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{{short description|Soap operas of India}}
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_television_drama from the article Indian television drama Wikipedia version
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*'''This article covers from India's first television drama Hum Log (which aired in 1984–85) and other filmy -dramas till 2024'''
{{more citations needed|date=May 2012}}
{{recentism|date=March 2012}}
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'''Indian television dramas''' (also known as '''Indian series''') are [[Drama (film and television)|dramatic]] [[Television show|television programs]] written, produced, and filmed in [[India]], with characters played by Indian actors and episodes broadcast on [[Television in India|Indian televisions]].<ref>Pak-Hind Ka Swag, Book 5 "Culture, Technology and fun", chapter 16 "soap opera, Serials and films"</ref>


India's first television drama was titled ''[[Hum Log (TV series)|Hum Log]]'' ([[Hindi language|Hindi]]), which aired in 1984–85,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/08/21/movies/soap-operas-cast-a-spell-over-india.html|title=SOAP OPERAS CAST A SPELL OVER INDIA|date= 21 August 1985|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> and concluded with 154 episodes. [[Ekta Kapoor]]'s [[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi|''Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi'']] (2000–08) became the first Indian television drama to cross 1000 episodes in the history of [[Indian Television]], thus entering the [[Limca Book of Records]], and completed its run with 1833 episodes.<ref>[https://m.timesofindia.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/Saas-bahu-and-The-End/articleshow/3641504.cms Saas Bahu and the End]</ref> ''[[Char Divas Sasuche]]'' ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]) (2001–13) was the first Indian series to cross 2,000 and 3,000 episodes, also entering in Limca Book of Records, which concluded with 3,200 episodes. The [[Telugu language|Telugu]] series ''[[Abhishekam (TV series)|Abhishekam]]'' (2008–22) was the first Indian series with 4,000 episodes and concluded on 1 February 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/more-spellbinding-soap-gathas/300602 |title=More Spellbinding Soap Gathas |last=Shekhar |first=G. C. |date=6 September 2018 |work=Outlook |access-date=9 September 2019}}</ref> The television drama ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'' (2009–present) is the longest-running Hindi TV show of India, and the longest-running [[soap opera]], airing for 14 years as of 2023.
'''Indian television dramas''' (commonly referred to as '''Indian series''' or '''serials<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2023 |title=Indian TV Serial or Korean Drama: What Does an Indian Viewer Prefer? |url=https://m.sakshipost.com/news/ott/indian-tv-serial-or-korean-drama-what-does-indian-viewer-prefer-186371 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124033218/https://m.sakshipost.com/news/ott/indian-tv-serial-or-korean-drama-what-does-indian-viewer-prefer-186371 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |website=Sakshipost}}</ref>''') are [[Drama (film and television)|dramatic]] [[Television show|television programs]] written, produced, and filmed in [[India]], featuring Indian actors in the lead roles, with episodes broadcast on [[Television in India|Indian television]].<ref>Pak-Hind Ka Swag, Book 5 "Culture, Technology and fun", chapter 16 "soap opera, Serials and Films"</ref>


Indian series are made in almost all of the major languages in India, though many also contain a mix of the predominant language and [[English language|English]]. Indian dramas are also broadcast in other parts of [[South Asia]], the [[Caribbean]], [[Southeast Asia]], [[Central Asia]], [[Western Europe]], [[Southeastern Europe]], the [[Middle East]], [[North America]], [[Latin America]], [[North Africa]], [[Southeast Africa]], and [[francophone Africa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20140502-family-affair-indian-soap-operas|title=BBC - Culture - Indian soap operas : Family affairs|author=Geeta Pandey|work=BBC Culture}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irrawaddy.org/magazine-guest-column/india-marginalized-in-myanmar.html|title=India Marginalized in Myanmar|date=20 July 2013 }}</ref>
India's first television drama, titled ''[[Hum Log (TV series)|Hum Log]]'' ([[Hindi language|Hindi]]), aired from 1984 to 1985,<ref>{{cite news |date=21 August 1985 |title=SOAP OPERAS CAST A SPELL OVER INDIA |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/08/21/movies/soap-operas-cast-a-spell-over-india.html |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> and concluded with 154 episodes. [[Ekta Kapoor]]'s ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'' (2000–08) became the first Indian television drama to surpass 1,000 episodes. The show entered the [[Limca Book of Records]] with 1,833 episodes.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/Saas-bahu-and-The-End/articleshow/3641504.cms Saas Bahu and the End]</ref> The [[Marathi language|Marathi]] series ''[[Char Divas Sasuche]]'' (2001–13), concluding with 3,200 episodes, was the first Indian series to produce over both 2,000 and 3,000 episodes, making it into the Limca Book of Records. The [[Telugu language|Telugu]] series ''[[Abhishekam (TV series)|Abhishekam]]'' (2008–22) became the first Indian series to reach 4,000 episodes, ending its run on 1 February 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shekhar |first=G. C. |date=6 September 2018 |title=More Spellbinding Soap Gathas |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/more-spellbinding-soap-gathas/300602 |access-date=9 September 2019 |work=Outlook}}</ref> The television drama ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'' (2009–present), with over 4,500 episodes, is the longest-running Hindi TV show in India, as well as the longest-running [[soap opera]], having aired for 15 years as of 2024.


==History==
Indian series are produced in nearly all major languages spoken in India, though many incorporate a mix of the predominant regional language and English. These dramas are also broadcast in other parts of [[South Asia]], the [[Caribbean]], [[Southeast Asia]], [[Central Asia]], [[Western Europe]], [[Southeastern Europe]], the [[Middle East]], [[North America]], [[Latin America]], [[North Africa]], [[Southeast Africa]], and [[Francophone Africa]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Geeta |last=Pandey |title=BBC - Culture - Indian soap operas : Family affairs |url=http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20140502-family-affair-indian-soap-operas |work=BBC Culture}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=20 July 2013 |title=India Marginalized in Myanmar |url=http://www.irrawaddy.org/magazine-guest-column/india-marginalized-in-myanmar.html}}</ref>


India's first television [[drama]] was ''[[Hum Log (TV series)|Hum Log]]'', which first aired in 1984–85<ref name="Kohli2006">{{cite book|last=Kohli|first=Vanita|title=The Indian Media Business|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hllyb6ymMy0C&pg=RA1-PA8-IA1|access-date=1 February 2014|date=14 June 2006|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=9780761934691|pages=1–}}</ref> and concluded with 154 episodes, was the longest running serial in the history of [[Indian television]] at the time when it ended. It had an audience of 60&nbsp;million, with each episode was about 25&nbsp;minutes long, and the series finale episode was about 55&nbsp;minutes.<ref name="Gokulsing2004">{{cite book |last=Gokulsing |first=K. Moti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CAgVZ-lJFIC&pg=PA32 |title=Soft-soaping India: The World of Indian Television Soap Operas |publisher=Trentham Books |year=2004 |isbn=9781858563213 |pages=32– |access-date=1 February 2014}}</ref> At the end of each episode, veteran [[Hindi film]] actor [[Ashok Kumar]] would discuss the ongoing story and situations with the audience using Hindi couplets and limericks. In later episodes, he would introduce the actors who played characters in the serial and end his monologue with the Indian language versions of the words "Hum Log". In 2002, [[StarPlus]] telecasted the period drama TV miniseries ''Asoka'', based on the [[Asoka (2001 film)|2001 film of the same name]], with a run of five episodes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/05/23/stories/2002052304230200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226223107/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/05/23/stories/2002052304230200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2018-02-26|website=[[The Hindu]]|title=Keep date with Asoka}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indya.com/asoka/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030414053116/http://www.indya.com/asoka/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2003-04-14 |title=indya.com - Asoka |access-date=2019-07-06}}</ref>
==History and significant development in Indian television from 1984-2020==
India's first television [[drama]], [[Hum Log (TV series)|''Hum Log'']], aired in 1984–85 and concluded with 154 episodes.<ref name="Kohli2006">{{cite book |last=Kohli |first=Vanita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hllyb6ymMy0C&pg=RA1-PA8-IA1 |title=The Indian Media Business |date=14 June 2006 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=9780761934691 |pages=1– |access-date=1 February 2014}}</ref> At the time of its conclusion, it was the longest-running serial in [[Indian television]] history. ''Hum Log'' garnered an of 60 million viewers, with each episode running for approximately 25 minutes, with the series finale extending to approximately 55 minutes.<ref name="Gokulsing2004">{{cite book |last=Gokulsing |first=K. Moti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CAgVZ-lJFIC&pg=PA32 |title=Soft-soaping India: The World of Indian Television Soap Operas |publisher=Trentham Books |year=2004 |isbn=9781858563213 |pages=32– |access-date=1 February 2014}}</ref> Notably, at the end of each episode, veteran [[Hindi film]] actor [[Ashok Kumar]] engaged with the audience, discussing the ongoing story and situations through Hindi couplets and limericks. In later episodes, he introduced the actors portraying the characters and concluded his monologues with Indian language versions of the words "Hum Log."


Biographies of famous people started being produced in the form of dramas like ''[[Chanakya (TV series)|Chanakya]]'', ''[[Dharti Ka Veer Yodha Prithviraj Chauhan]]'', ''[[Veer Shivaji]]'', ''[[Jhansi Ki Rani (2009 TV series)|Jhansi Ki Rani]]'', ''[[Chittod Ki Rani Padmini Ka Johur]]'', ''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]'', ''[[Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat]], [[Rudramadevi (TV series)|Rudramadevi]]'' based on the Indian history.
===Sudden growth & emerging trend during early 2000s===
In 2002, [[StarPlus]] broadcast the period drama TV miniseries ''Asoka'', based on the [[Asoka (2001 film)|2001 film of the same name]], with a limited run of five episodes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Keep date with Asoka |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/05/23/stories/2002052304230200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226223107/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/05/23/stories/2002052304230200.htm |archive-date=2018-02-26 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=indya.com - Asoka |url=http://www.indya.com/asoka/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030414053116/http://www.indya.com/asoka/ |archive-date=2003-04-14 |access-date=2019-07-06}}</ref>
Crime dramas also started being produced and aired. ''[[CID (Indian TV series)|C.I.D.]]'' (1998–2018) follows a team of detectives belonging to the Crime Investigation Department in [[Mumbai]]. ''C.I.D.'' is the longest-running crime TV series in [[India]], having a run of 20 years. ''[[Adaalat (TV series)|Adaalat]]'' (2010–16) was an [[Indian television]] courtroom drama series which revolves around Advocate K. D. Pathak, a defense lawyer with an impeccable track record of winning cases and setting helpless innocent victims free, but not at the cost of upholding the truth.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/jul/27/tv-cid-a-hit-with-viewers.htm |title=What makes this TV show such a hit with Indians? |publisher=Movies.rediff.com |access-date=6 August 2010}}</ref>


The Indian [[mythological]] [[drama]] show, ''[[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev]],'' recorded the highest [[Target rating point|TRP]] of 8.2 in an episode.
During the late 2010s, the popularity of daytime dramas and noon slot dramas gradually declined, and today, there are no daytime dramas on any mainstream channels.<ref>{{cite news |title=Star Dopahar to call it a day, all shows to end on September 30 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/star-dopahar-to-call-it-a-day-all-shows-to-end-on-september-30-tv-news-4834240/ |access-date=19 September 2017 |publisher=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref> Currently, the four major networks that air prime time television dramas with a nationwide following are Colors TV, Star Plus, Sony Entertainment Television, Sun TV, and Zee TV. In 2017 in order to expand viewership all networks are bringing noon slot and day time slot shows. Star Plus, one of the leading Hindi general entertainment channels, has reintroduced the afternoon slot<ref>{{cite news |title=Star Dopahar to bring again with four new shows |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/star-plus-to-reboot-afternoon-slot-with-4-new-shows/articleshow/57378471.cms?from=mdr|access-date=19 September 2017 |publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com}}</ref> but ended after September 30, 2017


Daytime dramas were highly popular during the 2000s and 2010s, with shows like ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'', ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Ki]]'', ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagi Kay]]'',''Gharana '', ''[[Kumkum – Ek Pyara Sa Bandhan]]'', ''[[Kaahin Kissii Roz]]'', ''[[Kahiin to Hoga]]'', ''[[Woh Rehne Waali Mehlon Ki]], [[Kucchh Pal Saath Tumhara]], [[Kkusum]],'' [[Nadhaswaram (TV series)|''Nadhaswaram'']]'', [[Waaris (2008 TV series)|Waaris]], [[Dishayen]], [[Roja Kootam (TV series)|Roja Kootam]], [[Ganga Kii Dheej]], [[Kolangal (TV series)|Kolangal]], [[Metti Oli]], [[Anandham (TV series)|Aanandham]], [[Chithi (TV series)|Chithi]] and [[Banoo Main Teri Dulhann]]''. ''[[Porus (TV series)|Porus]]'', a [[historical drama]], based on the Indian king [[Porus the Elder|Porus]], premiered on [[Sony Entertainment Television]] on 27 November 2017 and ended on 13 November 2018. It is currently the most expensive show in Indian history, with a budget of over Rs. 500 crores.
====Biographical dramas====
Biographical dramas based on historical figures also became popular, with notable examples such as ''[[Chanakya (TV series)|Chanakya]]'', ''[[Dharti Ka Veer Yodha Prithviraj Chauhan]]'', ''[[Veer Shivaji]]'', ''[[Jhansi Ki Rani (2009 TV series)|Jhansi Ki Rani]]'', ''[[Chittod Ki Rani Padmini Ka Johur]]'', ''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]'', ''[[Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat]], [[Rudramadevi (TV series)|Rudramadevi]]'' bringing Indian history to life through television.


During the late 2010s, the popularity of daytime dramas gradually declined. Today, there are no daytime dramas on any mainstream channel.<ref>{{cite news|title=Star Dopahar to call it a day, all shows to end on September 30|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/star-dopahar-to-call-it-a-day-all-shows-to-end-on-september-30-tv-news-4834240/|access-date=19 September 2017|publisher=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref> Currently, the four major networks that air primetime television dramas with nationwide following are [[Colors TV]], [[Star Plus]], [[Sony Entertainment Television]], [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] and [[Zee TV]].<ref>[https://www.business-standard.com/article/management/star-zee-colors-and-sony-fight-it-out-on-weekends-113061301119_1.html Star, Zee, Color,Sun and Sony fight it out on weekends - Business Standard]</ref> After mid 2000′s, Indian TV series' themes have been getting changed than before. More women-centric shows were made, such as Choti maa ek anokha bandhan, Jeete Hain Jiske Liye'',''[[Sujata (TV series)|Sujata]], [[Thodi Si Zameen Thoda Sa Aasmaan]], [[Karishma – The Miracles Of Destiny]], [[Main Banoongi Miss India]]'',''[[Kolangal (TV series)|Kolangal]],''[[Maryada: Lekin Kab Tak?]]'', ''Yathumagi Nindrai'', ''Adhikaar ek kasam ek tapasya'', ''[[Hello Pratibha]]'', ''[[Maddam Sir]]'', ''Corporate Sarpanch, [[Appnapan – Badalte Rishton Ka Bandhan]], [[Anupamaa]], [[Ladies Special]], [[Dheere Dheere Se (TV series)|Dheere Dheere Se]], [[Main Hoon Aparajita]], [[Pushpa Impossible]], [[Sevvanthi (TV series)|Sevvanthi]],''[[Dhadkan Zindaggi Kii]]'' which gained popularity for their strong female protagonists.''{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}'
====Historical series====
[[Porus (TV series)|''Porus'']], a [[historical drama]] based on the life of the Indian king [[Porus]], premiered on [[Sony Entertainment Television]] on 27 November 2017 and concluded on 13 November 2018. It is currently the most expensive show in Indian television history, with a budget exceeding 500 crores.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mathur |first1=Abhimanyu |title=India's most expensive TV show has bigger budget than Animal, Dunki, Fighter combined, no star; compared to Baahubali |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-india-s-most-expensive-tv-show-porus-budget-rs-500-crore-animal-dunki-fighter-vfx-compared-to-baahubali-sholay-3077085 |website=dnaindia.com |publisher=DNA India |access-date=6 Feb 2024}}</ref>
 
''[[21 Sarfarosh – Saragarhi 1897]]'',''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]'',''[[Bharatvarsh (TV series)|Bharatvarsh]]'',''[[Swaraj (TV series)|Swaraj]]'',''[[Ek Veer Stree Ki Kahaani – Jhansi Ki Rani]]'' are Popular historical series.
 
====Crime dramas and Thriller series====
Crime dramas also became a staple of Indian television or TV. [[CID (Indian TV series)|''C.I.D.'']] (1998–2018) followed a team of detectives from the Crime Investigation Department in [[Mumbai]] and became the longest-running crime TV series in [[India]], spanning 20 years.  Other notable crime-thriller and professional series include, ''[[Suraag – The Clue]]'', ''[[Jasoos Vijay]]'', [[Special Squad (Indian TV series)|''Special Squad'']], ''[[Monica Mogre – Case Files]]'', [[Adaalat (TV series)|''Adaalat'']], [[CID (Indian TV series)|''C.I.D.'']], [[24 (Indian TV series)|''24'']], [[CIF (TV series)|''CIF'']] and ''[[Zindagi Badal Sakta Hai Hadsaa]]''
 
====Science fiction television series====
An Indian science fiction television series which was considered to be a famous late 1990s show called [[Captain Vyom]].
 
====Super hero shows====
Some of the Superhero television shows were [[Shaktimaan]] and [[Aryamaan – Brahmaand Ka Yodha]] of late 1990's & early 2000's.
 
====Fantasy television series====
''[[Arslaan]]'',''[[Savitri – Ek Prem Kahani]]'',''[[Shaka Laka Boom Boom]]'',''[[Son Pari]]'',''[[Hatim (TV series)|Hatim]]'', Antariksh- Ek Amar Katha are one of the known Fantasy shows of 2000's. [[Aladdin – Naam Toh Suna Hoga]] show was one of the profound  television series of Sony SAB  from 2018 to 2021
 
====Comedy shows====
''[[Khushiyan]]'',''Soni Mahiwal'',''[[Baa Bahoo Aur Baby]]'',''[[Bhaskar Bharti]]'',''[[Mrs. & Mr. Sharma Allahabadwale]]'',''[[Chintu Chinki Aur Ek Badi Si Love Story]]'',''[[Maddam Sir]]'' were Best Comedy shows
 
====Comedy sitcoms====
''[[Hum Paanch (TV series)|Hum paanch]]'', ''Hum Saath Aaat Hain'', ''[[Tu Tu Main Main]]'',''[[Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani (TV series)|Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani]]'',''[[Malini Iyer]]'',''[[Shararat (TV series)|Shararat]]'',''[[Kabhi Saas Kabhi Bahu]]'',''Kadvee Khattee Meethi'',''[[Hari Mirchi Lal Mirchi]]'',''[[F.I.R. (TV series)|FIR]]'', ''[[Kya Mast Hai Life]]'',''[[Best of Luck Nikki]]'',''[[Chidiya Ghar]]'',''[[Jeannie Aur Juju]]'',''[[Sumit Sambhal Lega]]'',''[[TV Biwi Aur Main]]'',''[[Sajan Re Phir Jhooth Mat Bolo]]'' were successful Comic sitcoms
''[[Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain!]]'' and ''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]'' are famous sitcoms and one of the longest-running television series in India.''[[Sarabhai vs Sarabhai]]'',''[[Khichdi (franchise)|Khichdi]]'',''[[Wagle Ki Duniya – Nayi Peedhi Naye Kissey]]'' sitcoms continue to be considered some of the best sitcoms in India.
 
====Historical comedy drama====
[[Tenali Rama (TV series)|Tenali Rama]] which is a Popular historical comedy drama based on the life of the legendary Telugu poet [[Tenali Ramakrishna]]  aired on [[Sony SAB]] on 11 July 2017
 
====Revenge series====
Revenge-thriller series also gained attraction with ''Kasamm'', ''[[Ek Hasina Thi (TV series)|Ek Hasina Thi]]'',''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon 3]]'', ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin]]'', ''[[Vish Ya Amrit: Sitara]]'', ''[[Ishqbaaaz]]'', and ''[[Beyhadh]]'' are among the most Well-known examples in this genre.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 5 revenge dramas on Indian TV with dramatic twists; from Mouni Roy’s Naagin to Nakuul Mehta’s Ishqbaaz|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/top-5-revenge-dramas-on-indian-tv-with-dramatic-twists-from-mouni-roys-naagin-to-nakuul-mehtas-ishqbaaz-1338429|website=pinkvilla.com}}</ref>[[Naaginn (2007 TV series)|Nagin - Vaadon Ki Agnipariksha]] played by Sayantani Ghosh was the earlier First popular Revenge related show launched in 2007 and telecasted  during weekends
 
====Fashion related series====
''[[Main Banoongi Miss India]]'',''[[Lipstick (TV series)]]'' series are one of the best Fashion related series.
 
==== Flight attendant related series====
''Air Hostess'' series launched on DD National Produced by Rupesh Gohil is one of the series related to Flight attendant <ref>{{Cite web |title= Air alert|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/air-alert/articleshow/15725152.cms|website=umbaimirror.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
 
==== Aviator(Pilot) related series====
[[Airlines (Indian TV series)|Airlines - Har Udaan Ek Toofan]] which was produced by [[Miditech]] with Actors [[Tulip Joshi]] and VJ Yudhishtir as main roles.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Tulip-Joshi-returns-to-TV-with-Airlines-Har-Udaan-Ek-Toofan/articleshow/40669453.cms|title=Tulip Joshi returns to TV with Airlines - Har Udaan Ek Toofan|last=|first=|date=22 August 2014|website=The Times of India|access-date=}}</ref>
 
====Aviation related series====
[[Saara Akaash]] and ''[[Chhoona Hai Aasmaan]]'' related to Air forces.
 
====Legal dramatic series ====
In 1993  [[DD Metro]] launched [[Kanoon (TV series)|Kanoon]] which was courtroom drama/crime series. with 111-episodes [[Hindi]] series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19931215-b-r-chopra-back-on-tv-with-courtroom-drama-811942-1993-12-15|title=B R Chopra back with courtroom drama|access-date=2020-01-19}}</ref> It was produced by [[B. R. Chopra]] and directed by his son [[Ravi Chopra]].
 
Another popular series, [[Adaalat (TV series)|''Adaalat'']] (2010–16), revolved around a defense lawyer, Advocate K. D. Pathak, played by Ronit Roy.
 
====Army Training Academy related series====
[[Left Right Left (TV series)|Left Right Left]] aired on [[SAB TV]] is about the 6 cadets in an Indian Army academy face many obstacles, yet stand together.
 
====Social drama====
Serials addressing societal issues, such as child marriage, gender inequality, and dowry, include [[Balika Vadhu|Balika Vadhu (focused on child marriage)]],[[Agle Janam Mohe Bitiya Hi Kijo]] (exploring gender discrimination), [[Saat Phere – Saloni Ka Safar]] ( dealing with societal prejudice), [[Sapna Babul Ka... Bidaai|Bidaai (highlighting skin color bias)]], [[Ghar Ki Lakshmi Betiyann]] (centered on women's empowerment), and Dahhej (addressing the dowry system),Godh Bharai(Life of a childless couple who suffer in silence),[[Reth (TV series)|Reth]](battles the stigma despite being ostracised).<ref>{{Cite web |title=2,000 episodes on, 'Balika Vadhu' still questions societal norms|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/2-000-episodes-on-balika-vadhu-still-questions-societal-norms-115092401085_1.html|website=business-standard.com}}</ref>
 
====Mythological series from 2011 -2020====
*The famous Mythological series of 2011-2014 the Indian [[mythological]] [[drama]] ''[[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev]]'' achieved a record-breaking [[Target rating point|TRP]] of 8.2 for a single episode, marking it as one of the highest-rated shows in its genre.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}The Best Actor in a Negative Role won by [[Mohit Raina]] [[Jalandhara|(Jalandhar)]] from Devon Ke Dev... Mahadev Serial at the 13th ITA Awards 2013.
*[[Namah Lakshmi Narayan|Namah]] show which started on 23 September –20 December 2019,where Raviz Thakur played the role of  [[Kali (demon)|khaliyug asura]] anti-character became prominent among the viewers.
*[[Mahakali – Anth Hi Aarambh Hai]] which is a [[Colors TV]] show had international reception and show gained a lot of popularity among audiences<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mahakaali-anth-hi-aarambh-hai-to-go-off-air-soon-pooja-sharma-saurabh-raaj-share-pictures-from-the-last-day-of-the-sets/articleshow/65130912.cms|title=Mahakaali to air off soon|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
*[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]] one of the famous series in Star plus from 2013 to 2014
 
====Parental conflict series====
[[Rishton Ka Chakravyuh]] & [[Maya (2012 TV series)|Maya]] these series were best series about parental conflict but ran for short span
 
===Evolution of TV serials from 2001-2020===
Daytime family dramas, including noon slots and prime-time retelecasts during the daytime, were highly popular throughout the 2000s to 2010s. Best shows like ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'',''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]'',''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagi Kay]]'', ''[[Kaahin Kissii Roz]]'', ''[[Kahiin to Hoga]]'', ''[[Woh Rehne Waali Mehlon Ki]]'', ''[[Kkusum]]'', ''[[Nadhaswaram (TV series)|''Nadhaswaram'']]'',''[[Waaris (2008 TV series)|Waaris]]'', ''[[Dishayen]]'',''[[Roja Kootam (TV series)|Roja Kootam]]'', ''[[Ganga Kii Dheej]]'', ''[[Kolangal (TV series)|Kolangal]]'',''[[Metti Oli]]'', ''[[Anandham (TV series)|Aanandham]]'',''[[Doli Saja Ke]]'',''Chithi'',''[[Behenein]]'', ''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya]]'', ''[[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya]]'',''[[Maayka]]'',''Sanskar'',''[[Kohi Apna Sa]]'',''[[Maryada: Lekin Kab Tak?]]'',''[[Kasamh Se]]'' and ''[[Banoo Main Teri Dulhann]]'' were immensely popular and maintained a strong viewership.
 
''[[Dishayen]]'',''[[Banoo Main Teri Dulhann]]'',''[[Kolangal (TV series)|Kolangal]]'',''[[Viraasat (2006 TV series)|Viraasat]]'' dealt about most bitter sibling rivalry which has worst impact on their own families.
 
''[[Koshish – Ek Aashaa]]'',''[[Kya Hadsaa Kya Haqeeqat]]'','''[[Kkavyanjali]]'',''[[Babul Ka Aangann Chootey Na]]'',''[[Yahan Main Ghar Ghar Kheli]]'', ''[[Kehta Hai Dil]]'',''[[Durgesh Nandinii]]'',''[[Aisa Des Hai Mera (TV series)|Aisa des hai mera]]'',''[[Sasural Genda Phool]]'',''[[Hitler Didi]]''are Popular dramas of 2000's
 
Noon slot family dramas gained particular prominence in the mid-2000s, with shows like ''[[Meri Doli Tere Angana]]'', ''[[Hamari Devrani]]'', ''[[Chotti Bahu]]'',''Kasak'' ,''Adhikaar: Ek Kasam Ek Tapasya'', ''[[Kumkum – Ek Pyara Sa Bandhan]]'', ''Woh Hue Na Hamare'', ''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]'', ''[[Bhabhi (TV series)|Bhabhi]]'', ''Kesar'', ''[[Karam Apnaa Apnaa]]'', ''[[Rakhi – Atoot Rishtey Ki Dor]]'', ''Gharana'',''[[Stree Teri Kahani]]'' ,''[[Tere Mere Sapne (TV series)|Tere mere sapne]]'',''[[Hamari Devrani]]''enjoyed as much success as prime-time shows.
 
It was also common for prime-time shows to be retelecast during the afternoon slot, further boosting their popularity.In 2007 Star plus made reteleacast of past hit shows like kyun hota hai pyaar,''[[Shararat (TV series)|Shararat]]'',''[[Des Mein Niklla Hoga Chand]]'',''Kehtha hai dil'' and other previous completed shows aired in morning from 8.00AM to 11.00 AM.
 
Weekdays shows were made during early 2000's as more different serials were launched.''[[Kehta Hai Dil]]'',''[[Des Mein Niklla Hoga Chand]]'',''[[Meher (TV series)|Meher]]'', ''Dil se door Dil ke paas'',''Kyun Hota Hai Pyaar'',''[[Sanjivani (2002 TV series)|Sanjivani]]'', ''[[Devi (TV series)|Devi]]'' were the most hit shows of 2000's.
 
In mid 2000 Romantic serials were started to made instead of regular family dramas. It started from [[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]],[[Des Mein Niklla Hoga Chand]] and then followed as trend.
 
''[[Kaajjal]]'',''[[Kitni Mast Hai Zindagi]]'',''[[Kaisa Ye Pyar Hai]]'',''[[Hongey Judaa Na Hum]]'',''[[Tere Liye (TV series)|Tere liye]]'',''[[Dill Mill Gayye]]'',''[[Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani]]'',''[[Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin]]'',''[[Teri Meri Love Stories]]'',''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]'',''[[Ye Meri Life Hai]]'',''[[Hum Dono Hain Alag Alag]]'',''[[Meri Awaz Ko Mil Gayi Roshni]]'',''[[Miley Jab Hum Tum]]'',''Kyun Hota Hai Pyaar'',''[[Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani]]'',''Astitva...Ek Prem Kahani'',''[[Kutumb (TV series)|Kutumb]]'',''[[Pavitra Rishta]]'',''[[Pavitra Bandhan]]''were one of the successful serials which started to add romantic themes and chemistry which were well received a mix of reactions from viewers especially from youths
 
Popular series such as ''Choti Maa: Ek Anokha Bandhan'',''Jeete Hain Jiske Liye'', ''[[Sujata (TV series)|Sujata]]'', ''[[Thodi Si Zameen Thoda Sa Aasmaan]]'', ''[[Karishma – The Miracles Of Destiny]]'',  ''[[Kolangal (TV series)|Kolangal]]'',''[[Kucchh Pal Saath Tumhara]]'', ''Yathumagi Nindrai'',''[[Amber Dhara]]'',''[[Hello Pratibha]]'', ''[[Thendral]]'', ''[[Manshaa]]'',''[[Ladies Special]]'' gained popularity for their portrayal of strong female protagonists during that period.
 
''[[Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon]]'',''[[Kya Huaa Tera Vaada]]'', ''[[Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai]]'', ''[[Pandian Stores]]'',''[[Gupta Brothers]]'',''[[Kyun Rishton Mein Katti Batti]]'',''[[Bepannah]]'',''[[Woh Apna Sa]]'',''[[Shaadi Mubarak]]'',''[[Saraswatichandra (TV series)|Saraswati chandra]]'',''[[Khwabon Ke Darmiyan]]'' were popular dramatic serials  were well appreciated from viewers for strong screenplay & stellar performances.''[[Virrudh]]'',''[[Rishton Ke Bhanwar Mein Uljhi Niyati]]'',''[[Maharani (2009 TV series)|Maharani]]'',''Thirumagal'' are based on how daughters role is important being a pillar support as well as with emotional bond and play a significant pivotal role to their families as well as society and how their significant decisions are best in worst situations.
 
''[[Ajeeb Daastaan Hai Ye]]'',''[[Itna Karo Na Mujhe Pyaar]]'',''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]'',''[[Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki]]'',''[[Kyaa Hoga Nimmo Kaa]]'',''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?]]'',''[[Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi]]'',''[[Thodi Khushi Thode Gham]]'',''[[Kuchh Is Tara]]'',''[[Office (TV series)|Office]]'',''[[Nisha Aur Uske Cousins]]'',''[[Dosti... Yaariyan... Manmarziyan]]'',''[[Bade Bhaiyya Ki Dulhania]]'',''Aek Chabhi Hai Padoss Mein'',''[[Dil Toh Happy Hai Ji]]'' had  mixed combination of romance, drama, emotions and light comedy which had good impact from viewers.
 
===Concept related serials===
==== Parenting related shows====
Though these serials had stipulated run but it had strong emotional theme related to parent hood.Few tele-series were created with a focus on parenthood and the complexities of parent-child relationships, such as
 
*''[[Basera (2009 TV series)|Basera]]'' (How old couples are treated with disregard)
*''[[Thalattu (TV series)|Thalattu]]''(Separation of mother and son through circumstances)
*''[[Tera Yaar Hoon Main]]'' (Father's longing to receive son's affection)
* ''Sautela''(Father and son emotional bond), 
* ''[[Mere Papa Hero Hiralal]]'' (Father and daughter bond)
*''[[Parvarrish – Kuchh Khattee Kuchh Meethi]]'',Parvarrish – Season 2 (Struggles of upbringing which explored the struggles of parents and their evolving dynamics with children).
*''Thangamana purushan(season 2)'' (A person whose wife is mentally sick for losing her child therefore searches his child which is adopted in some other family )
*''Santaan ''(challenges of a parent)&''Swaran Ghar''(Parents face struggle to provide the best things for their children) dealt with emotional challenges and experiences of a parent.
 
====Sports related shows====
''[[Kesari Nandan]]'' and ''[[Palampur Express]]'' are one of the Indian TV serials that dealt with the challenges of a sports player.
 
====Musical drama related series====
[[Meri Awaz Ko Mil Gayi Roshni]] is about the ambitions and passions of Musical singer Sudha Malik and her personal love raj and how she balanced her conflict of her personal and musical professional life.
 
[[Meri Awaaz Hi Pehchaan Hai]] which is  Musical drama television series played by the [[Jannat Zubair Rahmani]],[[Amrita Rao]] Mehnaaz Maan and [[Aditi Vasudev]] along with [[Deepti Naval]] and [[Zarina Wahab]] played the lead roles. The story continues with three generations of two sisters whose lives revolve around music which results in misunderstanding and stiff competition
 
[[Tu Aashiqui]]a theme about  musical-romance television show with combination and chemistry between Singer Paaki & Musician Ahaan
 
====Medical related shows====
''[[Dhadkan Zindaggi Kii]]'',''[[Sanjivani (2002 TV series)|Sanjivani]]'',
''[[Sanjivani (2019 TV series)|Sanjivani 2]]'' are one of the Indian medical drama television series that dealt with  their social, professional-dedication & emotional life
 
====Adventure related shows====
[[Everest (Indian TV series)|Everest]] revolves around the mountaineer Anjali Singh Rawat who successfully climbs [[Mount Everest]], created by Ashutosh Gowariker and produced by Ashutosh Gowariker Productions Private Limited (AGPPL). A. R. Rahman composed the music for this television show.
 
==== Shows Had Portrayed related to work place rivalry & toxicity ====
*''Kokila Enge Pogiraal'' which was a Tamil-language soap opera that aired on Sun TV from 1999 to 2000 and produced under the banner by [[Sivaji Productions]] revolves around the life of Kokila played by Actor[[Easwari Rao]] who works in office as employee where she develops rivalry through evil colleague who is a rich business man and she gets framed for wrong reasons in fake case  but actually was done by same  colleague with the influence of a politician and help of a lawyer as they want to escape the case.
*''[[Karam Apnaa Apnaa]]'' season2 which had portrayed toxic work place cultures for few episodes as Gauri ([[Pallavi Subhash]]) as single mother who  works in her deceased husband's Takeover partnership Firm  which was acquired by distant brother in law Moksh(Arbaaz Ali Khan)
*The season 3 of [[Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi|Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi 3]] where Sanjana played by Actor[[Sana Amin Sheikh]] as Negative lead where she works in Dev's communication business company as a  Self-proclaimed fake interior decorator & Plagiarist designer.
*''[[Deivamagal|Deivamagal serial]]'' had Actor Rekha Krishnappa played the role of Gayathri anniyar as Autocratic authoritarian Hotel supervisor possessing Superiority complex attitude
 
==== Shows Had Portrayed related to [[Office humor]] ====
one of the best series related to workplace humor
*[[Rishta.com]] series (A show about Partners who run matrimonial agency)
*[[Office (TV series)|office]] series (A show about friendships of four employees in their company.)
*[[Dosti... Yaariyan... Manmarziyan]] (A show about 4 people who work in Advertising Agency)
 
====Business rivalry related shows====
[[Kolangal (TV series)|Kolangal]] mainly revolves around the rivalry between Abinaya who is selfless person and Aditya is her Business rival and half brother.
 
====Life related series====
[[Aati Rahengi Baharein]] which revolves around the happy life of Dr. Amar Sanghani where his life takes an unfortunate turn when he finds out that he is suffering from a deadly disease which is incurable and has short span of life and how he deals the trauma .
 
==Current trend from (2020 to present)==
From 2015, the Hindi television industry has been striving to create new contents due to OTT platform saturation and other foreign TV dramas & Asian dramas. [[Zindagi (TV channel)|Zindagi]] had syndicated diverse shows from various countries including Brazil, Pakistan, South Korea, Turkey and Ukraine. That was the turning point where viewers made different choices to watch shows from various countries.
 
Presently, ''[[Na Umra Ki Seema Ho]]'', ''[[Woh Toh Hai Albelaa]]'',''[[Pashminna – Dhaage Mohabbat Ke]]'',''[[Shaadi Mubarak]]'' ''[[Kyun Rishton Mein Katti Batti]]'',''[[Tera Mera Saath Rahe]]'',''[[Hamari Wali Good News]]'',''[[Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum]]'' are one of the most lovable shows one of the romantic shows during its time and received positve response from the audience
 
''[[Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi]]'',''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 2]]'',''[[Chellamma (TV series)|Chellamma]]''
[[Yeh Hai Chahatein]] are one of the popular dramas.
 
''[[Anupamaa]]'', ''[[Meet: Badlegi Duniya Ki Reet]]'',''[[Tu Chal Pudha]]'',''[[Sreemoyee]]'',''[[Sevvanthi (TV series)|Sevvanthi]]'', ''[[Dhadkan Zindaggi Kii]]'', ''[[Ethirneechal (TV series)|Ethirneechal]]'',''Bas Itna Sa Khwaab'',''[[Intinti Gruhalakshmi]]'',''[[Maddam Sir]]'', ''Corporate Sarpanch'', ''[[Appnapan – Badalte Rishton Ka Bandhan]]'', ''[[Dheere Dheere Se (TV series)|Dheere Dheere Se]]'', ''[[Main Hoon Aparajita]]'',''[[Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal (TV series)|Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal]]'' are one of the different kind of  shows based on Women protagonist centric.''[[Ekk Nayi Pehchaan]]'' a Women protagonist centric show which was dubbed in regional languages and was remade in Telugu Version as Maa Atta Bangaram.
 
== Indian television series inspired from films==
*[[Dil Se Dil Tak]] was loosely based on the 2001 [[Bollywood]] film ''[[Chori Chori Chupke Chupke]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/spoilers/colors-dil-se-dil-tak-to-recreate-chori-chori-chupke-chupke-movies-scene/2017/06/21|title=Colors' Dil Se Dil Tak to recreate Chori Chori Chupke Chupke movies scene|date=21 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/dil-se-dil-tak-promo-2-jasmin-bhasin-will-remind-you-of-preity-zinta-from-chori-chori-chupke-chupke/|title=Dil Se Dil Tak promo 2: Jasmin Bhasin will remind you of Preity Zinta from Chori Chori Chupke Chupke|date=31 December 2016}}</ref>
*Another adaptation was [[Seeta Aur Geeta (TV series)|''Seeta Aur Geeta'']], was based on the popular [[Bollywood]] film [[Seeta Aur Geeta|of the same name]] (1972), written by [[Salim–Javed]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pereira |first=Priyanka |date=8 June 2009 |title=Lookalike |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/lookalike/472855/ |access-date=2 July 2022 |newspaper=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2008 |title=Seeta Aur Geeta to be back |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/tv/seeta-aur-geeta-to-be-back/story-Ab3UgYPTo2RY833Ux9cQKI.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=29 May 2009 |title=Seeta Aur Geeta hit home - DELI - The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Seeta-Aur-Geeta-hit-home/article15938416.ece |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Seeta Aur Geeta' a TV show |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-seeta-aur-geeta-a-tv-show-1216163 |website=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The two in one girl |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/the-two-in-one-girl/cid/625133 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref>
*[[Bhaskar Bharti]] is an Indian fantasy comedy-drama television series loosely inspired by from the Hindi film [[Mr Ya Miss]]
*There was speculation the negative role essayed as Maya dangerously obsessive lover from original first season of [[Beyhadh]] loosely based on that of role of Isha Diwan played by Actor Kajol in [[Gupt: The Hidden Truth]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Is Beyhadh based on Gupt? |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/is-jennifer-wingets-beyhadh-inspired-by-kajols-gupt-806942/ |website=bollywoodlife.com}}</ref>
*[[Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani]] is a supernatural television series produced [[Balaji Telefilms]]by Ekta Kapoor inspired by [[Twilight (2008 film)|Twilight]]
*[[Do Hanson Ka Jodaa]] was inspired from the film [[Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Indian shows inspired from films |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/web-stories/entertainment/television/naagin-dil-se-dil-tak-10-indian-television-shows-inspired-by-bollywood-films-1713263408768|website=dnaindia.com}}</ref>


== Social impact ==
== Social impact ==
{{see also|Socio-economic issues in India}}
{{see also|Socio-economic issues in India}}
{{Expand section|date=April 2011}}
TV dramas have had a significant impact on Indian society, influencing issues related to national integration, [[Identity (social science)|identity]], [[Globalisation in India|globalization]],<ref>Gokulsing, K. (2004). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=4CAgVZ-lJFIC Soft-Soaping India: The World of Indian Televised Soap Operas]''. Trentham Books, UK. {{ISBN|1-85856-321-6}}. p. 105.</ref> [[Women in India|women]], ethics, and social issues in rural areas.[18] The first Indian television drama series, [[Hum Log (television series)|''Hum Log'']], originally began as a [[Family planning in India|family planning]] program but quickly shifted its focus to entertainment. Despite this, it continued to incorporate pro-development messages, serving as a model for utilizing television serials as an "[[Educational entertainment|edutainment]]" method—a practice that has been adopted by countries around the world.<ref name="AggarwalGupta2001">{{cite book |last1=Aggarwal |first1=Vir Bala |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sCIf8MM1ZlAC&pg=PA208 |title=Handbook of Journalism and Mass Communication |last2=Gupta |first2=V. S. |date=1 January 2001 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=9788170228806 |pages=208– |access-date=1 February 2014}}</ref>
TV dramas affect Indian society, with regard to national integration, identity, [[Globalisation in India|globalization]],<ref>Gokulsing, K. (2004). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=4CAgVZ-lJFIC Soft-Soaping India: The World of Indian Televised Soap Operas]''. Trentham Books, UK. {{ISBN|1-85856-321-6}}. p. 105.</ref> [[Women in India|women]], ethics and social issues in rural areas.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}} The first Indian television drama series, ''[[Hum Log (television series)|Hum Log]]'', began as a [[Family planning in India|family planning]] program, and although it quickly turned its focus to entertainment, it continued to embed pro-development messages which provided a model of utilizing the television serial as an "[[Educational entertainment|edutainment]]" method that was followed by countries around the world.<ref name="AggarwalGupta2001">{{cite book|last1=Aggarwal|first1=Vir Bala|last2=Gupta|first2=V. S.|title=Handbook of Journalism and Mass Communication|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sCIf8MM1ZlAC&pg=PA208|access-date=1 February 2014|date=1 January 2001|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=9788170228806|pages=208–}}</ref>
 
A 2007 study examining the introduction of cable television in rural [[India]] revealed that it led to "significant decreases in the reported acceptability of [[Domestic violence in India|domestic violence towards women]] and [[Abortion in India|son preference]], as well as increases in women's autonomy and decreases in fertility." The study also provided "suggestive evidence that exposure to cable television increases [[Education in India|school enrollment]] for younger children, possibly through the increased participation of women in household decision-making."<ref>Jensen, Robert & Oster, Emily Oster (August 2007). ''"[http://www.nber.org/papers/w13305 The Power of TV: Cable Television and Women's Status in India.]"'' [[Quarterly Journal of Economics]], MIT Press. Vol. 124(3) pp. 1057-1094.</ref><ref>Munshi, Shoma (2010). [https://books.google.com/books?id=agw0m5m9oS8C Prime Time Soap Operas on Indian Television]. Routledge, New Delhi. {{ISBN|978-0-415-55377-3}}. pp. 200.</ref>
 
==Television rating point and rankings  ==
After 2000's Indian television serials are based on [[Television Rating Point|Target rating point]]  as an indicator and benchmark  that signifies a TV programme's success & measures people's interests/viewership .<ref>{{cite web |title=Most watched shows of the week The latest TRP rankings revealed "Anupamaa" continued to dominate the top spot|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/most-watched-tv-shows-of-week-anupamaa-maintains-top-spot-kanwar-dhillon-neha-harsoras-udne-ki-aasha-surpasses-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-and-yeh-rishta/articleshow/112202697.cms}}</ref> Story line changes based on TRP and sometimes most of the serials have to wrap up soon with quick end due to decrease in the level of TRP's.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jeete Hain Jiske Liye taken off air|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/why-smita-bansal-feels-cheated/articleshow/2283206.cms}}</ref>


A 2007 study of cable coming to rural [[India]] showed that it led to "significant decreases in the reported acceptability of [[Domestic violence in India|domestic violence towards women]] and [[Abortion in India|son preference]], as well as increases in women's autonomy and decreases in fertility." It also "found suggestive evidence that exposure to cable increases [[Education in India|school enrollment]] for younger children, perhaps through increased participation of women in household decision-making."<ref>Jensen, Robert & Oster, Emily Oster (August 2007). ''"[http://www.nber.org/papers/w13305 The Power of TV: Cable Television and Women's Status in India.]"'' [[Quarterly Journal of Economics]], MIT Press. Vol. 124(3) pp. 1057-1094.</ref><ref>Munshi, Shoma (2010). [https://books.google.com/books?id=agw0m5m9oS8C Prime Time Soap Operas on Indian Television]. Routledge, New Delhi. {{ISBN|978-0-415-55377-3}}. pp. 200.</ref>
TRPs are calculated using the denominator as the Total Number of People in the Target Audience, and the numerator as the Number of People Who Watched the Program in the Target Audience  multiplied by 100.TRP's can also be calculated
*TRP = (Number of viewers in the sample audience / Total target audience) * 100.<ref>{{cite web |title=themediaant.com|url=https://www.themediaant.com/calculators/television/television-rating-point-calculator}}</ref>


== International reception ==
== International reception ==
===Sri Lanka===
=== Afghanistan ===
[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]] and [[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]] was dubbed in [[Sinhala language]] and reached a great response. [[Kindurangana]] which was remake of the Hindi serial [[Kasamh Se]] had a positive response in Sri lanka
Indian soap operas gained immense popularity in [[Afghanistan]] during the 2000s, building on the pre-existing popularity of Bollywood cinema in the region. In 2006, a [[Reuters]] article highlighted the airing of ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'', dubbed into [[Dari]], captivating a broad audience.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian soap opera mesmerises Afghanistan |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/indian-soap-opera-mesmerises-afghanistan-1.237349}}</ref>
 
{{blockquote|Men, women, young, and old—anyone with access to television—became enthralled by the family drama.}}
 
According to reports, during the war in Afghanistan, armed militants may have even paused their fighting to watch Indian dramas.<ref>{{cite web |title=India's influential soft power in Afghanistan: Giving edge over Pakistan |url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/india-influential-soft-power-afghanistan-giving-edge-over-pakistan/}}</ref>
 
However, the strong popularity of Indian dramas faced opposition from conservative hardliners who viewed them as a threat to the country's religious and national values. In response to conservative pressure, the government of [[Hamid Karzai]] ordered broadcasters to cease airing Indian dramas in April 2008. Broadcasters, however, refused to comply, arguing that the order violated the country's media law.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 April 2008 |title=Indian soap operas stir outrage in Afghanistan |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghan-tv-idUSISL22857320080417 |newspaper=Reuters}}</ref>
 
Afghanistan's first homemade television drama serial, ''Palwasha'', produced by Aina Afghan Media, began airing on November 25, 2007. Though shot in [[Kabul]] and in [[Dari]], the series was directed by an Indian director, with several key contributors hailing from India. Additionally, the main character was portrayed by Indian actress [[Sonal Udeshi]].<ref>{{cite web |date=December 2007 |title=Kabul TV airs first Afghan commercial serial made by Indians |url=https://eoi.gov.in/kabul/?pdf0232?000 |work=India Review |format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sinha |first1=Neha |date=19 November 2007 |title=Starting this week on Kabul TV: First Afghan serial, made by Indians |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/starting-this-week-on-kabul-tv-first-afghan-serial-made-by-indians/240785/ |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Padukone |first1=Chaitanya |date=19 November 2013 |title=Tales from Kabul |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-tales-from-kabul-1111239 |website=DNA India}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Teresa L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9J1AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1380 |title=Encyclopedia of Health Communication |date=18 April 2014 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=9781483346410}}</ref>


===Dubai===
[[Khwaish]] which aired [[Sony Entertainment Television]] and  [[ARY Digital]] turned as hit show in [[Dubai]] in 2007
In 2016 [[A-Plus TV]] dubbed old Popular Romantic Hindi Tv serial  Colors TV [[Jeevan Saathi|Jeevan Sathi - Humsafar Zindagi Ke]] in urdu language was interested by the audience.
=== Brazil ===
=== Brazil ===
In 2009 [[Caminho das Índias|Caminho das Índias India: A Love Story]] is a popular [[Brazilian telenovela|Brazilian Soap Opera]] which is the Indian theme serial in Brazil.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/brazil-s-number-one-tv-show-is-all-indian/story-6Mfx38GPJM4e9dd7mFEddK.html|title=Meet Maya and Bahuan, the protagonists of Caminho Das Indias (India’s Way), a Braziliantelevision show  |date=18 August 2006 |publisher=www.hindustantimes.com|access-date=19 July 2009}}</ref>
[[Caminho das Índias|''Caminho das Índias India: A Love Story'']],<ref>{{cite news |date=18 August 2006 |title=Meet Maya and Bahuan, the protagonists of Caminho Das Indias (India's Way), a Braziliantelevision show |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/brazil-s-number-one-tv-show-is-all-indian/story-6Mfx38GPJM4e9dd7mFEddK.html |access-date=19 July 2009 |publisher=www.hindustantimes.com}}</ref> a popular [[Brazilian telenovela|Brazilian soap opera]], was themed around Indian culture and became widely popular in Brazil.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 August 2006 |title=The Indian soap opera that's taken Brazil by storm |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-indian-soap-opera-thats-taken-brazil-by-storm/20090624.htm |access-date=25 June 2009 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref>
===Ivory Coast and Senegal===
 
[[Vaidehi (2006 TV series)|Vaidehi – Ek Aur Agni Pareeksha ]] was particularly popular in the [[Ivory Coast]] and [[Senegal]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUKLDE6101QI|title=Hindi star Pallavi Kulkarni has been mobbed by adoring African fans of her headstrong "Vaidehi" female lead in the cult Indian TV romance |date=1 February 2010 |publisher=www.reuters.com|access-date=1 February 2010 }}</ref> In 2010, due to high response, the serial was dubbed in Arabic.
=== Dubai ===
===Nepal===
''[[Khwaish]]'', which aired on [[Sony Entertainment Television]] and [[ARY Digital]], became a hit show in [[Dubai]] in 2007. In 2016, due to high audience interest, [[A-Plus TV]] dubbed the popular romantic Hindi Colors TV serial [[Jeevan Saathi – Humsafar Zindagi Ke|''Jeevan Sathi - Humsafar Zindagi Ke'']] into Urdu, further increasing its appeal.
In mid 2000s [[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]], [[Kasautii Zindagi Kay]],[[Des Mein Niklla Hoga Chand]] and other Indian dramas had influenced gained so much popularity & attracted to mass viewers in Nepal<ref>{{cite news|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/south-asia/indian-serials-drawing-big-crowds-in-nepal_76213.html|title=Indian serials drawing big crowds in Nepal |date=17 January 2003|publisher=zeenews.india.com}}</ref>. . Hence more  Nepali serials like ''Sindur'',''Maiti'',''Ghat pratighat'' were made based on viewership .<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newsofglobal.com/details/7444.html|title=After 17 years, Pragya is making teleserial ‘Sindoor’ again. |date=1 August 2023|publisher=newsofglobal.com}}</ref>.
 
===Indonesia===
===Indonesia===
[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya]] did well in Indonesia and was dubbed in [[Bahasa Indonesia|Indonesian]] and aired under the title Gopi (according to the main character) starting 15 September 2016 until 19 April 2017. [[Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi]] aired in Indonesia. <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kuch-rang-pyar-ke-aise-bhi-all-set-to-air-in-indonesia/articleshow/53823847.cms|title=Sony TV's popular show 'Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi' set to air in Indonesia |date=23 August 2016 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com/|access-date=23 July 2016}}</ref>[[Woh Apna Sa]] was dubbed in Indonesian language after the popularity of original Hindi version
Indian TV dramas such as ''[[Uttaran]]'' and ''[[Balika Vadhu]]'' performed well in Indonesia, where they were dubbed in [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] and aired multiple times until their conclusions. ''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya]]'' was also popular and was dubbed under the title ''Gopi'' (after the main character). It aired from 15 September 2016 to 19 April 2017 and was rebroadcast from 2021 to 2022, with the Indonesian version reaching 600 episodes. Other serials like ''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]'', ''[[Ishq Mein Marjawan]]'', ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]'' (in Indonesian under the title ''Lonceng Cinta''), ''[[Anupamaa]]'', ''[[Imlie]]'', [[Naagin (2015 TV series)|''Naagin'']], and ''[[Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka]]'' also achieved good TRP ratings in Indonesia. Additionally,''[[Sapne Suhane Ladakpan Ke]]'',''[[Jabb Love Hua]]'',''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]'' and ''[[Punar Vivaah – Zindagi Milegi Dobara|Punar vivah]]'' were aired in Zee Hiburan, its 24/7 General Entertainment Channel in Indonesia, following the success of their original Hindi channel [[Zee TV]].<ref>{{cite news |date=23 August 2016 |title=Zee Hiburan completes one year in Indonesia|url=https://admin.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/zee-hiburan-completes-one-year-in-indonesia-160325|access-date=25 March 2016 |publisher=indiantelevision.com}}</ref>
''[[Dastaan-E-Mohabbat Salim Anarkali]]'' was dubbed in their Indonesian language and telecasted on [[ANTV]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.popmagz.com/salim-anarkali-antv-tayang-sore-kisah-cinta-anak-jodha-akbar-22577/|title=Salim Anarkali ANTV aired on Indonesia|publisher=}}</ref>
 
===United Kingdom===
[[Rab Se Sohna Isshq]] from  Zee TV a love triangle story aired in London.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-serial-review-rab-se-sohna-isshq-1720283|title=Serial review: 'Rab Se Sohna Isshq'|date=27 July 2012|website=DNA India}}</ref> This was the first ever cross continental show in Indian television.The show was dubbed into English as Eternal Love and broadcast on Zee World & its sister channel Zee TV UK.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/zee-tv-uk-re-run-classic-shows-in-afternoon-band/|title=ZEE TV UK re-run classic shows in afternoon band|last=Baddhan|first=Raj|date=2019-01-25|website=BizAsia {{!}} Media, Entertainment, Showbiz, Events and Music|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-08-08}}</ref>
 
=== Ivory Coast and Senegal ===
[[Vaidehi (2006 TV series)|''Vaidehi – Ek Aur Agni Pareeksha'']] gained significant popularity in [[Ivory Coast]] and [[Senegal]]. In 2010, due to high demand, the serial was dubbed into Arabic for broader viewership.
 
=== Nepal ===
In the mid-2000s, Indian dramas such as ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'', [[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]] and ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagi Kay]]'' gained massive popularity in Nepal, attracting large audiences.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 January 2003 |title=Indian serials drawing big crowds in Nepal |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/south-asia/indian-serials-drawing-big-crowds-in-nepal_76213.html |publisher=zeenews.india.com}}</ref> This surge in popularity led to the production of more Nepali serials, such as ''Sindur'', ''Maiti'', and ''Ghat Pratighat'', which were created to cater to the growing viewership.<ref>{{cite news |date=1 August 2023 |title=After 17 years, Pragya is making teleserial ''Sindoor'' again. |url=https://www.newsofglobal.com/details/7444.html |publisher=newsofglobal.com}}</ref>


===Russia===
[[Dishayen]] was dubbed in Russian language and did well in Russia in 2005.
=== Pakistan ===
=== Pakistan ===
Indian dramas were popular in [[Pakistan]] and Indian entertainment channels are widely watched, due to the [[mutual intelligibility]] between [[Urdu]] and [[Hindi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irastimes.org/Experiences_of_Lahore_and_Pakistan_Railway.htm |title=My Experiences of Lahore and Pakistan Railway |author=Chander Mohan Jindal |website=irastimes.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112045945/http://www.irastimes.org/Experiences_of_Lahore_and_Pakistan_Railway.htm |archive-date=12 November 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/75602/pakistani-women-love-indias-saas-bahu-sagas/|title=Pakistani women love India's 'saas-bahu' sagas – The Express Tribune|date=11 November 2010 |publisher=Tribune.com.pk|access-date=13 January 2015}}</ref> The [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]] has banned the showing of Indian films and TV shows.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defence.pk/forums/current-events-social-issues/70682-indian-tv-channels-banned-pakistan.html|title=Indian TV Channels Banned in Pakistan|work=Pakistan Defence|access-date=13 January 2015}}</ref> The [[British Broadcasting Corporation]] has reported that [[cable television]] operators in Pakistan often violate the ban and air Indian television serials due to the high popularity and demand for these in Pakistan, and Indian television shows make up nearly 60 percent of all foreign programmes broadcast in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5263530.stm|title=BBC NEWS - South Asia - Pakistan allows Indian TV shows |date=18 August 2006 |publisher=News.bbc.co.uk |access-date=13 January 2015}}</ref>
Indian dramas have been widely popular in [[Pakistan]], with Indian shows like [[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]] becoming number 1 against Pakistani Serials. Indians shows were extensively watched due to the [[mutual intelligibility]] between [[Urdu]] and [[Hindi]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Chander Mohan Jindal |title=My Experiences of Lahore and Pakistan Railway |url=http://www.irastimes.org/Experiences_of_Lahore_and_Pakistan_Railway.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112045945/http://www.irastimes.org/Experiences_of_Lahore_and_Pakistan_Railway.htm |archive-date=12 November 2012 |website=irastimes.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=11 November 2010 |title=Pakistani women love India's 'saas-bahu' sagas – The Express Tribune |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/75602/pakistani-women-love-indias-saas-bahu-sagas/ |access-date=13 January 2015 |publisher=Tribune.com.pk}}</ref> However, the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]] has banned the broadcasting of Indian films and TV shows.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian TV Channels Banned in Pakistan |url=http://www.defence.pk/forums/current-events-social-issues/70682-indian-tv-channels-banned-pakistan.html |access-date=13 January 2015 |work=Pakistan Defence}}</ref> Despite this, the [[BBC]] reported that many [[cable television]] operators in Pakistan continue to violate the ban, airing Indian television serials due to their high demand. Indian TV shows make up nearly 60% of all foreign programs broadcast in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 August 2006 |title=BBC NEWS - South Asia - Pakistan allows Indian TV shows |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5263530.stm |access-date=13 January 2015 |publisher=News.bbc.co.uk}}</ref>


In June 2006, Pakistani comedian [[Rauf Lala]] participated and won the [[comedy]] television show, ''[[The Great Indian Laughter Challenge]]'', but the show could not be followed by fellow Pakistanis as the show was not allowed to be aired there.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5120838.stm|title=BBC NEWS - South Asia - Pakistani comic's Indian joy|date=27 June 2006 |publisher=News.bbc.co.uk|access-date=13 January 2015}}</ref> An official has commented that "[[Bollywood]] and Indian TV drama have invaded our homes".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4095232.stm|title=BBC NEWS - Entertainment - Pakistan confirms Bollywood ban|date=15 June 2005 |publisher=News.bbc.co.uk|access-date=13 January 2015}}</ref>
In June 2006, Pakistani comedian [[Rauf Lala]] won the Indian [[comedy]] show ''[[The Great Indian Laughter Challenge]]'', but Pakistanis could not follow the show as it was not allowed to air in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 June 2006 |title=BBC NEWS - South Asia - Pakistani comic's Indian joy |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5120838.stm |access-date=13 January 2015 |publisher=News.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> An official remarked that "[[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] and Indian TV drama have invaded our homes".<ref>{{cite news |date=15 June 2005 |title=BBC NEWS - Entertainment - Pakistan confirms Bollywood ban |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4095232.stm |access-date=13 January 2015 |publisher=News.bbc.co.uk}}</ref>


The viewing of Indian TV dramas has become so popular that mainstream newspapers such as the Pakistan Tribune often have feature articles on the shows.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/319826/10-things-i-hate-about-indian-soaps/|title=10 things I hate about Indian soaps|date=15 January 2012 |publisher=Tribune.com.pk|access-date=13 January 2015}}</ref> Since satellite connections offer uninterrupted coverage of Indian shows, many people have bought these to watch the programmes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/8040017/Pakistanis-snap-up-Satellite-dishes-for-Indian-soaps.html|title=Pakistanis snap up Satellite dishes for Indian soaps|author=Rob Crilly in Islamabad|date=3 October 2010|work=Telegraph.co.uk|access-date=13 January 2015}}</ref>
Indian TV dramas have become so popular in Pakistan that mainstream newspapers, such as the Pakistan Tribune, often feature articles about the shows.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 January 2012 |title=10 things I hate about Indian soaps |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/319826/10-things-i-hate-about-indian-soaps/ |access-date=13 January 2015 |publisher=Tribune.com.pk}}</ref> Many viewers have resorted to satellite connections to enjoy uninterrupted coverage of Indian programs.<ref>{{cite web |author=Rob Crilly in Islamabad |date=3 October 2010 |title=Pakistanis snap up Satellite dishes for Indian soaps |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/8040017/Pakistanis-snap-up-Satellite-dishes-for-Indian-soaps.html |access-date=13 January 2015 |work=Telegraph.co.uk}}</ref>


Anti-Indian sentiment is reported in Pakistan and the two countries have fought [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|4 wars over a span of about 50 years]]. However, the effect of Indian TV shows and [[Bollywood]] have resulted in an increase in how "favourably an ordinary Pakistani views [India and] Indians." Certain Indian tourists to Pakistan have said that people are particularly friendly if one is from [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-27/special-report/30446463_1_serials-karachi-pakistanis |title=Serial Lovers - Times of India |website=articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403094215/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-27/special-report/30446463_1_serials-karachi-pakistanis |archive-date=3 April 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
Despite the historical anti-Indian sentiment in Pakistan and the fact that the two countries have fought [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|four wars over a span of about 50 years]], Indian TV shows and Bollywood have led to a shift in perception, with many ordinary Pakistanis viewing India and Indians more favorably. Indian tourists visiting Pakistan have noted that people tend to be particularly friendly when they discover that the visitor is from [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Serial Lovers - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-toi/special-report/Serial-Lovers/articleshow/10888106.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403094215/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-27/special-report/30446463_1_serials-karachi-pakistanis |archive-date=3 April 2013 |access-date=13 January 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>


On 27 October 2018, The Supreme Court of Pakistan has reintroduced the ban on Indian content on local channels in the country. The channels like [[Filmazia]], [[Urdu1]] had shut down Indian content for an appropriate period of time.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-46003662|title=Pakistan bans Indian TV channels|date=2018-10-27|work=BBC News|access-date=2018-10-28|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1441739|title=SC reinstates ban on airing of Indian content on TV channels|last=Baloch|first=Shafi|date=2018-10-27|work=DAWN.COM|access-date=2018-10-28|language=en-US}}</ref>
On October 27, 2018, the Supreme Court of Pakistan reinstated the ban on Indian content on local channels. Channels such as ''[[Filmazia]]'' and ''[[Urdu1]]'' subsequently shut down Indian content for a period.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-10-27 |title=Pakistan bans Indian TV channels |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-46003662 |access-date=2018-10-28 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Baloch |first=Shafi |date=2018-10-27 |title=SC reinstates ban on airing of Indian content on TV channels |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1441739 |access-date=2018-10-28 |work=DAWN.COM |language=en-US}}</ref>
===Afghanistan===
Indian soaps became highly popular in [[Afghanistan]] during the 2000s against the backdrop of the existing high popularity of Bollywood cinema. In 2006, a [[Reuters]] press article wrote of the airing of the series ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'', dubbed into native [[Dari language|Dari]]:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/indian-soap-opera-mesmerises-afghanistan-1.237349 | title=Indian soap opera mesmerises Afghanistan }}</ref>
{{blockquote|Men, women, young and old anyone, it seems, with access to television is enthralled by the family drama.}}


According to a source, armed militants during the war in Afghanistan may have even stopped fighting to watch Indian dramas.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/india-influential-soft-power-afghanistan-giving-edge-over-pakistan/ | title=India's influential soft power in Afghanistan: Giving edge over Pakistan }}</ref>
=== Russia ===
The Indian serial ''[[Dishayen]]'' was dubbed in [[Russian language|Russian]] and gained popularity in [[Russia]] in 2005.


The strong popularity of Indian dramas was challenged by conservative hardliners who saw it as a threat to the country's religious and national values. Under pressure from conservatives, the government of [[Hamid Karzai]] ordered broadcasters to stop airing dramas in April 2008. However, broadcasters refused to comply, stating that it is against the country's media law.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghan-tv-idUSISL22857320080417 | title=Indian soap operas stir outrage in Afghanistan | newspaper=Reuters | date=17 April 2008 }}</ref>
=== Sri Lanka ===
The Hindi serials ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'' and ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]'' were dubbed in [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] and received a great response in Sri Lanka. Another popular show, ''[[Kindurangana]]'', which was a remake of the Hindi serial ''[[Kasamh Se]]'', also garnered a positive reception from Sri Lankan audiences.'Shanti'serial which was popular during 90's was dubbed in Sinhalese and aired in Sri Lanka .<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian Tv shows in Indonesia,Turkey,srilanka|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/indonesia-turkeysri-lanka-crazy-about-desi-tv-shows-too/articleshow/52587864.cms|website=timesofindia.com}}</ref>


The first homemade Afghan television drama serial was called ''Palwasha'', produced by Aina Afghan Media and started airing on 25 November 2007. Although shot in [[Kabul]] and in Dari, the serial was directed by an Indian and other engineers and workers of the series were from India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eoi.gov.in/kabul/?pdf0232?000 |format=PDF |title=Kabul TV airs first Afghan commercial serial made by Indians |work=India Review |date=December 2007}}</ref> Additionally, the main character was played by an Indian actress, [[Sonal Udeshi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Starting this week on Kabul TV: First Afghan serial, made by Indians |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/starting-this-week-on-kabul-tv-first-afghan-serial-made-by-indians/240785/ |last1=Sinha |first1=Neha |website=The Indian Express |date=19 November 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tales from Kabul |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-tales-from-kabul-1111239 |last1=Padukone |first1=Chaitanya |website=DNA India |date=19 November 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9J1AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1380 | title=Encyclopedia of Health Communication | isbn=9781483346410 | last1=Thompson | first1=Teresa L. | date=18 April 2014 }}</ref>
===Turkey===
''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?|Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon]]'' was dubbed in the Turkish language.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian Tv shows in Indonesia,Turkey,Srilanka|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/indonesia-turkeysri-lanka-crazy-about-desi-tv-shows-too/articleshow/52587864.cms|website=timesofindia.com}}</ref>
 
===Africa===
[[Tu Tevha Tashi]] the Marathi daily soap dubbed into English as 'Never Too Late for Love’ for African viewers & aired on Zee Africa.<ref>{{cite news|title=Marathi TV serial dubbed for African viewers leaves netizens in splits.|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-globally/marathi-tv-serial-dubbed-african-viewers-netizens-in-splits-9413575/|website=indianexpress.com}}</ref>
 
=== Other countries ===
The series [[Mayavi (TV series)|''The Iron Handed Phantom – Mayavi'']] was dubbed in Mandarin and Korean,<ref>{{cite news |title=Mayavi" wins Jury Special Award in South Korea for Seoul Drama Award for Excellence in Tv drama |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/award-for-3d-serial/article2253758.ece |access-date=3 October 2007 |website=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mayavi Tamil 3 D serial to be dubbed in Mandarin and Korean |url=https://www.domain-b.com/industry/mayavi-tamil-3-d-serial-to-be-dubbed-in-mandarin-and-korean |access-date=7 September 2007 |website=domain-b.com}}</ref> and also aired in [[Europe]] and [[Australia]].<ref>{{cite news |title=GV Films Mayavi has attracted keen interest from some of the Asian, European and Australian Television channels to telecast Mayavi in their respective languages or with English sub-titles. |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/gv-films-3d-tv-serial-mayavi-bags-seoul-drama-award-27640.html |access-date=7 September 2007 |website=exchange4media.com}}</ref> Additionally, several popular Colors TV dramas, such as ''[[Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon]]'', ''[[Balika Vadhu]]'', ''[[Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat]]'', ''[[Chandrakanta (2017 TV series)|Chandrakanta]]'', ''[[Udaan (2014 TV series)|Udaan]]'', ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin]]'', ''[[Shakti – Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki|Shakti]]'', ''[[Ishq Mein Marjawan]]'' and ''[[Bepannah]]'', were dubbed in Thai to cater to viewers in Thailand and other key South Asian markets.<ref>{{cite news |title=Viacom18 library dubbed in Thai to viewers in Thailand and other key south Asian markets |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/i27z0ARGQDy57l3S0WZ7LN/IndiaCast-partners-with-Thai-company-JKN-Media-for-content-d.html |access-date=12 December 2018 |website=livemint.com}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
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==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
{{Television drama series |state=collapsed}}
{{Television drama series |state=collapsed}}


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{{Social issues in India}}
{{Social issues in India}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian television drama}}
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Asian drama]]
[[Category:Asian drama]]

Revision as of 14:00, 19 December 2024

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_television_drama from the article Indian television drama Wikipedia version

  • This article covers from India's first television drama Hum Log (which aired in 1984–85) and other filmy -dramas till 2024

Indian television dramas (commonly referred to as Indian series or serials[1]) are dramatic television programs written, produced, and filmed in India, featuring Indian actors in the lead roles, with episodes broadcast on Indian television.[2]

India's first television drama, titled Hum Log (Hindi), aired from 1984 to 1985,[3] and concluded with 154 episodes. Ekta Kapoor's Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi (2000–08) became the first Indian television drama to surpass 1,000 episodes. The show entered the Limca Book of Records with 1,833 episodes.[4] The Marathi series Char Divas Sasuche (2001–13), concluding with 3,200 episodes, was the first Indian series to produce over both 2,000 and 3,000 episodes, making it into the Limca Book of Records. The Telugu series Abhishekam (2008–22) became the first Indian series to reach 4,000 episodes, ending its run on 1 February 2022.[5] The television drama Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai (2009–present), with over 4,500 episodes, is the longest-running Hindi TV show in India, as well as the longest-running soap opera, having aired for 15 years as of 2024.

Indian series are produced in nearly all major languages spoken in India, though many incorporate a mix of the predominant regional language and English. These dramas are also broadcast in other parts of South Asia, the Caribbean, Southeast Asia, Central Asia, Western Europe, Southeastern Europe, the Middle East, North America, Latin America, North Africa, Southeast Africa, and Francophone Africa.[6][7]

History and significant development in Indian television from 1984-2020

India's first television drama, Hum Log, aired in 1984–85 and concluded with 154 episodes.[8] At the time of its conclusion, it was the longest-running serial in Indian television history. Hum Log garnered an of 60 million viewers, with each episode running for approximately 25 minutes, with the series finale extending to approximately 55 minutes.[9] Notably, at the end of each episode, veteran Hindi film actor Ashok Kumar engaged with the audience, discussing the ongoing story and situations through Hindi couplets and limericks. In later episodes, he introduced the actors portraying the characters and concluded his monologues with Indian language versions of the words "Hum Log."

Sudden growth & emerging trend during early 2000s

In 2002, StarPlus broadcast the period drama TV miniseries Asoka, based on the 2001 film of the same name, with a limited run of five episodes.[10][11]

During the late 2010s, the popularity of daytime dramas and noon slot dramas gradually declined, and today, there are no daytime dramas on any mainstream channels.[12] Currently, the four major networks that air prime time television dramas with a nationwide following are Colors TV, Star Plus, Sony Entertainment Television, Sun TV, and Zee TV. In 2017 in order to expand viewership all networks are bringing noon slot and day time slot shows. Star Plus, one of the leading Hindi general entertainment channels, has reintroduced the afternoon slot[13] but ended after September 30, 2017

Biographical dramas

Biographical dramas based on historical figures also became popular, with notable examples such as Chanakya, Dharti Ka Veer Yodha Prithviraj Chauhan, Veer Shivaji, Jhansi Ki Rani, Chittod Ki Rani Padmini Ka Johur, Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap, Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat, Rudramadevi bringing Indian history to life through television.

Historical series

Porus, a historical drama based on the life of the Indian king Porus, premiered on Sony Entertainment Television on 27 November 2017 and concluded on 13 November 2018. It is currently the most expensive show in Indian television history, with a budget exceeding 500 crores.[14]

21 Sarfarosh – Saragarhi 1897,Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap,Bharatvarsh,Swaraj,Ek Veer Stree Ki Kahaani – Jhansi Ki Rani are Popular historical series.

Crime dramas and Thriller series

Crime dramas also became a staple of Indian television or TV. C.I.D. (1998–2018) followed a team of detectives from the Crime Investigation Department in Mumbai and became the longest-running crime TV series in India, spanning 20 years. Other notable crime-thriller and professional series include, Suraag – The Clue, Jasoos Vijay, Special Squad, Monica Mogre – Case Files, Adaalat, C.I.D., 24, CIF and Zindagi Badal Sakta Hai Hadsaa

Science fiction television series

An Indian science fiction television series which was considered to be a famous late 1990s show called Captain Vyom.

Super hero shows

Some of the Superhero television shows were Shaktimaan and Aryamaan – Brahmaand Ka Yodha of late 1990's & early 2000's.

Fantasy television series

Arslaan,Savitri – Ek Prem Kahani,Shaka Laka Boom Boom,Son Pari,Hatim, Antariksh- Ek Amar Katha are one of the known Fantasy shows of 2000's. Aladdin – Naam Toh Suna Hoga show was one of the profound television series of Sony SAB from 2018 to 2021

Comedy shows

Khushiyan,Soni Mahiwal,Baa Bahoo Aur Baby,Bhaskar Bharti,Mrs. & Mr. Sharma Allahabadwale,Chintu Chinki Aur Ek Badi Si Love Story,Maddam Sir were Best Comedy shows

Comedy sitcoms

Hum paanch, Hum Saath Aaat Hain, Tu Tu Main Main,Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani,Malini Iyer,Shararat,Kabhi Saas Kabhi Bahu,Kadvee Khattee Meethi,Hari Mirchi Lal Mirchi,FIR, Kya Mast Hai Life,Best of Luck Nikki,Chidiya Ghar,Jeannie Aur Juju,Sumit Sambhal Lega,TV Biwi Aur Main,Sajan Re Phir Jhooth Mat Bolo were successful Comic sitcoms Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain! and Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah are famous sitcoms and one of the longest-running television series in India.Sarabhai vs Sarabhai,Khichdi,Wagle Ki Duniya – Nayi Peedhi Naye Kissey sitcoms continue to be considered some of the best sitcoms in India.

Historical comedy drama

Tenali Rama which is a Popular historical comedy drama based on the life of the legendary Telugu poet Tenali Ramakrishna aired on Sony SAB on 11 July 2017

Revenge series

Revenge-thriller series also gained attraction with Kasamm, Ek Hasina Thi,Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon 3, Naagin, Vish Ya Amrit: Sitara, Ishqbaaaz, and Beyhadh are among the most Well-known examples in this genre.[15]Nagin - Vaadon Ki Agnipariksha played by Sayantani Ghosh was the earlier First popular Revenge related show launched in 2007 and telecasted during weekends

Fashion related series

Main Banoongi Miss India,Lipstick (TV series) series are one of the best Fashion related series.

Flight attendant related series

Air Hostess series launched on DD National Produced by Rupesh Gohil is one of the series related to Flight attendant [16]

Aviator(Pilot) related series

Airlines - Har Udaan Ek Toofan which was produced by Miditech with Actors Tulip Joshi and VJ Yudhishtir as main roles.[17]

Aviation related series

Saara Akaash and Chhoona Hai Aasmaan related to Air forces.

Legal dramatic series

In 1993 DD Metro launched Kanoon which was courtroom drama/crime series. with 111-episodes Hindi series.[18] It was produced by B. R. Chopra and directed by his son Ravi Chopra.

Another popular series, Adaalat (2010–16), revolved around a defense lawyer, Advocate K. D. Pathak, played by Ronit Roy.

Army Training Academy related series

Left Right Left aired on SAB TV is about the 6 cadets in an Indian Army academy face many obstacles, yet stand together.

Social drama

Serials addressing societal issues, such as child marriage, gender inequality, and dowry, include Balika Vadhu (focused on child marriage),Agle Janam Mohe Bitiya Hi Kijo (exploring gender discrimination), Saat Phere – Saloni Ka Safar ( dealing with societal prejudice), Bidaai (highlighting skin color bias), Ghar Ki Lakshmi Betiyann (centered on women's empowerment), and Dahhej (addressing the dowry system),Godh Bharai(Life of a childless couple who suffer in silence),Reth(battles the stigma despite being ostracised).[19]

Mythological series from 2011 -2020

Parental conflict series

Rishton Ka Chakravyuh & Maya these series were best series about parental conflict but ran for short span

Evolution of TV serials from 2001-2020

Daytime family dramas, including noon slots and prime-time retelecasts during the daytime, were highly popular throughout the 2000s to 2010s. Best shows like Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi,Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii,Kasautii Zindagi Kay, Kaahin Kissii Roz, Kahiin to Hoga, Woh Rehne Waali Mehlon Ki, Kkusum, Nadhaswaram,Waaris, Dishayen,Roja Kootam, Ganga Kii Dheej, Kolangal,Metti Oli, Aanandham,Doli Saja Ke,Chithi,Behenein, Saath Nibhaana Saathiya, Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya,Maayka,Sanskar,Kohi Apna Sa,Maryada: Lekin Kab Tak?,Kasamh Se and Banoo Main Teri Dulhann were immensely popular and maintained a strong viewership.

Dishayen,Banoo Main Teri Dulhann,Kolangal,Viraasat dealt about most bitter sibling rivalry which has worst impact on their own families.

Koshish – Ek Aashaa,Kya Hadsaa Kya Haqeeqat,'Kkavyanjali,Babul Ka Aangann Chootey Na,Yahan Main Ghar Ghar Kheli, Kehta Hai Dil,Durgesh Nandinii,Aisa des hai mera,Sasural Genda Phool,Hitler Didiare Popular dramas of 2000's

Noon slot family dramas gained particular prominence in the mid-2000s, with shows like Meri Doli Tere Angana, Hamari Devrani, Chotti Bahu,Kasak ,Adhikaar: Ek Kasam Ek Tapasya, Kumkum – Ek Pyara Sa Bandhan, Woh Hue Na Hamare, Diya Aur Baati Hum, Bhabhi, Kesar, Karam Apnaa Apnaa, Rakhi – Atoot Rishtey Ki Dor, Gharana,Stree Teri Kahani ,Tere mere sapne,Hamari Devranienjoyed as much success as prime-time shows.

It was also common for prime-time shows to be retelecast during the afternoon slot, further boosting their popularity.In 2007 Star plus made reteleacast of past hit shows like kyun hota hai pyaar,Shararat,Des Mein Niklla Hoga Chand,Kehtha hai dil and other previous completed shows aired in morning from 8.00AM to 11.00 AM.

Weekdays shows were made during early 2000's as more different serials were launched.Kehta Hai Dil,Des Mein Niklla Hoga Chand,Meher, Dil se door Dil ke paas,Kyun Hota Hai Pyaar,Sanjivani, Devi were the most hit shows of 2000's.

In mid 2000 Romantic serials were started to made instead of regular family dramas. It started from Kasautii Zindagii Kay,Des Mein Niklla Hoga Chand and then followed as trend.

Kaajjal,Kitni Mast Hai Zindagi,Kaisa Ye Pyar Hai,Hongey Judaa Na Hum,Tere liye,Dill Mill Gayye,Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani,Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin,Teri Meri Love Stories,Bade Achhe Lagte Hain,Ye Meri Life Hai,Hum Dono Hain Alag Alag,Meri Awaz Ko Mil Gayi Roshni,Miley Jab Hum Tum,Kyun Hota Hai Pyaar,Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani,Astitva...Ek Prem Kahani,Kutumb,Pavitra Rishta,Pavitra Bandhanwere one of the successful serials which started to add romantic themes and chemistry which were well received a mix of reactions from viewers especially from youths

Popular series such as Choti Maa: Ek Anokha Bandhan,Jeete Hain Jiske Liye, Sujata, Thodi Si Zameen Thoda Sa Aasmaan, Karishma – The Miracles Of Destiny, Kolangal,Kucchh Pal Saath Tumhara, Yathumagi Nindrai,Amber Dhara,Hello Pratibha, Thendral, Manshaa,Ladies Special gained popularity for their portrayal of strong female protagonists during that period.

Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon,Kya Huaa Tera Vaada, Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai, Pandian Stores,Gupta Brothers,Kyun Rishton Mein Katti Batti,Bepannah,Woh Apna Sa,Shaadi Mubarak,Saraswati chandra,Khwabon Ke Darmiyan were popular dramatic serials were well appreciated from viewers for strong screenplay & stellar performances.Virrudh,Rishton Ke Bhanwar Mein Uljhi Niyati,Maharani,Thirumagal are based on how daughters role is important being a pillar support as well as with emotional bond and play a significant pivotal role to their families as well as society and how their significant decisions are best in worst situations.

Ajeeb Daastaan Hai Ye,Itna Karo Na Mujhe Pyaar,Yeh Hai Mohabbatein,Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki,Kyaa Hoga Nimmo Kaa,Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?,Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi,Thodi Khushi Thode Gham,Kuchh Is Tara,Office,Nisha Aur Uske Cousins,Dosti... Yaariyan... Manmarziyan,Bade Bhaiyya Ki Dulhania,Aek Chabhi Hai Padoss Mein,Dil Toh Happy Hai Ji had mixed combination of romance, drama, emotions and light comedy which had good impact from viewers.

Concept related serials

Parenting related shows

Though these serials had stipulated run but it had strong emotional theme related to parent hood.Few tele-series were created with a focus on parenthood and the complexities of parent-child relationships, such as

  • Basera (How old couples are treated with disregard)
  • Thalattu(Separation of mother and son through circumstances)
  • Tera Yaar Hoon Main (Father's longing to receive son's affection)
  • Sautela(Father and son emotional bond),
  • Mere Papa Hero Hiralal (Father and daughter bond)
  • Parvarrish – Kuchh Khattee Kuchh Meethi,Parvarrish – Season 2 (Struggles of upbringing which explored the struggles of parents and their evolving dynamics with children).
  • Thangamana purushan(season 2) (A person whose wife is mentally sick for losing her child therefore searches his child which is adopted in some other family )
  • Santaan (challenges of a parent)&Swaran Ghar(Parents face struggle to provide the best things for their children) dealt with emotional challenges and experiences of a parent.

Sports related shows

Kesari Nandan and Palampur Express are one of the Indian TV serials that dealt with the challenges of a sports player.

Musical drama related series

Meri Awaz Ko Mil Gayi Roshni is about the ambitions and passions of Musical singer Sudha Malik and her personal love raj and how she balanced her conflict of her personal and musical professional life.

Meri Awaaz Hi Pehchaan Hai which is Musical drama television series played by the Jannat Zubair Rahmani,Amrita Rao Mehnaaz Maan and Aditi Vasudev along with Deepti Naval and Zarina Wahab played the lead roles. The story continues with three generations of two sisters whose lives revolve around music which results in misunderstanding and stiff competition

Tu Aashiquia theme about musical-romance television show with combination and chemistry between Singer Paaki & Musician Ahaan

Medical related shows

Dhadkan Zindaggi Kii,Sanjivani, Sanjivani 2 are one of the Indian medical drama television series that dealt with their social, professional-dedication & emotional life

Adventure related shows

Everest revolves around the mountaineer Anjali Singh Rawat who successfully climbs Mount Everest, created by Ashutosh Gowariker and produced by Ashutosh Gowariker Productions Private Limited (AGPPL). A. R. Rahman composed the music for this television show.

Shows Had Portrayed related to work place rivalry & toxicity

  • Kokila Enge Pogiraal which was a Tamil-language soap opera that aired on Sun TV from 1999 to 2000 and produced under the banner by Sivaji Productions revolves around the life of Kokila played by ActorEaswari Rao who works in office as employee where she develops rivalry through evil colleague who is a rich business man and she gets framed for wrong reasons in fake case but actually was done by same colleague with the influence of a politician and help of a lawyer as they want to escape the case.
  • Karam Apnaa Apnaa season2 which had portrayed toxic work place cultures for few episodes as Gauri (Pallavi Subhash) as single mother who works in her deceased husband's Takeover partnership Firm which was acquired by distant brother in law Moksh(Arbaaz Ali Khan)
  • The season 3 of Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi 3 where Sanjana played by ActorSana Amin Sheikh as Negative lead where she works in Dev's communication business company as a Self-proclaimed fake interior decorator & Plagiarist designer.
  • Deivamagal serial had Actor Rekha Krishnappa played the role of Gayathri anniyar as Autocratic authoritarian Hotel supervisor possessing Superiority complex attitude

Shows Had Portrayed related to Office humor

one of the best series related to workplace humor

Business rivalry related shows

Kolangal mainly revolves around the rivalry between Abinaya who is selfless person and Aditya is her Business rival and half brother.

Life related series

Aati Rahengi Baharein which revolves around the happy life of Dr. Amar Sanghani where his life takes an unfortunate turn when he finds out that he is suffering from a deadly disease which is incurable and has short span of life and how he deals the trauma .

Current trend from (2020 to present)

From 2015, the Hindi television industry has been striving to create new contents due to OTT platform saturation and other foreign TV dramas & Asian dramas. Zindagi had syndicated diverse shows from various countries including Brazil, Pakistan, South Korea, Turkey and Ukraine. That was the turning point where viewers made different choices to watch shows from various countries.

Presently, Na Umra Ki Seema Ho, Woh Toh Hai Albelaa,Pashminna – Dhaage Mohabbat Ke,Shaadi Mubarak Kyun Rishton Mein Katti Batti,Tera Mera Saath Rahe,Hamari Wali Good News,Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum are one of the most lovable shows one of the romantic shows during its time and received positve response from the audience

Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi,Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 2,Chellamma Yeh Hai Chahatein are one of the popular dramas.

Anupamaa, Meet: Badlegi Duniya Ki Reet,Tu Chal Pudha,Sreemoyee,Sevvanthi, Dhadkan Zindaggi Kii, Ethirneechal,Bas Itna Sa Khwaab,Intinti Gruhalakshmi,Maddam Sir, Corporate Sarpanch, Appnapan – Badalte Rishton Ka Bandhan, Dheere Dheere Se, Main Hoon Aparajita,Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal are one of the different kind of shows based on Women protagonist centric.Ekk Nayi Pehchaan a Women protagonist centric show which was dubbed in regional languages and was remade in Telugu Version as Maa Atta Bangaram.

Indian television series inspired from films

Social impact

See also: Socio-economic issues in India

TV dramas have had a significant impact on Indian society, influencing issues related to national integration, identity, globalization,[30] women, ethics, and social issues in rural areas.[18] The first Indian television drama series, Hum Log, originally began as a family planning program but quickly shifted its focus to entertainment. Despite this, it continued to incorporate pro-development messages, serving as a model for utilizing television serials as an "edutainment" method—a practice that has been adopted by countries around the world.[31]

A 2007 study examining the introduction of cable television in rural India revealed that it led to "significant decreases in the reported acceptability of domestic violence towards women and son preference, as well as increases in women's autonomy and decreases in fertility." The study also provided "suggestive evidence that exposure to cable television increases school enrollment for younger children, possibly through the increased participation of women in household decision-making."[32][33]

Television rating point and rankings

After 2000's Indian television serials are based on Target rating point as an indicator and benchmark that signifies a TV programme's success & measures people's interests/viewership .[34] Story line changes based on TRP and sometimes most of the serials have to wrap up soon with quick end due to decrease in the level of TRP's.[35]

TRPs are calculated using the denominator as the Total Number of People in the Target Audience, and the numerator as the Number of People Who Watched the Program in the Target Audience multiplied by 100.TRP's can also be calculated

  • TRP = (Number of viewers in the sample audience / Total target audience) * 100.[36]

International reception

Afghanistan

Indian soap operas gained immense popularity in Afghanistan during the 2000s, building on the pre-existing popularity of Bollywood cinema in the region. In 2006, a Reuters article highlighted the airing of Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi, dubbed into Dari, captivating a broad audience.[37]

Men, women, young, and old—anyone with access to television—became enthralled by the family drama.

According to reports, during the war in Afghanistan, armed militants may have even paused their fighting to watch Indian dramas.[38]

However, the strong popularity of Indian dramas faced opposition from conservative hardliners who viewed them as a threat to the country's religious and national values. In response to conservative pressure, the government of Hamid Karzai ordered broadcasters to cease airing Indian dramas in April 2008. Broadcasters, however, refused to comply, arguing that the order violated the country's media law.[39]

Afghanistan's first homemade television drama serial, Palwasha, produced by Aina Afghan Media, began airing on November 25, 2007. Though shot in Kabul and in Dari, the series was directed by an Indian director, with several key contributors hailing from India. Additionally, the main character was portrayed by Indian actress Sonal Udeshi.[40][41][42][43]

Brazil

Caminho das Índias India: A Love Story,[44] a popular Brazilian soap opera, was themed around Indian culture and became widely popular in Brazil.[45]

Dubai

Khwaish, which aired on Sony Entertainment Television and ARY Digital, became a hit show in Dubai in 2007. In 2016, due to high audience interest, A-Plus TV dubbed the popular romantic Hindi Colors TV serial Jeevan Sathi - Humsafar Zindagi Ke into Urdu, further increasing its appeal.

Indonesia

Indian TV dramas such as Uttaran and Balika Vadhu performed well in Indonesia, where they were dubbed in Indonesian and aired multiple times until their conclusions. Saath Nibhaana Saathiya was also popular and was dubbed under the title Gopi (after the main character). It aired from 15 September 2016 to 19 April 2017 and was rebroadcast from 2021 to 2022, with the Indonesian version reaching 600 episodes. Other serials like Yeh Hai Mohabbatein, Ishq Mein Marjawan, Kumkum Bhagya (in Indonesian under the title Lonceng Cinta), Anupamaa, Imlie, Naagin, and Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka also achieved good TRP ratings in Indonesia. Additionally,Sapne Suhane Ladakpan Ke,Jabb Love Hua,Kumkum Bhagya and Punar vivah were aired in Zee Hiburan, its 24/7 General Entertainment Channel in Indonesia, following the success of their original Hindi channel Zee TV.[46] Dastaan-E-Mohabbat Salim Anarkali was dubbed in their Indonesian language and telecasted on ANTV.[47]

United Kingdom

Rab Se Sohna Isshq from Zee TV a love triangle story aired in London.[48] This was the first ever cross continental show in Indian television.The show was dubbed into English as Eternal Love and broadcast on Zee World & its sister channel Zee TV UK.[49]

Ivory Coast and Senegal

Vaidehi – Ek Aur Agni Pareeksha gained significant popularity in Ivory Coast and Senegal. In 2010, due to high demand, the serial was dubbed into Arabic for broader viewership.

Nepal

In the mid-2000s, Indian dramas such as Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi, Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii and Kasautii Zindagi Kay gained massive popularity in Nepal, attracting large audiences.[50] This surge in popularity led to the production of more Nepali serials, such as Sindur, Maiti, and Ghat Pratighat, which were created to cater to the growing viewership.[51]

Pakistan

Indian dramas have been widely popular in Pakistan, with Indian shows like Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi becoming number 1 against Pakistani Serials. Indians shows were extensively watched due to the mutual intelligibility between Urdu and Hindi.[52][53] However, the Supreme Court of Pakistan has banned the broadcasting of Indian films and TV shows.[54] Despite this, the BBC reported that many cable television operators in Pakistan continue to violate the ban, airing Indian television serials due to their high demand. Indian TV shows make up nearly 60% of all foreign programs broadcast in Pakistan.[55]

In June 2006, Pakistani comedian Rauf Lala won the Indian comedy show The Great Indian Laughter Challenge, but Pakistanis could not follow the show as it was not allowed to air in Pakistan.[56] An official remarked that "Bollywood and Indian TV drama have invaded our homes".[57]

Indian TV dramas have become so popular in Pakistan that mainstream newspapers, such as the Pakistan Tribune, often feature articles about the shows.[58] Many viewers have resorted to satellite connections to enjoy uninterrupted coverage of Indian programs.[59]

Despite the historical anti-Indian sentiment in Pakistan and the fact that the two countries have fought four wars over a span of about 50 years, Indian TV shows and Bollywood have led to a shift in perception, with many ordinary Pakistanis viewing India and Indians more favorably. Indian tourists visiting Pakistan have noted that people tend to be particularly friendly when they discover that the visitor is from India.[60]

On October 27, 2018, the Supreme Court of Pakistan reinstated the ban on Indian content on local channels. Channels such as Filmazia and Urdu1 subsequently shut down Indian content for a period.[61][62]

Russia

The Indian serial Dishayen was dubbed in Russian and gained popularity in Russia in 2005.

Sri Lanka

The Hindi serials Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi and Kasautii Zindagii Kay were dubbed in Sinhala and received a great response in Sri Lanka. Another popular show, Kindurangana, which was a remake of the Hindi serial Kasamh Se, also garnered a positive reception from Sri Lankan audiences.'Shanti'serial which was popular during 90's was dubbed in Sinhalese and aired in Sri Lanka .[63]

Turkey

Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon was dubbed in the Turkish language.[64]

Africa

Tu Tevha Tashi the Marathi daily soap dubbed into English as 'Never Too Late for Love’ for African viewers & aired on Zee Africa.[65]

Other countries

The series The Iron Handed Phantom – Mayavi was dubbed in Mandarin and Korean,[66][67] and also aired in Europe and Australia.[68] Additionally, several popular Colors TV dramas, such as Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon, Balika Vadhu, Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat, Chandrakanta, Udaan, Naagin, Shakti, Ishq Mein Marjawan and Bepannah, were dubbed in Thai to cater to viewers in Thailand and other key South Asian markets.[69]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Indian TV Serial or Korean Drama: What Does an Indian Viewer Prefer?". Sakshipost. 4 May 2023. Archived from the original on 24 January 2024.
  2. ↑ Pak-Hind Ka Swag, Book 5 "Culture, Technology and fun", chapter 16 "soap opera, Serials and Films"
  3. ↑ "SOAP OPERAS CAST A SPELL OVER INDIA". The New York Times. 21 August 1985.
  4. ↑ Saas Bahu and the End
  5. ↑ Shekhar, G. C. (6 September 2018). "More Spellbinding Soap Gathas". Outlook. Retrieved 9 September 2019.
  6. ↑ Pandey, Geeta. "BBC - Culture - Indian soap operas : Family affairs". BBC Culture.
  7. ↑ "India Marginalized in Myanmar". 20 July 2013.
  8. ↑ Kohli, Vanita (14 June 2006). The Indian Media Business. SAGE Publications. pp. 1–. ISBN 9780761934691. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
  9. ↑ Gokulsing, K. Moti (2004). Soft-soaping India: The World of Indian Television Soap Operas. Trentham Books. pp. 32–. ISBN 9781858563213. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
  10. ↑ "Keep date with Asoka". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 2018-02-26.
  11. ↑ "indya.com - Asoka". Archived from the original on 2003-04-14. Retrieved 2019-07-06.
  12. ↑ "Star Dopahar to call it a day, all shows to end on September 30". Indian Express. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
  13. ↑ "Star Dopahar to bring again with four new shows". economictimes.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
  14. ↑ Mathur, Abhimanyu. "India's most expensive TV show has bigger budget than Animal, Dunki, Fighter combined, no star; compared to Baahubali". dnaindia.com. DNA India. Retrieved 6 Feb 2024.
  15. ↑ "Top 5 revenge dramas on Indian TV with dramatic twists; from Mouni Roy's Naagin to Nakuul Mehta's Ishqbaaz". pinkvilla.com.
  16. ↑ "Air alert". umbaimirror.indiatimes.com.
  17. ↑ "Tulip Joshi returns to TV with Airlines - Har Udaan Ek Toofan". The Times of India. 22 August 2014.
  18. ↑ "B R Chopra back with courtroom drama". Retrieved 2020-01-19.
  19. ↑ "2,000 episodes on, 'Balika Vadhu' still questions societal norms". business-standard.com.
  20. ↑ "Mahakaali to air off soon". The Times of India.
  21. ↑ "Colors' Dil Se Dil Tak to recreate Chori Chori Chupke Chupke movies scene". 21 June 2017.
  22. ↑ "Dil Se Dil Tak promo 2: Jasmin Bhasin will remind you of Preity Zinta from Chori Chori Chupke Chupke". 31 December 2016.
  23. ↑ Pereira, Priyanka (8 June 2009). "Lookalike". The Indian Express. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
  24. ↑ "Seeta Aur Geeta to be back". Hindustan Times. 30 December 2008.
  25. ↑ "Seeta Aur Geeta hit home - DELI - The Hindu". The Hindu. 29 May 2009.
  26. ↑ "'Seeta Aur Geeta' a TV show". Daily News and Analysis.
  27. ↑ "The two in one girl". The Telegraph.
  28. ↑ "Is Beyhadh based on Gupt?". bollywoodlife.com.
  29. ↑ "10 Indian shows inspired from films". dnaindia.com.
  30. ↑ Gokulsing, K. (2004). Soft-Soaping India: The World of Indian Televised Soap Operas. Trentham Books, UK. ISBN 1-85856-321-6. p. 105.
  31. ↑ Aggarwal, Vir Bala; Gupta, V. S. (1 January 2001). Handbook of Journalism and Mass Communication. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 208–. ISBN 9788170228806. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
  32. ↑ Jensen, Robert & Oster, Emily Oster (August 2007). "The Power of TV: Cable Television and Women's Status in India." Quarterly Journal of Economics, MIT Press. Vol. 124(3) pp. 1057-1094.
  33. ↑ Munshi, Shoma (2010). Prime Time Soap Operas on Indian Television. Routledge, New Delhi. ISBN 978-0-415-55377-3. pp. 200.
  34. ↑ "Most watched shows of the week The latest TRP rankings revealed "Anupamaa" continued to dominate the top spot".
  35. ↑ "Jeete Hain Jiske Liye taken off air".
  36. ↑ "themediaant.com".
  37. ↑ "Indian soap opera mesmerises Afghanistan".
  38. ↑ "India's influential soft power in Afghanistan: Giving edge over Pakistan".
  39. ↑ "Indian soap operas stir outrage in Afghanistan". Reuters. 17 April 2008.
  40. ↑ "Kabul TV airs first Afghan commercial serial made by Indians" (PDF). India Review. December 2007.
  41. ↑ Sinha, Neha (19 November 2007). "Starting this week on Kabul TV: First Afghan serial, made by Indians". The Indian Express.
  42. ↑ Padukone, Chaitanya (19 November 2013). "Tales from Kabul". DNA India.
  43. ↑ Thompson, Teresa L. (18 April 2014). Encyclopedia of Health Communication. SAGE Publications. ISBN 9781483346410.
  44. ↑ "Meet Maya and Bahuan, the protagonists of Caminho Das Indias (India's Way), a Braziliantelevision show". www.hindustantimes.com. 18 August 2006. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  45. ↑ "The Indian soap opera that's taken Brazil by storm". Rediff.com. 18 August 2006. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  46. ↑ "Zee Hiburan completes one year in Indonesia". indiantelevision.com. 23 August 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
  47. ↑ "Salim Anarkali ANTV aired on Indonesia".
  48. ↑ "Serial review: 'Rab Se Sohna Isshq'". DNA India. 27 July 2012.
  49. ↑ Baddhan, Raj (2019-01-25). "ZEE TV UK re-run classic shows in afternoon band". BizAsia | Media, Entertainment, Showbiz, Events and Music. Retrieved 2019-08-08.
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  51. ↑ "After 17 years, Pragya is making teleserial Sindoor again". newsofglobal.com. 1 August 2023.
  52. ↑ Chander Mohan Jindal. "My Experiences of Lahore and Pakistan Railway". irastimes.org. Archived from the original on 12 November 2012.
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  56. ↑ "BBC NEWS - South Asia - Pakistani comic's Indian joy". News.bbc.co.uk. 27 June 2006. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
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  58. ↑ "10 things I hate about Indian soaps". Tribune.com.pk. 15 January 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
  59. ↑ Rob Crilly in Islamabad (3 October 2010). "Pakistanis snap up Satellite dishes for Indian soaps". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
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  61. ↑ "Pakistan bans Indian TV channels". BBC News. 2018-10-27. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  62. ↑ Baloch, Shafi (2018-10-27). "SC reinstates ban on airing of Indian content on TV channels". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  63. ↑ "Indian Tv shows in Indonesia,Turkey,srilanka". timesofindia.com.
  64. ↑ "Indian Tv shows in Indonesia,Turkey,Srilanka". timesofindia.com.
  65. ↑ "Marathi TV serial dubbed for African viewers leaves netizens in splits". indianexpress.com.
  66. ↑ "Mayavi" wins Jury Special Award in South Korea for Seoul Drama Award for Excellence in Tv drama". www.thehindu.com. Retrieved 3 October 2007.
  67. ↑ "Mayavi Tamil 3 D serial to be dubbed in Mandarin and Korean". domain-b.com. Retrieved 7 September 2007.
  68. ↑ "GV Films Mayavi has attracted keen interest from some of the Asian, European and Australian Television channels to telecast Mayavi in their respective languages or with English sub-titles". exchange4media.com. Retrieved 7 September 2007.
  69. ↑ "Viacom18 library dubbed in Thai to viewers in Thailand and other key south Asian markets". livemint.com. Retrieved 12 December 2018.

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