Red corridor: Difference between revisions

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{{multiple image
{{multiple image
| footer = Areas with Naxalite activity in 2007 (left), in 2013 (center), and in 2018 (right)
| footer = Areas with Naxalite activity in 2007 (left), in 2013 (center), and in 2018 (right)
| image1 = India Naxal affected districts map.svg
| image1 = India Naxal affected districts map.svg
| width1 = 195
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The '''red corridor,''' also called the '''red zone,'''<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bhattacharjee|first=Sumit|date=2021-06-26|title=When Greyhounds struck in Andhra Pradesh’s fading red zone|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/when-greyhounds-struck-in-andhra-pradeshs-fading-red-zone/article34979972.ece|access-date=2021-11-19|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> is the region in the eastern, central and the southern parts of [[India]] that are considerably affected by the [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency]]. It has been steadily diminishing in terms of geographical coverage and number of violent incidences, and in 2021 it was confined to 25 "most affected" (accounting for 85% of LWE violence) and 70 "total affected" districts (down from 180 in 2009)<ref name="pib.nic.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=50833|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref> across 10 states in two coal rich, remote, forested hilly clusters in and around [[Dandakaranya]]-[[Chhattisgarh]]-[[Odisha]] region and tri-junction area of [[Jharkhand]]-[[Bihar]] and-[[West Bengal]].<ref name=urb1>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/deaths-in-naxal-attacks-down-by-21-shah-at-cms-meeting/articleshow/86543018.cms Deaths in Naxal attacks down by 21%], ''The Times of India''. 26 Sept 021.</ref>
The '''red corridor''', also called the '''red zone''',<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bhattacharjee|first=Sumit|date=2021-06-26|title=When Greyhounds struck in Andhra Pradesh's fading red zone|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/when-greyhounds-struck-in-andhra-pradeshs-fading-red-zone/article34979972.ece|access-date=2021-11-19|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> is the region in the eastern, central and the southern parts of [[India]] where the [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency]] has the strongest presence. It has been steadily diminishing in terms of geographical coverage and number of violent incidents, and in 2021 it was confined to 25 "most affected" (accounting for 85% of LWE violence) and 70 "total affected" districts (down from 180 in 2009)<ref name="pib.nic.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=50833|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref> across 10 states in two coal rich, remote, forested hilly clusters in and around [[Dandakaranya]]-[[Chhattisgarh]]-[[Odisha]] region and tri-junction area of [[Jharkhand]]-[[Bihar]] and-[[West Bengal]].<ref name=urb1>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/deaths-in-naxal-attacks-down-by-21-shah-at-cms-meeting/articleshow/86543018.cms Deaths in Naxal attacks down by 21%]. ''[[The Times of India]]''. 26 Sept 021.</ref>


The Naxalite group mainly consists of the armed cadres of the [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Agarwal|first=Ajay|title=Revelations from the red corridor|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Map/Revelations-from-the-red-corridor/Article1-847288.aspx|access-date=27 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120054203/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Map/Revelations-from-the-red-corridor/Article1-847288.aspx|archive-date=20 January 2013}}</ref> These areas span parts of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Odisha]], [[Telangana]] and [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mo.be/index.php?id=61&no_cache=0&tx_uwnews_pi2%5Bart_id%5D=21704 |title=Armed revolt in the Red Corridor |publisher=Mondiaal Nieuws, Belgium |date= 2008-06-25 |access-date=2008-10-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asianpacificpost.com/portal2/ff8080810ba5e679010bbae9487b017f_Indian_woman_red_fighter.do.html |title=Women take up guns in India's red corridor |work=The Asian Pacific Post|date=2008-06-09 |access-date=2008-10-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060622224400/http://www.asianpacificpost.com/portal2/ff8080810ba5e679010bbae9487b017f_Indian_woman_red_fighter.do.html |archive-date=22 June 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpolitician.com/22790-india |title=Rising Maoists Insurgency in India |publisher=Global Politician |date= 2007-05-13 |access-date=2008-10-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bihar-ranks-third-among-10-states-hit-by-maoist-violence/articleshow/58406014.cms|title=Bihar ranks third among 10 states hit by Maoist violence}}</ref>
The Naxalite group mainly consists of the [[Guevarist]] armed cadres of the [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Agarwal|first=Ajay|title=Revelations from the red corridor|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Map/Revelations-from-the-red-corridor/Article1-847288.aspx|access-date=27 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120054203/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Map/Revelations-from-the-red-corridor/Article1-847288.aspx|archive-date=20 January 2013}}</ref> These areas span parts of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Odisha]], [[Telangana]] and [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mo.be/index.php?id=61&no_cache=0&tx_uwnews_pi2%5Bart_id%5D=21704 |title=Armed revolt in the Red Corridor |publisher=Mondiaal Nieuws, Belgium |date= 2008-06-25 |access-date=2008-10-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asianpacificpost.com/portal2/ff8080810ba5e679010bbae9487b017f_Indian_woman_red_fighter.do.html |title=Women take up guns in India's red corridor |work=The Asian Pacific Post|date=2008-06-09 |access-date=2008-10-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060622224400/http://www.asianpacificpost.com/portal2/ff8080810ba5e679010bbae9487b017f_Indian_woman_red_fighter.do.html |archive-date=22 June 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpolitician.com/22790-india |title=Rising Maoists Insurgency in India |publisher=Global Politician |date= 2007-05-13 |access-date=2008-10-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bihar-ranks-third-among-10-states-hit-by-maoist-violence/articleshow/58406014.cms|title=Bihar ranks third among 10 states hit by Maoist violence|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>


All forms of Naxalite organisations have been declared as terrorist organizations under the [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act of India (1967)]].<ref>[http://www.mha.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?id_pk=292 ::Ministry of Home Affairs::<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510212307/http://mha.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?id_pk=292 |date=10 May 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/maoist/terrorist_outfits/Janashakti.htm|title=Maoist Communist Centre – Extremism, India, South Asia Terrorism Portal|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/maoist/terrorist_outfits/PWG.htm|title=People's War Group – Extremism, India, South Asia Terrorism Portal|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="banerjee2008">Sukanya Banerjee, "Mercury Rising: India’s Looming Red Corridor", Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2008.</ref>
All forms of Naxalite organisations have been declared as terrorist organizations under the [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act of India (1967)]].<ref>[http://www.mha.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?id_pk=292 ::Ministry of Home Affairs::<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510212307/http://mha.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?id_pk=292 |date=10 May 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/maoist/terrorist_outfits/Janashakti.htm|title=Maoist Communist Centre – Extremism, India, South Asia Terrorism Portal|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/maoist/terrorist_outfits/PWG.htm|title=People's War Group – Extremism, India, South Asia Terrorism Portal|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="banerjee2008">Sukanya Banerjee, "Mercury Rising: India’s Looming Red Corridor", Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2008.</ref>
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===Social condition===
===Social condition===


The area encompassed by the red corridor tends to have stratified societies, with caste and feudal divisions. Much of the area has high tribal populations (or [[adivasis]]), including [[Santhal people|Santhal]] and [[Gondi people|Gond]]. Bihar and Jharkhand have both caste and tribal divisions and violence associated with friction between these social groups.<ref name=satp01>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/faultlines/volume2/Fault2-MatthewF.htm |title=Bihar: Caste, Politics & the Cycle of Strife |publisher=Mammen Matthew, SATP |access-date=2008-10-19}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2363743.stm |title=Bihar caste clashes kill six |publisher=BBC |date= 2002-10-26 |access-date=2008-10-19}}</ref><ref name="narula1999">Smita Narula, "Broken People: Caste Violence Against India's untouchables", Human Rights Watch, 1999, {{ISBN|1-56432-228-9}}.</ref> Andhra Pradesh's Telangana region similarly has deep caste divide with a strict social hierarchical arrangement.<ref name="satyanarayana1993">A. Satyanarayana, "Land, Caste and Dominance in Telangana", Centre for Contemporary Studies, [[Nehru Memorial Museum & Library|Nehru Memorial Museum and Library]], 1993.</ref><ref name="singh1969">Tulja Ram Singh, "The Madiga: A Study in Social Structure and Change", Ethnographic & Folk Culture Society, 1969.</ref> Both Chhattisgarh and Odisha have significant impoverished tribal populations.<ref name="danda1977">Ajit K. Danda, "Chhattisgarh: An Area Study", Anthropological Survey of India, Government of India, 1977.</ref><ref name="pandey2006">Gyanendra Pandey, "Routine Violence: Nations, Fragments, Histories", Permanent Black, 2006, {{ISBN|81-7824-161-7}}.</ref><ref name="baginski2007">Oliver Springate-Baginski and Piers M. Blaikie, "Forests, People and Power: The Political Ecology of Reform in South Asia", Earthscan, 2007, {{ISBN|1-84407-347-5}}.</ref>
The area encompassed by the red corridor tends to have stratified societies, with [[caste]] and feudal divisions. Much of the area has high '''tribal''' populations (or [[adivasis]]), including [[Santal people|Santhal]] and [[Gondi people|Gond]]. Bihar and Jharkhand have both caste and tribal divisions and violence associated with friction between these social groups.<ref name=satp01>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/faultlines/volume2/Fault2-MatthewF.htm |title=Bihar: Caste, Politics & the Cycle of Strife |publisher=Mammen Matthew, SATP |access-date=2008-10-19}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2363743.stm |title=Bihar caste clashes kill six |publisher=BBC |date= 2002-10-26 |access-date=2008-10-19}}</ref><ref name="narula1999">Smita Narula, "Broken People: Caste Violence Against India's untouchables", Human Rights Watch, 1999, {{ISBN|1-56432-228-9}}.</ref> Andhra Pradesh's Telangana region similarly has deep caste divide with a strict social hierarchical arrangement.<ref name="satyanarayana1993">A. Satyanarayana, "Land, Caste and Dominance in Telangana", Centre for Contemporary Studies, [[Nehru Memorial Museum & Library|Nehru Memorial Museum and Library]], 1993.</ref><ref name="singh1969">Tulja Ram Singh, "The Madiga: A Study in Social Structure and Change", Ethnographic & Folk Culture Society, 1969.</ref> Both Chhattisgarh and Odisha have significant impoverished tribal populations.<ref name="danda1977">Ajit K. Danda, "Chhattisgarh: An Area Study", Anthropological Survey of India, Government of India, 1977.</ref><ref name="pandey2006">Gyanendra Pandey, "Routine Violence: Nations, Fragments, Histories", Permanent Black, 2006, {{ISBN|81-7824-161-7}}.</ref><ref name="baginski2007">Oliver Springate-Baginski and Piers M. Blaikie, "Forests, People and Power: The Political Ecology of Reform in South Asia", Earthscan, 2007, {{ISBN|1-84407-347-5}}.</ref>


==Territories of the red corridor==
==Territories of the red corridor==


===Affected Districts===
===Affected districts===


As of June 2021, 70 districts across 10 states are affected by extremism.<ref>{{Cite web|title= Naxal affected Districts|url=https://crpf.gov.in/writereaddata/images/pdf/815072021.pdf|website=Ministry of Home Affairs|access-date=2021-07-01}}</ref>
As of June 2021, 70 districts across 10 states are affected by Naxalist extremism.<ref>{{Cite web|title= Naxal affected Districts|url=https://crpf.gov.in/writereaddata/images/pdf/815072021.pdf|website=Ministry of Home Affairs|access-date=2021-07-01}}</ref>
{| class="sortable" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
! scope="col" style="background:#efefef;width: 100px" | [[States and union territories of India|State]]
! [[States and union territories of India|State]]
! scope="col" style="background:#efefef;width: 100px" | No.of Districts in State
! No. of districts in State
! scope="col" style="background:#efefef;width: 100px" | No. of Districts Affected
! No. of districts affected
! scope="col" style="background:#efefef;width: 580px" | [[Districts of India|Districts Affected]]
! [[List of districts in India|Districts affected]]
|-
|-
|[[Jharkhand]]
|[[Jharkhand]]
|[[Districts of Jharkhand|24]]
|[[List of districts of Jharkhand|24]]
|16
|16
|[[Bokaro District|Bokaro]], [[Chatra District|Chatra]], [[Dhanbad District|Dhanbad]], [[Dumka district|Dumka]], [[East Singhbhum district|East Singhbhum]], [[Garhwa District|Garhwa]], [[Giridih District|Giridih]], [[Gumla District|Gumla]], [[Hazaribagh District|Hazaribagh]], [[Khunti district|Khunti]], [[Latehar District|Latehar]], [[Lohardaga District|Lohardaga]], [[Palamu District|Palamu]], [[Ranchi District|Ranchi]], [[Saraikela Kharsawan district|Saraikela Kharsawan]], [[West Singhbhum district|West Singhbhum]]
|[[Bokaro district|Bokaro]], [[Chatra district|Chatra]], [[Dhanbad district|Dhanbad]], [[Dumka district|Dumka]], [[East Singhbhum district|East Singhbhum]], [[Garhwa district|Garhwa]], [[Giridih district|Giridih]], [[Gumla district|Gumla]], [[Hazaribagh district|Hazaribagh]], [[Khunti district|Khunti]], [[Latehar district|Latehar]], [[Lohardaga district|Lohardaga]], [[Palamu district|Palamu]], [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]], [[Seraikela Kharsawan district|Saraikela Kharsawan]], [[West Singhbhum district|West Singhbhum]]
|-
|-
|[[Bihar]]
|[[Bihar]]
|[[Districts of Bihar|38]]
|[[List of districts of Bihar|38]]
|10
|10
| [[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad]],  [[Banka district|Banka]],  [[Gaya district|Gaya]], [[Jamui district|Jamui]], [[Kaimur district|Kaimur]],  [[Lakhisarai district|Lakhisarai]], [[Munger district|Munger]], [[Nawada district|Nawada]],  [[Rohtas district|Rohtas]],  [[West Champaran district|West Champaran]]
| [[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad]],  [[Banka district|Banka]],  [[Gaya district|Gaya]], [[Jamui district|Jamui]], [[Kaimur district|Kaimur]],  [[Lakhisarai district|Lakhisarai]], [[Munger district|Munger]], [[Nawada district|Nawada]],  [[Rohtas district|Rohtas]],  [[West Champaran district|West Champaran]]
|-
|-
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|[[Districts of Chhattisgarh|28]]
|[[List of districts of Chhattisgarh|28]]
|14
|14
|[[Balrampur district, Chhattisgarh|Balrampur]],  [[Bastar district|Bastar]], [[Bijapur district, Chhattisgarh|Bijapur]], [[Dantewada district|Dantewada]], [[Dhamtari district|Dhamtari]], [[Gariaband district|Gariyaband]], [[Kanker district|Kanker]],  [[Kondagaon district|Kondagaon]],  [[Mahasamund district|Mahasamund]],  [[Narayanpur district|Narayanpur]], [[Rajnandgaon district|Rajnandgaon]],  [[Sukma district|Sukma]], [[Kabirdham district|Kabirdham]], [[Mungeli district|Mungeli]]
|[[Balrampur district, Chhattisgarh|Balrampur]],  [[Bastar district|Bastar]], [[Bijapur district, Chhattisgarh|Bijapur]], [[Dantewada district|Dantewada]], [[Dhamtari district|Dhamtari]], [[Gariaband district|Gariyaband]], [[Kanker district|Kanker]],  [[Kondagaon district|Kondagaon]],  [[Mahasamund district|Mahasamund]],  [[Narayanpur district|Narayanpur]], [[Rajnandgaon district|Rajnandgaon]],  [[Sukma district|Sukma]], [[Kabirdham district|Kabirdham]], [[Mungeli district|Mungeli]]
|-
|-
|[[Odisha]]
|[[Odisha]]
|[[Districts of Orissa|30]]
|[[List of districts of Odisha|30]]
|10
|10
| [[Bargarh district|Bargarh]],  [[Balangir district|Bolangir]], [[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]], [[Kandhamal district|Kandhamal]],  [[Koraput district|Koraput]], [[Malkangiri district|Malkangiri]], [[Nabarangpur district|Nabrangpur]],  [[Nuapada district|Nuapada]], [[Rayagada district|Rayagada]], [[Sundergarh district|Sundargarh]]
| [[Bargarh district|Bargarh]],  [[Balangir district|Bolangir]], [[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]], [[Kandhamal district|Kandhamal]],  [[Koraput district|Koraput]], [[Malkangiri district|Malkangiri]], [[Nabarangpur district|Nabrangpur]],  [[Nuapada district|Nuapada]], [[Rayagada district|Rayagada]], [[Sundergarh district|Sundargarh]]
Line 69: Line 70:
|-
|-
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|[[Districts of Andhra Pradesh|13]]
|[[List of districts of Andhra Pradesh|13]]
|5
|5
|[[Visakhapatnam District|Visakhapatnam]], [[East Godavari]], [[Srikakulam District|Srikakulam]], [[Vizianagaram District|Vizianagaram]], [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]]
|[[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]], [[East Godavari]], [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]], [[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]], [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]]
|-
|-
|[[Telangana]]
|[[Telangana]]
|[[List of districts in Telangana|33]]
|[[List of districts of Telangana|33]]
|6
|6
|[[Adilabad district|Adilabad]], [[Bhadradri Kothagudem|Bhadradri-Kothagudem]], [[Jayashankar Bhupalpally|Jayashankar-Bhupalpally]], [[Komaram Bheem district|Komaram-Bheem]], [[Mancherial district|Mancherial]], [[Mulugu district|Mulugu]]
|[[Adilabad district|Adilabad]], [[Bhadradri Kothagudem]], [[Jayashankar Bhupalpally]], [[Komaram Bheem Asifabad district|Komaram Bheem Asifabad]], [[Mancherial district|Mancherial]], [[Mulugu district|Mulugu]]
|-
|-
|[[Maharashtra]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|[[Districts of Maharashtra|36]]
|[[List of districts of Maharashtra|36]]
|2
|2
|[[Gadchiroli District|Gadchiroli]], [[Gondia District|Gondia]]
|[[Gadchiroli district|Gadchiroli]], [[Gondia district|Gondia]]
|-
|-
|[[West Bengal]]
|[[West Bengal]]
|[[Districts of West Bengal|23]]
|[[List of districts of West Bengal|23]]
|1
|1
|[[Jhargram district|Jhargram]]
|[[Jhargram district|Jhargram]]
|-
|-
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|[[Districts of Madhya Pradesh|55]]
|[[List of districts of Madhya Pradesh|55]]
|3
|3
|[[Balaghat District|Balaghat]], [[Mandla district|Mandla]], [[Dindori district|Dindori]]
|[[Balaghat district|Balaghat]], [[Mandla district|Mandla]], [[Dindori district|Dindori]]
|-
|-
|'''Total'''<br />
|'''Total'''
|369
|369
|'''70'''
|'''70'''
Line 112: Line 113:
* [[Terrorism in India]]
* [[Terrorism in India]]
* [[List of terrorist incidents in India]]
* [[List of terrorist incidents in India]]
* [[List of communist parties in India]]


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 14:32, 4 October 2022


Areas with Naxalite activity in 2007 (left), in 2013 (center), and in 2018 (right)

The red corridor, also called the red zone,[1] is the region in the eastern, central and the southern parts of India where the Naxalite–Maoist insurgency has the strongest presence. It has been steadily diminishing in terms of geographical coverage and number of violent incidents, and in 2021 it was confined to 25 "most affected" (accounting for 85% of LWE violence) and 70 "total affected" districts (down from 180 in 2009)[2] across 10 states in two coal rich, remote, forested hilly clusters in and around Dandakaranya-Chhattisgarh-Odisha region and tri-junction area of Jharkhand-Bihar and-West Bengal.[3]

The Naxalite group mainly consists of the Guevarist armed cadres of the Communist Party of India (Maoist).[4] These areas span parts of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Telangana and West Bengal.[5][6][7][8]

All forms of Naxalite organisations have been declared as terrorist organizations under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act of India (1967).[9][10][11][12]

Socio-economic conditions[edit]

Economic condition[edit]

The districts that make up the red corridor are among the poorest in the country. Areas such as Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh and Telangana (formerly part of Andhra Pradesh), are either impoverished or have significant economic inequality, or both.[13][14][15]

A key characteristic of this region is non-diversified economies that are solely primary sector based. Agriculture, sometimes supplemented with mining or forestry, is the mainstay of the economy, which is often unable to support rapid increases in population.[16][17][18] The region has significant natural resources, including mineral, forestry and potential hydroelectric generation capacity. Odisha, for example, "has 60 percent of India’s bauxite reserves, 25 percent of coal, 28 percent of iron ore, 92 percent of nickel and 28 percent of manganese reserves."[19]

Social condition[edit]

The area encompassed by the red corridor tends to have stratified societies, with caste and feudal divisions. Much of the area has high tribal populations (or adivasis), including Santhal and Gond. Bihar and Jharkhand have both caste and tribal divisions and violence associated with friction between these social groups.[20][21][22] Andhra Pradesh's Telangana region similarly has deep caste divide with a strict social hierarchical arrangement.[23][24] Both Chhattisgarh and Odisha have significant impoverished tribal populations.[25][26][27]

Territories of the red corridor[edit]

Affected districts[edit]

As of June 2021, 70 districts across 10 states are affected by Naxalist extremism.[28]

State No. of districts in State No. of districts affected Districts affected
Jharkhand 24 16 Bokaro, Chatra, Dhanbad, Dumka, East Singhbhum, Garhwa, Giridih, Gumla, Hazaribagh, Khunti, Latehar, Lohardaga, Palamu, Ranchi, Saraikela Kharsawan, West Singhbhum
Bihar 38 10 Aurangabad,  Banka,  Gaya, Jamui, Kaimur,  Lakhisarai, Munger, Nawada,  Rohtas,  West Champaran
Chhattisgarh 28 14 Balrampur,  Bastar, Bijapur, Dantewada, Dhamtari, Gariyaband, Kanker,  Kondagaon,  Mahasamund,  Narayanpur, Rajnandgaon,  Sukma, Kabirdham, Mungeli
Odisha 30 10 Bargarh,  Bolangir, Kalahandi, Kandhamal,  Koraput, Malkangiri, Nabrangpur,  Nuapada, Rayagada, Sundargarh
Kerala 14 3 Malappuram, Palakkad, Wayanad
Andhra Pradesh 13 5 Visakhapatnam, East Godavari, Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, West Godavari
Telangana 33 6 Adilabad, Bhadradri Kothagudem, Jayashankar Bhupalpally, Komaram Bheem Asifabad, Mancherial, Mulugu
Maharashtra 36 2 Gadchiroli, Gondia
West Bengal 23 1 Jhargram
Madhya Pradesh 55 3 Balaghat, Mandla, Dindori
Total 369 70

The Odisha gap[edit]

The red corridor is almost contiguous from India's border with Nepal to the absolute northernmost fringes of Tamil Nadu. There is, however, a significant gap consisting of coastal and some central areas in Odisha state, where Naxalite activity is low and indices of literacy and economic diversification are higher.[29][30][31] However, the non-coastal districts of Odisha, which fall in the red corridor have significantly lower indicators, and literacy throughout the region is well below the national average.[29][32]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ Bhattacharjee, Sumit (26 June 2021). "When Greyhounds struck in Andhra Pradesh's fading red zone". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ↑ "Press Information Bureau". Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  3. ↑ Deaths in Naxal attacks down by 21%. The Times of India. 26 Sept 021.
  4. ↑ Agarwal, Ajay. "Revelations from the red corridor". Archived from the original on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
  5. ↑ "Armed revolt in the Red Corridor". Mondiaal Nieuws, Belgium. 25 June 2008. Retrieved 17 October 2008.
  6. ↑ "Women take up guns in India's red corridor". The Asian Pacific Post. 9 June 2008. Archived from the original on 22 June 2006. Retrieved 17 October 2008.
  7. ↑ "Rising Maoists Insurgency in India". Global Politician. 13 May 2007. Retrieved 17 October 2008.
  8. ↑ "Bihar ranks third among 10 states hit by Maoist violence". The Times of India.
  9. ↑ ::Ministry of Home Affairs:: Archived 10 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ↑ "Maoist Communist Centre – Extremism, India, South Asia Terrorism Portal". Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  11. ↑ "People's War Group – Extremism, India, South Asia Terrorism Portal". Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  12. ↑ Sukanya Banerjee, "Mercury Rising: India’s Looming Red Corridor", Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2008.
  13. ↑ Magnus Öberg, Kaare Strøm, "Resources, Governance and Civil Conflict", Routledge, 2008, ISBN 0-415-41671-X. Snippet: ... the general consensus is that the insurgency was started to address various economic and social injustices related to highly skewed distributions of cropland ...
  14. ↑ Debal K. SinghaRoy, "Peasant Movements in Post-colonial India: Dynamics of Mobilization and Identity", Sage Publications, 2004, ISBN 0-7619-9826-8.
  15. ↑ *Loyd, Anthony (2015). "India's insurgency". National Geographic (April): 84. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
  16. ↑ Fernando Franco, "Pain and Awakening: The Dynamics of Dalit Identity in Bihar, Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh", Indian Social Institute, 2002, ISBN 81-87218-46-0. ... Land deprivation is the major cause of mass poverty especially in view of the low level of economic diversification in rural areas. Amongst all major states, Bihar has the second highest proportion (55 per cent) of landless or quasi-landless households in the rural population ...
  17. ↑ Dietmar Rothermund, "An Economic History of India: From Pre-colonial Times to 1991", Routledge, 1993, ISBN 0-415-08871-2. Snippet: ... Eastern India has been bypassed by the 'Green revolution' to a great extent ... Instead of urbanization, we can find rural areas with an amazing degree of overpopulation ...
  18. ↑ Rabindra Nath Pati, National Organization for Family and Population Welfare, "Population, Family, and Culture", Ashish Publishing House, 1987, ISBN 81-7024-151-0.
  19. ↑ "Forbes India: Orissa's war over minerals". IBNLive. Archived from the original on 4 July 2009. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  20. ↑ "Bihar: Caste, Politics & the Cycle of Strife". Mammen Matthew, SATP. Retrieved 19 October 2008.
  21. ↑ "Bihar caste clashes kill six". BBC. 26 October 2002. Retrieved 19 October 2008.
  22. ↑ Smita Narula, "Broken People: Caste Violence Against India's untouchables", Human Rights Watch, 1999, ISBN 1-56432-228-9.
  23. ↑ A. Satyanarayana, "Land, Caste and Dominance in Telangana", Centre for Contemporary Studies, Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, 1993.
  24. ↑ Tulja Ram Singh, "The Madiga: A Study in Social Structure and Change", Ethnographic & Folk Culture Society, 1969.
  25. ↑ Ajit K. Danda, "Chhattisgarh: An Area Study", Anthropological Survey of India, Government of India, 1977.
  26. ↑ Gyanendra Pandey, "Routine Violence: Nations, Fragments, Histories", Permanent Black, 2006, ISBN 81-7824-161-7.
  27. ↑ Oliver Springate-Baginski and Piers M. Blaikie, "Forests, People and Power: The Political Ecology of Reform in South Asia", Earthscan, 2007, ISBN 1-84407-347-5.
  28. ↑ "Naxal affected Districts" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 "National Family Health Survey". International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra. Retrieved 18 October 2008.
  30. ↑ B. B. Jena and Jaya Krishna Baral, "Government and Politics in Odisha", Print House (India), 1988. Snippet:... The literacy rate of the four coastal districts is much higher than that of other districts ...
  31. ↑ Sanjoy Chakravorty and Somik V. Lall, "Made in India: The Economic Geography and Political Economy of Industrialization", Oxford University Press, 2007, ISBN 0-19-568672-1. Snippet:... and Punjab are considered advanced regions, while Bihar and Odisha are considered lagging regions. With the district level data used here, it is possible to create new data driven definitions of advanced and lagging regions that are distinct from politically defined regional ...
  32. ↑ Sevanti Ninan, "Headlines from the Heartland: Reinventing the Hindi Public Sphere", Sage Publishers, 2007, ISBN 0-7619-3580-0. Snippet:... This one state (Madhya Pradesh) alone, taken together with Chhattisgarh, accounted for 17.9 percent of the total decadal decrease in illiteracy in India in the 1990s ...


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