Chandrayaan-3: Difference between revisions

Chandrayaan-3
	Chandrayaan-3 Integrated Module in cleanroom
Mission type	Lander; Rover;
Operator	ISRO
COSPAR ID	{{#property:P247}}
Website	www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3.html
Mission duration	1 year, 11 months and 3 days (elapsed) Propulsion module: ≤ 3 to 6 months (planned) 1 year, 10 months and 12 days (elapsed) (since orbit insertion); Vikram lander: ≤ 14 days (planned) 1 year, 9 months and 25 days (elapsed) (since landing); Pragyan rover: ≤ 14 days (planned) 1 year, 9 months and 25 days (elapsed) (since deployment);
Spacecraft properties
Bus	Chandrayaan
Manufacturer	ISRO
Launch mass	3900 kg
Payload mass	Propulsion Module: 2148 kg; Lander Module (Vikram): 1726 kg; Rover (Pragyan) 26 kg ; Total: 3900 kg
Power	Propulsion Module: 758 W; Lander Module: 738 W; WS with Bias Rover: 50 W
Start of mission
Launch date	14 July 2023 14:35:17 IST, (9:05:17 UTC)
Rocket	LVM3 M4
Launch site	Satish Dhawan Space Centre
Contractor	ISRO
Moon orbiter
Orbital insertion	5 August 2023
Orbital parameters
Pericynthion altitude	153 km (95 mi)
Apocynthion altitude	163 km (101 mi)
Moon lander
Spacecraft component	Vikram lander
Landing date	23 August 2023 18:02 IST, (12:32 UTC)
Landing site	69°22′03″S 32°20′53″E / 69.367621°S 32.348126°ECoordinates: 69°22′03″S 32°20′53″E / 69.367621°S 32.348126°E ; (between Manzinus C and Simpelius N craters)
Moon rover
Landing date	23 August 2023
	Chandrayaan programme ← Chandrayaan-2 LUPEX →

Revision as of 19:26, 24 August 2023

Chandrayaan-3 (transl. Moon-craft, Hindi: [t͡ʃən̪d̪rəjaːn̪] (listen))^[6] is the third Indian lunar exploration mission under the Indian Space Research Organisation's (ISRO) Chandrayaan programme.^[6] It consists of a lander named Vikram and a rover named Pragyan, similar to those of the Chandrayaan-2 mission. The propulsion module carried the lander and rover configuration to lunar orbit in preparation for a powered descent by the lander.^[7]^[8]

Chandrayaan-3 was launched on 14 July 2023. The lander and rover landed at the lunar south pole region^[9] on 23 August 2023 at 18:02 IST, making India the first country to successfully land a spacecraft near the lunar south pole^[10] and the fourth country to soft-land on the Moon.^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]

Background

On 22 July 2019, ISRO launched Chandrayaan-2 on board a Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM3) launch vehicle consisting of an orbiter, a lander and a rover.^[15] The lander was scheduled to touch down on the lunar surface in September 2019 to deploy the Pragyan rover. The lander ultimately crashed when it deviated from its intended trajectory while attempting to land.^[16]^[17]

Following Chandrayaan-2, Chandrayaan-3 and further lunar missions were proposed.^[18]

The European Space Tracking network (ESTRACK), operated by the European Space Agency (ESA), is supporting the mission. Under a new cross-support arrangement, ESA tracking support could be provided for upcoming ISRO missions such as those of India's first human spaceflight programme, Gaganyaan, and the Aditya-L1 solar research mission. In return, future ESA missions will receive similar support from ISRO's own tracking stations.^[19]

Objectives

ISRO's mission objectives for the Chandrayaan-3 mission were:

Getting a lander to land safely and softly on the surface of the Moon.
Observing and demonstrating the rover's driving capabilities on the Moon.
Conducting and observing experiments on the materials available on the lunar surface to better understand the composition of the Moon.^[20]

Spacecraft

Design

Chandrayaan-3 comprised three main components:

Propulsion module: The propulsion module carries the lander and rover configuration to a 100 kilometres (62 mi) lunar orbit. It is a box-like structure with a large solar panel mounted on one side and a cylindrical mounting structure for the lander (the Intermodular Adapter Cone) on top.^[8]^[7]

Lander: The Vikram lander is responsible for the soft landing on the Moon. It is also box-shaped, with four landing legs and four landing thrusters capable of producing 800 newtons of thrust each. It carries the rover and various scientific instruments to perform on-site analysis.^[21]^[22]; The lander for Chandrayaan-3 has four variable-thrust engines with slew rate changing capabilities, unlike Chandrayaan-2's lander, which had five, with the fifth one being centrally mounted and capable only of fixed thrust. One of the main reasons for Chandrayaan-2 landing failure, attitude increase during the camera coasting phase, was removed by allowing the lander to control attitude and thrust during all phases of descent. Attitude correction rate is increased from Chandrayaan-2's 10°/s to 25°/s with Chandrayaan-3. Additionally, the Chandrayaan-3 lander will be equipped with a Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV) to allow measuring attitude in 3 directions.^[23]^[24] The impact legs have been made stronger compared to Chandrayaan-2 and instrumentation redundancy has been improved. It will target a more precise 4 km (2.5 mi) by 4 km (2.5 mi) landing region based on images previously provided by the Orbiter High-Resolution Camera (OHRC) onboard Chandrayaan-2's orbiter. ISRO improved the structural rigidity, increased polling in instruments, increased data frequency and transmission, and added additional multiple contingency systems to improve lander survivability in the event of failures during descent and landing.^[25]^[24]

Rover: The Pragyan rover is a six-wheeled vehicle with a mass of 26 kilograms (57 pounds). It is 917 millimetres (3.009 ft) x 750 millimetres (2.46 ft) x 397 millimetres (1.302 ft) in size.^[26]; The rover is expected to take multiple measurements to support research into the composition of the lunar surface, the presence of water ice in the lunar soil, the history of lunar impacts, and the evolution of the Moon's atmosphere.^[27]^[9]

Integrated module
Propulsion module
Lander
Pragyan rover

Payloads

Lander

Chandra's Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) will measure the thermal conductivity and temperature of the lunar surface.
Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) will measure the seismicity around the landing site.
Langmuir Probe (LP) will estimate the near-surface plasma density over time.^[28]

Rover

Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS) will derive the chemical composition and infer the mineralogical composition of the lunar surface.
Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS) will determine the elemental composition (Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, Fe) of lunar soil and rocks around the lunar landing site.^[28]

Propulsion module

Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE) will study spectral and polarimetric measurements of Earth from the lunar orbit in the near-infrared (NIR) wavelength range (1–1.7 μm [3.9×10⁻⁵–6.7×10⁻⁵ in]).^[8]^[7]

Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APSX)
Chandra's Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE)
Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA)
Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS)
Langmuir Probe (RAMBHA-LP)
Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE)

Mission profile

Animation of Chandrayaan-3

Around the Earth – Orbit raising phase

Around the Earth

Around the Moon

Chandrayaan-3's Path · Earth · Moon

Launch

LVM3 M4, Chandrayaan-3 – Launch vehicle lifting off from the second launch pad of SDSC-SHAR, Sriharikota

Chandrayaan-3 was launched aboard an LVM3-M4 rocket on 14 July 2023, at 2:35 pm IST from Satish Dhawan Space Centre Second Launch Pad in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh, India, entering an Earth parking orbit with a perigee of 170 km (106 mi) and an apogee of 36,500 km (22,680 mi).

Orbit

After a series of manoeuvres that placed Chandrayaan-3 in a trans-lunar injection orbit,^[29]^[30]^[31] ISRO performed a lunar-orbit insertion (LOI) on 5 August, successfully placing the Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft into orbit around the Moon. The LOI operation was carried out from the ISRO Telemetry, Tracking, and Command Network (ISTRAC) located in Bengaluru.^[32]^[33]

On 17 August, the Vikram lander separated from the propulsion module to begin the last phase of the mission.^[34]

Descent

On 23 August 2023, as the lander approached the low point of its orbit, its four engines fired as a braking manoeuvre at 30 kilometres (19 mi) above the Moon's surface. After 11.5 minutes, the lander was 7.2 km (4.5 miles) above the surface; it maintained its altitude for about 10 seconds, then stabilized itself using eight smaller thrusters and rotated from a horizontal to a vertical position while continuing its descent.

It then used two of its four engines to slow its descent to roughly 150 metres (490 ft); it hovered there for about 30 seconds before continuing downward and touching down at 12:32 UTC.^[35]^[36]

Stages of Chandrayaan-3 deployment and flight
Stage and sequence	Date/ Time (UTC)	LAM burn time	Orbit	Orbital period	References
Earth orbit: Launch	14 July 2023	N/A	170 km × 36,500 km (110 mi × 22,680 mi)	N/A
Earth bound maneuvers: 1	15 July 2023	N/A	173 km × 41,762 km (107 mi × 25,950 mi)	N/A	^[37]^[38]
Earth bound maneuvers: 2	17 July 2023	N/A	226 km × 41,603 km (140 mi × 25,851 mi)	N/A	^[37]^[39]
Earth bound maneuvers: 3	18 July 2023	N/A	228 km × 51,400 km (142 mi × 31,938 mi)	N/A	^[40]
Earth bound maneuvers: 4	20 July 2023	N/A	233 km × 71,351 km (145 mi × 44,335 mi)	N/A	^[37]^[41]
Earth bound maneuvers: 5	25 July 2023	N/A	236 km × 127,603 km (147 mi × 79,289 mi)	N/A	^[42]
Translunar injection	31 July 2023	N/A	288 km × 369,328 km (179 mi × 229,490 mi)	N/A	^[43]
Lunar orbit injection	5 August 2023	1,835 sec^{[convert: unknown unit]}	164 km × 18,074 km (102 mi × 11,231 mi)	Approx. 21 h (1,300 min)	^[44]
Lunar bound maneuvers: 2	6 August 2023	N/A	170 km × 4,313 km (106 mi × 2,680 mi)	N/A	^[45]
Lunar bound maneuvers:3	9 August 2023	N/A	174 km × 1,437 km (108 mi × 893 mi)	N/A	^[46]
Lunar bound maneuvers:4	14 August 2023	N/A	150 km × 177 km (93 mi × 110 mi)	N/A	^[47]
Lunar bound maneuvers:5	16 August 2023	N/A	153 km × 163 km (95 mi × 101 mi)	N/A	^[48]
Lander deorbit maneuvers: 1	18 August 2023	N/A	113 km × 157 km (70 mi × 98 mi)	N/A	^[49]
Lander deorbit maneuvers: 2	19 August 2023	60 sec^{[convert: unknown unit]}	25 km × 134 km (16 mi × 83 mi)	N/A	^[50]
Landing: 1	23 August 2023	TBC	N/A	N/A	^[3]
Rover deployment: 1	23 August 2023	N/A	N/A	N/A	^[3]

Moon as captured by the Lander Position Detection Camera (LPDC) aboard Chandrayaan-3 lander on 15 August 2023
View from the Lander Imager Camera-1 (LI-1) on 17 August 2023 just after the separation of the Chandrayaan-3 Lander Module from the Propulsion Module
Chandrayaan-3 orbital manoeuvre

Mission life

Propulsion Module: Carries lander and rover to 100 by 100 kilometres (62 mi × 62 mi) orbit, with operation of experimental payload for up to 6 months.^[51]
Lander Module: 1 Lunar Day (14 Earth Days)^[51]
Rover Module: 1 Lunar Day (14 Earth Days)^[51]

Team

ISRO Chairperson: S. Somanath^[6]
Mission Director: S. Mohanakumar^[52]
Associate Mission Director: G. Narayanan^[53]
Project Director: P. Veeramuthuvel^[54]
Deputy Project Director: Kalpana. K^[55]
Vehicle Director: Biju C. Thomas^[56]

Funding

In December 2019, ISRO requested the initial funding of the project, amounting to ₹75 crore (US$8.6 million), out of which ₹60 crore (US$6.9 million) would be for meeting expenditure towards machinery, equipment, and other capital expenditure, while the remaining ₹15 crore (US$1.7 million) was sought for operating expenditure.^[57]

Confirming the existence of the project, ISRO's former chairman K. Sivan stated that the estimated cost would be around ₹615 crore (US$71 million).^[58]^[59]^[60]

References

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Template:Solar System probes

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@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 {{Infobox spaceflight
 | name               = Chandrayaan-3
-| image              = Chandrayaan-3 Integrated Module in clean-room before encapsulation 01.webp
+| image              = Chandrayaan-3 Integrated Module in clean-room 02.webp
-| image_caption      = Chandrayaan-3 Integrated Module in [[cleanroom]] before encapsulation
+| image_caption      = Chandrayaan-3 Integrated Module in [[cleanroom]]
 | mission_type       = {{hlist|[[Lunar lander|Lander]]|[[Lunar rover|Rover]]}}
 | operator           = [[ISRO]]
@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 | mission_duration   = {{time interval|14 July 2023|show=ymd}} (elapsed)
 * [[#Design|Propulsion module]]: ≤ 3 to 6 months (planned) {{time interval|5 August 2023|show=ymd}} (elapsed) (since orbit insertion)
-* ''[[Chandrayaan-2#Vikram lander|Vikram]]'' lander: ≤ {{time interval|23 August 2023, 18:04}} (elapsed) (since landing)
+* ''[[Chandrayaan-2#Vikram lander|Vikram]]'' lander: ≤ 14 days (planned) {{time interval|23 August 2023}} (elapsed) (since landing)
-* ''[[Pragyan (rover)|Pragyan]]'' rover: ≤ 14 days (planned)
+* ''[[Pragyan (rover)|Pragyan]]'' rover: ≤ 14 days (planned) {{time interval|23 August 2023}} (elapsed) (since deployment)
 | spacecraft_type    =
 | spacecraft_bus     = Chandrayaan
 | manufacturer       = ISRO
-| launch_mass        = 3900&nbsp;kg<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/science/chandrayaan3-russia-luna-25-who-is-likely-win-space-race-17524541.htm|title=Chandrayaan-3 vs Russia's Luna-25 &#124; Which one is likely to win the space race|date=14 August 2023|website=cnbctv18.com|access-date=16 August 2023|archive-date=16 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816051849/https://www.cnbctv18.com/science/chandrayaan3-russia-luna-25-who-is-likely-win-space-race-17524541.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
+| launch_mass        = 3900&nbsp;kg<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2023 |title=Chandrayaan-3 vs Russia's Luna-25 &#124; Which one is likely to win the space race |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/science/chandrayaan3-russia-luna-25-who-is-likely-win-space-race-17524541.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816051849/https://www.cnbctv18.com/science/chandrayaan3-russia-luna-25-who-is-likely-win-space-race-17524541.htm |archive-date=16 August 2023 |access-date=16 August 2023 |website=cnbctv18.com}}</ref>
 | payload_mass       = Propulsion Module:  2148&nbsp;kg<br />Lander Module (Vikram): 1726&nbsp;kg<br />Rover (Pragyan) 26&nbsp;kg <br />Total: 3900&nbsp;kg
 | dimensions         = <!--{{convert| |x| | | |abbr=on}}-->
 | power              = Propulsion Module: 758&nbsp;W<br/>Lander Module: 738&nbsp;W<br/>WS with Bias Rover: 50&nbsp;W
-| launch_date        = {{start-date|14 July 2023}} 14:35:17 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], (9:05:17 [[UTC]])<ref name="scheduled launch">{{Cite news |title=ISRO to launch moon mission Chandrayaan-3 on July 14. Check details |date=6 July 2023 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/chandrayaan3-to-be-launched-on-july-14-announces-isro-101688644208853.html |access-date=6 July 2023 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |archive-date=8 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708231639/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/chandrayaan3-to-be-launched-on-july-14-announces-isro-101688644208853.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Successful launch">{{Cite news|date=14 July 2023 |title=Chandrayaan-3 Launch LIVE Updates: Chandrayaan 3 successfully separated from LVM, injected to internal orbit |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/chandrayaan3-launch-live-updates-india-moon-mission-isro-sriharikota-news-isro-india-space-isro-live-11689296703954.html |access-date=14 July 2023 |website=mint |archive-date=17 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717125056/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/chandrayaan3-launch-live-updates-india-moon-mission-isro-sriharikota-news-isro-india-space-isro-live-11689296703954.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
+| launch_date        = {{start-date|14 July 2023}} 14:35:17 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], (9:05:17 [[UTC]])<ref name="ISRO_Chandrayaan3">{{Cite web |title=Chandrayaan-3 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710170915/https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3.html |archive-date=10 July 2023 |access-date=14 July 2023 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref>
 | launch_rocket      = [[LVM3]] M4
 | launch_site        = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]
@@ Line 28: / Line 28: @@
 | interplanetary     = {{Infobox spaceflight/IP
    | type             = orbiter
-   | object           = [[Moon]]
+   | object           = Moon
    | arrival_date     = 5 August 2023
    | periapsis        = {{cvt|153|km}}
@@ Line 37: / Line 37: @@
   {{Infobox spaceflight/IP
    | type            = lander
-   | object          = [[Moon]]
+   | object          = Moon
    | component       = Vikram lander
-   | arrival_date    = {{start-date|23 August 2023}} 18:02 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], (12:32 [[UTC]])<ref name="sn-20230823">{{cite web |last=Jones |first=Andrew |url=https://spacenews.com/chandrayaan-3-india-becomes-fourth-country-to-land-on-the-moon/ |title=Chandrayaan-3: India becomes fourth country to land on the moon |date=23 August 2023 |access-date=23 August 2023 |work=SpaceNews.com |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823130648/https://spacenews.com/chandrayaan-3-india-becomes-fourth-country-to-land-on-the-moon/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
+   | arrival_date    = {{start-date|23 August 2023}} 18:02 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], (12:32 [[UTC]])<ref name="sn-20230823">{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Andrew |date=23 August 2023 |title=Chandrayaan-3: India becomes fourth country to land on the moon |url=https://spacenews.com/chandrayaan-3-india-becomes-fourth-country-to-land-on-the-moon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823130648/https://spacenews.com/chandrayaan-3-india-becomes-fourth-country-to-land-on-the-moon/ |archive-date=23 August 2023 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=SpaceNews.com}}</ref>
-   | location         = {{coords|69.367621|S|32.348126|E|globe:moon|display=inline,title|format=dec}}<ref name="Landing site">{{cite web |title=Mission homepage |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3_New.html/ |access-date=29 June 2023 |archive-date=23 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623133254/https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3_New.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
+   | location         = {{coords|69.367621|S|32.348126|E|globe:moon|display=inline,title|format=dec}}<ref name="Landing site">{{Cite web |title=Mission homepage |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3_New.html/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623133254/https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3_New.html |archive-date=23 June 2023 |access-date=29 June 2023}}</ref>
-<br />(between [[Manzinus (crater)|Manzinus C]] and [[Simpelius (crater)|Simpelius N]] craters)<ref>{{cite web|title=India launches Chandrayaan-3 mission to the lunar surface|date=14 July 2023|url=https://physicsworld.com/a/india-launches-chandrayaan-3-mission-to-the-lunar-surface/|publisher=Physicsworld|access-date=15 July 2023|archive-date=17 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717125057/https://physicsworld.com/a/india-launches-chandrayaan-3-mission-to-the-lunar-surface/|url-status=live}}</ref>
+<br />(between [[Manzinus (crater)|Manzinus C]] and [[Simpelius (crater)|Simpelius N]] craters)<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2023 |title=India launches Chandrayaan-3 mission to the lunar surface |url=https://physicsworld.com/a/india-launches-chandrayaan-3-mission-to-the-lunar-surface/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717125057/https://physicsworld.com/a/india-launches-chandrayaan-3-mission-to-the-lunar-surface/ |archive-date=17 July 2023 |access-date=15 July 2023 |publisher=Physicsworld}}</ref>
 }}
 {{Infobox spaceflight/IP
    | type            = rover
-   | object          = [[Moon]]
+   | object          = Moon
-   | component       = [[Pragyan (rover)|''Pragyan'' rover]]
+   | component       =
-   | arrival_date    = TBD
+   | arrival_date    = 23 August 2023
 }}
@@ Line 57: / Line 57: @@
 | next_mission       = [[Lunar Polar Exploration Mission|LUPEX]]
 }}
-'''Chandrayaan-3'''<!--Do not add any foreign/Indic/Devanagari script per WP:INDICSCRIPT--> ({{translation|Moon-craft}}, {{audio|Chandrayaan.ogg|pronunciation}})<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=11 August 2023 |title=Chandrayaan-3 just 1k-km from lunar surface |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/chandrayaan-3-just-1k-km-from-lunar-surface/articleshow/102590128.cms?from=mdr |access-date=12 August 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812053927/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/chandrayaan-3-just-1k-km-from-lunar-surface/articleshow/102590128.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> is the third Indian [[Exploration of the Moon|lunar exploration]] mission under the [[ISRO|Indian Space Research Organisation's]] (ISRO) [[Chandrayaan programme]].<ref name=":3" /> It consists of a lander named [[Chandrayaan-2#Vikram lander|''Vikram'']] and a rover named ''[[Pragyan (rover)|Pragyan]],'' similar to those of the [[Chandrayaan-2]] mission. The propulsion module carried the lander and rover configuration to lunar orbit in preparation for a powered descent by the lander.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=2 January 2020 |title=Chandrayaan-3 to cost Rs 615 crore, launch could stretch to 2021 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-to-cost-rs-615--crore-launch-could-stretch-to-2021/articleshow/73055941.cms |access-date=3 January 2020 |newspaper=The Times of India |archive-date=19 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119155006/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-to-cost-rs-615--crore-launch-could-stretch-to-2021/articleshow/73055941.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN3 |access-date=10 June 2022 |archive-date=8 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608231611/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN3 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+'''Chandrayaan-3'''<!--Do not add any foreign/Indic/Devanagari script per WP:INDICSCRIPT--> ({{translation|Moon-craft}}, {{IPA-hi|t͡ʃən̪d̪rəjaːn̪|lang|Chandrayaan.ogg}})<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=11 August 2023 |title=Chandrayaan-3 just 1k-km from lunar surface |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/chandrayaan-3-just-1k-km-from-lunar-surface/articleshow/102590128.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |access-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812053927/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/chandrayaan-3-just-1k-km-from-lunar-surface/articleshow/102590128.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=12 August 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> is the third Indian [[Exploration of the Moon|lunar exploration]] mission under the [[ISRO|Indian Space Research Organisation's]] (ISRO) [[Chandrayaan programme]].<ref name=":3" /> It consists of a lander named [[Chandrayaan-2#Vikram lander|''Vikram'']] and a rover named ''[[Pragyan (rover)|Pragyan]],'' similar to those of the [[Chandrayaan-2]] mission. The propulsion module carried the lander and rover configuration to lunar orbit in preparation for a powered descent by the lander.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2 January 2020 |title=Chandrayaan-3 to cost Rs 615 crore, launch could stretch to 2021 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-to-cost-rs-615--crore-launch-could-stretch-to-2021/articleshow/73055941.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119155006/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-to-cost-rs-615--crore-launch-could-stretch-to-2021/articleshow/73055941.cms |archive-date=19 November 2021 |access-date=3 January 2020 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608231611/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN3 |archive-date=8 June 2022 |access-date=10 June 2022}}</ref>
-Chandrayaan-3 was launched on 14 July 2023.<ref name="ISRO_Chandrayaan3">{{cite web |title=Chandrayaan-3 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710170915/https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3.html |archive-date=10 July 2023 |access-date=14 July 2023 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref> The lander and rover landed near the [[lunar south pole]] region on 23 August 2023 at 18:02 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], making India the first country to successfully land a spacecraft near the lunar south pole and the fourth country to [[moon landing|soft-land on the Moon]].<ref name="sn-20230823" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=6 July 2023 |title=Chandrayaan-3 launch on 14 July, lunar landing on 23 or 24 August |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/chandrayaan-3-launch-scheduled-for-july-14-at-235-pm/article67049236.ece |access-date=14 July 2023 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=11 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711031538/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/chandrayaan-3-launch-scheduled-for-july-14-at-235-pm/article67049236.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=India lands spacecraft near south pole of moon in historic first |language=en-IN |work=The Guardian |url=https://amp.theguardian.com/science/2023/aug/23/india-chandrayaan-3-moon-landing-mission |access-date=23 August 2023 |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823031538/https://amp.theguardian.com/science/2023/aug/23/india-chandrayaan-3-moon-landing-mission |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What foreign media said on Chandrayaan-3's historic lunar feat |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/chandrayaan-3/story/isro-chandrayaan-3-success-makes-global-headlines-2425581-2023-08-23 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=24 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824031537/https://www.indiatoday.in/science/chandrayaan-3/story/isro-chandrayaan-3-success-makes-global-headlines-2425581-2023-08-23 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=चंद्रयान-3: भारत ने रचा इतिहास, चंद्रमा के दक्षिणी ध्रुव पर की सफल लैंडिंग |url=https://postinshort.in/news/india/india-created-history-by-achieving-success-in-soft-landing-on-the-south-pole-of-the-moon |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=Post Inshort |date=23 August 2023 |language=hi |archive-date=24 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824031459/https://postinshort.in/news/india/india-created-history-by-achieving-success-in-soft-landing-on-the-south-pole-of-the-moon |url-status=live }}</ref>
+Chandrayaan-3 was launched on 14 July 2023. The lander and rover landed at the [[lunar south pole]] region<ref name=":5" /> on 23 August 2023 at 18:02 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], making India the first country to successfully land a spacecraft near the lunar south pole<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Sanjay |date=23 August 2023 |title=India makes history by landing spacecraft near Moon’s south pole |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/india-makes-history-landing-spacecraft-near-moon-s-south-pole |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824120354/https://www.science.org/content/article/india-makes-history-landing-spacecraft-near-moon-s-south-pole |archive-date=24 August 2023 |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=Science.org}}</ref> and the fourth country to [[moon landing|soft-land on the Moon]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 July 2023 |title=Chandrayaan-3 launch on 14 July, lunar landing on 23 or 24 August |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/chandrayaan-3-launch-scheduled-for-july-14-at-235-pm/article67049236.ece |url-status=live |access-date=14 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711031538/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/chandrayaan-3-launch-scheduled-for-july-14-at-235-pm/article67049236.ece |archive-date=11 July 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=India lands spacecraft near south pole of moon in historic first |language=en-IN |work=The Guardian |url=https://amp.theguardian.com/science/2023/aug/23/india-chandrayaan-3-moon-landing-mission |url-status=live |access-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823031538/https://amp.theguardian.com/science/2023/aug/23/india-chandrayaan-3-moon-landing-mission |archive-date=23 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What foreign media said on Chandrayaan-3's historic lunar feat |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/chandrayaan-3/story/isro-chandrayaan-3-success-makes-global-headlines-2425581-2023-08-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824031537/https://www.indiatoday.in/science/chandrayaan-3/story/isro-chandrayaan-3-success-makes-global-headlines-2425581-2023-08-23 |archive-date=24 August 2023 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2023 |title=चंद्रयान-3: भारत ने रचा इतिहास, चंद्रमा के दक्षिणी ध्रुव पर की सफल लैंडिंग |url=https://postinshort.in/news/india/india-created-history-by-achieving-success-in-soft-landing-on-the-south-pole-of-the-moon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824031459/https://postinshort.in/news/india/india-created-history-by-achieving-success-in-soft-landing-on-the-south-pole-of-the-moon |archive-date=24 August 2023 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=Post Inshort |language=hi}}</ref>
 == Background ==
 {{Further|Chandrayaan programme}}
-On 22 July 2019, ISRO launched [[Chandrayaan-2]] on board a [[LVM3|Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM3)]] [[launch vehicle]] consisting of an [[orbiter]], a [[Lander (spacecraft)|lander]] and a [[Rover (space exploration)|rover]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-a-shot-in-the-arm-for-gaganyaan-1/articleshow/101769970.cms|title=Chandrayaan-3 a shot in the arm for Gaganyaan-1|newspaper=The Times of India|date=15 July 2023|access-date=15 July 2023|archive-date=17 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717125055/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-a-shot-in-the-arm-for-gaganyaan-1/articleshow/101769970.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The lander was scheduled to touch down on the lunar surface in September 2019 to deploy the [[Pragyan (rover)|''Pragyan'' rover]]. The lander ultimately crashed when it deviated from its intended trajectory while attempting to land.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-launch-put-off-india-israel-in-lunar-race-for-4th-position/articleshow/65275012.cms|title=Chandrayaan-2 launch put off: India, Israel in lunar race for 4th position|newspaper=The Times of India|first=Surendra|last=Singh|date=5 August 2018|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-date=19 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819060901/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-launch-put-off-india-israel-in-lunar-race-for-4th-position/articleshow/65275012.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/ISRO-chief-signals-Indias-readiness-for-Chandrayaan-II-mission/articleshow/51178528.cms|title=ISRO chief signals India's readiness for Chandrayaan II mission|newspaper=The Times of India|first=Jaideep|last=Shenoy|date=28 February 2016|access-date=3 January 2020|archive-date=20 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720105059/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/ISRO-chief-signals-Indias-readiness-for-Chandrayaan-II-mission/articleshow/51178528.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
+On 22 July 2019, ISRO launched [[Chandrayaan-2]] on board a [[LVM3|Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM3)]] [[launch vehicle]] consisting of an [[orbiter]], a [[Lander (spacecraft)|lander]] and a [[Rover (space exploration)|rover]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 July 2023 |title=Chandrayaan-3 a shot in the arm for Gaganyaan-1 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-a-shot-in-the-arm-for-gaganyaan-1/articleshow/101769970.cms |url-status=live |access-date=15 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717125055/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-a-shot-in-the-arm-for-gaganyaan-1/articleshow/101769970.cms |archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> The lander was scheduled to touch down on the lunar surface in September 2019 to deploy the [[Pragyan (rover)|''Pragyan'' rover]]. The lander ultimately crashed when it deviated from its intended trajectory while attempting to land.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Surendra |date=5 August 2018 |title=Chandrayaan-2 launch put off: India, Israel in lunar race for 4th position |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-launch-put-off-india-israel-in-lunar-race-for-4th-position/articleshow/65275012.cms |url-status=live |access-date=15 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819060901/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-launch-put-off-india-israel-in-lunar-race-for-4th-position/articleshow/65275012.cms |archive-date=19 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shenoy |first=Jaideep |date=28 February 2016 |title=ISRO chief signals India's readiness for Chandrayaan II mission |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/ISRO-chief-signals-Indias-readiness-for-Chandrayaan-II-mission/articleshow/51178528.cms |url-status=live |access-date=3 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720105059/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/ISRO-chief-signals-Indias-readiness-for-Chandrayaan-II-mission/articleshow/51178528.cms |archive-date=20 July 2019}}</ref>
-Following Chandrayaan-2, Chandrayaan-3 and further lunar missions were proposed.<ref name="Failure report">{{cite news |last=Guptan |first=Mahesh |date=16 November 2019 |title=How did Chandrayaan 2 fail? ISRO finally has the answer |newspaper=The Week |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2019/11/16/how-did-chandrayaan-2-fail-isro-answer.html |url-status=live |access-date=3 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219143203/https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2019/11/16/how-did-chandrayaan-2-fail-isro-answer.html |archive-date=19 February 2021}}</ref>
+Following Chandrayaan-2, Chandrayaan-3 and further lunar missions were proposed.<ref name="Failure report">{{Cite news |last=Guptan |first=Mahesh |date=16 November 2019 |title=How did Chandrayaan 2 fail? ISRO finally has the answer |work=The Week |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2019/11/16/how-did-chandrayaan-2-fail-isro-answer.html |url-status=live |access-date=3 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219143203/https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2019/11/16/how-did-chandrayaan-2-fail-isro-answer.html |archive-date=19 February 2021}}</ref>
-The [[ESTRACK|European Space Tracking network]] (ESTRACK), operated by the [[European Space Agency]] (ESA), is supporting the mission. Under a new cross-support arrangement, ESA tracking support could be provided for upcoming ISRO missions such as those of India's first human spaceflight programme, [[Gaganyaan]], and the [[Aditya-L1]] solar research mission. In return, future ESA missions will receive similar support from ISRO's own tracking stations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ESA and Indian space agency ISRO agree on future cooperation |url=https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Operations/ESA_Ground_Stations/ESA_and_Indian_space_agency_ISRO_agree_on_future_cooperation |access-date=16 April 2022 |website=www.esa.int |language=en |archive-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321160634/https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Operations/ESA_Ground_Stations/ESA_and_Indian_space_agency_ISRO_agree_on_future_cooperation |url-status=live }}</ref>
+The [[ESTRACK|European Space Tracking network]] (ESTRACK), operated by the [[European Space Agency]] (ESA), is supporting the mission. Under a new cross-support arrangement, ESA tracking support could be provided for upcoming ISRO missions such as those of India's first human spaceflight programme, [[Gaganyaan]], and the [[Aditya-L1]] solar research mission. In return, future ESA missions will receive similar support from ISRO's own tracking stations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ESA and Indian space agency ISRO agree on future cooperation |url=https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Operations/ESA_Ground_Stations/ESA_and_Indian_space_agency_ISRO_agree_on_future_cooperation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321160634/https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Operations/ESA_Ground_Stations/ESA_and_Indian_space_agency_ISRO_agree_on_future_cooperation |archive-date=21 March 2022 |access-date=16 April 2022 |website=www.esa.int |language=en}}</ref>
 == Objectives ==
@@ Line 74: / Line 74: @@
 # Getting a lander to land safely and softly on the surface of the Moon.
 # Observing and demonstrating the rover's driving capabilities on the Moon.
-# Conducting and observing experiments on the materials available on the lunar surface to better understand the composition of the Moon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandrayaan-3 Details |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3_Details.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823165138/https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3_Details.html |archive-date= 23 August 2023|access-date=24 August 2023 |website=Indian Space Research Organisation}}</ref>
+# Conducting and observing experiments on the materials available on the lunar surface to better understand the composition of the Moon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandrayaan-3 Details |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3_Details.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823165138/https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3_Details.html |archive-date=23 August 2023 |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=Indian Space Research Organisation}}</ref>
 == Spacecraft ==
@@ Line 85: / Line 85: @@
 ;Lander
-:The ''[[Vikram (spacecraft)|Vikram]]'' lander is responsible for the soft landing on the Moon. It is also box-shaped, with four landing legs and four landing thrusters capable of producing 800 newtons of thrust each. It carries the rover and various scientific instruments to perform on-site analysis.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mehta |first=Jatan |title=Chandrayaan-3 Makes Historic Touchdown on the Moon |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/chandrayaan-3-makes-historic-touchdown-on-the-moon/ |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=Scientific American |language=en |archive-date=24 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824031414/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/chandrayaan-3-makes-historic-touchdown-on-the-moon/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandrayaan-3 in its last leg of journey to moon |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/chandrayaan-3/video/chandrayaan-3-in-its-last-leg-of-journey-to-moon-2423766-2023-08-20 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=21 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821051212/https://www.indiatoday.in/science/chandrayaan-3/video/chandrayaan-3-in-its-last-leg-of-journey-to-moon-2423766-2023-08-20 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+:The ''[[Vikram (spacecraft)|Vikram]]'' lander is responsible for the soft landing on the Moon. It is also box-shaped, with four landing legs and four landing thrusters capable of producing 800 newtons of thrust each. It carries the rover and various scientific instruments to perform on-site analysis.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mehta |first=Jatan |title=Chandrayaan-3 Makes Historic Touchdown on the Moon |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/chandrayaan-3-makes-historic-touchdown-on-the-moon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824031414/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/chandrayaan-3-makes-historic-touchdown-on-the-moon/ |archive-date=24 August 2023 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=Scientific American |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandrayaan-3 in its last leg of journey to moon |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/chandrayaan-3/video/chandrayaan-3-in-its-last-leg-of-journey-to-moon-2423766-2023-08-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821051212/https://www.indiatoday.in/science/chandrayaan-3/video/chandrayaan-3-in-its-last-leg-of-journey-to-moon-2423766-2023-08-20 |archive-date=21 August 2023 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
-:The lander for Chandrayaan-3 has four variable-thrust engines with [[Slew (spacecraft)|slew rate]] changing capabilities, unlike Chandrayaan-2's lander, which had five, with the fifth one being centrally mounted and capable only of fixed thrust. One of the main reasons for Chandrayaan-2 landing failure, [[Spacecraft attitude control|attitude]] increase during the camera coasting phase, was removed by allowing the lander to control attitude and thrust during all phases of descent. Attitude correction rate is increased from Chandrayaan-2's 10°/s to 25°/s with Chandrayaan-3. Additionally, the Chandrayaan-3 lander will be equipped with a [[Laser Doppler velocimetry|Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV)]] to allow measuring attitude in 3 directions.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chandrayaan-3 plans indicate failures in Chandrayaan-2|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-plans-indicate-failures-in-chandrayaan-2/articleshow/72128771.cms|last=Kumar|first=Chethan|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121090445/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-plans-indicate-failures-in-chandrayaan-2/articleshow/72128771.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=19 November 2019 |archive-date=21 November 2019|access-date=15 September 2020}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Citation |title=After 4 Years, ISRO Reveals Why Chandrayaan 2 FAILED |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4oUdD_QSgRs |access-date=10 August 2023 |language=en |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810172742/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4oUdD_QSgRs&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref> The impact legs have been made stronger compared to Chandrayaan-2 and instrumentation redundancy has been improved. It will target a more precise {{cvt|4|km}} by {{cvt|4|km}} landing region based on images previously provided by the Orbiter High-Resolution Camera (OHRC) onboard Chandrayaan-2's orbiter. ISRO improved the structural rigidity, increased polling in instruments, increased data frequency and transmission, and added additional multiple contingency systems to improve lander survivability in the event of failures during descent and landing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shaurya |date=21 October 2022 |title=Chandrayaan-3 To Be More Robust, Have Contingency Systems Onboard, Says ISRO Chief |url=https://www.news18.com/news/tech/chandrayaan-3-to-be-more-robust-have-contingency-systems-onboard-says-isro-chief-6216451.html |access-date=22 October 2022 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=22 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022080431/https://www.news18.com/news/tech/chandrayaan-3-to-be-more-robust-have-contingency-systems-onboard-says-isro-chief-6216451.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2" />
+:The lander for Chandrayaan-3 has four variable-thrust engines with [[Slew (spacecraft)|slew rate]] changing capabilities, unlike Chandrayaan-2's lander, which had five, with the fifth one being centrally mounted and capable only of fixed thrust. One of the main reasons for Chandrayaan-2 landing failure, [[Spacecraft attitude control|attitude]] increase during the camera coasting phase, was removed by allowing the lander to control attitude and thrust during all phases of descent. Attitude correction rate is increased from Chandrayaan-2's 10°/s to 25°/s with Chandrayaan-3. Additionally, the Chandrayaan-3 lander will be equipped with a [[Laser Doppler velocimetry|Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV)]] to allow measuring attitude in 3 directions.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |date=19 November 2019 |title=Chandrayaan-3 plans indicate failures in Chandrayaan-2 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-plans-indicate-failures-in-chandrayaan-2/articleshow/72128771.cms |url-status=live |access-date=15 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121090445/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-plans-indicate-failures-in-chandrayaan-2/articleshow/72128771.cms |archive-date=21 November 2019}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Citation |title=After 4 Years, ISRO Reveals Why Chandrayaan 2 FAILED |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4oUdD_QSgRs |access-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810172742/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4oUdD_QSgRs&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live |language=en |archive-date=10 August 2023}}</ref> The impact legs have been made stronger compared to Chandrayaan-2 and instrumentation redundancy has been improved. It will target a more precise {{cvt|4|km}} by {{cvt|4|km}} landing region based on images previously provided by the Orbiter High-Resolution Camera (OHRC) onboard Chandrayaan-2's orbiter. ISRO improved the structural rigidity, increased polling in instruments, increased data frequency and transmission, and added additional multiple contingency systems to improve lander survivability in the event of failures during descent and landing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shaurya |date=21 October 2022 |title=Chandrayaan-3 To Be More Robust, Have Contingency Systems Onboard, Says ISRO Chief |url=https://www.news18.com/news/tech/chandrayaan-3-to-be-more-robust-have-contingency-systems-onboard-says-isro-chief-6216451.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022080431/https://www.news18.com/news/tech/chandrayaan-3-to-be-more-robust-have-contingency-systems-onboard-says-isro-chief-6216451.html |archive-date=22 October 2022 |access-date=22 October 2022 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" />
 ;Rover
-:The ''[[Pragyan (rover)|Pragyan]]'' rover is a six-wheeled vehicle with a mass of {{convert|26|kg|lb|abbr=off}}. It is {{convert|917|mm|ft}} x {{convert|750|mm|ft}} x {{convert|397|mm|ft}} in size.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN3#:~:text=The%20Pragyan%20(Sanskrit%20for%20%22wisdom,lander%20via%20Rx/Tx%20antennas. |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov |archive-date=8 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608231611/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN3#:~:text=The%20Pragyan%20(Sanskrit%20for%20%22wisdom,lander%20via%20Rx/Tx%20antennas. |url-status=live }}</ref>
+:The ''Pragyan'' rover is a six-wheeled vehicle with a mass of {{convert|26|kg|lb|abbr=off}}. It is {{convert|917|mm|ft}} x {{convert|750|mm|ft}} x {{convert|397|mm|ft}} in size.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN3#:~:text=The%20Pragyan%20(Sanskrit%20for%20%22wisdom,lander%20via%20Rx/Tx%20antennas. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608231611/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN3#:~:text=The%20Pragyan%20(Sanskrit%20for%20%22wisdom,lander%20via%20Rx/Tx%20antennas. |archive-date=8 June 2022 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref>
-:The rover is expected to take multiple measurements to support research into the composition of the lunar surface, the presence of water ice in the lunar soil, the history of lunar impacts, and the evolution of the Moon's atmosphere.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=16 August 2023 |title=Chandrayaan-3 highlights: Lander Vikram will be 30&nbsp;km away from Moon today |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/chandrayaan3-live-updates-isros-lunar-mission-indian-spacecraft-landing-on-moon-russia-luna-25-moon-mission-11692151720010.html |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=19 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819200245/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/chandrayaan3-live-updates-isros-lunar-mission-indian-spacecraft-landing-on-moon-russia-luna-25-moon-mission-11692151720010.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author1=Sharmila Kuthunur |date=23 August 2023 |title=India on the moon! Chandrayaan-3 becomes 1st probe to land near lunar south pole |url=https://www.space.com/india-chandrayaan-3-moon-landing-success |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=Space.com |language=en |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823150626/https://www.space.com/india-chandrayaan-3-moon-landing-success |url-status=live }}</ref>
+:The rover is expected to take multiple measurements to support research into the composition of the lunar surface, the presence of water ice in the lunar soil, the history of lunar impacts, and the evolution of the Moon's atmosphere.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=16 August 2023 |title=Chandrayaan-3 highlights: Lander Vikram will be 30&nbsp;km away from Moon today |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/chandrayaan3-live-updates-isros-lunar-mission-indian-spacecraft-landing-on-moon-russia-luna-25-moon-mission-11692151720010.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819200245/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/chandrayaan3-live-updates-isros-lunar-mission-indian-spacecraft-landing-on-moon-russia-luna-25-moon-mission-11692151720010.html |archive-date=19 August 2023 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Sharmila Kuthunur |date=23 August 2023 |title=India on the moon! Chandrayaan-3 becomes 1st probe to land near lunar south pole |url=https://www.space.com/india-chandrayaan-3-moon-landing-success |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823150626/https://www.space.com/india-chandrayaan-3-moon-landing-success |archive-date=23 August 2023 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=Space.com |language=en}}</ref>
 <gallery mode="packed" heights="180">
@@ Line 103: / Line 103: @@
 * Chandra's Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) will measure the thermal conductivity and temperature of the lunar surface.
 * Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) will measure the seismicity around the landing site.
-* Langmuir Probe (LP) will estimate the near-surface plasma density over time.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Missions/LVM3/LVM3M4_Chandrayaan3_brochure.pdf|title=ISRO Chandrayaan 3 brochure|access-date=14 July 2023|archive-date=10 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710120424/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Missions/LVM3/LVM3M4_Chandrayaan3_brochure.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
+* Langmuir Probe (LP) will estimate the near-surface plasma density over time.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=ISRO Chandrayaan 3 brochure |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Missions/LVM3/LVM3M4_Chandrayaan3_brochure.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710120424/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Missions/LVM3/LVM3M4_Chandrayaan3_brochure.pdf |archive-date=10 July 2023 |access-date=14 July 2023}}</ref>
 '''Rover'''
@@ Line 141: / Line 141: @@
 === Orbit ===
-After a series of manoeuvres that placed Chandrayaan-3 in a [[trans-lunar injection]] orbit,<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2023 |title=India's Chandrayaan-3 moon mission takes off with a successful launch as rocket hoists lunar lander and rover – CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/india-chandrayaan-3-moon-mission-launch-rocket-lunar-lander-and-rover/ |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US |archive-date=22 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822120100/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/india-chandrayaan-3-moon-mission-launch-rocket-lunar-lander-and-rover/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2023 |title=India launches its Chandrayaan-3 Moon landing mission |url=https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/organizations/isro/india-launches-its-chandrayaan-3-moon-landing-mission/ |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=SpaceFlight Insider |language=en-US |archive-date=17 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817095213/https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/organizations/isro/india-launches-its-chandrayaan-3-moon-landing-mission/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandrayaan-3 update: Isro to fire up engines, put spacecraft on road to moon |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/chandrayaan-3/story/chandrayaan-3-update-isro-to-conduct-trans-lunar-injection-tonight-put-spacecraft-on-road-to-moon-2414052-2023-07-31 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801033942/https://www.indiatoday.in/science/chandrayaan-3/story/chandrayaan-3-update-isro-to-conduct-trans-lunar-injection-tonight-put-spacecraft-on-road-to-moon-2414052-2023-07-31 |url-status=live }}</ref> ISRO performed a lunar-orbit insertion (LOI) on 5 August, successfully placing the Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft into orbit around the Moon. The LOI operation was carried out from the ISRO Telemetry, Tracking, and Command Network (ISTRAC) located in [[Bengaluru]].<ref name="hindu_20230805_moonorbit">{{cite web |author=THE HINDU BUREAU |title=Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft enters lunar orbit |date=5 August 2023 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/chandrayaan-3-enters-lunar-orbit/article67161942.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=6 August 2023 |archive-date=6 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806022920/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/chandrayaan-3-enters-lunar-orbit/article67161942.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="asn_20230806_moonorbit">{{Cite web |last=Grey |first=Charles |date=6 August 2023 |title=India's Chandrayaan-3 Successfully Inserted Into Lunar Orbit |url=https://airspacenews.net/indias-chandrayaan-3-successfully-inserted-into-lunar-orbit/ |access-date=6 August 2023 |website=AIR SPACE News |language=en-US |archive-date=6 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806143515/https://airspacenews.net/indias-chandrayaan-3-successfully-inserted-into-lunar-orbit/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
+After a series of manoeuvres that placed Chandrayaan-3 in a [[trans-lunar injection]] orbit,<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2023 |title=India's Chandrayaan-3 moon mission takes off with a successful launch as rocket hoists lunar lander and rover – CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/india-chandrayaan-3-moon-mission-launch-rocket-lunar-lander-and-rover/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822120100/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/india-chandrayaan-3-moon-mission-launch-rocket-lunar-lander-and-rover/ |archive-date=22 August 2023 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2023 |title=India launches its Chandrayaan-3 Moon landing mission |url=https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/organizations/isro/india-launches-its-chandrayaan-3-moon-landing-mission/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817095213/https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/organizations/isro/india-launches-its-chandrayaan-3-moon-landing-mission/ |archive-date=17 August 2023 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=SpaceFlight Insider |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandrayaan-3 update: Isro to fire up engines, put spacecraft on road to moon |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/chandrayaan-3/story/chandrayaan-3-update-isro-to-conduct-trans-lunar-injection-tonight-put-spacecraft-on-road-to-moon-2414052-2023-07-31 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801033942/https://www.indiatoday.in/science/chandrayaan-3/story/chandrayaan-3-update-isro-to-conduct-trans-lunar-injection-tonight-put-spacecraft-on-road-to-moon-2414052-2023-07-31 |archive-date=1 August 2023 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> ISRO performed a lunar-orbit insertion (LOI) on 5 August, successfully placing the Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft into orbit around the Moon. The LOI operation was carried out from the ISRO Telemetry, Tracking, and Command Network (ISTRAC) located in [[Bengaluru]].<ref name="hindu_20230805_moonorbit">{{Cite web |last=THE HINDU BUREAU |date=5 August 2023 |title=Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft enters lunar orbit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/chandrayaan-3-enters-lunar-orbit/article67161942.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806022920/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/chandrayaan-3-enters-lunar-orbit/article67161942.ece |archive-date=6 August 2023 |access-date=6 August 2023 |website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name="asn_20230806_moonorbit">{{Cite web |last=Grey |first=Charles |date=6 August 2023 |title=India's Chandrayaan-3 Successfully Inserted Into Lunar Orbit |url=https://airspacenews.net/indias-chandrayaan-3-successfully-inserted-into-lunar-orbit/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806143515/https://airspacenews.net/indias-chandrayaan-3-successfully-inserted-into-lunar-orbit/ |archive-date=6 August 2023 |access-date=6 August 2023 |website=AIR SPACE News |language=en-US}}</ref>
-On 17 August, the Vikram lander separated from the propulsion module to begin the last phase of the mission.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 August 2023 |title=Chandrayaan-3: Indian lunar lander Vikram inches closer to Moon |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-66530022 |access-date=23 August 2023 |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823141116/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-66530022 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+On 17 August, the Vikram lander separated from the propulsion module to begin the last phase of the mission.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 August 2023 |title=Chandrayaan-3: Indian lunar lander Vikram inches closer to Moon |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-66530022 |url-status=live |access-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823141116/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-66530022 |archive-date=23 August 2023}}</ref>
 === Descent ===
 On 23 August 2023, as the lander approached the low point of its orbit, its four engines fired as a braking manoeuvre at {{convert|30|km|mi}} above the Moon's surface. After 11.5 minutes, the lander was 7.2 km (4.5 miles) above the surface; it maintained its altitude for about 10 seconds, then stabilized itself using eight smaller thrusters and rotated from a horizontal to a vertical position while continuing its descent.
-It then used two of its four engines to slow its descent to roughly {{convert|150|m|ft}}; it hovered there for about 30 seconds before continuing downward and touching down at 12:32 [[UTC]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-23 |title=India Is on the Moon: Lander's Success Moves Nation to Next Space Chapter |language=en |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/23/science/chandrayaan-3-india-moon-landing.html |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=The New York Times |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823172509/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/23/science/chandrayaan-3-india-moon-landing.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mehta |first=Jatan |title=Chandrayaan-3 Makes Historic Touchdown on the Moon |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/chandrayaan-3-makes-historic-touchdown-on-the-moon/ |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=Scientific American |language=en |archive-date=24 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824031414/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/chandrayaan-3-makes-historic-touchdown-on-the-moon/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
+It then used two of its four engines to slow its descent to roughly {{convert|150|m|ft}}; it hovered there for about 30 seconds before continuing downward and touching down at 12:32 [[UTC]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-23 |title=India Is on the Moon: Lander's Success Moves Nation to Next Space Chapter |language=en |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/23/science/chandrayaan-3-india-moon-landing.html |url-status=live |access-date=2023-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823172509/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/23/science/chandrayaan-3-india-moon-landing.html |archive-date=23 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mehta |first=Jatan |title=Chandrayaan-3 Makes Historic Touchdown on the Moon |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/chandrayaan-3-makes-historic-touchdown-on-the-moon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824031414/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/chandrayaan-3-makes-historic-touchdown-on-the-moon/ |archive-date=24 August 2023 |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=Scientific American |language=en}}</ref>
 {| class="wikitable" style="margin:0; text-align:left;"
@@ Line 160: / Line 160: @@
 |-
 |Earth orbit: Launch
-|13 July 2023
+|14 July 2023
 | {{N/A}}
 |{{convert|abbr=on|170x36500|km}}
@@ Line 167: / Line 167: @@
 |-
 |Earth bound maneuvers: 1 || 15 July 2023  || {{N/A}}
-|{{convert|abbr=on|173x41762|km}}|| {{N/A}}|| <ref name=CH3-ISRO>{{cite web |title=Chandrayaan-3 |publisher=ISRO |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3.html |access-date=14 July 2023 |archive-date=10 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710170915/https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |url=https://twitter.com/isro/status/1680239822110162944/photo/1 |title=The first orbit raising operation|number=1680239822110162944|user=isro |date=15 July 2023 |access-date=15 July 2023}}</ref>
+|{{convert|abbr=on|173x41762|km}}|| {{N/A}}|| <ref name="CH3-ISRO">{{Cite web |title=Chandrayaan-3 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710170915/https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3.html |archive-date=10 July 2023 |access-date=14 July 2023 |publisher=ISRO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1680239822110162944 |user=isro |title=The first orbit raising operation |date=15 July 2023 |access-date=15 July 2023 |url=https://twitter.com/isro/status/1680239822110162944/photo/1}}</ref>
 |-
 |Earth bound maneuvers: 2 || 17 July 2023 || {{N/A}}
-|{{convert|abbr=on|226x41603|km}}|| {{N/A}}||  <ref name=CH3-ISRO /><ref>{{cite tweet |url=https://twitter.com/isro/status/1680845817903722497?t=l5YDw4bfrCHUVzPyJ_wMRA&s=19 |title=The second orbit raising operation|number=1680845817903722497|user=isro |date=17 July 2023 |access-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
+|{{convert|abbr=on|226x41603|km}}|| {{N/A}}||  <ref name="CH3-ISRO" /><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1680845817903722497 |user=isro |title=The second orbit raising operation |date=17 July 2023 |access-date=17 July 2023 |url=https://twitter.com/isro/status/1680845817903722497?t=l5YDw4bfrCHUVzPyJ_wMRA&s=19}}</ref>
 |-
 |Earth bound maneuvers: 3 || 18 July 2023 || {{N/A}}
-|{{convert|abbr=on|228x51400|km}}|| {{N/A}}|| <ref>{{cite tweet |url=https://twitter.com/isro/status/1681293895341162499 |title=The third orbit raising operation|number=1681236337024974850|user=isro |date=18 July 2023 |access-date=18 July 2023}}</ref>
+|{{convert|abbr=on|228x51400|km}}|| {{N/A}}|| <ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1681236337024974850 |user=isro |title=The third orbit raising operation |date=18 July 2023 |access-date=18 July 2023 |url=https://twitter.com/isro/status/1681293895341162499}}</ref>
 |-
 |Earth bound maneuvers: 4 || 20 July 2023 || {{N/A}}
-|{{convert|abbr=on|233x71351|km}}|| {{N/A}}|| <ref name=CH3-ISRO /><ref>{{Cite tweet |url=https://twitter.com/isro/status/1681960236347965440 |title=The fourth orbit raising operation|number=1681960236347965440|user=isro |date=20 July 2023 |access-date=20 July 2023}}</ref>
+|{{convert|abbr=on|233x71351|km}}|| {{N/A}}|| <ref name="CH3-ISRO" /><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1681960236347965440 |user=isro |title=The fourth orbit raising operation |date=20 July 2023 |access-date=20 July 2023 |url=https://twitter.com/isro/status/1681960236347965440}}</ref>
 |-
 |Earth bound maneuvers: 5 || 25 July 2023 || {{N/A}}
-|{{convert|abbr=on|236x127603|km}}|| {{N/A}}|| <ref name="TWISRO-250723">{{Cite tweet |url=https://twitter.com/isro/status/1683767962560512000 | title=The fifth orbit raising operation|number=1683767962560512000|user=isro |date=25 July 2023 |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>
+|{{convert|abbr=on|236x127603|km}}|| {{N/A}}|| <ref name="TWISRO-250723">{{Cite tweet |number=1683767962560512000 |user=isro |title=The fifth orbit raising operation |date=25 July 2023 |access-date=25 July 2023 |url=https://twitter.com/isro/status/1683767962560512000}}</ref>
 |-
 |Translunar injection || 31 July 2023 || {{N/A}}
-|{{convert|abbr=on|288x369328|km}}|| {{N/A}}|| <ref>{{cite tweet |url=https://twitter.com/isro/status/1686327939280035840 |title=Chandrayaan-3 update|number=1686327939280035840|user=isro |date=1 August 2023 |access-date=5 August 2023}}</ref>
+|{{convert|abbr=on|288x369328|km}}|| {{N/A}}|| <ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1686327939280035840 |user=isro |title=Chandrayaan-3 update |date=1 August 2023 |access-date=5 August 2023 |url=https://twitter.com/isro/status/1686327939280035840}}</ref>
 |-
 |Lunar orbit injection || 5 August 2023
 | {{convert|abbr=on|1835|sec|min}}
-|{{convert|abbr=on|164x18074|km}}|| Approx. {{convert|abbr=on|21|h|min}}|| <ref>{{cite tweet |url=https://twitter.com/isro/status/1687859829803466753?t=qoIyMeH8oP405bbdzFNMNw&s=19 |title=Lunar Orbit Injection (LOI)|number=1687384615215124480|user=isro |date=4 August 2023 |access-date=5 August 2023}}</ref>
+|{{convert|abbr=on|164x18074|km}}|| Approx. {{convert|abbr=on|21|h|min}}|| <ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1687384615215124480 |user=isro |title=Lunar Orbit Injection (LOI) |date=4 August 2023 |access-date=5 August 2023 |url=https://twitter.com/isro/status/1687859829803466753?t=qoIyMeH8oP405bbdzFNMNw&s=19}}</ref>
 |-
 |Lunar bound maneuvers: 2 || 6 August 2023
 | {{N/A}}
-|{{convert|abbr=on|170x4313|km}}|| {{N/A}}|| <ref>{{cite tweet |url=https://twitter.com/isro/status/1688248504458846208?s=20|title= Chandrayaan-3 Mission|number=1688248504458846208|user=isro |date=6 August 2023 |access-date=6 August 2023}}</ref>
+|{{convert|abbr=on|170x4313|km}}|| {{N/A}}|| <ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1688248504458846208 |user=isro |title=Chandrayaan-3 Mission |date=6 August 2023 |access-date=6 August 2023 |url=https://twitter.com/isro/status/1688248504458846208?s=20}}</ref>
 |-
 |Lunar bound maneuvers:3 || 9 August 2023
 | {{N/A}}
-|{{convert|abbr=on|174x1437|km}}|| {{N/A}}||<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1689192034916265984|title= Chandrayaan-3 Mission|user=isro |date=9 August 2023 |access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref>
+|{{convert|abbr=on|174x1437|km}}|| {{N/A}}||<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1689192034916265984 |user=isro |title=Chandrayaan-3 Mission |date=9 August 2023 |access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref>
 |-
 |Lunar bound maneuvers:4
 | 14 August 2023
 | {{N/A}}
-|{{convert|abbr=on|150x177|km}}|| {{N/A}}||<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1690978432321269760|title= Chandrayaan-3 Mission|user=isro |date=14 August 2023 |access-date=14 August 2023}}</ref>
+|{{convert|abbr=on|150x177|km}}|| {{N/A}}||<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1690978432321269760 |user=isro |title=Chandrayaan-3 Mission |date=14 August 2023 |access-date=14 August 2023}}</ref>
 |-
 |Lunar bound maneuvers:5
 | 16 August 2023
 | {{N/A}}
-|{{convert|abbr=on|153x163|km}}|| {{N/A}}||<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1691655268449603770|title= Chandrayaan-3 Mission|user=isro |date=16 August 2023 |access-date=16 August 2023}}</ref>
+|{{convert|abbr=on|153x163|km}}|| {{N/A}}||<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1691655268449603770 |user=isro |title=Chandrayaan-3 Mission |date=16 August 2023 |access-date=16 August 2023}}</ref>
 |-
 |Lander deorbit maneuvers: 1
 | 18 August 2023
 | {{N/A}}
-|{{convert|abbr=on|113x157|km}}|| {{N/A}}||<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1692484515963588645|title=Chandrayaan-3 Mission|user=isro|date=18 August 2023|access-date=18 August 2023}}</ref>
+|{{convert|abbr=on|113x157|km}}|| {{N/A}}||<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1692484515963588645 |user=isro |title=Chandrayaan-3 Mission |date=18 August 2023 |access-date=18 August 2023}}</ref>
 |-
 |Lander deorbit maneuvers: 2
 |19 August 2023
 | {{convert|abbr=on|60|sec|min}}
-|{{convert|abbr=on|25x134|km}}|| {{N/A}}||<ref>{{cite tweet|user=isro|number=1692995757413192015|title=Chandrayaan 3 mission: second and final deorbiting operation.}}</ref>
+|{{convert|abbr=on|25x134|km}}|| {{N/A}}||<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1692995757413192015 |user=isro |title=Chandrayaan 3 mission: second and final deorbiting operation.}}</ref>
 |-
 |Landing: 1
@@ Line 221: / Line 221: @@
 |{{n/a}}
 |{{n/a}}
-|<ref name="sn-20230823"/>
+|<ref name="sn-20230823" />
 |-
 |Rover deployment: 1
@@ Line 238: / Line 238: @@
 === Mission life ===
-*Propulsion Module: Carries lander and rover to {{convert|100x100|km}} orbit, with operation of experimental payload for up to 6 months.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandrayaan-3 Brochure |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Missions/LVM3/LVM3M4_Chandrayaan3_brochure.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710120424/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Missions/LVM3/LVM3M4_Chandrayaan3_brochure.pdf |archive-date=10 July 2023 |website=Indian Space Research Organisation |format=PDF}}</ref>
+*Propulsion Module: Carries lander and rover to {{convert|100x100|km}} orbit, with operation of experimental payload for up to 6 months.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Chandrayaan-3 Brochure |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Missions/LVM3/LVM3M4_Chandrayaan3_brochure.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710120424/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Missions/LVM3/LVM3M4_Chandrayaan3_brochure.pdf |archive-date=10 July 2023 |website=Indian Space Research Organisation |format=PDF}}</ref>
-*Lander Module: 1 Lunar Day (14 Earth Days)<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Chandrayaan-3 Brochure |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Missions/LVM3/LVM3M4_Chandrayaan3_brochure.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710120424/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Missions/LVM3/LVM3M4_Chandrayaan3_brochure.pdf |archive-date=10 July 2023 |website=Indian Space Research Organisation |format=PDF}}</ref>
+*Lander Module: 1 Lunar Day (14 Earth Days)<ref name="auto1" />
 *Rover Module: 1 Lunar Day (14 Earth Days)<ref name="auto1" />
 == Team ==
 * ISRO Chairperson: [[S. Somanath]]<ref name=":3" />
-* Mission Director: S. Mohanakumar<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2023 |title=With Chandrayaan-3 set to land today, meet key scientists behind ISRO moon mission |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/chandrayaan-3-landing-scientists-isro-8905504/ |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=24 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824031413/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/chandrayaan-3-landing-scientists-isro-8905504/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
+* Mission Director: S. Mohanakumar<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2023 |title=With Chandrayaan-3 set to land today, meet key scientists behind ISRO moon mission |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/chandrayaan-3-landing-scientists-isro-8905504/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824031413/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/chandrayaan-3-landing-scientists-isro-8905504/ |archive-date=24 August 2023 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
-* Associate Mission Director: G. Narayanan<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nirvaan |date=4 August 2023 |title=Chandrayaan 3 Price, Budget, Cost, (Orbiter, Lander, and Rover) |url=https://www.pmsarkariyojanahindi.com/chandrayaan-3-price/ |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=PM Sarkari Yojana Hindi |language=en-US |archive-date=24 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824031417/https://www.pmsarkariyojanahindi.com/chandrayaan-3-price/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
+* Associate Mission Director: G. Narayanan<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nirvaan |date=4 August 2023 |title=Chandrayaan 3 Price, Budget, Cost, (Orbiter, Lander, and Rover) |url=https://www.pmsarkariyojanahindi.com/chandrayaan-3-price/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824031417/https://www.pmsarkariyojanahindi.com/chandrayaan-3-price/ |archive-date=24 August 2023 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=PM Sarkari Yojana Hindi |language=en-US}}</ref>
 * Project Director: [[P. Veeramuthuvel]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-23 |title=Chandrayaan-3 {{!}} Not just sons of Tamil Nadu but State's soil itself contributed to Moon mission |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/chandrayaan-3-landing-not-just-sons-of-tamil-nadu-but-states-soil-itself-contributed-to-moon-mission/article67225959.ece |access-date=2023-08-23 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
-* Deputy Project Director: [[Kalpana. K]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Online {{!}} |first=E. T. |date=23 August 2023 |title=Most memorable moment for team Chandrayaan-3: Kalpana K, Deputy Project Director, Moon Mission |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/most-memorable-moment-for-team-chandrayaan-3-kalpana-k-deputy-project-director-moon-mission/videoshow/102991222.cms |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=The Economic Times |language=en |archive-date=24 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824031954/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/defaultinterstitial.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
+* Deputy Project Director: [[Kalpana. K]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Online {{!}} |first=E. T. |date=23 August 2023 |title=Most memorable moment for team Chandrayaan-3: Kalpana K, Deputy Project Director, Moon Mission |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/most-memorable-moment-for-team-chandrayaan-3-kalpana-k-deputy-project-director-moon-mission/videoshow/102991222.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824031954/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/defaultinterstitial.cms |archive-date=24 August 2023 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref>
 * Vehicle Director: Biju C. Thomas<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=14 July 2023 |title=Chandrayaan 3 Launch Live: India's Chandrayaan-3 moon mission lifts off from Sriharikota |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-launch-live-updates-isro-moon-landing-mission-countdown-launch-time-sriharkota-how-to-watch/liveblog/101739131.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717084941/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-launch-live-updates-isro-moon-landing-mission-countdown-launch-time-sriharkota-how-to-watch/liveblog/101739131.cms |archive-date=17 July 2023 |access-date=14 July 2023 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
 == Funding ==
-In December 2019, ISRO requested the initial funding of the project, amounting to {{INRConvert|75|c|lk=on}}, out of which {{INRConvert|60|c}} would be for meeting expenditure towards machinery, equipment, and other capital expenditure, while the remaining {{INRConvert|15|c}} was sought for operating expenditure.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-seeks-75-crore-more-from-centre-for-chandrayaan-3/articleshow/72421303.cms|title=ISRO seeks 75 crore more from Centre for Chandrayaan-3|date=8 December 2019|first=Chethan|last=Kumar|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=8 December 2019|archive-date=20 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120005130/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-seeks-75-crore-more-from-centre-for-chandrayaan-3/articleshow/72421303.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
+In December 2019, ISRO requested the initial funding of the project, amounting to {{INRConvert|75|c|lk=on}}, out of which {{INRConvert|60|c}} would be for meeting expenditure towards machinery, equipment, and other capital expenditure, while the remaining {{INRConvert|15|c}} was sought for operating expenditure.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |date=8 December 2019 |title=ISRO seeks 75 crore more from Centre for Chandrayaan-3 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-seeks-75-crore-more-from-centre-for-chandrayaan-3/articleshow/72421303.cms |url-status=live |access-date=8 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120005130/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-seeks-75-crore-more-from-centre-for-chandrayaan-3/articleshow/72421303.cms |archive-date=20 January 2021}}</ref>
-Confirming the existence of the project, ISRO's former chairman [[K. Sivan]] stated that the estimated cost would be around {{INRConvert|615|c|lk=|year=2020}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-to-cost-rs-615-crore-launch-could-stretch-to-2021/articleshow/73055941.cms|title=Chandrayaan-3 to cost Rs 615 crore, launch could stretch to 2021|date=2 January 2020|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=3 January 2020|archive-date=30 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230181930/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-to-cost-rs-615-crore-launch-could-stretch-to-2021/articleshow/73055941.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2023 |title=How much did India's Chandrayaan-3 lunar mission cost? |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/science/chandrayaan-3-cost-budget-isro-launch-july-14-space-lunar-mission-moon-landing-17222551.htm |access-date=15 July 2023 |website=[[CNBC]] |archive-date=17 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717125549/https://www.cnbctv18.com/science/chandrayaan-3-cost-budget-isro-launch-july-14-space-lunar-mission-moon-landing-17222551.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author1=Mike Wall |date=18 August 2023 |title=India's Chandrayaan-3 snaps close-up photos of moon ahead of landing try (video) |url=https://www.space.com/india-chandrayaan-3-moon-photos-august-2023 |access-date=22 August 2023 |website=Space.com |language=en |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823141114/https://www.space.com/india-chandrayaan-3-moon-photos-august-2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+Confirming the existence of the project, ISRO's former chairman [[K. Sivan]] stated that the estimated cost would be around {{INRConvert|615|c|lk=|year=2020}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2020 |title=Chandrayaan-3 to cost Rs 615 crore, launch could stretch to 2021 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-to-cost-rs-615-crore-launch-could-stretch-to-2021/articleshow/73055941.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230181930/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-to-cost-rs-615-crore-launch-could-stretch-to-2021/articleshow/73055941.cms |archive-date=30 December 2020 |access-date=3 January 2020 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2023 |title=How much did India's Chandrayaan-3 lunar mission cost? |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/science/chandrayaan-3-cost-budget-isro-launch-july-14-space-lunar-mission-moon-landing-17222551.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717125549/https://www.cnbctv18.com/science/chandrayaan-3-cost-budget-isro-launch-july-14-space-lunar-mission-moon-landing-17222551.htm |archive-date=17 July 2023 |access-date=15 July 2023 |website=[[CNBC]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mike Wall |date=18 August 2023 |title=India's Chandrayaan-3 snaps close-up photos of moon ahead of landing try (video) |url=https://www.space.com/india-chandrayaan-3-moon-photos-august-2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823141114/https://www.space.com/india-chandrayaan-3-moon-photos-august-2023 |archive-date=23 August 2023 |access-date=22 August 2023 |website=Space.com |language=en}}</ref>
 == See also ==
@@ Line 261: / Line 261: @@
 * [[Aditya-L1]] – Indian solar observation mission
 * [[Gaganyaan]] – Indian crewed spacecraft project
+* [[Chang'e 6]]
+* [[Luna 25]]
 {{-}}

v t e Indian space programme
Department of Space (DoS)
Organisations	Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) Antrix Corporation Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST) Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS) Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems (LEOS) National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL) New Space India Limited (NSIL) Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) Development and Educational Communication Unit (DECU) Integrated Space Cell Defence Space Agency Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN–SPACe)
Programmes	Bhaskara GAGAN GSAT INSAT IRNSS IRS Cartosat RISAT Rohini SROSS Chandrayaan Human Spaceflight Programme
Satellites	APPLE Aryabhata HAMSAT IMS-1 Megha-Tropiques NISAR SARAL South Asia Satellite SRE SRE II Kalpana-1 CARE
Space observatories	Astrosat Aditya-L1 (planned) XPoSat (planned) AstroSat-2 (proposed)
Lunar and planetary spacecraft	Chandrayaan-1 Chandrayaan-2 Chandrayaan-3 (planned, 2022) Lunar Polar Exploration Mission (proposed) Mars Orbiter Mission Mars Orbiter Mission 2 (proposed) Shukrayaan-1 (proposed)
Crewed spacecraft	Gaganyaan (Under development)
Rockets	Engines CE-7.5 CE-20 Vikas Orbital SLV ASLV PSLV Launches GSLV Mk I Mk II Launches Mk III Suborbital Rohini ATV Concepts ULV Under development RLV Technology Demonstration Programme RLV-TD HEX SSLV SCE-200
Facilities	Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN) ISRO Satellite Centre (ISAC) ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) Master Control Facility (MCF) Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS) ISRO Satellite Integration and Testing Establishment (ISITE) Vikram Sarabhai Space Center (VSSC) Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC) ISRO Propulsion Complex Human Space Flight Centre (HSFC)
Legislation	Space Activities Bill
Private companies	Pixxel Skyroot Aerospace Satellize AgniKul Cosmos Dhruva Space Bellatrix Aerospace TeamIndus
Related	SAGA-220 (supercomputer) RESPOND
List of Indian satellites List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches List of ISRO missions List of ISRO chairpersons

v t e Orbital launches in 2023
January	ION SCV-007 & 008 (Astrocast × 4), Orbiter SN1† (Unicorn-2G†, Unicorn-2H†), Vigoride-5, ICEYE × 3, Lynk Tower 03, Lynk Tower 04, ÑuSat × 4, Flock 4y × 36, KSF3 × 4, Gama Alpha, Lemur-2 × 6, Milspace-2 1, MilSpace-2 2, Platform 2, SpaceBEE × 12, Shijian 23 ForgeStar-0†, STORK-6† OneWeb L16 (40 satellites) Apstar 6E Yaogan 37, Shiyan 22A, Shiyan 22B Jilin-1 Gaofen-03D 34, Jilin-1 Hongwai-01A × 2, Jilin-1 Mofang-02A × 3 LDPE-3A, USA-342 / CBAS-2 USA-343 / GPS III-06 Starlink G2-4 (51 satellites) Hawk × 3 IGS-Radar 7 Starlink G5-2 (56 satellites) Starlink G2-6 (49 satellites), ION SCV-009
February	Starlink G5-3 (53 satellites) Elektro-L №4 Amazonas Nexus Progress MS-22 Starlink G5-4 (55 satellites) Starlink G2-5 (51 satellites) Inmarsat-6 F2 ChinaSat 26 Soyuz MS-23 Starlink G6-1 (21 satellites)
March	SpaceX Crew-6 Starlink G2-7 (51 satellites) ALOS-3† OneWeb L17 (40 satellites) Olymp-K №2 / Luch-5X №2 SpaceX CRS-27 Shiyan 19 Capella 9, Capella 10 Gaofen 13-02 Starlink G2-8 (52 satellites) SES-18, SES-19 Kosmos 2567 / Bars-M 4L BlackSky 18, BlackSky 19 Starlink G5-5 (56 satellites) OneWeb L18 (36 satellites) Ofeq-13 Kosmos 2568 / EO MKA №4 Starlink G5-10 (56 satellites) PIESAT-1A 01, PIESAT-1B × 3 Yaogan 34-04
April	Intelsat 40e / TEMPO JUICE ION SCV-010 (Kepler-20, Kepler-21), Vigoride-6, Hawk × 3, İMECE, ÑuSat × 4, DEWA SAT-2, LacunaSat-2F, Lemur-2 × 3, Sateliot_0 / Platform 3, TAIFA-1 Fengyun 3G Starlink G6-2 (21 satellites) Starlink G3-5 (46 satellites) O3b mPOWER 3, O3b mPOWER 4
May	ViaSat-3.1 Starlink G5-6 (56 satellites) TROPICS 05, TROPICS 06 Tianzhou 6 Starlink G2-9 (51 satellites) BeiDou-3 G4 Starlink G6-3 (22 satellites) Iridium 9 (5 satellites), OneWeb L19 (15 satellites), JoeySat Axiom Mission 2 Progress MS-23 TROPICS 03, TROPICS 07 Kondor-FKA №1 Arabsat 7B (BADR-8) NVS-01 Shenzhou 16 Malligyong-1† Starlink G2-10 (52 satellites)
June	Starlink G6-4 (22 satellites) SpaceX CRS-28 (Maya-5, Maya-6) Shiyan 24A, Shiyan 24B Starlink G5-11 (52 satellites) ION SCV-011 (Unicorn-2I), Orbiter SN3, Blackjack Aces × 4, ICEYE × 4, ÑuSat × 4, Lemur-2 × 3, SpaceBEE × 14 Jilin-1 Gaofen-03D × 8, Jilin-1 Gaofen-06A × 30, Jilin-1 Pingtai-02A × 2 SATRIA Shiyan 25 Starlink G5-7 (47 satellites) USA-345 / Orion 11 Starlink G5-12 (56 satellites) Meteor-M №2-3
July	Euclid Syracuse 4B Starlink G5-13 (48 satellites) Starlink G6-5 (22 satellites) Chandrayaan-3 (Vikram, Pragyan) Starlink G5-15 (54 satellites) Lemur-2 × 2 Starlink G6-15 (15 satellites) Starlink G6-6 (22 satellites) Yaogan 36-05 (3 satellites) Starlink G6-7 (22 satellites) Jupiter-3 / EchoStar-24
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