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{{Short description|Ongoing Indian lunar lander mission}}
{{Short description|Ongoing Indian lunar lander mission}}
{{Current spaceflight|article|mission=y|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}

Revision as of 15:01, 30 August 2023


Chandrayaan-3
Chandrayaan-3 Integrated Module in clean-room 02.webp
Chandrayaan-3 Integrated Module in a cleanroom
Mission type
OperatorISRO
COSPAR ID{{#property:P247}}
Websitewww.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3.html
Mission duration1 year, 11 months and 2 days (elapsed)
  • Propulsion module: ≤ 3 to 6 months (planned) 1 year, 10 months and 11 days (elapsed) (since orbit insertion)
  • Vikram lander: ≤ 14 days (planned) 1 year, 9 months and 24 days (elapsed) (since landing)
  • Pragyan rover: ≤ 14 days (planned) 1 year, 9 months and 24 days (elapsed) (since deployment)
Spacecraft properties
BusChandrayaan
ManufacturerISRO
Launch mass3900 kg[1]
Payload massPropulsion Module: 2148 kg
Lander Module (Vikram): 1726 kg
Rover (Pragyan) 26 kg
Total: 3900 kg
PowerPropulsion Module: 758 W
Lander Module: 738 W (WS with Bias)
Rover: 50 W
Start of mission
Launch date14 July 2023 (2023-07-14) 09:05:17 UTC[2]
RocketLVM3 M4
Launch siteSatish Dhawan Space Centre
ContractorISRO
Moon orbiter
Orbital insertion5 August 2023
Orbital parameters
Pericynthion altitude153 km (95 mi)
Apocynthion altitude163 km (101 mi)
Moon lander
Spacecraft componentVikram lander
Landing date23 August 2023 (2023-08-23) 12:32 UTC[3]
Landing siteShiv Shakti point

69°22′23″S 32°19′08″E / 69.373°S 32.319°E / -69.373; 32.319Coordinates: 69°22′23″S 32°19′08″E / 69.373°S 32.319°E / -69.373; 32.319[4]


(between Manzinus C and Simpelius N craters)[5]
Moon rover
Landing date23 August 2023
Distance covered8 m (26 ft)[6]
Chandrayaan-3 logo.png
Mission Insignia  

Chandrayaan-3 (pronounced /ˌtʃʌndɹəˈjɑːn/) is the third Indian lunar exploration mission under the Indian Space Research Organisation's (ISRO) Chandrayaan programme.[7] It consists of a lander named Vikram and a rover named Pragyan, similar to those of the Chandrayaan-2 mission. The propulsion module carried the lander and rover configuration to lunar orbit in preparation for a powered descent by the lander.[8][9]

Chandrayaan-3 was launched on 14 July 2023. The spacecraft entered lunar orbit on 5 August, and the lander touched down in the lunar south pole region[10] on 23 August 2023 at 12:32 UTC, making India the fourth country to successfully land on the Moon, and the first to do so near the lunar south pole.[11][12][13]

Background

Further information: Chandrayaan programme

On 22 July 2019, ISRO launched Chandrayaan-2 on board a Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM3) launch vehicle consisting of an orbiter, a lander and a rover.[14] The lander was scheduled to touch down on the lunar surface on 6 September 2019 to deploy the Pragyan rover. The lander ultimately crashed when it lost contact with earth (ISRO) and deviated from its intended trajectory while attempting to land near the lunar south pole.[15][16]

The lunar South Pole region holds particular interest for scientific exploration due to studies that show large amounts of ice there. Mountainous terrain and unpredictable lighting conditions not only protect the ice from melting but also make landing scientific probes there a challenging undertaking. This ice could contain solid-state compounds that would normally melt under warmer conditions elsewhere on the Moon, compounds which could provide insight into lunar, Earth, and Solar System history. Ice could also be used as a source of drinking water and hydrogen for fuel and oxygen for future manned missions and outposts.[17][18]

The European Space Tracking network (ESTRACK), operated by the European Space Agency (ESA), and Deep Space Network operated by Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) of NASA are supporting the mission.[19] Under a new cross-support arrangement, ESA tracking support could be provided for upcoming ISRO missions such as those of India's first human spaceflight programme, Gaganyaan, and the Aditya-L1 solar research mission. In return, future ESA missions will receive similar support from ISRO's own tracking stations.[20]

Objectives

ISRO's mission objectives for the Chandrayaan-3 mission were:

  1. Getting a lander to land safely and softly on the surface of the Moon.
  2. Observing and demonstrating the rover's driving capabilities on the Moon.
  3. Conducting and observing experiments on the materials available on the lunar surface to better understand the composition of the Moon.[21]

On 26th August, ISRO confirmed that two out of the three mission objectives have been accomplished already, while the third, in-situ scientific experiments, is underway.[22]

Spacecraft

Design

Chandrayaan-3 comprises three main components: a propulsion module, lander, and rover.

  • Chandrayaan-3 encapsulated within LVM3's payload fairing

    Chandrayaan-3 encapsulated within LVM3's payload fairing

  • Chandrayaan-3 integrated components

    Chandrayaan-3 integrated components

Propulsion module

The propulsion module carries the lander and rover configuration to a 100 kilometres (62 mi) lunar orbit. It is a box-like structure with a large solar panel mounted on one side and a cylindrical mounting structure for the lander (the Intermodular Adapter Cone) on top.[9][8]

  • Propulsion module

    Propulsion module

Lander

The Vikram lander is responsible for the soft landing on the Moon. It is also box-shaped, with four landing legs and four landing thrusters capable of producing 800 newtons of thrust each. It carries the rover and various scientific instruments to perform on-site analysis.[23][24] The lander for Chandrayaan-3 has four variable-thrust engines with slew rate changing capabilities, unlike Chandrayaan-2's lander, which had five, with the fifth one being centrally mounted and capable only of fixed thrust. One of the main reasons for Chandrayaan-2's landing failure was attitude increase during the camera coasting phase. This was removed by allowing the lander to control attitude and thrust during all phases of descent. Attitude correction rate is increased from Chandrayaan-2's 10°/s to 25°/s with Chandrayaan-3. Additionally, the Chandrayaan-3 lander is equipped with a laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) to allow measuring attitude in three directions.[25][26] The impact legs have been made stronger compared to Chandrayaan-2 and instrumentation redundancy has been improved. It will target a more precise 4 km (2.5 mi) by 4 km (2.5 mi) landing region based on images previously provided by the Orbiter High-Resolution Camera (OHRC) onboard Chandrayaan-2's orbiter. ISRO improved the structural rigidity, increased polling in instruments, increased data frequency and transmission, and added additional multiple contingency systems to improve lander survivability in the event of failures during descent and landing.[27][26]

  • Lander

    Lander

Rover

The Pragyan rover is a six-wheeled vehicle with a mass of 26 kilograms (57 pounds). It is 917 millimetres (3.009 ft) x 750 millimetres (2.46 ft) x 397 millimetres (1.302 ft) in size.[28] The rover is expected to take multiple measurements to support research into the composition of the lunar surface, the presence of water ice in the lunar soil, the history of lunar impacts, and the evolution of the Moon's atmosphere.[29][10]

Payloads

Lander

  • Chandra's Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) will measure the thermal conductivity and temperature of the lunar surface.
  • Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) will measure the seismicity around the landing site.
  • Langmuir Probe (LP) will estimate the near-surface plasma density over time.[30]
  • Chandra's Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE)

    Chandra's Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE)

  • Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA)

    Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA)

  • Langmuir Probe (RAMBHA-LP)

    Langmuir Probe (RAMBHA-LP)

Rover

Propulsion module

  • Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE) will study spectral and polarimetric measurements of Earth from the lunar orbit in the near-infrared (NIR) wavelength range (1–1.7 μm [3.9×10−5–6.7×10−5 in]).[9][8]
  • Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE)

    Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE)

Mission profile

Animation of Chandrayaan-3
Around the Earth – Orbit raising phase
Around the Earth
Around the Moon
   Chandrayaan-3's Path ·    Earth ·    Moon

Launch

LVM3 M4, Chandrayaan-3 – Launch vehicle lifting off from the second launch pad of SDSC-SHAR, Sriharikota

Chandrayaan-3 was launched aboard an LVM3-M4 rocket on 14 July 2023, at 09:05 UTC from Satish Dhawan Space Centre Second Launch Pad in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh, India, entering an Earth parking orbit with a perigee of 170 km (106 mi) and an apogee of 36,500 km (22,680 mi).

Orbit

After a series of earth bound manoeuvres that placed Chandrayaan-3 in a trans-lunar injection orbit,[31][32][33] ISRO performed a lunar-orbit insertion (LOI) on 5 August, successfully placing the Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft into an orbit around the Moon. The LOI operation was carried out from the ISRO Telemetry, Tracking, and Command Network (ISTRAC) in Bengaluru.[34][35]

On 17 August, the Vikram lander separated from the propulsion module to begin the last phase of the mission.[36]

Descent

Image of Chandrayaan-3 Lander as captured by OHRC camera aboard Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter
Pragyan roll out

On 23 August 2023, as the lander approached the low point of its orbit, its four engines fired as a braking manoeuvre at 30 kilometres (19 mi) above the Moon's surface. After 11.5 minutes, the lander was 7.2 km (4.5 miles) above the surface; it maintained this altitude for about 10 seconds, then stabilized itself using eight smaller thrusters and rotated from a horizontal to a vertical position while continuing its descent.

It then used two of its four engines to slow its descent to roughly 150 metres (490 ft); it hovered there for about 30 seconds and located an optimal landing spot before continuing downward and touching down at 12:32 UTC.[23][37]

Stages of Chandrayaan-3 deployment and flight
Stage and sequence Date/
Time (UTC) 		LAM burn time Orbit Orbital period References
Earth orbit: Launch 14 July 2023 N/A 170 km × 36,500 km (110 mi × 22,680 mi) N/A
Earth bound maneuvers: 1 15 July 2023 N/A 173 km × 41,762 km (107 mi × 25,950 mi) N/A [38][39]
Earth bound maneuvers: 2 17 July 2023 N/A 226 km × 41,603 km (140 mi × 25,851 mi) N/A [38][40]
Earth bound maneuvers: 3 18 July 2023 N/A 228 km × 51,400 km (142 mi × 31,938 mi) N/A [41]
Earth bound maneuvers: 4 20 July 2023 N/A 233 km × 71,351 km (145 mi × 44,335 mi) N/A [38][42]
Earth bound maneuvers: 5 25 July 2023 N/A 236 km × 127,603 km (147 mi × 79,289 mi) N/A [43]
Trans-lunar injection 31 July 2023 N/A 288 km × 369,328 km (179 mi × 229,490 mi) N/A [44]
Lunar bound maneuver:1 (Lunar orbit insertion) 5 August 2023 1,835 sec[convert: unknown unit] 164 km × 18,074 km (102 mi × 11,231 mi) Approx. 21 h (1,300 min) [45]
Lunar bound maneuvers: 2 6 August 2023 N/A 170 km × 4,313 km (106 mi × 2,680 mi) N/A [46]
Lunar bound maneuvers:3 9 August 2023 N/A 174 km × 1,437 km (108 mi × 893 mi) N/A [47]
Lunar bound maneuvers:4 14 August 2023 N/A 150 km × 177 km (93 mi × 110 mi) N/A [48]
Lunar bound maneuvers:5 16 August 2023 N/A 153 km × 163 km (95 mi × 101 mi) N/A [49]
Lander deorbit maneuvers: 1 18 August 2023 N/A 113 km × 157 km (70 mi × 98 mi) N/A [50]
Lander deorbit maneuvers: 2 19 August 2023 60 sec[convert: unknown unit] 25 km × 134 km (16 mi × 83 mi) N/A [51]
Landing 23 August 2023
12:32 		TBC N/A N/A [3]
Rover deployment 23 August 2023 N/A N/A N/A [3]
  • Moon as captured by the Lander Position Detection Camera (LPDC) aboard Chandrayaan-3 lander on 15 August 2023

    Moon as captured by the Lander Position Detection Camera (LPDC) aboard Chandrayaan-3 lander on 15 August 2023

  • View from the Lander Imager Camera-1 (LI-1) on 17 August 2023 just after the separation of the Chandrayaan-3 Lander Module from the Propulsion Module

    View from the Lander Imager Camera-1 (LI-1) on 17 August 2023 just after the separation of the Chandrayaan-3 Lander Module from the Propulsion Module

  • Chandrayaan-3 orbital manoeuvre

    Chandrayaan-3 orbital manoeuvre

Mission life

  • Propulsion module: Carries lander and rover to 100-by-100-kilometre (62 mi × 62 mi) orbit, with operation of experimental payload for up to six months.[52]
  • Lander module: 1 lunar daylight period (14 Earth days)[52]
  • Rover module: 1 lunar daylight period (14 Earth days)[52]

Team

Funding

In December 2019, ISRO requested the initial funding of the project, amounting to ₹75 crore (US$8.6 million), out of which ₹60 crore (US$6.9 million) would be for meeting expenditure towards machinery, equipment, and other capital expenditure, while the remaining ₹15 crore (US$1.7 million) was sought for operating expenditure.[59] Amit Sharma, CEO of an ISRO vendor, said, "With local sourcing of equipment and design elements, we are able to reduce the price considerably."[60]

Confirming the existence of the project, ISRO's former chairman K. Sivan stated that the estimated cost would be around ₹615 crore (US$71 million).[61][62][63]

Results

Since reaching the moon's south pole, Chandrayaan-3 deployed the Pragyan rover to explore the cratered surface, harnessed integrated cameras to send back videos of its environment, and even started working on the research objectives planned for a two-week stay on the moon.[64]

The first video of the rover, posted on 25th August 2023, showed it leaving the Vikram lander on a ramp and driving onto the Moon. ISRO posted the video in a thread on X that also included footage from the lander approaching its landing site and kicking up dust as it touched down on the surface. ISRO wrote afterwards that the rover’s two scientific instruments had been turned on and that it had moved eight meters.[65]

A 4-metre-diameter (13 ft) crater, as captured by the Navigation camera onboard the rover.

On 26th August, ISRO posted a new video, shot from the lander, of the rover's drive away, moving almost out of the lander’s sight.[66] On 27th August, it published two pictures after the rover encountered a large crater positioned 3 metres (9.8 ft) ahead of its location. However, the rover safely headed on a new path afterwards.[67][68]

Temperature variation

ISRO also released a first-of-its-kind data from the observations made by ChaSTE (Chandra's Surface Thermophysical Experiment), one of the four instruments present on the lander module. ChaSTE was meant to study the heat conductivity of the Moon’s surface and measure the differences in temperatures at different points on and below the surface, with the overall objective of creating a thermal profile of the Moon.

The graph of temperature variation across the lunar topsoil at a point in the solar polar region, as measured by the ChaSTE instrument.

The first set of data released by ISRO showed a very sharp difference in temperatures just above and below the surface of the Moon. A graphical plot put out by ISRO showed that while temperatures on the surface were over 50 °C (122 °F), they dropped to nearly −10 °C (14 °F) just a few millimetres below the surface. The measurements suggested that the topsoil of the lunar surface did not conduct heat very well, and insulated the sub-surface from heat.

These measurements were consistent with what is known about the thermal profile of the Moon from previous expeditions and experiments. But this was the first 'direct measurement' of temperatures of the topsoil and the subsoil near the South Pole of the Moon.[69]

ISRO scientist BH Darukesha, while commenting on the findings, said the high range of 70-degree-Celsius (158-degree-Fahrenheit) temperature near the surface was "not expected".[70]

Detection of sulphur

On 29th August, ISRO said that the laser-induced breakdown spectroscope (LIBS) instrument onboard the Pragyan rover has "unambiguously" confirmed the presence of sulphur in the lunar surface near south pole, through "first-ever in-situ measurements".[71][72] The presence of sulphur on the Moon has been known before,[73] however at the south pole it was detected for the first time.

Apart from sulphur, the rover also detected other elements including aluminium (Al), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), titanium (Ti), manganese (Mn), silicon (Si), and oxygen (O).[74] Additionally, the agency said the search for Hydrogen (H) is also underway.[75]

Pragyan rover detected elements present on moon.

Lunar water

John Bridges, a professor of planetary science at the University of Leicester, UK,[76] told New Scientist that due to the low pressure on the moon it would be 'unlikely' for Chandrayaan-3 to find liquid water near to the surface – even in areas where the temperature was above freezing point so water would not be trapped in ice – because it would boil away, although at lower depths the pressure could rise enough to allow liquid water. However, he also added that it's "too early" to interpret the readings from Chandrayaan-3. "But it's fantastic they're getting data", Bridges said. "You can't help comparing it to certain other space agencies; engineers are just getting on now and doing it. They're sort of overtaking Russia", he concluded.[77]

Domestic reactions

Congratulating the ISRO team behind the successful Chandrayaan-3 Moon Mission at ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network in Bengaluru, Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced that the touchdown point of the Vikram lander would henceforth be known as Shiv Shakti point.[78] He further declared August 23, the day the Vikram lander landed on the moon, as National Space Day.[79][80]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Chandrayaan-3 vs Russia's Luna-25 | Which one is likely to win the space race". cnbctv18.com. 14 August 2023. Archived from the original on 16 August 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  2. ↑ "Chandrayaan-3". www.isro.gov.in. Archived from the original on 10 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Jones, Andrew (23 August 2023). "Chandrayaan-3: India becomes fourth country to land on the moon". SpaceNews.com. Archived from the original on 23 August 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  4. ↑ "LVM3-M4 Gallery". Indian Space Research Organisation. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
  5. ↑ "India launches Chandrayaan-3 mission to the lunar surface". Physicsworld. 14 July 2023. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
  6. ↑ Dutt, Anonna; Amitabh, Sinha (26 August 2023). "Rover moving on Moon, has already covered 8 metres, all payloads are performing: ISRO". Indian Express.
  7. ↑ Kumar, Hari; Travelli, Alex; Mashal, Mujib; Chang, Kenneth (23 August 2023). "India Moon Landing: In Latest Moon Race, India Lands First in Southern Polar Region". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 "Chandrayaan-3 to cost Rs 615 crore, launch could stretch to 2021". The Times of India. 2 January 2020. Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 "NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details". Archived from the original on 8 June 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Sharmila Kuthunur (23 August 2023). "India on the moon! Chandrayaan-3 becomes 1st probe to land near lunar south pole". Space.com. Archived from the original on 23 August 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  11. ↑ Kumar, Sanjay (23 August 2023). "India makes history by landing spacecraft near Moon's south pole". Science.org. Archived from the original on 24 August 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  12. ↑ "Chandrayaan-3 launch on 14 July, lunar landing on 23 or 24 August". The Hindu. 6 July 2023. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 11 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  13. ↑ "India lands spacecraft near south pole of moon in historic first". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 23 August 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  14. ↑ "Chandrayaan-2: India launches second Moon mission". BBC News. 21 July 2019. Archived from the original on 22 August 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
  15. ↑ "India has found its Vikram lander after it crashed into the moon's surface". MIT Technology Review. Archived from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
  16. ↑ Chang, Kenneth (10 September 2019). "Did India's Chandrayaan-2 Moon Lander Survive? The Chances Are Slim". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 11 September 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
  17. ↑ Mahoney, Erin (17 August 2022). "Moon's South Pole is Full of Mystery, Science, Intrigue". NASA. Archived from the original on 23 August 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  18. ↑ "Explainer: Why are countries racing to the moon's heavily cratered south pole?". Reuters. 23 August 2023. Archived from the original on 24 August 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  19. ↑ "Chandrayaan-3 How NASA, ESA will support ISRO during the Moon landing on August 23"..
  20. ↑ "ESA and Indian space agency ISRO agree on future cooperation". www.esa.int. Archived from the original on 21 March 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
  21. ↑ "Chandrayaan-3 Details". Indian Space Research Organisation. Archived from the original on 23 August 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  22. ↑ "Chandrayaan-3: 2 Out Of 3 Objectives Achieved, In-Situ Experiments On Lunar Surface Underway, Says ISRO".
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Mehta, Jatan. "Chandrayaan-3 Makes Historic Touchdown on the Moon". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 24 August 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
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  27. ↑ Sharma, Shaurya (21 October 2022). "Chandrayaan-3 To Be More Robust, Have Contingency Systems Onboard, Says ISRO Chief". News18. Archived from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
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  29. ↑ Livemint (16 August 2023). "Chandrayaan-3 highlights: Lander Vikram will be 30 km away from Moon today". mint. Archived from the original on 19 August 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "ISRO Chandrayaan 3 brochure" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  31. ↑ "India's Chandrayaan-3 moon mission takes off with a successful launch as rocket hoists lunar lander and rover – CBS News". www.cbsnews.com. 14 July 2023. Archived from the original on 22 August 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  32. ↑ "India launches its Chandrayaan-3 Moon landing mission". SpaceFlight Insider. 14 July 2023. Archived from the original on 17 August 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  33. ↑ "Chandrayaan-3 update: Isro to fire up engines, put spacecraft on road to moon". India Today. Archived from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  34. ↑ THE HINDU BUREAU (5 August 2023). "Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft enters lunar orbit". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 6 August 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
  35. ↑ Grey, Charles (6 August 2023). "India's Chandrayaan-3 Successfully Inserted Into Lunar Orbit". AIR SPACE News. Archived from the original on 6 August 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
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  40. ↑ @isro (17 July 2023). "The second orbit raising operation" (Tweet). Retrieved 17 July 2023 – via Twitter.
  41. ↑ @isro (18 July 2023). "The third orbit raising operation" (Tweet). Retrieved 18 July 2023 – via Twitter.
  42. ↑ @isro (20 July 2023). "The fourth orbit raising operation" (Tweet). Retrieved 20 July 2023 – via Twitter.
  43. ↑ @isro (25 July 2023). "The fifth orbit raising operation" (Tweet). Retrieved 25 July 2023 – via Twitter.
  44. ↑ @isro (1 August 2023). "Chandrayaan-3 update" (Tweet). Retrieved 5 August 2023 – via Twitter.
  45. ↑ @isro (4 August 2023). "Lunar Orbit Injection (LOI)" (Tweet). Retrieved 5 August 2023 – via Twitter.
  46. ↑ @isro (6 August 2023). "Chandrayaan-3 Mission" (Tweet). Retrieved 6 August 2023 – via Twitter.
  47. ↑ @isro (9 August 2023). "Chandrayaan-3 Mission" (Tweet). Retrieved 9 August 2023 – via Twitter.
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  59. ↑ Kumar, Chethan (8 December 2019). "ISRO seeks 75 crore more from Centre for Chandrayaan-3". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  60. ↑ Bhattacharjee, Nivedita (24 August 2023). "Chandrayaan-3 punches home India's lead in budget space flights". Reuters. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
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  66. ↑ "ISRO - Chandrayaan-3 Mission - Rover at Shiv Shakti Point". X (formerly Twitter). Retrieved 29 August 2023.
  67. ↑ "ISRO - Chandrayaan-3 Mission - Rover crater encounter". X (formerly Twitter). Retrieved 29 August 2023.
  68. ↑ Davis, Wes (28 August 2023). "India's lunar mission beams back video and images from the Moon's south pole". The Verge. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
  69. ↑ "Chandrayaan-3 mission: On Moon, very hot to very cold — separated by just a few mm". The Indian Express. 29 August 2023. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
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  72. ↑ "Chandrayaan-3 rover confirms presence of sulphur in lunar surface, search for Hydrogen underway: ISRO". www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
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External links

Chandrayaan - 3 ISRO official site

Template:Solar System probes

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