref>{{cite web| vauthors = Shapiro E, Pereira I, Deliso M |date=6 October 2021|title=COVID-19 live updates: More Americans died of COVID this year than all of 2020|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/live-updates/covid-delta-surge/?id=80391228|access-date=6 October 2021|website=ABC News }}</ref> In the United States, COVID-19 vaccines became available in December 2020, under emergency use, beginning the [[COVID-19 vaccination in the United States|national vaccination program]], with the first vaccine officially approved by the [[Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration (FDA)]] on 23 August 2021.<ref>{{cite press release | title=FDA Approves First COVID-19 Vaccine | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=23 August 2021 | url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-covid-19-vaccine | access-date=16 October 2021}}</ref><!-- TODO: add sentence on Canada -->
-In March 2020, as cases of community transmission were confirmed [[COVID-19 pandemic in Canada|across Canada]], all of its provinces and territories declared states of emergency. Provinces and territories have, to varying degrees, implemented school and daycare closures, prohibitions on gatherings, closures of non-essential businesses and restrictions on entry. Canada severely restricted its border access, barring travellers from all countries with some exceptions.<ref>{{cite web| vauthors = McQuigge M |date=25 March 2020|title=The Quarantine Act explained, as isolation becomes mandatory for some|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/the-quarantine-act-explained-as-isolation-becomes-mandatory-for-some-1.4868457|access-date=4 April 2021|publisher=CTV News}}</ref> Cases surged across Canada, notably in the provinces of [[COVID-19 pandemic in British Columbia|British Columbia]], [[COVID-19 pandemic in Alberta|Alberta]], [[COVID-19 pandemic in Quebec|Quebec]] and [[COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario|Ontario]], with the  formation of the [[Atlantic Bubble]], a [[Travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic|travel-restricted]] area of the country (formed of the four [[Atlantic Canada|Atlantic provinces]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vocm.com/2020/12/23/covid-cases-in-atlantic-bubble-remain-low-as-cases-grow-across-canada/|title=COVID Cases in Atlantic Bubble Remain Low as Cases Grow Across Canada|first=Jolene|last=Grimes}}</ref>  Vaccine passports were adopted in all provinces and two of the territories.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/covid-nl-sept-7-2021-1.6166699 |title=Vaccine passports coming, Furey says, as N.L. reports 5 new cases |publisher=CBC News |date=7 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/03/world/canada/vaccine-passports-protests.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903220325/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/03/world/canada/vaccine-passports-protests.html |archive-date=3 September 2021 |url-access=limited|title=Vaccine Passports Roll Out, and So Do Unruly Anti-Vaccine Protests|first=Ian|last=Austen|date=3 September 2021|work=The New York Times}}</ref>
-=== South America ===
-{{Main|COVID-19 pandemic in South America}}
-[[File:(2020.04.17) Higienização entrada estação da CPTM (49784811813).jpg|thumb|Disinfection of public area in [[Itapevi]], Brazil, in April 2020.]]
-The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached South America on 26 February 2020 when Brazil confirmed a case in [[São Paulo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.as-coa.org/articles/where-coronavirus-latin-america |title=Where Is the Coronavirus in Latin America? | vauthors = orwitz L, Nagovitch P, Sonneland HK, Zissis C |website=AS/COA|access-date=22 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322095058/https://www.as-coa.org/articles/where-coronavirus-latin-america|archive-date=22 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> By 3 April, all countries and territories in South America had recorded at least one case.<ref name="Stuff/Fairfax">{{cite web |url= https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/health/coronavirus/120818001/uncollected-bodies-lie-for-days-in-the-streets-of-ecuador-the-emerging-epicenter-of-the-coronavirus-in-latin-america |title=Uncollected bodies lie for days in the streets of Ecuador the emerging epicentre of the coronavirus in Latin America |publisher= Stuff/Fairfax |date=4 April 2020}}</ref> On 13 May 2020, it was reported that Latin America and the [[Caribbean]] had reported over 400,000 cases of COVID-19 infection with 23,091 deaths. On 22 May 2020, citing the rapid increase of [[COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil|infections in Brazil]], the [[World Health Organization]] WHO declared South America the epicentre of the pandemic.<ref>{{cite news |title=WHO declares that South America is the new coronavirus epicenter |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/05/22/coronavirus-update-us/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |accessdate=23 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Ward A |title=How South America became a coronavirus epicenter |url=https://www.vox.com/2020/5/26/21270376/south-america-covid-19-coronavirus-brazil-peru-chile |website=Vox |date=26 May 2020 |accessdate=28 May 2020}}</ref> As of 16 July 2021, South America had recorded 34,359,631 confirmed cases and 1,047,229 deaths from COVID-19. Due to a shortage of testing and medical facilities, it is believed that the outbreak is far larger than the official numbers show.<ref>{{cite web |title=How Brazil went from carnival floats to mass graves. Photos show what it's like in the world's latest coronavirus hotspot. |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/photos-show-brazil-emerging-as-new-global-coronavirus-hotspot-2020-5#in-early-april-brazilian-health-officials-confirmed-that-covid- |website=Business Insider |accessdate=28 May 2020}}</ref>
-The virus was confirmed to have spread to [[Brazil]] on 25 February 2020,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.saude.gov.br/noticias/agencia-saude/46435-brasil-confirma-primeiro-caso-de-novo-coronavirus|title=Brasil confirma primeiro caso da doença|date=26 February 2020|publisher=[[Ministry of Health (Brazil)]] |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306155723/https://www.saude.gov.br/noticias/agencia-saude/46435-brasil-confirma-primeiro-caso-de-novo-coronavirus|archive-date=6 March 2020|access-date=4 March 2020}}</ref> when a man from [[São Paulo]] who had traveled to [[Italy]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/ciencia-e-saude/noticia/2020/02/26/ministerio-da-saude-fala-sobre-caso-possivel-paciente-com-coronavirus.ghtml|title=Ministério da Saúde confirma primeiro caso de coronavírus no Brasil |date=26 February 2020|publisher=G1 |url-status=live|access-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226144153/https://g1.globo.com/ciencia-e-saude/noticia/2020/02/26/ministerio-da-saude-fala-sobre-caso-possivel-paciente-com-coronavirus.ghtml |archive-date=26 February 2020 }}</ref> tested positive for the virus. The disease had spread to every [[Federative units of Brazil|federative unit of Brazil]] by 21 March. On 19 June 2020, the country reported its one millionth case and nearly 49,000 reported deaths.<ref>{{cite news|last=Charner|first=Flora|date=19 June 2020|title=Brazil tops 1 million Covid-19 cases. It may pass the US next, becoming the worst-hit country on the planet|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/19/americas/brazil-one-million-coronavirus-jair-bolsonaro-cases-intl/index.html|access-date=19 June 2020|publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Painel Coronavírus|url=https://covid.saude.gov.br/|access-date=12 June 2020|website=}}</ref> One estimate of [[Under-reporting#Disease|under-reporting]] was 22.62% of total reported COVID-19 mortality in 2020.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kupek |first1=E |title=How many more? Under-reporting of the COVID-19 deaths in Brazil in 2020. |journal=Tropical Medicine & International Health : TM & IH |date=18 May 2021 |volume=26 |issue=9 |pages=1019–1028 |doi=10.1111/tmi.13628 |pmid=34008266 |pmc=8242696}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ibrahim |first1=NK |title=Epidemiologic surveillance for controlling Covid-19 pandemic: types, challenges and implications. |journal=Journal of Infection and Public Health |date=November 2020 |volume=13 |issue=11 |pages=1630–1638 |doi=10.1016/j.jiph.2020.07.019 |pmid=32855090 |pmc=7441991}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Santos |first1=Alcione Miranda Dos |last2=Souza |first2=Bruno Feres de |display-authors= etal |title=Excess deaths from all causes and by COVID-19 in Brazil in 2020 |journal=Rev Saude Publica |volume=55 |page=71 |date=2021 |pmid=34730751 |pmc=8522736 |doi=10.11606/s1518-8787.2021055004137}}</ref>  As of {{COVID-19 data/Date|format=d F Y}}, Brazil, with {{COVID-19 data/Text|BR|cases}} confirmed cases and {{COVID-19 data/Text|BR|deaths}} deaths, has the third-highest number of confirmed cases and second-highest death toll from COVID-19 in the world, behind only [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United States|those of the United States]] and [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|of India]].
 === Africa ===
-{{Main|COVID-19 pandemic in Africa}}
+* In late February 2020, [[Nigeria]] had it’s first case in [[Sub-Saharan Africa]].
-[[File:Air Forces Africa delivers medical supplies to Ghana (49829156488).jpg|thumb|left|[[United States Air Force|US Air Force]] personnel unload a [[Boeing C-17 Globemaster III|C-17]] aircraft carrying approximately {{convert|4000|lb|kg|order=flip|abbr=on}} of medical supplies in [[Niamey]], [[Niger]], in April 2020.]]
+* In November 2020, Africa surpassed 2 million cases.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.africanews.com/2020/11/19/covid-19-africa-surpasses-2-million-cases/|title = Covid-19: Africa surpasses 2 million cases|date = 19 November 2020|access-date = 10 December 2020|archive-date = 6 December 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201206082535/https://www.africanews.com/2020/11/19/covid-19-africa-surpasses-2-million-cases//|url-status = live}}</ref>
-The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have spread to Africa on 14 February 2020, with the first confirmed case announced in [[COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt|Egypt]].<ref name="bbc_51509248">{{cite news |title=Beijing orders 14-day quarantine for all returnees |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51509248 |access-date=24 March 2020 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214210032/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51509248 |archive-date=14 February 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Egypt announces first Coronavirus infection |url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/81641/Egypt-announces-first-Coronavirus-infection |access-date=24 March 2020 |work=[[Egypt Today]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215092410/https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/81641/Egypt-announces-first-Coronavirus-infection |archive-date=15 February 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> The first confirmed case in [[sub-Saharan Africa]] was announced in [[COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria|Nigeria]] at the end of February 2020.<ref name="bbc_51671834">{{cite news |title=Nigeria confirms first coronavirus case |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51671834 |access-date=24 March 2020 |work=BBC News |date=28 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302181240/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51671834 |archive-date=2 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Within three months, the virus had spread throughout the continent, as [[Lesotho]], the last African sovereign state to have remained free of the virus, reported a case on 13 May 2020.<ref name=reuters_idUSKBN22P1R4>{{Cite news|date=13 May 2020|title=Remote Lesotho becomes last country in Africa to record COVID-19 case|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-lesotho-idUSKBN22P1R4|url-status=live|access-date=13 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514053312/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-lesotho-idUSKBN22P1R4|archive-date=14 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="latimes.com">{{cite web|title=Coronavirus live updates: Lesotho becomes last African nation to report a coronavirus case|url=https://www.latimes.com/california/liveblog/coronavirus-live-updates-wednesday-may-13|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513141447/https://www.latimes.com/california/liveblog/coronavirus-live-updates-wednesday-may-13|archive-date=13 May 2020|access-date=13 May 2020|website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> By 26 May, it appeared that most African countries were experiencing community transmission, although testing capacity was limited.<ref name=theguardian_20200526_africa>{{cite web| vauthors = Akinwotu E |date=26 May 2020|title=Experts sound alarm over lack of Covid-19 test kits in Africa|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/may/26/africa-concerned-over-lack-of-coronavirus-testing-kits|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529155322/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/may/26/africa-concerned-over-lack-of-coronavirus-testing-kits|archive-date=29 May 2020|access-date=29 May 2020|website=The Guardian}}</ref> Most of the identified imported cases arrived from Europe and the United States rather than from China where the virus originated.<ref name="Africa Braces">{{cite news |last1=Maclean |first1=Ruth | name-list-style = vanc |title=Africa Braces for Coronavirus, but Slowly |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/17/world/africa/coronavirus-africa-burkina-faso.html |access-date=25 March 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=17 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325014602/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/17/world/africa/coronavirus-africa-burkina-faso.html |archive-date=25 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Many preventive measures [[National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa|have been implemented]] by different countries in Africa including travel restrictions, flight cancellations, and event cancellations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Here are the African countries with confirmed coronavirus cases |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/09/africa/nigeria-coronavirus-cases-intl/index.html |access-date=24 March 2020 |work=[[CNN]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322032350/https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/09/africa/nigeria-coronavirus-cases-intl/index.html |archive-date=22 March 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
-In early June 2021, Africa faced a third wave of COVID infections with cases rising in 14 countries.<ref name=theguardian_20210607_third>{{cite web|date=7 June 2021|title=Third wave sweeps across Africa as Covid vaccine imports dry up|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/07/third-wave-sweeps-across-africa-as-covid-vaccine-imports-dry-up|access-date=9 June 2021|website=The Guardian}}</ref> By 4 July the continent recorded more than 251,000 new COVID cases, a 20% increase from the prior week and a 12% increase from the January peak. More than sixteen African countries, including Malawi and Senegal, recorded an uptick in new cases.<ref name="Mendez">{{cite web | vauthors = Mendez R |date=8 July 2021 |title=Africa suffers worst surge in Covid cases as delta variant spurs third wave of pandemic |url= https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/08/delta-variant-africa-suffers-worst-surge-in-covid-cases-officials-brace-for-third-wave.html |access-date=9 July 2021|website=CNBC}}</ref> The World Health Organization labelled it Africa's 'Worst Pandemic Week Ever'.<ref>{{Cite news| vauthors = Dahir AL |date=8 July 2021|title=Africa marks its 'worst pandemic week' yet, with cases surging and vaccine scarce, the W.H.O. says.|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/08/world/africa-coronavirus-cases-who.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/08/world/africa-coronavirus-cases-who.html |archive-date=28 December 2021 |url-access=limited|access-date=9 July 2021|issn=0362-4331}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
-=== Oceania ===
-{{Main|COVID-19 pandemic in Oceania}}
-The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached [[Oceania]] on 25 January 2020 with the first confirmed case reported in [[Melbourne]], [[COVID-19 pandemic in Australia|Australia]].<ref name="AustraliaCase1">{{cite web |url=https://www.health.gov.au/ministers/the-hon-greg-hunt-mp/media/first-confirmed-case-of-novel-coronavirus-in-australia|title=First confirmed case of novel coronavirus in Australia|date=25 January 2020|website=Australian Government Department of Health |access-date=3 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215171557/https://www.health.gov.au/ministers/the-hon-greg-hunt-mp/media/first-confirmed-case-of-novel-coronavirus-in-australia|archive-date=15 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> It has since spread elsewhere in the region,<ref name="WHO Dashboard">{{cite web|url=https://covid19.who.int/|title=WHO COVID-19 Dashboard|date=24 April 2020|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-date=16 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416183953/https://covid19.who.int/|url-status=live}}</ref> although many small Pacific [[island country|island nations]] have thus far avoided the outbreak by closing their international borders. Two Oceania sovereign states ([[Nauru]] and [[Tuvalu]]) and one dependency ([[COVID-19 pandemic in the Cook Islands|Cook Islands]]) have yet to report an active case. [[COVID-19 pandemic in Australia|Australia]] and [[COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand|New Zealand]] were praised for their handling of the pandemic in comparison to other Western nations, with New Zealand and each state in Australia wiping out all community transmission of the virus several times even after re-introduction into the community.<ref name="reuters-oz-10days">{{cite news | vauthors = Pandey S |title=Australia records 10th day of no local COVID-19 cases |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-australia/update-1-australia-set-for-10th-day-of-no-local-covid-19-cases-idUSL1N2K201P |access-date=28 June 2021 |work=Reuters |date=27 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="bloomberg-oz-tassie-price">{{cite news | vauthors = Scott J  |title= Australia's Island State Pays High Price for Virus Victory |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-24/the-high-price-of-beating-the-virus-on-one-pristine-island |access-date=28 June 2021 |work=www.bloomberg.com |date=24 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | vauthors = Cave D |title=One Case, Total Lockdown: Australia's Lessons for a Pandemic World |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/01/world/australia/perth-lockdown.html |access-date=15 April 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=1 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331200902/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/01/world/australia/perth-lockdown.html |archive-date=31 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>
-As a result of the high transmissibility of the Delta variant, however, by August 2021, the Australian states of [[New South Wales]] and [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] had conceded defeat in their eradication efforts.<ref>{{Cite news| vauthors = Briggs C |date=1 September 2021|title=Another state has given up on COVID zero. It shows Delta is a formidable foe|work=ABC News|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-09-02/victoria-and-nsw-abandon-covid-zero-analysis/100426124|access-date=29 October 2021}}</ref> In early October 2021, New Zealand also abandoned its elimination strategy.<ref name="The Guardian NZ abandons elimination">{{cite news | vauthors = Corlett E |title=New Zealand Covid elimination strategy to be phased out, Ardern says |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/04/new-zealand-covid-strategy-in-transition-ardern-says-as-auckland-awaits-lockdown-decision |access-date=4 October 2021 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=4 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004002428/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/04/new-zealand-covid-strategy-in-transition-ardern-says-as-auckland-awaits-lockdown-decision |archive-date=4 October 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> In November and December, following vaccination efforts, the remaining states of Australia, excluding Western Australia, voluntarily gave up COVID-zero in order to open up state and international borders.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-11-27 |title=SA opened its borders to COVID-19 this week. Here's what we've learned |language=en-AU |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-11-27/sa-borders-open-what-we-have-learnt-so-far/100655534 |access-date=2022-04-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-12 |title=Everything you need to know as Queensland's border FINALLY reopens to Australia |url=https://7news.com.au/lifestyle/health-wellbeing/everything-you-need-to-know-as-queenslands-border-finally-reopens-to-australia-c-4914002 |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=7NEWS |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-12-14 |title=5,000 arrivals in a day: Hobart Airport predicted to have busiest day on record |language=en-AU |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-12-15/tasmania-open-again-after-almost-two-years-shut-due-to-covid-19/100699854 |access-date=2022-04-26}}</ref> The open borders allowed the Omicron Variant of COVID-19 to enter quickly and cases subsequently exceeded 120,000 a day.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-29 |title=Hitting the Omicron peak is just the beginning: This is what's in store next for Australia |language=en-AU |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-01-30/covid-whats-next-after-omicrons-peak/100786176 |access-date=2022-04-26}}</ref> By early March, with cases exceeding 1000 a day Western Australia conceded defeat in its eradication stratergy and opened the borders after previously delaying the re-opening due to the omicron variant.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Western Australia Finally Opens Border After COVID-19 Closure |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/western-australia-finally-opens-border-after-covid-19-closure-/6468095.html |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=VOA |language=en}}</ref> Despite record cases, Australian jurisdictions slowly removed restrictions such as close contact isolation, mask wearing and density limits, with Western Australia the last to remove restrictions on April 26.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McNeill |first=Heather |date=2022-04-26 |title=WATCH LIVE: WA to ditch masks, proof of vaccination and capacity limits |url=https://www.watoday.com.au/national/western-australia/wa-health-minister-to-make-covid-19-announcement-20220426-p5ag8v.html |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=WAtoday |language=en}}</ref>
-=== Antarctica ===
-{{Main|COVID-19 pandemic in Antarctica}}
-Due to its remoteness and sparse population, [[Antarctica]] was the last [[continent]] to have confirmed cases of COVID-19 and was one of the last regions of the world affected directly by the pandemic.<ref>{{Cite news| vauthors = Taylor A, Pitrelli S |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2020/03/24/one-continent-remains-untouched-by-coronavirus-antarctica/|title=One continent remains untouched by the coronavirus: Antarctica|date=24 March 2020|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=3 April 2020|archive-date=1 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401225655/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2020/03/24/one-continent-remains-untouched-by-coronavirus-antarctica/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | vauthors = Torres E |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/life-antarctica-continent-case-coronavirus/story?id=69716325|title=What life is like on Antarctica, the only continent without a case of coronavirus|date=20 March 2020|work=ABC News|access-date=3 April 2020|archive-date=1 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401135314/https://abcnews.go.com/International/life-antarctica-continent-case-coronavirus/story?id=69716325|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Agence France-Presse|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/australasia/article/3077724/pacific-islands-antarctic-bases-coronavirus-free-living-some|title=Pacific islands, Antarctic bases: coronavirus-free living in some of Earth's most isolated places|date=31 March 2020|work=South China Morning Post|access-date=3 April 2020|archive-date=3 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403015046/https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/australasia/article/3077724/pacific-islands-antarctic-bases-coronavirus-free-living-some|url-status=live}}</ref> The first cases were reported in December 2020, almost a year after the first cases of COVID-19 were detected in China. At least 36 people are confirmed to have been infected.<ref>{{cite web|date=21 December 2020|title=Reportan brote de coronavirus en base chilena en la Antártida|url=https://www.infobae.com/america/agencias/2020/12/21/reportan-brote-de-coronavirus-en-base-chilena-en-la-antartida/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223065428/https://www.infobae.com/america/agencias/2020/12/21/reportan-brote-de-coronavirus-en-base-chilena-en-la-antartida/|archive-date=23 December 2020|access-date=21 December 2020|website=infobae|language=es-ES}}</ref>
-== Other responses ==
-{{Further|Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic|International aid related to the COVID-19 pandemic}}
-[[File:China COVID19 test kit PH donation 8.jpg|thumb|Donated medical supplies received in the Philippines.|alt=Workers unloading boxes of medical supplies at Villamor Air Base.]]
-The pandemic shook the world's economy, with especially severe economic damage in the United States, Europe, and Latin America.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.imf.org/en/About/FAQ/imf-response-to-covid-19|title=The IMF's Response to COVID-19|author=IMF}}</ref> A consensus report by American intelligence agencies in April 2021 concluded, "Efforts to contain and manage the virus have reinforced nationalist trends globally, as some states turned inward to protect their citizens and sometimes cast blame on marginalized groups." COVID-19 inflamed partisanship and polarisation around the world as bitter arguments exploded over how to respond. International trade was disrupted amid the formation of no-entry enclaves.<ref>{{cite news | vauthors = Barnes JE | title=U.S. Intelligence Report Warns of Global Consequences of Social Fragmentation | website=[[The New York Times]] | date=8 April 2021 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/08/us/politics/intelligence-global-trends-report-pandemic.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/08/us/politics/intelligence-global-trends-report-pandemic.html |archive-date=28 December 2021 |url-access=limited | access-date=8 May 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
-=== Travel restrictions ===
-{{Main|Travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic}}
-The pandemic led many countries and regions to impose quarantines, entry bans, or other restrictions, either for citizens, recent travellers to affected areas,<ref name="20200326nytimes">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/article/coronavirus-travel-restrictions.html |title=Coronavirus Travel Restrictions, Across the Globe |date=26 March 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> or for all travellers.<ref name="Kh5YZ">{{cite web | url=https://www.smartraveller.gov.au/COVID-19-australian-travellers |title=Coronavirus (COVID-19) – information for Australian travellers |date=9 April 2020 |publisher=Australian Government}}</ref> Travel collapsed worldwide, damaging the travel sector. The effectiveness of travel restrictions was questioned as the virus spread across the world.<ref name="20200224nationalgeographic">{{cite news | vauthors = Nsikan A |title=Coronavirus spikes outside China show travel bans aren't working |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/02/why-travel-restrictions-are-not-stopping-coronavirus-covid-19/ |access-date=2 April 2020 |work=National Geographic |date=24 February 2020}}</ref> One study found that travel restrictions only modestly affected the initial spread, unless combined with other [[infection prevention and control]] measures.<ref name="DJYtB">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chinazzi M, Davis JT, Ajelli M, Gioannini C, Litvinova M, Merler S, Pastore Y, Piontti A, Mu K, Rossi L, Sun K, Viboud C, Xiong X, Yu H, Halloran ME, Longini IM, Vespignani A | display-authors = 6 | title = The effect of travel restrictions on the spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak | journal = Science | volume = 368 | issue = 6489 | pages = 395–400 | date = April 2020 | pmid = 32144116 | pmc = 7164386 | doi = 10.1126/science.aba9757 | author-link15 = Ira M. Longini, Jr. | author-link16 = Alessandro Vespignani | bibcode = 2020Sci...368..395C }}</ref> Researchers concluded that "travel restrictions are most useful in the early and late phase of an epidemic" and "restrictions of travel from Wuhan unfortunately came too late".<ref name="283GD">{{cite news |title=COVID-19: Study shows that travel restrictions are most useful in the early and late phase of an epidemic |url=https://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/news/covid-19-travel-restrictions-study/ |work=Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford |date=25 March 2020}}</ref>
-The [[European Union]] rejected the idea of suspending the [[Schengen Agreement|Schengen free travel zone]].<ref name="dw52497811">{{cite news |url=https://www.dw.com/en/coronavirus-eu-rules-out-schengen-border-closures-amid-italy-outbreak/a-52497811 |title=Coronavirus: EU rules out Schengen border closures amid Italy outbreak |date=24 February 2020 |publisher=Deutsche Welle}}</ref><ref name="20200313euractiv">{{cite news |title=Commission chief warns against unilateral virus travel bans |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/justice-home-affairs/news/commission-chief-warns-against-unilateral-virus-travel-bans/ |work=[[EURACTIV]] |date=13 March 2020}}</ref>
-=== Repatriation of foreign citizens ===
-{{Main|Evacuations related to the COVID-19 pandemic}}
-[[File:Ukraine evacuates Ukrainian and foreign citizens from Wuhan 16.jpg|thumb|Ukraine evacuates Ukrainian and foreign citizens from [[Wuhan]], China.]]
-Several countries repatriated their citizens and diplomatic staff from Wuhan and surroundings, primarily through [[Air charter|charter flights]]. Canada, the United States, Japan, India,<ref name="FLdHv">{{cite web | title=Coronavirus in India: Latest Map and Case Count |url=https://www.covid19india.org/ |access-date=11 June 2020 |website=covid19india.org}}</ref> Sri Lanka, Australia, France, Argentina, Germany, and Thailand were among the first to do so.<ref name="AutoDW-169" /> Brazil and New Zealand evacuated their own nationals and others.<ref name="AutoDW-171" /><ref name="6l9jG" /> On 14 March, South Africa repatriated 112 South Africans who tested negative, while four who showed symptoms were left behind.<ref name="auto3">{{cite web | url=https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/repatriated-citizens-be-reunited-families |title=Repatriated citizens to be reunited with families |website=SANews.gov.zanews24.com |date=29 March 2020 |access-date=31 March 2020}}</ref> Pakistan declined to evacuate its citizens.<ref name="20200131dialoguepakistan" />
-On 15 February, the US announced it would evacuate Americans aboard the [[Diamond Princess outbreak|Diamond Princess]] [[cruise ship]],<ref name="AutoDW-174" /> and on 21 February, Canada evacuated 129 Canadians from the ship.<ref name="AutoDW-175" /> In early March, the Indian government began repatriating its citizens from Iran.<ref name="czjOG" /><ref name="indiatimes74647353">{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/4th-batch-of-53-indians-evacuated-from-iran-s-jaishankar/articleshow/74647353.cms |title=4th batch of 53 Indians evacuated from Iran: S Jaishankar |date=16 March 2020 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=28 March 2020}}</ref> On 20 March, the United States began to withdraw some troops from Iraq.<ref name="USWithdraw">{{cite web | url=https://thehill.com/policy/defense/488618-us-led-coalition-in-iraq-drawing-down-over-coronavirus-concerns |title=US-led coalition in Iraq drawing down over coronavirus concerns |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |date=20 March 2020 | vauthors = Kheel R |access-date=7 April 2020}}</ref>
-=== United Nations ===
-{{Main|United Nations response to the COVID-19 pandemic}}
-In June 2020, the [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]] launched the UN Comprehensive Response to COVID-19.<ref name="Krm4a">{{cite web | date=25 June 2020|title=UN tallies action so far to fight COVID-19, and roadmap out of the pandemic|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/06/1067132|access-date=4 August 2020|website=UN News}}</ref> The [[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development]] (UNSC) was criticised for its slow response, especially regarding the UN's [[global ceasefire]], which aimed to open up humanitarian access to conflict zones.<ref name=":22">{{cite web | date=9 April 2020|title=Global Ceasefire Call Deserves UN Security Council's Full Support|url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/global/global-ceasefire-call-deserves-un-security-councils-full-support|access-date=1 August 2020|website=Crisis Group}}</ref>
-==== WHO ====
-{{Main|World Health Organization's response to the COVID-19 pandemic|l1 = World Health Organization's response to the COVID-19 pandemic}}
-[[File:13981214000744637189356214810969 نشست مدیران شهری با نمایندگان سازمان بهداشت جهانی.jpg|thumb|[[World Health Organization]] representatives holding joint meeting with [[Tehran]] city administrators in March 2020.]]
-The WHO spearheaded initiatives such as the [[COVID-19 Solidarity Response Fund]] to raise money for the pandemic response, the [[UN COVID-19 Supply Chain Task Force]], and the [[solidarity trial]] for investigating potential treatment options for the disease. The [[COVAX]] program, co-led by the WHO, [[GAVI|Gavi]], and the [[Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations]] (CEPI), aimed to accelerate the development, manufacture, and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines, and to guarantee fair and equitable access across the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=COVAX|url=https://www.who.int/initiatives/act-accelerator/covax|access-date=9 December 2021|website=www.who.int}}</ref>
-=== Protests against governmental measures ===
-{{Main|Protests over responses to the COVID-19 pandemic}}
-In several countries, protests rose against restrictions such as lockdowns. A February 2021 study found that protests against restrictions were likely to directly increase spread.<ref>{{cite web | date=9 February 2021|title=German anti-lockdown protests led to more coronavirus cases, study finds|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/anti-corona-restrictions-protests-responsible-for-coronavirus-outbreak-study-shows/|access-date=17 February 2021|website=Politico}}</ref>
-== Impact ==
-{{Main|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic}}
-{{Further|Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic}}
-=== Economics ===
-{{Main|Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic}}
-{{See also|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on aviation|l1=Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on aviation|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on science and technology|l2=on science and technology|Financial market impact of the COVID-19 pandemic|l3=on financial markets|2020 stock market crash|COVID-19 recession}}
-[[File:Stock-indices-2020crash+recovery.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|A [[stock index]] chart shows the [[2020 stock market crash]].]]
-The pandemic and responses to it damaged the global economy. On 27 February 2020, worries about the outbreak crushed US stock indexes, which posted their sharpest falls since 2008.<ref name="U7teI" />
-Tourism collapsed due to travel restrictions, closing of public places including travel attractions, and advice of governments against travel. Airlines cancelled flights, while British regional airline [[Flybe]] collapsed.<ref name="z2VrM" /> The cruise line industry was hard hit,<ref name="smh20200227">{{Cite news | vauthors = Turner B |url=https://www.smh.com.au/business/the-economy/most-significant-crisis-in-the-history-of-travel-where-to-now-for-tourism-20200227-p5450j.html |title='Most significant crisis in the history of travel': where to now for tourism? |date=4 April 2020 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=5 April 2020}}</ref> and train stations and ferry ports closed.<ref name="wnn7L" /> International mail stopped or was delayed.<ref name="wsj1158868721">{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/another-coronavirus-business-problem-skyrocketing-cost-of-air-cargo-11588687216 |title=You've Got Mail ... Finally: The Pandemic Is Jamming Up the World's Post |access-date=15 May 2020 |date=5 May 2020 | vauthors = Cherney M, Craymer L |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal }}</ref>
-The retail sector faced reductions in store hours or closures.<ref name="4QUSL" /> Retailers in Europe and Latin America faced traffic declines of 40 per cent. North America and Middle East retailers saw a 50–60 per cent drop.<ref name="20200402aislelabs">{{citation |url=https://www.aislelabs.com/blog/2020/04/02/how-retailers-globally-are-responding-to-coronavirus-updated-frequently/ |title=How Retailers Globally are Responding to Coronavirus by Aislelabs |newspaper=Aislelabs |date=2 April 2020|access-date=3 April 2020}}</ref> Shopping centres faced a 33–43 per cent drop in foot traffic in March compared to February. Mall operators around the world coped by increasing sanitation, installing thermal scanners to check the temperature of shoppers, and cancelling events.<ref name="J6Y6Z" />
-Hundreds of millions of jobs were lost.<ref name="aljazeera2004271718">{{cite news |title=Half the world's workers face losing their jobs, says ILO |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/ajimpact/world-workers-face-losing-jobs-ilo-200427171840169.html |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=29 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="20200506csmonitor">{{cite news |title=No jobs, so what future? Half the world's workforce on the edge |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/2020/0506/No-jobs-so-what-future-Half-the-world-s-workforce-on-the-edge |work=The Monitor |date=6 May 2020}}</ref> including more than 40&nbsp;million Americans.<ref name="20200528WaPo">{{cite news |title=Americans have filed more than 40 million jobless claims in past 10 weeks, as another 2.1 million filed for benefits last week | vauthors = Romm T |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/05/28/unemployment-claims-coronavirus/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=28 May 2020}}</ref> According to a report by [[Yelp]], about 60% of US businesses that closed will stay shut permanently.<ref name="vLHxV">{{cite news |title=Yelp data shows 60% of business closures due to the coronavirus pandemic are now permanent |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/16/yelp-data-shows-60percent-of-business-closures-due-to-the-coronavirus-pandemic-are-now-permanent.html |publisher=CNBC |date=16 September 2020}}</ref>
-The [[International Labour Organization]] (ILO) reported that the income generated in the first nine months of 2020 from work across the world dropped by 10.7 per cent, or $3.5&nbsp;trillion.<ref name="rd8bm">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-ilo/pandemic-slashes-worldwide-income-from-work-by-a-tenth-ilo-idUSKCN26E1SM|title=Pandemic slashes worldwide income from work by a tenth: ILO|access-date=23 September 2020|work=Reuters|date=23 September 2020| vauthors = Nebehay S }}</ref>
-==== Supply shortages ====
-{{Main|Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic}}
-[[File:Ntuc super store, Singapore (49505410793).jpg|thumb|left|COVID-19 fears have led to panic buying of essentials across the world, including [[toilet paper]], dried and [[instant noodles]], bread, rice, vegetables, disinfectant, and [[rubbing alcohol]] (picture taken in February 2020).]]
-The outbreak was blamed for [[panic buying]], emptying groceries of essentials such as food, toilet paper, and bottled water. Panic buying stemmed from perceived threat, perceived scarcity, fear of the unknown, coping behaviour and social psychological factors (e.g. [[social influence]] and trust).<ref name="cSvA4">{{cite journal|vauthors=Yuen KF, Wang X, Ma F, Li KX|date=May 2020|title=The Psychological Causes of Panic Buying Following a Health Crisis|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=17|issue=10|page=3513|doi=10.3390/ijerph17103513|pmc=7277661|pmid=32443427|doi-access=free|s2cid=218856048}}</ref>
-[[Shortage|Supply shortages]] were due to disruption to factory and logistic operations;<ref name="XvcU9" /> shortages were worsened by [[supply chain]] disruptions from factory and port shutdowns, and labour shortages.
-Shortages continued as managers underestimated the speed of economic recovery after the initial economic crash. The technology industry, in particular, warned of delays from underestimates of semiconductor demand for vehicles and other products.<ref name="AutoDW-263" />
-According to WHO's Adhanom, demand for [[personal protective equipment]] (PPE) rose one hundredfold, pushing prices up twentyfold.<ref name="AutoDW-275" /><ref name="AutoDW-276" /> PPE stocks were exhausted everywhere.<ref name="Mycfo" />
-In September 2021, the [[World Bank]] reported that food prices remain generally stable and the supply outlook remains positive. However, the poorest countries witnessed a sharp increase in food prices, reaching the highest level since the pandemic began. The Agricultural Commodity Price Index stabilized in the third quarter but remained 17% higher than in January 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title=Food Security and COVID-19|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/agriculture/brief/food-security-and-covid-19|access-date=23 December 2021|website=World Bank}}</ref>
-By contrast, petroleum products were in surplus at the beginning of the pandemic, as demand for gasoline and other products collapsed due to reduced commuting and other trips.<ref name="BBC, US oil prices, 21 April 2020">[https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52350082 US oil prices turn negative as demand dries up], BBC, 21 April 2020.</ref> The [[2021 global energy crisis]] was driven by a global surge in demand as the world economy recovered. Energy demand was particularly strong in Asia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Energy crunch: How high will oil prices climb? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/9/27/energy-crunch-how-high-will-oil-prices-climb |work=Al-Jazeera |date=27 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Covid is at the center of world's energy crunch, but a cascade of problems is fueling it |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/covid-center-world-energy-crunch-cascade-problems-fuel-rcna2688 |work=NBC News |date=8 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Energy Crisis 2021: How Bad Is It, And How Long Will It Last? |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/covid-center-world-energy-crunch-cascade-problems-fuel-rcna2688 |work=Forbes |date=19 October 2021}}</ref>
-=== Culture ===
-{{Main|COVID-19 pandemic in popular culture}}
-[[File:Religious service live-streaming during the 2020 coronavirus pandemic.jpg|alt=A man wearing purple vestments and standing at an altar uses a mobile phone camera to record himself. Empty pews are visible in the background.|thumb|An American Catholic military chaplain prepares for a live-streamed [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] in an empty chapel at [[Offutt Air Force Base]] in March 2020.]]
-The performing arts and [[cultural heritage sector]]s have been profoundly affected by the pandemic, impacting organisations' operations as well as individuals—both employed and independent—globally. By March 2020, across the world and to varying degrees, museums, libraries, performance venues, and other cultural institutions had been indefinitely closed with their exhibitions, events and performances cancelled or postponed.<ref name="v5Qlx">{{cite web | url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/here-are-the-museums-that-have-closed-due-to-coronavirus |title=Here are the museums that have closed (so far) due to coronavirus |website=theartnewspaper.com |date=14 March 2020 |access-date=29 March 2020}}</ref> Some services continued through digital platforms,<ref name="ZljIY">{{cite web | url=https://mcn.edu/a-guide-to-virtual-museum-resources/ |title=The Ultimate Guide to Virtual Museum Resources |date=15 March 2020 |website=MCN |access-date=29 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="Burke2020" /><ref name="SxIEK" /> such as live streaming concerts<ref name="SZ5Mc" /> or web-based arts festivals.<ref name="mYlLn" />
-=== Politics ===
-{{Main|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics}}
-{{See also|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on international relations}}
-[[File:2020 coronavirus task force.jpg|alt=Meeting of the Italian government task force to face the coronavirus outbreak, 23 February 2020|thumb|An [[Conte II Cabinet|Italian government]] task force meets to discuss COVID-19 in February 2020.]]
-The pandemic affected political systems, causing suspensions of legislative activities,<ref name="20200313nationalpost">{{cite news | url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/canadian-parliament-suspended-until-april-due-to-coronavirus-crisis |title=Federal government announces aggressive measures to battle COVID-19 as parliament suspended until April | vauthors = Tumilty R |date=13 March 2020 |newspaper=Nationalpost |access-date=30 April 2020}}</ref> isolations or deaths of politicians,<ref name="20200318foreignpolicy">{{cite web | url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/03/18/coronavirus-corridors-power-which-world-leaders-have-covid-19/ |title=Coronavirus in the Corridors of Power | vauthors = Mackinnon A, Palder D | date=18 March 2020 |website=Foreign Policy |access-date=30 April 2020}}</ref> and rescheduled elections.<ref name="20200427nytimes">{{Cite news | vauthors = Corasaniti N, Saul S |url= https://www.nytimes.com/article/2020-campaign-primary-calendar-coronavirus.html |title=15 States Have Postponed Primaries During the Pandemic. One Has Canceled. |date=27 April 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=30 April 2020 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
-Although they developed broad support among epidemiologists, NPIs (non-pharmaceutical interventions) were controversial in many countries. Intellectual opposition came primarily from  other fields, along with heterodox epidemiologists.<ref name="74OHE">''The Economist'', 4 April 2020, page 14.</ref>
-On 23 March 2020, United Nations Secretary-General [[António Guterres|António Manuel de Oliveira Guterres]] appealed for a global [[ceasefire]];<ref name="tFb4N">{{cite web | date=23 March 2020|title=Transcript of the Secretary-General's virtual press encounter on the appeal for global ceasefire|url=https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/press-encounter/2020-03-23/transcript-of-the-secretary-generals-virtual-press-encounter-the-appeal-for-global-ceasefire|access-date=1 August 2020|website=United Nations Secretary-General}}</ref><ref name="lzoeV">{{cite web | date=23 March 2020|title=COVID-19: UN chief calls for global ceasefire to focus on 'the true fight of our lives'|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/03/1059972|access-date=1 August 2020|website=UN News}}</ref> 172 UN member states and observers signed a non-binding supporting statement in June,<ref name="AGhvz">{{cite web | date=24 June 2020|title=170 signatories endorse UN ceasefire appeal during COVID crisis|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/06/1066982|access-date=1 August 2020|website=UN News}}</ref> and the [[UN Security Council]] passed a [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 2532|resolution]] supporting it in July.<ref name="9rN79">{{cite web | title=S/RES/2532(2020) – E – S/RES/2532(2020)|url=https://undocs.org/en/S/RES/2532(2020)|access-date=1 August 2020|website=undocs.org}}</ref><ref name="nJTuX">{{cite web | date=1 July 2020|title=Stalled Security Council resolution adopted, backing UN's global humanitarian ceasefire call|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/07/1067552|access-date=1 August 2020|website=UN News}}</ref>
-==== China ====
-{{See|China–United States relations#COVID-19}}
-Multiple provincial-level administrators of the [[Chinese Communist Party]] were dismissed over their handling of quarantine measures. Some commentators claimed this move was intended to protect CCP [[General Secretary of the Communist Party|general secretary]] [[Xi Jinping]].<ref name="vLpPa" /> The [[US intelligence community]] claimed that China intentionally under-reported its COVID-19 caseload.<ref name="20200402nytimes">{{cite news |title=C.I.A. Hunts for Authentic Virus Totals in China, Dismissing Government Tallies |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/02/us/politics/cia-coronavirus-china.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2 April 2020}}</ref> The Chinese government maintained that it acted swiftly and transparently.<ref name="hMc3w">{{cite news | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-06-07/china-denies-cover-up-rejects-politicization-of-coronavirus?sref=nAHOTXiV |title=China Denies Cover-Up, Rejects 'Politicization' of Coronavirus |access-date=7 June 2020 |newspaper=Bloomberg.com|date=7 June 2020 }}</ref><ref name="NF0y6">{{cite news |url=https://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-06/07/c_139120863.htm |title=China CDC informs U.S. of COVID-19 on Jan. 4: white paper |access-date=7 June 2020 |agency=Xinhua News Agency |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609130816/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-06/07/c_139120863.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Journalists and activists in China who reported on the pandemic were detained by authorities,<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 September 2020|title=Chen Qiushi: Chinese journalist missing since February 'under state supervision'|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-54277439|access-date=16 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=23 April 2020|title=Li Zehua: Journalist who 'disappeared' after Wuhan chase reappears|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-52392762|access-date=16 February 2021}}</ref> including [[Zhang Zhan]], who was arrested and tortured.<ref>{{cite web | title=Covid-19 journalist tortured for exposing truth|url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/urgent-actions/covid-19-journalist-tortured-exposing-truth|access-date=16 February 2021|website=amnesty.org.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=28 December 2020|title=Zhang Zhan: China jails citizen journalist for Wuhan reports|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-55463241|access-date=16 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | date=10 December 2020|title=Citizen journalist detained over Wuhan reporting 'restrained and fed by tube'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/10/citizen-journalist-detained-over-wuhan-reporting-restrained-and-fed-by-tube|access-date=16 February 2021|website=The Guardian}}</ref>
-==== Italy ====
-In early March 2020, the Italian government criticised the EU's lack of solidarity with Italy.<ref name="Y27Kh" /><ref name="91jge" /><ref name="politico-corona">{{cite news |title=China is winning the coronavirus propaganda war |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/coronavirus-china-winning-propaganda-war/ |work=Politico |date=18 March 2020}}</ref> On 22 March 2020, after a phone call with Italian Prime Minister [[Giuseppe Conte]], Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] ordered the [[Russian Armed Forces|Russian army]] to send military medics, disinfection vehicles, and other medical equipment to Italy.<ref name="reuters219081">{{cite news |title=Russian army to send coronavirus help to Italy after Putin phone call |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-russia-italy/russian-army-to-send-coronavirus-help-to-italy-after-putin-phone-call-idUSKBN219081 |work=Reuters |date=22 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="20200328insideover">{{cite news | vauthors = Vivaldelli R |title=Quelle polemiche infondate sugli aiuti russi all'Italia |url=https://it.insideover.com/politica/quelle-polemiche-infondate-sugli-aiuti-russi-allitalia.html |work=[[Il Giornale]] |date=28 March 2020}}</ref>  In early April, [[Norway]] and EU states like [[Romania]] and [[Austria]] started to offer help by sending medical personnel and disinfectant,<ref name="eumedicalteams">{{cite news |title=Coronavirus: EU Medical Teams deployed to Italy |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_20_613 |publisher=Europa (web portal) |date=1 July 2020}}</ref> and [[Ursula von der Leyen]] offered an official apology to the country.<ref name="euapology">{{cite news |title=EU offers 'heartfelt apology' to Italy over coronavirus response |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/16/eu-offers-heartfelt-apology-italy-coronavirus-response-herd-immunity |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
-==== United States ====
-[[File:Open Ohio Rally IMG 0910 (49799974031).jpg|thumb|Several hundred anti-lockdown [[Protests over responses to the COVID-19 pandemic|protesters]] rallied at the [[Ohio Statehouse]] on 20 April 2020.<ref name="Columbus Dispatch">{{cite news |vauthors=Rouan R |title=Protesters at Statehouse demand state reopen as DeWine announces schools to remain closed |url=https://www.dispatch.com/news/20200420/protesters-at-statehouse-demand-state-reopen-as-dewine-announces-schools-to-remain-closed |access-date=3 May 2020 |work=[[The Columbus Dispatch]] |date=20 April 2020 |archive-date=25 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425004821/https://www.dispatch.com/news/20200420/protesters-at-statehouse-demand-state-reopen-as-dewine-announces-schools-to-remain-closed |url-status=dead }}</ref>]]
-Beginning in mid-April 2020, protestors objected to government-imposed business closures and restricted personal movement and association.<ref name="5YqAF">"Coronavirus: Anti-Lockdown Protests Grow Across US". BBC News. 17 April 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200417172715/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52330531 Archived] from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2020.</ref> Simultaneously, [[essential worker]]s protested in the form of a brief [[2020 United States essential workers general strike|general strike]].<ref name="c114M">{{cite web | vauthors = Russ H |title=Instacart, Amazon workers strike as labor unrest grows during coronavirus crisis |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-usa-instacart-idUSKBN21H3AV |work=Reuters |access-date=24 July 2020 |date=30 March 2020}}</ref>  Some political analysts claimed that the pandemic contributed to President [[Donald Trump|Donald Trump's]] [[2020 United States presidential election|2020]] defeat.<ref name="TrumpChances">{{Cite news | vauthors = Haberman M, Martin M, Jonathan |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/12/us/politics/trump-vs-biden.html |title=Trump's Re-election Chances Suddenly Look Shakier |date=12 March 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=15 March 2020 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="AtlanticChances">{{cite news | vauthors = Lowrey A |title=The Economy Is Collapsing. So Are Trump's Reelection Chances. |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/04/most-important-number-trumps-re-election-chances/609376/ |access-date=3 May 2020 |work=The Atlantic |date=3 April 2020}}</ref>
-The outbreak prompted calls for the United States to adopt social policies common in other wealthy countries, including [[universal health care]], [[universal child care]], [[paid sick leave]], and higher levels of funding for public health.<ref name="NYT Calls">{{cite news | vauthors = Miller CC |title=Could the Pandemic Wind Up Fixing What's Broken About Work in America? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/10/upshot/coronavirus-future-work-america.html |access-date=3 May 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=10 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="Hill5">{{cite news | vauthors = Swanson I |title=Five ways the coronavirus could change American politics |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/495761-five-ways-the-coronavirus-could-change-american-politics |access-date=3 May 2020 |work=The Hill |date=2 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="Ddn2P">{{cite web | url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/03/13/opinion/americas-botched-response-coronavirus-is-problem-bigger-than-donald-trump/ |title=America's botched response to the coronavirus is a problem bigger than Donald Trump |website=[[The Boston Globe]]}}</ref>  The cost of preventable hospitalizations (of unvaccinated people) for COVID-19 in the United States between June and November, 2021 has been estimated at US$13.8 billion.<ref name="Amin">{{cite news |last1=Amin |first1=Krutika |last2=Cox |first2=Cynthia |title=Unvaccinated COVID-19 hospitalizations cost billions of dollars |journal=Peterson-KFF Health System Tracker |date=December 22, 2021 |url=https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/unvaccinated-covid-patients-cost-the-u-s-health-system-billions-of-dollars/#Preventable%20COVID-related%20hospitalization%20costs%20for%20unvaccinated%20adults%20in%20the%20U.S.,%20June-November%202021 |access-date=3 May 2022}}</ref>
+==Food and hunger==
-==== Other countries ====
+The pandemic made it more difficult for millions of people all over the world to get enough food. People lost their jobs, so they did not have money to buy food. Farms were shut down, so there was less food made. Processing plants and food factories were shut down, so less food was made ready for people to eat.<ref name="NYTHunger">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/22/world/africa/coronavirus-hunger-crisis.html|work=New York Times|access-date=May 12, 2020|title='Instead of Coronavirus, the Hunger Will Kill Us.' A Global Food Crisis Looms.|date=April 22, 2020|author=Abdi Latif Dahir|archive-date=May 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520223700/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/22/world/africa/coronavirus-hunger-crisis.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
-The number of journalists imprisoned or detained increased worldwide, with some related to the pandemic.<ref>{{Cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|date=15 December 2020|title=Record number of journalists imprisoned in 2020 – report|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-global-rights-journalists-idUKKBN28P0DO|access-date=16 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=14 December 2020|title=Press freedom: Journalists end up in jail for reporting on coronavirus crisis|url=https://www.dw.com/en/press-freedom-journalists-end-up-in-jail-for-reporting-on-coronavirus-crisis/a-55929247|access-date=16 February 2021|publisher=Deutsche Welle}}</ref>
-The planned [[NATO]] "[[List of NATO exercises|Defender 2020]]" military exercise in Germany, Poland, and the Baltic states, the largest NATO war exercise since the end of the [[Cold War]], was held on a reduced scale.<ref name="20200320spectator">{{cite news |title=How coronavirus derailed the largest Nato exercise in 25 years |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/how-coronavirus-derailed-the-largest-nato-exercise-in-25-years |work=The Spectator |date=20 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="20200319reuters">{{cite news | vauthors = Emmott R |title=NATO scales down exercises due to coronavirus |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-nato/nato-scales-down-exercises-due-to-coronavirus-idUSKBN21627V |access-date=21 October 2020 |work=Reuters |date=19 March 2020}}</ref>
+In April, Arif Husain of the United Nations' [[World Food Program]] said that 130 million more people could go hungry, in addition to the 135 million who were already hungry before the pandemic began. He said that poorer countries would be more affected than rich countries because [[logistics|the way they move raw food from farms to cities and other places where people live]] is less organized and relies more on human beings than on [[automation|automatic systems]].<ref name="NYTHunger"/>
-The Iranian government was heavily affected by the virus, which infected some two dozen parliament members and political figures.<ref name="D2Xpc" /><ref name="nmEQ5" /> Iran President [[Hassan Rouhani]] wrote a public letter to world leaders asking for help on 14 March 2020, due to a lack of access to international markets.<ref name="u2rRX" /> [[Saudi Arabia]], which launched a [[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen|military intervention in Yemen]] in March 2015, declared a ceasefire.<ref name="20200409foreignpolicy">{{cite news | vauthors = Haverty D, Gramer R, Detsch J |title=Coronavirus Pandemic Forces a Cease-Fire in Yemen |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/04/09/coronavirus-pandemic-forces-cease-fire-yemen-humanitarian-crisis-saudi-arabia-houthis/ |access-date=21 October 2020 |work=Foreign Policy |date=9 April 2020}}</ref>
+This hunger crisis is different from crises in other years because it happened to the whole world at the same time. That meant that people working in other countries could not help by sending money home.<ref name="NYTHunger"/><ref name="AJCFood"/>
-[[Japan–South Korea relations|Diplomatic relations between Japan and South Korea]] worsened.<ref name="z8lBE" /> South Korea criticised Japan's "ambiguous and passive quarantine efforts" after Japan announced travellers from South Korea must quarantine for two weeks.<ref name="HnqN4" /> South Korean society was initially polarised on President [[Moon Jae-in]]'s response to the crisis; many Koreans signed petitions calling for Moon's [[impeachment]] or praising his response.<ref name="imx38" />
+All over the world, children who ate meals at school had less access to food when the schools were shut down.<ref name="NYTHunger"/>
-Some countries passed emergency legislation. Some commentators expressed concern that it could allow governments to strengthen their grip on power.<ref name="20200331theguardian">{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/31/coronavirus-is-a-chance-for-authoritarian-leaders-to-tighten-their-grip |title=Authoritarian leaders may use Covid-19 crisis to tighten their grip |website=The Guardian |date=31 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="20200330nytimes">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/30/world/europe/coronavirus-governments-power.html |title=For Autocrats, and Others, Coronavirus Is a Chance to Grab Even More Power |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=30 March 2020}}</ref> In the Philippines, lawmakers granted President [[Rodrigo Duterte]] temporary emergency powers.<ref name="abcnews-censorship">{{cite news |title=Some leaders use pandemic to sharpen tools against critics |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/coronavirus-crisis-excuses-curbs-free-speech-70177977 |work=ABC News |date=16 April 2020}}</ref> In Hungary, the parliament voted to allow prime minister [[Viktor Orbán]] to rule by decree indefinitely, suspend parliament and elections, and punish those deemed to have spread false information.<ref name="20200330cnn">{{cite web | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/03/30/europe/hungary-viktor-orban-powers-vote-intl/index.html |title=Hungarian parliament votes to let Viktor Orban rule by decree in wake of coronavirus pandemic |publisher=CNN |date=30 March 2020}}</ref> In countries such as [[Egypt]],<ref name="dw53009293">{{cite news |title=Reporting on the coronavirus: Egypt muzzles critical journalists |url=https://www.dw.com/en/reporting-on-the-coronavirus-egypt-muzzles-critical-journalists/a-53009293 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |date=3 April 2020}}</ref> [[Turkey]],<ref name="20200401foreignpolicy">{{cite news |title=Coronavirus Has Started a Censorship Pandemic |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/04/01/coronavirus-censorship-pandemic-disinformation-fake-news-speech-freedom/ |work=The Foreign Policy |date=1 April 2020}}</ref> and [[Thailand]],<ref name="abcnews-censorship" /> opposition activists and government critics were [[Misinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic#Efforts to combat misinformation|arrested]] for allegedly spreading [[fake news]].<ref name="20200410straitstimes">{{cite news |title=Asia cracks down on coronavirus 'fake news' |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/coronavirus-asia-cracks-down-on-virus-fake-news |work=The Straits Times |date=10 April 2020}}</ref>
+Scientists from the [[University of Michigan]] said the pandemic was making it harder for people to find food. In a study published in May, they said one in seven Americans over age 50 said they had trouble getting enough food before the pandemic, and it got worse when senior centers that provided meals were closed.<ref name="EurekaFood">{{cite press release|publisher=Eurekalert|author=University of Michigan|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-05/mm-u-eb050820.php|title=Even before COVID-19, many adults over 50 lacked stable food supply|date=May 11, 2020|access-date=May 12, 2020|archivedate=May 13, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513170908/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-05/mm-u-eb050820.php}}</ref> Federal and state governments started programs to bring food to older people and children. There were also more food donation drives in towns.<ref name="AJCFood">{{cite news|publisher=Atlanta Journal Constitution|url=https://www.ajc.com/news/opinion/opinion-the-coronavirus-crisis-food-security-crisis-too/JqXYWeUbQDe7tW0ncPmdxN/|access-date=May 12, 2020|title=Opinion: The coronavirus crisis is a food security crisis too|author1=Sanford D. Bishop|author2=Nita M. Lowry|date=May 10, 2020|archive-date=May 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514170302/https://www.ajc.com/news/opinion/opinion-the-coronavirus-crisis-food-security-crisis-too/JqXYWeUbQDe7tW0ncPmdxN/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-In India, journalists criticising the government's response were arrested or issued warnings by police and authorities.<ref>{{cite web | date=4 October 2020|title=As COVID-19 spreads, India tries to control the narrative by targeting journalists|url=https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-10-04/india-targets-journalists-who-report-on-covid-19|access-date=16 February 2021|website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>
+==Old people==
-=== Food systems ===
+In the United States, nursing homes had some of the highest rates of infection and death,
-The pandemic disrupted food systems worldwide,<ref name=":9b">{{cite web | title=Q&A: COVID-19 pandemic – impact on food and agriculture|url=https://www.fao.org/2019-ncov/q-and-a/impact-on-food-and-agriculture/en/|access-date=16 October 2020|website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref> hitting at a time when hunger/undernourishment was rising (an estimated 690&nbsp;million people lacked food security in 2019).<ref name=":10">{{Cite book |title=The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2020 |url=https://www.fao.org/publications/sofi/2020/en/|access-date=16 October 2020|year=2020|doi=10.4060/CA9692EN|isbn=978-92-5-132901-6 | author = FAO|author-link=Food and Agriculture Organization|author2=IFAD|author2-link=International Fund for Agricultural Development|author3=[[UNICEF]]|author4=WFP|author4-link=World Food Programme|author5=WHO|author5-link=World Health Organization|s2cid=239729231}}</ref> Food access&nbsp;fell – driven by falling incomes, lost remittances, and disruptions to food production. In some cases, food prices rose.<ref name=":9b" /><ref name=":10" />
+% of all COVID-19 deaths in the country. Nursing homes are group homes for old people who need medical care, for disabled people who need medical care, and for people recovering from severe sickness or injury, like stroke patients.
-The pandemic and its accompanying lockdowns and travel restrictions slowed movement of food aid. Per the World Health Organization 811 million individuals  were undernourished in 2020, "likely related to the fallout of COVID-19".<ref>{{cite web |title=UN report: Pandemic year marked by spike in world hunger |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/12-07-2021-un-report-pandemic-year-marked-by-spike-in-world-hunger |website=www.who.int |access-date=14 December 2021 }}</ref>
+Many people who live in nursing homes pay through the government program Medicaid, which pays less than Medicare or regular insurance companies. In June, many American nursing homes were caught throwing their regular patients out so they could make room for COVID-19 patients who could pay them more. Because nursing homes had stopped allowing visitors, it took longer for them to get caught. United States law requires nursing homes to warn patients 30 days before kicking them out, but the nursing homes did not do this.
-=== Education ===
+Some of the nursing homes took the COVID-19 patients because state governments asked them to and they say they sent their elderly residents away because they were worried they would catch COVID-19 from the sick patients.<ref name="Homes">{{cite news|access-date=June 21, 2020|work=New York Times|title='They Just Dumped Him Like Trash': Nursing Homes Evict Vulnerable Residents|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/21/business/nursing-homes-evictions-discharges-coronavirus.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage|author1=Jessica Silver-Greenberg|author2=Amy Julia Harris|date=June 21, 2020|archive-date=June 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621162317/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/21/business/nursing-homes-evictions-discharges-coronavirus.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage|url-status=live}}</ref>
-{{Main|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education|Impacts of the COVID-19 crisis on female education}}
-[[File:امتحانات نهایی در شرایط کرونا 3470479.jpg|thumb|Students take end-of-year exams in [[Tabriz]], Iran, during the pandemic.]]
-The pandemic impacted educational systems in many countries. Many governments temporarily closed educational institutions, often replaced by [[online education]]. Other countries, such as Sweden, kept their schools open. As of September 2020, approximately 1.077&nbsp;billion [[Learning|learners]] were affected due to school closures. School closures impacted students, teachers, and families with far-reaching economic and societal consequences. They shed light on social and economic issues, including [[student debt]], [[digital learning]], food insecurity, and [[homelessness]], as well as access to [[Child care|childcare]], health care, housing, internet, and [[Disability rights movement|disability services]]. The impact was more severe for disadvantaged children.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://comunicacion.senado.gob.mx/index.php/informacion/boletines/50929-covid-afecta-salud-educacion-y-entorno-familiar-de-ninas-y-ninos-senala-estudio-del-ibd.html|title=COVID afecta salud, educación y entorno familiar de niñas y niños, señala estudio del IBD|work=Senado de la República|date=1 May 2021|access-date=25 July 2021|language=es|archive-date=6 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206184055/http://comunicacion.senado.gob.mx/index.php/informacion/boletines/50929-covid-afecta-salud-educacion-y-entorno-familiar-de-ninas-y-ninos-senala-estudio-del-ibd.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-The Higher Education Policy Institute reported that around 63% of students claimed worsened mental health as a result of the pandemic.<ref>{{Cite news|date=31 March 2021|title=Covid: Many students say their mental health is worse due to pandemic|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/education-56570061|access-date=6 April 2021}}</ref>
+==Environment==
-=== Health ===
+Because so many governments told people to stay at home, there was less [[air pollution]] than usual for that time of year. Pollution in New York fell by 50% and the use of coal in China fell by 40%.<ref name="BBCPol">{{cite news|title=Will Covid-19 have a lasting impact on the environment?|access-date=April 13, 2020|publisher=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200326-covid-19-the-impact-of-coronavirus-on-the-environment|author=Martha Henriques|date=March 27, 2020|archive-date=April 10, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410093351/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200326-covid-19-the-impact-of-coronavirus-on-the-environment|url-status=live}}</ref> The European Space Agency showed pictures taken from a satellite of China's pollution disappearing during quarantine and coming back when everyone went back to work.<ref name="ForbesPol">{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffmcmahon/2020/03/22/video-watch-from-space-as-air-pollution-vanishes-over-china-during-coronavirus-lockdown-then-returns/#66f5f95b35f0|work=Forbes|access-date=April 13, 2020|title=New Satellite Video Shows China Pollution Vanishing During COVID-19 Lockdown—Then Coming Back|date=March 22, 2020|author=Jeff McMahon|archive-date=April 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409083729/https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffmcmahon/2020/03/22/video-watch-from-space-as-air-pollution-vanishes-over-china-during-coronavirus-lockdown-then-returns/#66f5f95b35f0|url-status=live}}</ref>
-{{Main|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on other health issues|Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic}}
-The pandemic impacted global health for many other conditions. Hospital visits fell. Visits for [[heart attack]] symptoms declined by 38% in the US and 40% in Spain.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Garcia S, Albaghdadi MS, Meraj PM, Schmidt C, Garberich R, Jaffer FA, Dixon S, Rade JJ, Tannenbaum M, Chambers J, Huang PP, Henry TD | display-authors = 6 | title = Reduction in ST-Segment Elevation Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory Activations in the United States During COVID-19 Pandemic | journal = Journal of the American College of Cardiology | volume = 75 | issue = 22 | pages = 2871–2872 | date = June 2020 | pmid = 32283124 | pmc = 7151384 | doi = 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.04.011 }}</ref> The head of cardiology at the [[University of Arizona]] said, "My worry is some of these people are dying at home because they're too scared to go to the hospital."<ref name="Stat News, with serious heart symptoms away, April 23">[https://www.statnews.com/2020/04/23/coronavirus-phobia-keeping-heart-patients-away-from-er/ 'Where are all our patients?': Covid phobia is keeping people with serious heart symptoms away from ERs], ''Stat News'', Usha Lee McFarling, 23 April 2020.</ref> People with [[stroke]]s and [[appendicitis]] were less likely to seek treatment.<ref name="Stat News, with serious heart symptoms away, April 23"/> [[Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic|Medical supply shortages]] impacted many people.<ref name="Atlantic Shortages">{{cite news | vauthors = Faust JS |title=Medication Shortages Are the Next Crisis |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/04/medication-shortages-are-next-crisis/610798/ |access-date=17 May 2020 |work=The Atlantic |date=28 April 2020}}</ref>
+The pandemic and shutdowns made people use less electricity. In the United States, people got less of their electricity from coal power but kept using gas and renewable power like wind and solar power. This was because coal plants are more expensive to run, so power companies used them less.<ref name="NYTRenew">{{cite news|access-date=May 13, 2020|date=May 13, 2020|work=New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/13/climate/coronavirus-coal-electricity-renewables.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage|title=In a First, Renewable Energy Is Poised to Eclipse Coal in U.S.|author=Brad Plumer|archive-date=May 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518194206/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/13/climate/coronavirus-coal-electricity-renewables.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage|url-status=live}}</ref>
-The pandemic impacted [[mental health]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/daily-life-coping/managing-stress-anxiety.html|last=CDC|date=11 February 2020|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="Stix_2021">{{cite web| vauthors = Stix G |title=Pandemic Year 1 Saw a Dramatic Global Rise in Anxiety and Depression|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/pandemic-year-1-saw-a-dramatic-global-rise-in-anxiety-and-depression/|access-date=10 October 2021|website=Scientific American}}</ref> increasing [[anxiety]], [[Depression (mood)|depression]], and [[post-traumatic stress disorder]], affecting healthcare workers, patients and quarantined individuals.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Luo Y, Chua CR, Xiong Z, Ho RC, Ho CS | title = A Systematic Review of the Impact of Viral Respiratory Epidemics on Mental Health: An Implication on the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic | journal = Frontiers in Psychiatry | volume = 11 | page = 565098 | date = 23 November 2020 | pmid = 33329106 | pmc = 7719673 | doi = 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.565098 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Santomauro_2021">{{Cite journal | vauthors = Santomauro DF, Herrera AM, Shadid J, Zheng P, Ashbaugh C, Pigott DM, Abbafati C, Adolph C, Amlag JO, Aravkin AY, Bang-Jensen BL | display-authors = 6 |date=8 October 2021|title=Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic |journal=The Lancet | volume = 398 | issue = 10312 | pages = 1700–1712 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02143-7 | pmid = 34634250 | pmc = 8500697 | s2cid = 238478261 }}</ref>
+Pollution from before the pandemic also affected what happened after people became sick. Scientists saw that more people died from COVID-19 in places with large amounts of air pollution. One team of scientists from Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg looked at air pollution information from satellites and statistics on COVID-19 deaths in Italy, France, Germany and Spain and saw that places with large amounts of nitrogen dioxide pollution had more people die from COVID-19. Nitrogen dioxide can damage the lungs.<ref name="MLU">{{cite press release|title=Corona and air pollution: How does nitrogen dioxide impact fatalities?|publisher=Eurekalert|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-04/mh-caa041720.php|author=Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg|date=April 20, 2020|access-date=April 20, 2020|archivedate=April 24, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424102311/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-04/mh-caa041720.php}}</ref><ref name="Ogen">{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138605|author=Yaron Ogen|title=Assessing nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels as a contributing factor to coronavirus (COVID-19) fatality|date=July 15, 2020|volume=726|journal=Science of the Total Environment|page=138605|pmid=32302812|pmc=7151460|bibcode=2020ScTEn.726m8605O}}</ref><!--Yes, the official publication date is three months in the future; that happens.-->
-=== Environment ===
+The shutdowns and social distancing also affected animals. Human beings started staying at home about the same time in the spring when [[sea turtles]] like to come on land to lay their eggs. Turtle scientists in the United States and Thailand both reported more nests than usual on seashores in Florida and Phuket. They say it is because people are not coming to the beach or bringing their dogs to the beach and because there are fewer boats in the water nearby. Scientists also say they see more [[dugong]] and [[dolphins]].<ref name="Simple">{{cite news|date=April 29, 2020|access-date=April 30, 2020|url=https://www.simplemost.com/sea-turtles-thriving-while-humans-are-stuck-inside/?partner=buffer_SM&utm_campaign=buffer_SM&utm_medium=new&utm_source=facebookSM&fbclid=IwAR0SnRspCAU2iaws2nu3AmyOPf3iyeqIoWXH70EKKscpRsSl0DpTSN2pQYo|title=Sea Turtles Are Thriving Now That Humans Are Stuck Inside|author=Tricia Goss|publisher=SimpleMost|archive-date=June 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202612/https://www.simplemost.com/sea-turtles-thriving-while-humans-are-stuck-inside/?partner=buffer_SM&utm_campaign=buffer_SM&utm_medium=new&utm_source=facebookSM&fbclid=IwAR0SnRspCAU2iaws2nu3AmyOPf3iyeqIoWXH70EKKscpRsSl0DpTSN2pQYo|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBSTurtle">{{cite news|url=https://cbs12.com/news/local/experts-say-coronavirus-concerns-could-have-positive-impact-on-marine-life|publisher=CBS|date=April 14, 2020|access-date=April 30, 2020|title=Experts say coronavirus concerns could have positive impact on marine life|author=Kristen Chapman|archive-date=April 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429154415/https://cbs12.com/news/local/experts-say-coronavirus-concerns-could-have-positive-impact-on-marine-life|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CNNTurtle">{{cite news|access-date=April 30, 2020|date=April 20, 2020|author1=Jack Guy|author2=Carly Walsh|title=Sea turtles thriving in Thailand after beach closures|url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/thailand-sea-turtles-coronavirus-scli-intl-scn/index.html|publisher=CNN|archive-date=April 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422213713/https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/thailand-sea-turtles-coronavirus-scli-intl-scn/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> With fewer cars driving down roads, salamanders, frogs, and other amphibians were able to cross them for their spring migration. According to [[citizen science|citizen scientists]] from Big Night Maine, a group that watches amphibians, four amphibians made it across the roads alive for every one amphibian killed by cars. Most years, it is only two to one.<ref name="NYTSala">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/18/science/salamanders-amphibians-wildlife-migration.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage|title=With the World on Pause, Salamanders Own the Road|author=Brandon Keim|work=New York Times|date=May 18, 2020|access-date=May 18, 2020|archive-date=June 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604190452/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/18/science/salamanders-amphibians-wildlife-migration.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage|url-status=live}}</ref>
-{{Main|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment}}
-[[File:Pollutant Drops in wuhan china due to virus.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Images from the [[NASA Earth Observatory]] show a stark drop in pollution in [[Wuhan]], when comparing [[Nitrogen dioxide|NO<sub>2</sub>]] levels in early 2019 (top) and early 2020 (bottom).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146362/airborne-nitrogen-dioxide-plummets-over-china |title=Earth Observatory |date=28 February 2020 |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402162640/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146362/airborne-nitrogen-dioxide-plummets-over-china |archive-date=2 April 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
-The pandemic and the reaction to it positively affected the [[Natural environment|environment]] and [[climate]] as a result of reduced human activity. During the "[[anthropause]]", fossil fuel use decreased, resource consumption declined, and waste disposal improved, generating less pollution.<ref name=":9">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rume T, Islam SM | title = Environmental effects of COVID-19 pandemic and potential strategies of sustainability | journal = Heliyon | volume = 6 | issue = 9 | pages = e04965 | date = September 2020 | pmid = 32964165 | pmc = 7498239 | doi = 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04965 }}</ref> [[Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic#Transportation|Planned air travel]] and vehicle transportation declined. In China, [[COVID-19 lockdown in Hubei|lockdowns]] and other measures resulted in a 26% decrease in coal consumption, and a 50% reduction in nitrogen oxides emissions.<ref name=":9" /> [[Earth system science|Earth systems]] scientist Marshall Burke estimated that two months of pollution reduction likely saved the lives of 53,000 to 77,000 Chinese residents.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Ioannis|last1=Ladas|title=Title: Life after COVID-19: Understanding the environment for humanity's survival and sustenance|url=https://ejournals.epublishing.ekt.gr/index.php/episteme/article/view/23779|journal=Epistēmēs Metron Logos|date=21 July 2020|issn=2585-2973|pages=62–81|issue=4|doi=10.12681/eml.23779|s2cid=225633531}}</ref>
-=== Discrimination and prejudice ===
+Not all ocean mammals did well. According to [[marine biology|marine biologists]] in Florida, [[manatee]] deaths in April and May were 20% higher than in 2019. They say this was because many people decided to go boating because other things to do were closed.<ref name="GuardianManatee">{{cite news|publisher=Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jun/29/manatees-facing-increased-threats-during-the-pandemic|title=Florida manatee deaths up 20 percent as Covid-19 threatens recovery|author=Cheryl Rodewig|date=June 29, 2020|access-date=June 29, 2020|archive-date=June 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629103202/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jun/29/manatees-facing-increased-threats-during-the-pandemic|url-status=live}}</ref>
-{{Main|Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic}}
-Heightened prejudice, xenophobia, and racism [[Sinophobe|toward people of Chinese and East Asian descent]] were documented around the world.<ref name="AutoDW-251" /><ref name="zogcf" /><ref name="8BY2Y" /> Reports from February 2020 (when most confirmed cases were confined to China) cited racist sentiments about Chinese people 'deserving' the virus.<ref name="bangkokpost1854094">{{cite news | vauthors = Wangkiat P |title=Virus-induced racism does no one any good |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/1854094/virus-induced-racism-does-no-one-any-good |date=10 February 2020 |work=Bangkok Post}}</ref><ref name="psychologytoday202002">{{cite news | vauthors = Bartholomew R |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/its-catching/202002/the-coronavirus-and-the-search-scapegoats |title=The Coronavirus and the Search for Scapegoats |date=6 February 2020 |work=Psychology Today}}</ref><ref name="20200201telegraph">{{cite news | vauthors = Smith N |title=Anti-Chinese racism spikes as virus spreads globally |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/02/01/anti-chinese-racism-spikes-virus-spreads-globally/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/02/01/anti-chinese-racism-spikes-virus-spreads-globally/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-status=live |date=1 February 2020 |work=The Daily Telegraph |url-access=subscription |quote='Some Muslims were claiming the disease was "divine retribution" for China's oppression of the Uighur minority. The problem lay in confusing the Chinese population with the actions of an authoritarian government known for its lack of transparency,' he said.}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Chinese people and other Asian peoples in the United Kingdom and United States reported increasing levels of abuse and assaults.<ref name="NYT Racism">{{cite news | vauthors = Tavernise S, Oppel Jr RA |title=Spit On, Yelled At, Attacked: Chinese-Americans Fear for Their Safety |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/23/us/chinese-coronavirus-racist-attacks.html |access-date=23 March 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=23 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="05O7n" /><ref name="NYT_April_Racism">{{cite news | vauthors = La Gorce T |title=Chinese-Americans, Facing Abuse, Unite to Aid Hospitals in Coronavirus Battle |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/05/nyregion/coronavirus-chinese-americans-supplies.html |access-date=29 April 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=5 April 2020}}</ref> Former US President Trump was criticised for referring to SARS-CoV-2 as the "Chinese Virus" and "Kung Flu", which others condemned as racist and xenophobic.<ref name="trumpnyt">{{cite news | vauthors = Rogers K, Jakes L, Swanson A |title=Trump Defends Using 'Chinese Virus' Label, Ignoring Growing Criticism |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/18/us/politics/china-virus.html |access-date=20 March 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=18 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320001747/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/18/us/politics/china-virus.html |archive-date=20 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="20200320BI">{{cite web | url=https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-using-racism-against-china-to-distract-from-coronavirus-failures-2020-3 |title=Republicans are using racism against China to try to distract from Trump's disastrous coronavirus response |work=Business Insider |date=20 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="MNCw4">{{cite web | vauthors = Lee BY |title=Trump Once Again Calls Covid-19 Coronavirus The 'Kung Flu' |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brucelee/2020/06/24/trump-once-again-calls-covid-19-coronavirus-the-kung-flu/ |access-date=9 July 2020 |website=Forbes}}</ref>
-Age-based discrimination against older adults increased. This was attributed to their perceived vulnerability and subsequent physical and social isolation measures, which, coupled with their reduced social activity, increased dependency on others. Similarly, limited digital literacy left the elderly more vulnerable to isolation, depression, and loneliness.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Silva MF, Silva DS, Bacurau AG, Francisco PM, Assumpção D, Neri AL, Borim FS | title = Ageism against older adults in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: an integrative review | journal = Revista de Saúde Pública | volume = 55 | page = 4 | year = 2021 | pmid = 33886953 | pmc = 8023321 | doi = 10.11606/s1518-8787.2021055003082 }}</ref>
+==Stopping the next pandemic==
-=== Lifestyle changes ===
+Researchers from the San Diego Zoo Global had the idea for a system that people could use to find dangerous germs before they become pandemics or even before they jump from other animals to humans. They said it was important to watch the wildlife trade, like in the Wuhan wet market. The scientists said that over the past eleven years it has gotten easier and easier to sequence viral genomes, and it does not have to be done by a large lab or by a government any more. The scientists said it would be better to spread the work out among more people.<ref name="PressSanDiego">{{cite press release|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-07/sdzg-rcf070920.php|date=July 9, 2020|access-date=July 9, 2020|title=Researchers call for worldwide biosurveillance network to protect from diseases|author=San Diego Zoo Global|archivedate=July 11, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711215225/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-07/sdzg-rcf070920.php}}</ref><ref name="Monitor">{{cite journal|author1=Mrinalini Watsa|title=Rigorous wildlife disease surveillance|url=https://science.sciencemag.org/content/369/6500/145|journal=Science|access-date=July 9, 2020|date=July 10, 2020|volume=369|issue=6500|pages=145–147|doi=10.1126/science.abc0017|pmid=32646989|bibcode=2020Sci...369..145W|hdl=20.500.11820/e98ae7a8-9311-4499-bb1f-4e74b81efec9|s2cid=220428903|archive-date=July 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711071406/https://science.sciencemag.org/content/369/6500/145|url-status=live}}</ref>
-[[File:Wee Annie, Kempock Street, face mask.jpg|thumb|upright|The "Wee Annie" statue in [[Gourock, Scotland|Gourock]], Scotland, was given a face mask during the pandemic.]]
-The pandemic triggered massive changes in behaviour, from increased Internet commerce to cultural changes in the job market. Online retailers in the US posted US$791.70&nbsp;billion in sales in 2020, an increase of 32.4% from $598.02&nbsp;billion from the year before.<ref name="DDCV1ECMR">{{cite web | title=Data dive: How COVID-19 impacted ecommerce in 2020|url=https://www.digitalcommerce360.com/article/coronavirus-impact-online-retail/|access-date=27 March 2021 |website=Digital Commerce 360}}</ref> Home delivery orders increased, while indoor restaurant dining shut down due to lockdown orders or low sales.<ref name="Fo18zrty783">{{cite web | title=More Consumers Are Turning to Food Delivery Apps amid Indoor Dining Restrictions|url=https://www.emarketer.com/content/more-consumers-turning-food-delivery-apps-amid-indoor-dining-restrictions|access-date=28 March 2021 |publisher=eMarketer.com}}</ref><ref name="Fo18zrty784">{{cite web | title=NYC Indoor Dining To Shut Down Monday, Cuomo Announces|url=https://www.ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/news/2020/12/11/cuomo--indoor-dining-to-be-suspended-starting-monday/|access-date=28 March 2021 |publisher=Spectrum News NY1}}</ref> Hackers, cybercriminals, and scammers took advantage of the changes to launch new attacks.<ref name="Fo18zrty787">{{cite web | title=The future of hacking: COVID-19 shifting the way hackers work and who they target|url=https://www.securitymagazine.com/articles/93086-the-future-of-hacking-covid-19-shifting-the-way-hackers-work-and-who-they-target|access-date=28 March 2021 |website=SECURITY magazine}}</ref> Education in some countries temporarily shifted from physical attendance to video conferencing.<ref name="Fo18zrty790">{{cite web | title=The COVID-19 pandemic has changed education forever. This is how|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/04/coronavirus-education-global-covid19-online-digital-learning/|access-date=28 March 2021 |website=World Economic Forum}}</ref> Massive layoffs shrank the airline, travel, hospitality, and other industries.<ref name="Fo18zrty6966">{{Cite news |title=Pandemic Threatens Long-Term Job Security After Hospitality Industry Layoffs |publisher=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/09/29/917756656/pandemic-threatens-long-term-job-security-after-hospitality-industry-layoffs|access-date=28 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="Fo18zrty9999">{{cite web | title=Travel industry layoffs begin as Congress fails to come up with new relief package|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/2020/09/30/covid-19-travel-industry-layoffs-could-start-congress-fails-act/5868989002/|access-date=28 March 2021 |website=USA Today}}</ref>
+==Prevention and treatment==
+Avoiding traveling and staying home will greatly reduce your risk from catching COVID-19. Staying home doesn't apply if one is sick and needs medical care. Get enough rest and stay hydrated.<ref name="What to Do If You Are Sick  | CDC">{{Cite web|last=CDC|date=2020-02-11|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/if-you-are-sick/steps-when-sick.html|access-date=2020-12-04|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|archive-date=2020-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214153016/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/steps-when-sick.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Wearing a mask and washing your hands can prevent the virus from spreading.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.health.nd.gov/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/travel-guidance|title=Travel Guidance|publisher=North Dakota Department of Health|access-date=2020-11-24|archive-date=2020-11-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124064232/https://www.health.nd.gov/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/travel-guidance|url-status=live}}</ref> Masks should not be placed on children under 2 years of age, people who have trouble breathing, have a respiratory or other medical condition which renders one unable to wear a mask safely, or anyone who is unable to remove the mask without help. Covering coughs and sneezes also reduce the risk of spreading the virus, but one can infect someone else by touching things with coughed/sneezed-in hands. Making sure not to share drinking glasses, cups and particularly other objects which people will drink or eat out of is important if one assumes they are infected or tested positive in the past. Washing eating utensils and other oral eating objects is preferable and cleaning surfaces or possessions which have been repeatedly touched is also important. These include, according to the Centers For Disease Control and Prevention, phones, remote controls, counters, tabletops, doorknobs, bathroom fixtures, toilets, keyboards, tablets, and bedside tables. Avoid touching your face, nose, or mouth with your hands. Avoiding public transportation, taxis or taking rides with others can stop one's exposure to the virus. <ref name="What to Do If You Are Sick  | CDC" /> Rumors spread about high doses of Vitamin C preventing COVID-19, but these as of October 14, 2020, there has been no conclusive evidence to support this idea.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Can vitamin C's immune boosting effects ward off coronavirus?|url=https://www.webmd.com/lung/qa/can-vitamin-cs-immune-boosting-effects-ward-off-coronavirus|access-date=2020-12-04|website=WebMD|language=en|archive-date=2020-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207214955/https://www.webmd.com/lung/qa/can-vitamin-cs-immune-boosting-effects-ward-off-coronavirus|url-status=live}}</ref> However, there has been evidence pointing to the fact that dosing patients with Vitamin C, either through mouth or IV can reduce time on mechanical ventilators for seriously ill patients by 14%.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hemilä|first1=Harri|last2=Chalker|first2=Elizabeth|date=2020-02-07|title=Vitamin C may reduce the duration of mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients: a meta-regression analysis|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s40560-020-0432-y|journal=Journal of Intensive Care|volume=8|issue=1|pages=15|doi=10.1186/s40560-020-0432-y|issn=2052-0492|pmc=7006137|pmid=32047636|access-date=2020-12-04|archive-date=2022-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527045552/https://jintensivecare.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40560-020-0432-y|url-status=live}}</ref>Drinking [[tea]] such as black tea and [[green tea]] can inhibit the virus.<ref>{{Cite journal|pmc = 7367004|year = 2021|last1 = Mhatre|first1 = S.|last2 = Srivastava|first2 = T.|last3 = Naik|first3 = S.|last4 = Patravale|first4 = V.|title = Antiviral activity of green tea and black tea polyphenols in prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19: A review|journal = Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology|volume = 85|page = 153286|doi = 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153286|pmid = 32741697}}</ref> Staying home for the [[holiday]]s, having a small gathering of close friends and family members who are consistently taking measures to reduce the spread of COVID-19 and celebrating virtually through social media can prevent being infected by the virus. Airports, bus stations, train stations, public transport, gas stations, and rest stops are all places travelers can be exposed to catching the virus.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/daily-life-coping/holidays.html|title = Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)|date = 11 February 2020|access-date = 5 December 2020|archive-date = 5 December 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201205041102/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/daily-life-coping/holidays.html|url-status = live}}</ref> Eating a healthy diet that is high in fruits and vegetables, getting rest and sleep, exercising, consuming raw honey, probiotics, garlic, mushrooms and elderberry can boost the immune system.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.umms.org/coronavirus/what-to-know/managing-medical-conditions/healthy-habits/boost-immune-system|title=Boost the Immune System|website=www.umms.org|accessdate=May 13, 2022|archive-date=May 9, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509033826/https://www.umms.org/coronavirus/what-to-know/managing-medical-conditions/healthy-habits/boost-immune-system|url-status=live}}</ref> Playing [[video game]]s to pass time during quarantine can prevent the virus from spreading.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2020/04/02/who-says-video-games-could-help-fight-coronavirus-spread/|title=WHO says video games could help fight coronavirus spread|date=2 April 2020|access-date=5 December 2020|archive-date=18 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618061508/https://nypost.com/2020/04/02/who-says-video-games-could-help-fight-coronavirus-spread/|url-status=live}}</ref> Flavanols and proanthocyanidins which are chemicals found in [[dark chocolate]], [[grape]]s and green tea may block SARS-CoV-2 proteins.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.firstpost.com/health/flavanols-proanthocyanidins-found-in-dark-chocolate-grapes-green-tea-may-block-sars-cov-2-proteins-9069451.html|title = Flavanols, proanthocyanidins found in dark chocolate, grapes, green tea may block SARS-CoV-2 proteins-Health News , Firstpost|date = December 2020|access-date = 2021-01-04|archive-date = 2021-01-01|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210101155957/https://www.firstpost.com/health/flavanols-proanthocyanidins-found-in-dark-chocolate-grapes-green-tea-may-block-sars-cov-2-proteins-9069451.html|url-status = live}}</ref> Places you are most likely to catch the virus are churches, hair and nail salons, cruise ships, hospitals and the doctor’s office, restaurants and bars, theaters, sporting events, concert venues, buses, restrooms, elevators, the gym, airplanes, hotels, public swimming pools, nightclubs and the beach.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/amphtml/lifestyle/20-places-youre-most-likely-161401070.html?guccounter=1|title=20 Places You're Most Likely to Catch COVID|website=www.yahoo.com|accessdate=May 13, 2022|archive-date=April 7, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407104653/https://www.yahoo.com/amphtml/lifestyle/20-places-youre-most-likely-161401070.html?guccounter=1|url-status=live}}</ref> Vaccinated people still need to wear a mask.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/08/health/covid-vaccine-mask.html|title = Here's Why Vaccinated People Still Need to Wear a Mask|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 8 December 2020|last1 = Mandavilli|first1 = Apoorva|access-date = 23 April 2021|archive-date = 8 November 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211108012123/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/08/health/covid-vaccine-mask.html|url-status = live}}</ref> Flying in a private jet can prevent the spread of coronavirus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://monarchairgroup.com/can-flying-by-private-jet-prevent-the-spread-of-coronavirus/|title=Can Flying by Private Jet Prevent the Spread of Coronavirus?|access-date=2021-04-23|archive-date=2021-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423065716/https://monarchairgroup.com/can-flying-by-private-jet-prevent-the-spread-of-coronavirus/|url-status=live}}</ref> Smoking [[marijuana]] and [[tobacco]] can further damage your lungs.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/10/health/smoking-weed-coronavirus-wellness/index.html|title = Smoking weed and coronavirus: Even occasional use raises risk of Covid-19 complications|website = [[CNN]]|access-date = 2021-06-01|archive-date = 2021-06-23|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210623010742/https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/10/health/smoking-weed-coronavirus-wellness/index.html|url-status = live}}</ref> Getting vaccinated can prevent new virus strains.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.umms.org/coronavirus/covid-vaccine/facts/strain|title=COVID Variants &#124;Omicron and Delta|website=www.umms.org|accessdate=May 13, 2022|archive-date=May 7, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507100550/https://www.umms.org/coronavirus/covid-vaccine/facts/strain|url-status=live}}</ref>
-== Information dissemination ==
-{{Further|Media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social media|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on journalism}}
-Research is indexed and searchable in the [[NIH]] COVID-19 Portfolio.<ref name="Zygy7">{{cite web | title=NIH COVID-19 Portfolio |url=https://icite.od.nih.gov/covid19/search/ |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref> Some newspaper agencies removed their online [[paywall]]s for some or all of their pandemic-related articles and posts,<ref name="Paywalls">{{cite news | vauthors = Jerde S |date=12 March 2020 |title=Major Publishers Take Down Paywalls for Coronavirus Coverage |url=https://www.adweek.com/digital/major-publishers-take-down-paywalls-for-coronavirus-coverage/ |access-date=25 March 2020 |work=Adweek}}</ref> Some scientific publishers made pandemic-related papers available with [[open access]].<ref name="AutoDW-255" /><ref name="Aristovnik et al. 2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Aristovnik A, Ravšelj D, Umek L|title = A Bibliometric Analysis of COVID-19 across Science and Social Science Research Landscape| journal = Sustainability | volume = 12 | issue = 21 | page = 9132 | date = November 2020 | doi=10.3390/su12219132| doi-access = free}}</ref> The share of papers published on [[preprint]] servers prior to peer review increased dramatically.<ref name="AutoDW-256" />
-{{anchor|Disinformation}}
-=== Misinformation ===
-{{Main|COVID-19 misinformation}}
-{{see also|COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy}}
-[[Misinformation]] and [[conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories]] about the pandemic are widespread. They travelled through [[Media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic|mass media]], [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social media#Misinformation|social media]], and text messaging.<ref name="FTTextMsg">{{cite web| vauthors = Murphy H, Di Stefano M, Manson K |url=https://www.ft.com/content/34b6df5a-ea4a-471f-8ac9-606580480049|title=Huge text message campaigns spread coronavirus fake news|date=20 March 2020|work=Financial Times}}</ref> WHO declared an "infodemic" of incorrect information.<ref name="Lowy">{{Cite news| vauthors = Kassam N |date=25 March 2020|title=Disinformation and coronavirus|work=The Interpreter|publisher=Lowy Institute|url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/disinformation-and-coronavirus }}</ref> Cognitive biases, such as jumping to conclusions and [[confirmation bias]], were linked to [[Conspiracy theory|conspiracy beliefs]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kuhn SA, Lieb R, Freeman D, Andreou C, Zander-Schellenberg T | title = Coronavirus conspiracy beliefs in the German-speaking general population: endorsement rates and links to reasoning biases and paranoia | journal = Psychological Medicine | pages = 1–15 | date = March 2021 | pmid = 33722315 | pmc = 8027560 | doi = 10.1017/S0033291721001124 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
-== See also ==
-* [[Emerging infectious disease]]
-* [[Globalization and disease]]
-* [[List of epidemics]]
-* [[Coronavirus diseases]]
-<!-- *************************************************************
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-== Notes ==
-<references group="lower-alpha"/><!-- Please don't use {{reflist|group="lower-alpha"}} as it makes numeric labels; use lower-alpha labels to match the labels in Template:COVID-19 pandemic data. -->
-== References ==
-{{reflist|refs=
-<ref name="characteristicsZH">{{cite journal | vauthors =  | title = [The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China] | language = zh | journal = Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi = Zhonghua Liuxingbingxue Zazhi | volume = 41 | issue = 2 | pages = 145–151 | date = February 2020 | pmid = 32064853 | doi = 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2020.02.003 | s2cid = 211133882 }}</ref>
-<ref name="Huang24Jan2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, Zhang L, Fan G, Xu J, Gu X, Cheng Z, Yu T, Xia J, Wei Y, Wu W, Xie X, Yin W, Li H, Liu M, Xiao Y, Gao H, Guo L, Xie J, Wang G, Jiang R, Gao Z, Jin Q, Wang J, Cao B | display-authors = 6 | title = Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China | journal = Lancet | volume = 395 | issue = 10223 | pages = 497–506 | date = February 2020 | pmid = 31986264 | pmc = 7159299 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
-<ref name="Wang24Jan2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang C, Horby PW, Hayden FG, Gao GF | title = A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern | journal = Lancet | volume = 395 | issue = 10223 | pages = 470–473 | date = February 2020 | pmid = 31986257 | pmc = 7135038 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30185-9 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
-<ref name="Qun29Jan2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, Ren R, Leung KS, Lau EH, Wong JY, Xing X, Xiang N, Wu Y, Li C, Chen Q, Li D, Liu T, Zhao J, Liu M, Tu W, Chen C, Jin L, Yang R, Wang Q, Zhou S, Wang R, Liu H, Luo Y, Liu Y, Shao G, Li H, Tao Z, Yang Y, Deng Z, Liu B, Ma Z, Zhang Y, Shi G, Lam TT, Wu JT, Gao GF, Cowling BJ, Yang B, Leung GM, Feng Z | display-authors = 6 | title = Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 382 | issue = 13 | pages = 1199–1207 | date = March 2020 | pmid = 31995857 | pmc = 7121484 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa2001316 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
-<ref name="Epidemiology17Feb2020">{{Cite journal |author=The Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Emergency Response Epidemiology Team |date=17 February 2020 |title=The Epidemiological Characteristics of an Outbreak of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Diseases (COVID-19) – China, 2020 |url=https://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/id/e53946e2-c6c4-41e9-9a9b-fea8db1a8f51 |journal=China CDC Weekly |volume=2 |issue=8 |pages=113–122 |doi=10.46234/ccdcw2020.032 |pmid=34594836 |pmc=8392929 |access-date=18 March 2020|doi-access=free}}</ref>
-<ref name="AutoDW-25">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/23/world/asia/china-coronavirus.html |title=Coronavirus Death Toll Climbs in China, and a Lockdown Widens |date=23 January 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=10 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206091324/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/23/world/asia/china-coronavirus.html |archive-date=6 February 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
-<!-- <ref name="NYT2020PhilDeath">{{Cite news | vauthors = Ramzy A, May T |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/02/world/asia/philippines-coronavirus-china.html |title=Philippines Reports First Coronavirus Death Outside China |date=2 February 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=4 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203204845/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/02/world/asia/philippines-coronavirus-china.html |archive-date=3 February 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> -->
-<ref name="ECDC risk assessment">{{cite web | url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/SARS-CoV-2-risk-assessment-14-feb-2020.pdf |title=Outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2): increased transmission beyond China – fourth update |publisher=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control |date=14 February 2020 |access-date=8 March 2020}}</ref>
-<ref name="Joseph24Jan2020">{{Cite news | vauthors = Joseph A |url=https://www.statnews.com/2020/01/24/coronavirus-infections-no-symptoms-lancet-studies/ |title=New coronavirus can cause infections with no symptoms and sicken otherwise healthy people, studies show |date=24 January 2020 |work=[[Stat (website)|Stat]] |access-date=27 January 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124204338/https://www.statnews.com/2020/01/24/coronavirus-infections-no-symptoms-lancet-studies/ |archive-date=24 January 2020}}</ref>
-<ref name="han24Jan2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chan JF, Yuan S, Kok KH, To KK, Chu H, Yang J, Xing F, Liu J, Yip CC, Poon RW, Tsoi HW, Lo SK, Chan KH, Poon VK, Chan WM, Ip JD, Cai JP, Cheng VC, Chen H, Hui CK, Yuen KY | display-authors = 6 | title = A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster | journal = Lancet | volume = 395 | issue = 10223 | pages = 514–523 | date = February 2020 | pmid = 31986261 | pmc = 7159286 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
-<ref name="WHO_PHEIC_decl2">{{cite web | url=https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-second-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov) |title=Statement on the second meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) |date=30 January 2020 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131005904/https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-second-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov) |archive-date=31 January 2020 |access-date=30 January 2020}}</ref>
-<ref name="AutoDW-68">{{cite web | url=https://wjw.wuhan.gov.cn/front/web/showDetail/2019123108989 |script-title=zh:武汉市卫健委关于当前我市肺炎疫情的情况通报 |date=31 December 2019 |work=WJW.Wuhan.gov.cn |publisher=Wuhan Municipal Health Commission |access-date=8 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109215413/https://wjw.wuhan.gov.cn/front/web/showDetail/2019123108989 |archive-date=9 January 2020 |url-status=dead |language=zh |title=<!--ACTUAL ARTICLE TITLE BELONGS HERE! original text: Archived copy-->}}</ref>
-<ref name="AutoDW-69">{{cite web | url=https://www.who.int/westernpacific/emergencies/novel-coronavirus |title=Novel Coronavirus |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) |access-date=6 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122103944/https://www.who.int/westernpacific/emergencies/novel-coronavirus |archive-date=22 January 2020 |url-status=live}}<br />{{cite web | title=COVID-19 timeline in the Western Pacific |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) |date=18 May 2020 |url=https://www.who.int/westernpacific/news/detail/18-05-2020-covid-19-timeline-in-the-western-pacific |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523183143/https://www.who.int/westernpacific/news/detail/18-05-2020-covid-19-timeline-in-the-western-pacific |archive-date=23 May 2020 |access-date=6 July 2020}}</ref>
-<ref name="AutoDW-169">{{cite news |url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/01/countries-evaluate-evacuation-of-citizens-amid-wuhan-coronavirus-panic/ |title=Countries Evaluate Evacuation of Citizens Amid Wuhan Coronavirus Panic |agency=[[Associated Press]] |via=[[The Diplomat]] |access-date=31 January 2020}}
-* {{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/coronavirus-india-citizens-china-wuhan-air-india-second-flight-1642434-2020-02-01/ |title=Coronavirus: Second plane carrying 323 Indians from Wuhan to reach Delhi today | work=[[India Today]] |access-date=2 February 2020}}
-* {{cite web | url=https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2020/01/27/belgie-haalt-15-landgenoten-terug-uit-hubei-na-uitbraak-coronav/ |title=België haalt landgenoten terug uit Chinese provincie Hubei na uitbraak coronavirus |date=27 January 2020 |work=VRT Nws |publisher=[[Vlaamse Radio- en Televisieomroeporganisatie]]}}
-* {{cite web | url=https://jakartaglobe.id/news/lastminute-preparations-underway-to-evacuate-indonesian-citizens-from-coronavirusravaged-wuhan |title=Last-Minute Preparations Underway to Evacuate Indonesian Citizens From Coronavirus-Ravaged Wuhan | vauthors = Nathalia T |date=30 January 2020 |work=[[Jakarta Globe]]}}
-* {{cite news |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1844104/c130-aircraft-on-standby-for-wuhan-evacuation |title=C130 aircraft on standby for Wuhan evacuation |date=26 January 2020 |newspaper=[[Bangkok Post]] |access-date=26 January 2020}}
-* {{Cite news | vauthors = Jiang S, Stracqualursi V |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/25/politics/coronavirus-us-evacuate-americans-china/index.html |title=US arranging charter flight to evacuate American diplomats and citizens out of China amid coronavirus outbreak, official says |date=25 January 2020 |access-date=27 January 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126100201/https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/25/politics/coronavirus-us-evacuate-americans-china/index.html |archive-date=26 January 2020 |publisher=[[CNN.com|CNN]]}}
-* {{Cite news |url=https://tempo.com.ph/2020/01/29/ph-sending-special-flights-to-get-pinoys-from-wuhan-hubei-in-china/ |title=PH sending special flights to get Pinoys from Wuhan, Hubei in China |date=29 January 2020 |work=Tempo: News in a Flash |location=Manila, Philippines |access-date=29 January 2020}}</ref>
-<ref name="20200131dialoguepakistan">{{cite web | title=Pakistan cancels flights to China as fears of coronavirus spread |url=https://www.dialoguepakistan.com/pakistan-cancels-flights-to-china-as-fears-of-coronavirus-spread/ |website=Dialogue Pakistan |access-date=5 April 2020 |date=31 January 2020}}</ref>
-<ref name="AutoDW-171">{{cite web | url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2020/02/07/avioes-decolam-de-wuhan-na-china-com-40-passageiros-repatriados-ao-brasil-e-a-polonia.ghtml |title=Aviões decolam de Wuhan, na China, com 40 passageiros repatriados ao Brasil e à Polônia |date=7 February 2020 |work=[[G1 (website)|G1]] |language=pt |access-date=9 February 2020}}</ref>
-<ref name="AutoDW-174">{{Cite news | vauthors = Wang V, Rich M, Bradsher K |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/15/world/asia/japan-cruise-ship-coronavirus.html |title=Shifting Ground in Coronavirus Fight: U.S. Will Evacuate Americans From Cruise Ship |date=15 February 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=15 February 2020}}</ref>
-<ref name="AutoDW-175">{{cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/diamond-princess-coronavirus-trenton-cornwall-1.5470386 |title=Cruise ship passengers begin 14-day quarantine in Cornwall, Ont. |publisher=[[CBC News]] |date=21 February 2020}}</ref>
-<ref name="AutoDW-201">{{cite news |url=https://milano.repubblica.it/cronaca/2020/02/21/news/coronavirus_codogno_castiglione_d_adda_contagiati_misure_sicurezza-249154447/ |title=Coronavirus, in dieci comuni lombardi: 50 mila persone costrette a restare in casa. Quarantena all'ospedale milanese di Baggio |date=21 February 2020 |work=[[La Repubblica]] |language=it |access-date=23 February 2020}}</ref>
-<ref name="AutoDW-251">{{cite web | url=https://www.vox.com/2020/2/7/21126758/coronavirus-xenophobia-racism-china-asians |title=The coronavirus exposes the history of racism and "cleanliness" | vauthors = Burton N |date=7 February 2020 |work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207211942/https://www.vox.com/2020/2/7/21126758/coronavirus-xenophobia-racism-china-asians |archive-date=7 February 2020 |access-date=9 February 2020}}</ref>
-<ref name="AutoDW-255">{{cite press release |url=https://wellcome.ac.uk/press-release/sharing-research-data-and-findings-relevant-novel-coronavirus-covid-19-outbreak |title=Sharing research data and findings relevant to the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak |work=wellcome.ac.uk |date=31 January 2020 |access-date=13 February 2020}}</ref>
-<ref name="AutoDW-256">{{Cite news |url=https://www.wired.com/story/coronavirus-research-preprint-servers/ |title=Coronavirus Research Is Moving at Top Speed – With a Catch |magazine=Wired | vauthors = Rogers A |date=31 January 2020 |access-date=13 February 2020 |issn=1059-1028}}</ref>
-<ref name="AutoDW-263">{{Cite news | vauthors = Strumpf D |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/tech-sector-fears-supply-delays-as-effects-of-virus-ripple-through-china-11580484181 |title=Tech Sector Fears Supply Delays as Effects of Virus Ripple Through China |date=31 January 2020 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |access-date=26 February 2020 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>
-<ref name="AutoDW-275">{{cite news | url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/ultimas-noticias/reuters/2020/02/07/mundo-enfrenta-escassez-de-equipamentos-de-protecao-contra-coronavirus-diz-oms.htm |title=Procura por máscaras aumenta 100 vezes e prejudica luta contra o coronavírus | vauthors = Nebehay S |agency=Reuters Brasil |language=pt-BR |date=7 February 2020 |access-date=20 May 2021}}</ref>
-<ref name="AutoDW-276">{{Cite news | vauthors = Boseley S |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/feb/07/who-warns-global-shortage-face-masks-protective-suits-coronavirus |title=WHO warns of global shortage of face masks and protective suits |date=7 February 2020 |work=The Guardian |access-date=12 February 2020 }}</ref>
-<ref name="original_report">{{cite news |title=China's first confirmed Covid-19 case traced back to November 17 |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3074991/coronavirus-chinas-first-confirmed-covid-19-case-traced-back | vauthors = Ma J |work=South China Morning Post |date=13 March 2020 |archive-date=13 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313004217/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3074991/coronavirus-chinas-first-confirmed-covid-19-case-traced-back}}</ref>
-<ref name="WHOpandemic">{{cite web | url=https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020 |title=WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 |date=11 March 2020 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) |access-date=11 March 2020}}</ref>
-<ref name="pathogenesis">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rothan HA, Byrareddy SN | title = The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak | journal = Journal of Autoimmunity | volume = 109 | page = 102433 | date = May 2020 | pmid = 32113704 | pmc = 7127067 | doi = 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102433 }}</ref>
-<ref name="bbc50984025">{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-50984025 |title=Mystery pneumonia virus probed in China |date=3 January 2020 |access-date=29 January 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105051949/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-50984025 |archive-date=5 January 2020 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref>
-<ref name="LancetNowcasting">{{cite journal | vauthors = Perlman S | title = Another Decade, Another Coronavirus | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 382 | issue = 8 | pages = 760–762 | date = February 2020 | pmid = 31978944 | pmc = 7121143 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMe2001126 }}</ref>
-<ref name="web">{{cite web | url=https://publichealthmatters.blog.gov.uk/2020/02/13/expert-interview-what-is-contact-tracing/ |title=Expert interview: What is contact tracing? |work=Blog: Public Health Matters |publisher=[[Public Health England]], Government of the United Kingdom |access-date=28 February 2020}}</ref>
-<ref name="Lancet2020Flatten">{{cite journal | vauthors = Anderson RM, Heesterbeek H, Klinkenberg D, Hollingsworth TD | title = How will country-based mitigation measures influence the course of the COVID-19 epidemic? | journal = Lancet | volume = 395 | issue = 10228 | pages = 931–934 | date = March 2020 | pmid = 32164834 | pmc = 7158572 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30567-5 | quote = A key issue for epidemiologists is helping policy makers decide the main objectives of mitigation—e.g. minimising morbidity and associated mortality, avoiding an epidemic peak that overwhelms health-care services, keeping the effects on the economy within manageable levels, and flattening the epidemic curve to wait for vaccine development and manufacture on scale and antiviral drug therapies. }}</ref>
-<ref name="community mitigation">{{cite journal |url=https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/45220 |title=Community Mitigation Guidelines to Prevent Pandemic Influenza – United States, 2017 |journal=Recommendations and Reports |volume=66 |issue=1 |date=12 April 2017}}</ref>
-<ref name="ImpCollege16mar2020">{{cite news |title=Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID19 mortality and healthcare demand |date=16 March 2020 |work=[[Imperial College]] COVID-19 Response Team |url=https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/medicine/sph/ide/gida-fellowships/Imperial-College-COVID19-NPI-modelling-16-03-2020.pdf}}</ref>
-<ref name="WHO report 28 February 2020">{{cite web | url=https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-china-joint-mission-on-covid-19-final-report.pdf |title=Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) |date=24 February 2020 |access-date=8 March 2020 |author=WHO–China Joint Mission |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)}}</ref>
-<ref name="AutoDW-67">{{Cite journal | vauthors = Cohen J |date=January 2020 |title=Wuhan seafood market may not be source of novel virus spreading globally |url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/01/wuhan-seafood-market-may-not-be-source-novel-virus-spreading-globally |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |doi=10.1126/science.abb0611|s2cid=214574620 }}</ref>
-<ref name="New Yorker">{{cite magazine | url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/how-iran-became-a-new-epicenter-of-the-coronavirus-outbreak |title=How Iran Became A New Epicenter of the Coronavirus Outbreak | vauthors = Wright R |date=24 February 2020 |magazine=[[The New Yorker]]}}</ref>
-<ref name="Corriere_20Jan">{{cite web | url=https://www.corriere.it/cronache/20_gennaio_30/coronavirus-italia-corona-9d6dc436-4343-11ea-bdc8-faf1f56f19b7.shtml |title=Coronavirus: Primi due casi in Italia |date=31 January 2020 |trans-title=Coronavirus: First two cases in Italy |work=Corriere della sera |language=it |access-date=31 January 2020}}</ref>
-<ref name="thelocal-flight">{{cite web | url=https://www.thelocal.it/20200131/italy-suspends-all-china-flights-after-coronavirus-cases-confirmed-in-rome/ |title=Italy suspends all China flights as coronavirus cases confirmed in Rome |date=31 January 2020 |work=TheLocal.it |access-date=26 February 2020}}</ref>
-<ref name="bbc-pm-2403">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-52012432 |title=Coronavirus: Strict new curbs on life in UK announced by PM |date=24 March 2020 |access-date=24 March 2020 |work=BBC News}}</ref>
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-<ref name="science20200317">{{cite journal |journal=Science |url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/03/coronavirus-cases-have-dropped-sharply-south-korea-whats-secret-its-success |title=Coronavirus cases have dropped sharply in South Korea. What's the secret to its success? | vauthors = Normile D |s2cid=216427938 |date=17 March 2020 |doi=10.1126/science.abb7566}}</ref>
-<ref name="CvyZS">{{cite news | title=South Korea's Drive-Through Testing For Coronavirus Is Fast – And Free |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/03/13/815441078/south-koreas-drive-through-testing-for-coronavirus-is-fast-and-free |newspaper=NPR |date=13 March 2020 |access-date=16 March 2020| vauthors = Kuhn A }}</ref>
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-}}
-== Further reading ==
+== List of terminology associated with COVID-19 ==
-{{refbegin|30em}}
+* [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2|SARS-CoV-2]] is the virus that causes COVID-19
-* {{cite journal | vauthors =  | title = Progress report on the coronavirus pandemic | journal = Nature | volume = 584 | issue = 7821 | page = 325 | date = August 2020 | pmid = 32814893 | doi = 10.1038/d41586-020-02414-1 | doi-access = free }}
+* 2019-nCoV is the old name for ''SARS-CoV-2''
-* {{cite journal | vauthors = Tay MZ, Poh CM, Rénia L, MacAry PA, Ng LF | title = The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention | journal = Nature Reviews. Immunology | volume = 20 | issue = 6 | pages = 363–374 | date = June 2020 | pmid = 32346093 | pmc = 7187672 | doi = 10.1038/s41577-020-0311-8 | doi-access = free }}
+* [[Coronavirus disease 2019]] is the complete name for COVID-19
-* {{cite report | title=COVID-19 infection prevention and control measures for primary care, including general practitioner practices, dental clinics and pharmacy settings: first update | website=[[European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control]] (ECDC) | url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/covid-19-infection-prevention-and-control-primary-care | date=October 2020 }}
+* Community spread is the spread of the [[disease]] without a known [[travel]] connection
-* {{cite journal | vauthors = Bar-On YM, Flamholz A, Phillips R, Milo R | title = SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) by the numbers | journal = eLife | volume = 9 | date = April 2020 | pmid = 32228860 | pmc = 7224694 | doi = 10.7554/eLife.57309 | ref = none | name-list-style = vanc | arxiv = 2003.12886 | bibcode = 2020arXiv200312886B }}
+* Clusters are groups of COVID-19 cases in which many people in the same area became infected with COVID-19
-* {{cite journal | vauthors = Brüssow H | title = The Novel Coronavirus - A Snapshot of Current Knowledge | journal = Microbial Biotechnology | volume = 13 | issue = 3 | pages = 607–612 | date = May 2020 | pmid = 32144890 | pmc = 7111068 | doi = 10.1111/1751-7915.13557 | ref = none | name-list-style = vanc }}
-* {{cite book | vauthors = Cascella M, Rajnik M, Aleem A, Dulebohn S, Di Napoli R |chapter=Features, Evaluation, and Treatment of Coronavirus |title=StatPearls |date=2020 |publisher=StatPearls Publishing | chapter-url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776/ }}
-* {{cite journal | vauthors = Funk CD, Laferrière C, Ardakani A | title = A Snapshot of the Global Race for Vaccines Targeting SARS-CoV-2 and the COVID-19 Pandemic | journal = Frontiers in Pharmacology | volume = 11 | page = 937 | year = 2020 | pmid = 32636754 | pmc = 7317023 | doi = 10.3389/fphar.2020.00937 | doi-access = free }}
-* {{cite journal | title=Development and Licensure of Vaccines to Prevent COVID-19 | url=https://www.fda.gov/media/139638/download | format=PDF | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=June 2020 }}
-* {{cite journal | title = COVID-19 Vaccine Breakthrough Infections Reported to CDC - United States, January 1-April 30, 2021 | journal = MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report | volume = 70 | issue = 21 | pages = 792–793 | date = May 2021 | pmid = 34043615 | pmc = 8158893 | doi = 10.15585/mmwr.mm7021e3 | vauthors = Birhane M, Bressler S, Chang G, Clark T, Dorough L, Fischer M, Watkins LF, Goldstein JM, Kugeler K, Langley G, Lecy K, Martin K, Medalla F, Mitruka K, Nolen L, Sadigh K, Spratling R, Thompson G, Trujillo A | display-authors = 6 }}
-* {{cite journal | vauthors = Bieksiene K, Zaveckiene J, Malakauskas K, Vaguliene N, Zemaitis M, Miliauskas S | title = Post COVID-19 Organizing Pneumonia: The Right Time to Interfere | journal = Medicina | volume = 57 | issue = 3 | page = 283 | date = March 2021 | pmid = 33803690 | pmc = 8003092 | doi = 10.3390/medicina57030283 | doi-access = free }}
-* {{cite journal | vauthors = Chen Q, Allot A, Lu Z | title = LitCovid: an open database of COVID-19 literature | journal = Nucleic Acids Research | volume = 49 | issue = D1 | pages = D1534–D1540 | date = January 2021 | pmid = 33166392 | pmc = 7778958 | doi = 10.1093/nar/gkaa952 }}
-* {{cite journal | vauthors = Aghagoli G, Gallo Marin B, Katchur NJ, Chaves-Sell F, Asaad WF, Murphy SA | title = Neurological Involvement in COVID-19 and Potential Mechanisms: A Review | journal = Neurocritical Care | volume = 34 | issue = 3 | pages = 1062–1071 | date = June 2021 | pmid = 32661794 | pmc = 7358290 | doi = 10.1007/s12028-020-01049-4 }}
-{{refend}}
-== External links ==
+==Notes==
-{{Scholia}}
-=== Health agencies ===
+{{hatnote|[[#Epidemiology|Back to table]]}}
-<!-- PLEASE LIST IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER BY COUNTRY NAME -->
+<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"><references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1" /></div>
-* [https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019 COVID-19] ([https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses Questions & Answers], [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbpi6ZahtOH5PLTT1yfXxcxDsNM40N1uG instructional videos]; [https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public/myth-busters Facts/MythBusters]) by the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO)
-* [https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/coronavirus-disease-covid-19.html COVID-19] by the [[Government of Canada]]
-* [https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/novel-coronavirus-china COVID-19] ([https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/novel-coronavirus-china/questions-answers Q&A]) by the [[European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control]]
-* [https://www.moh.gov.sg/covid-19 COVID-19] ([https://www.moh.gov.sg/covid-19/faqs Q&A]) by the [[Ministry of Health]], Singapore
-* [https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/index.html COVID-19] ([https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/faq.html Q&A]) by the US [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)
-* [https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/emres/2019_ncov_default.html COVID-19 Information for the Workplace] by the US [[National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health]] (NIOSH)
-=== Directories ===
+==References==
-* [https://curlie.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Respiratory_Disorders/COVID-19/ COVID-19 Directory on Curlie]
+{{reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=<ref name="WHO2020QA">{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses |title=Q&A on coronaviruses |work=[[World Health Organization]] |date=11 February 2020 |access-date=24 February 2020 |archive-date=20 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120174649/https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="CDC2020Over222">{{cite web |url=https://ischinaresponsibleforcovid19outbreak.blogspot.com/2020/12/is-china-responsible-for-covid-19.html |title=Symptoms of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) |date=10 February 2020 |work=US [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] |access-date=11 February 2020 |archive-date=4 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004210112/https://ischinaresponsibleforcovid19outbreak.blogspot.com/2020/12/is-china-responsible-for-covid-19.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
-* [https://openmd.com/directory/covid-19 COVID-19 Resource Directory on OpenMD]
-=== Data and graphs ===
+<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"><references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1" /></div>
-* [https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports/ Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) situation reports] and [https://covid19.who.int/ map] by the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO)
-* [https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/ COVID-19 Resource Center], [https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html map], and [https://github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19 historical data] by [[Johns Hopkins University]]
-* [https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/data COVID-19 data sets] published by the [[European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control]] (ECDC)
-* [https://covid.observer COVID-19 Observer] based on [[Johns Hopkins University]] data
-* [https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus COVID-19 Statistics and Research] published by [[Our World in Data]]
-* [https://www.statnews.com/feature/coronavirus/covid-19-tracker/ COVID-19 Tracker] from [[Stat (website)|Stat News]]
-* [https://covid19.healthdata.org/global COVID-19 Projections] for many countries published by [[Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation]]
-* [https://covid19comparisongraphs.webador.co.uk/ Spreadsheets: Country comparisons]
-* [https://gabgoh.github.io/COVID/index.html Epidemic Calculator]
-* [https://unwfp.maps.arcgis.com/apps/dashboards/42b8837bb25049b9b1f69a9555d55808 World Travel Restrictions] based on [[World Food Programme]] (WFP) data
-=== Medical journals ===
+==External links==
-<!-- PLEASE LIST IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER -->
+{{Wikinews|Category:COVID-19}}
-* [https://www.nejm.org/coronavirus Coronavirus (COVID-19)] by ''[[The New England Journal of Medicine]]''
+{{Commons category}}
-* [https://www.bmj.com/coronavirus Coronavirus (COVID-19) Hub] by [[BMJ (company)|BMJ Publishing Group]]
+* [https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019 WHO site for COVID-19]
-* [https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/pages/coronavirus-alert Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)] by ''[[JAMA (journal)|JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association]]''
+* [https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/index.html CDC site for COVID-19]
-* [https://novel-coronavirus.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ COVID-19: Novel Coronavirus Outbreak] by [[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley Publishing]]
+* [https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses WHO questions on COVID-19]
-* [https://collections.plos.org/covid-19 COVID-19 pandemic (2019–20) Collection] by [[Public Library of Science]] (PLOS)
+* [https://infographics.channelnewsasia.com/covid-19/map.html?fbclid=IwAR1FFAtMxXEIiPFJsRAYf5tBESCAy3km7LUxnXy4QiyV6FB98bv3lM9W1_4 Novel Coronavirus Map] Infographics, Channel News Asia
-* [https://icite.od.nih.gov/covid19/search/ COVID-19 Portfolio], a curated collection of publications and preprints by [[National Institutes of Health]] (NIH)
-* [https://www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/campaigns/coronavirus COVID-19 Research Highlights] by [[Springer Nature]]
-* [https://www.thelancet.com/coronavirus COVID-19 Resource Centre] by ''[[The Lancet]]''
-* [https://www.elsevier.com/connect/coronavirus-information-center Novel Coronavirus Information Center] by [[Elsevier]]
-{{COVID-19 pandemic|short=yes}}
+{{2019–20 coronavirus pandemic}}
-<!-- {{Epidemics}}If the template include size is too large, this template can be commented out until the page is brought back under control. It is a lower priority than the COVID-19 one. -->
-<!-- {{History of infectious disease}}If the template include size is too large, this template can be commented out until the page is brought back under control. It is a lower priority than both the Epidemics one and the COVID-19 one. -->
-{{2020s}}
-{{subject bar|b = y|b-search = COVID-19|commons = y|commons-search = Category:COVID-19 pandemic|d = y|n = y|n-search = COVID-19|q = y|q-search = COVID-19 pandemic|s = y|s-search = COVID-19|species = y|species-search = COVID-19|v = y|v-search = COVID-19|voy = y|voy-search = COVID-19 pandemic|wikt = y|wikt-search = COVID-19|portal1=COVID-19|portal2=Current events|portal3=Viruses|portal4=World}}
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-[[Category:COVID-19 pandemic| ]]
+[[Category:December 2019 events]]
-[[Category:2010s disease outbreaks]]
+[[Category:January 2020 events]]
-[[Category:2020s disease outbreaks]]
+[[Category:February 2020 events]]
-[[Category:2020s economic history]]
+[[Category:March 2020 events]]
-[[Category:21st-century epidemics]]
+[[Category:April 2020 events]]
-[[Category:21st-century health disasters]]
+[[Category:May 2020 events]]
-[[Category:21st century in health]]
+[[Category:June 2020 events]]
+[[Category:Diseases caused by viruses]]
+[[Category:COVID-19 pandemic]]
 [[Category:2019 disasters]]
-[[Category:2019 disasters in China]]
+[[Category:2019 in Asia]]
-[[Category:2019 health disasters]]
+[[Category:July 2020 events]]
-[[Category:2019 in international relations]]
+[[Category:August 2020 events]]
+[[Category:September 2020 events]]
+[[Category:October 2020 events]]
+[[Category:November 2020 events]]
+[[Category:December 2020 events]]
+[[Category:January 2021 events]]
+[[Category:February 2021 events]]
+[[Category:March 2021 events]]
+[[Category:April 2021 events]]
+[[Category:May 2021 events]]
+[[Category:June 2021 events]]
 [[Category:2020 disasters]]
-[[Category:2020 health disasters]]
+[[Category:September 2021 events]]
-[[Category:2020 in international relations]]
+[[Category:July 2021 events]]
-[[Category:2021 disasters]]
+[[Category:August 2021 events]]
-[[Category:2021 health disasters]]
+[[Category:October 2021 events]]
-[[Category:2021 in international relations]]
+[[Category:November 2021 events]]
-[[Category:2022 disasters]]
+[[Category:December 2021 events]]
-[[Category:2022 health disasters]]
+[[Category:January 2022 events]]
-[[Category:2022 in international relations]]
+[[Category:February 2022 events]]
-[[Category:December 2019 events in China]]
+[[Category:March 2022 events]]
-[[Category:January 2020 events in China]]
+[[Category:April 2022 events]]
-[[Category:February 2020 events in China]]
+[[Category:May 2022 events]]
-[[Category:March 2020 events in China]]
+[[Category:June 2022 events]]
-[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
+[[Category:July 2022 events]]
-[[Category:Atypical pneumonias]]
+[[Category:August 2022 events]]
-[[Category:Health disasters in China]]
+[[Category:September 2022 events]]
-[[Category:History of Wuhan]]
+[[Category:October 2022 events]]
-[[Category:Occupational safety and health]]
-[[Category:Pandemics]]
-[[Category:Public Health Emergency of International Concern]]