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{{Short description|Former princely state in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name = જુનાગઢ રિયાસત
|native_name =  
|conventional_long_name = Junagadh State
|common_name = Junagarh
|common_name = Junagadh
|nation     = [[British India]]
|nation = [[British India]]
|subdivision = [[Princely State]]
|subdivision = [[Princely State]]
|era =  
|era         =  
|year_start = 1730
|year_start = 1730
|date_start =  
|date_start =  
|event_start=  
|event_start = founded
|year_end = 1948
|year_end   = 1948
|date_end =  
|date_end   =  
|event_end= Indian integration of Junagadh
|event_end   = [[Annexation of Junagarh]]
|event1 =  
|event1     =  
|date_event1 =  
|date_event1 =  
|p1 =
|p1         = Maratha Empire
|s1 = India
|s1         = Dominion of India
|flag_p1 =  
|flag_p1     = Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|flag_s1     = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag = Drapeau Junagadh vector.svg
|image_flag = State Flag of Junaghad.jpg
|image_coat = Junagadh - CoA.png
|image_coat = Junaghad_State_Emblem_1947.png
|image_map =  
|image_map   = Junaghad state.jpg
|image_map_caption =  
|image_map_caption = Location of Junagarh,<br/>among all districts shown in green
|stat_area1 =8643
|stat_area1 = 8643
|stat_year1 = 1921
|stat_year1 = 1921
|stat_pop1 = 465493
|stat_pop1   = 465,493
|today     = [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
|today       = [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
|footnotes =  
|footnotes   =  
}}
}}
[[File:India-GUJARAT.svg|thumb|Modern state of [[Gujarat]], shown within modern borders of India]]
[[File:Drapeau Junagadh vector.svg|thumb|[[Civil ensign|Merchant Flag]]]]
'''Junagarh''' or '''Junagadh''' was a [[princely state]] in [[Gujarat]]<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Junagarh |volume=15 |pages=554–555}}</ref> ruled by the Muslim [[Babi dynasty]] in [[British India]], until its annexation by the [[Government of India|Union of India]] in 1948.


Junagadh was a [[princely state]] in [[Gujarat]] ruled by [[Muslim]] rulers in [[British India]] until its [[wikt:integration|integration]] into [[India]] in 1948.<ref name=Rosecrance147>Richard N. Rosecrance; Arthur A. Stein, ''No More States?: Globalization, National Self-determination, and Terrorism'' (Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006), p. 147</ref>
==History==
Muhammad Sher Khan Babai was the founder of the [[Babi dynasty]] of Junagarh in 1654. His descendants, the Babi Nawabs of Junagarh, conquered large territories in southern [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]].  


==History==
However, during the collapse of the [[Mughal Empire]], the Babis became involved in a struggle with the [[Gaekwad dynasty]] of the [[Maratha Empire]] over control of [[Gujarat]] during the reign of the local Mohammad Mahabat Khanji I. Mohammad Khan Bahadur Khanji I declared independence from the Mughal governor of Gujarat subah, and founded the state of Junagarh in 1730. This allowed the Babi to retain sovereignty of Junagarh and other princely states. During the reign of his heir Junagarh was a tributary to the Maratha Empire,<ref>{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R--XMUsk7sIC&q=Junagadh+Marathas&pg=PA198 |title=Contemporary Society: Concept of tribal society |page=198 |author1=Georg Pfeffer |author2=Deepak Kumar Behera |year=1997 |isbn=9788170229834 |author1-link=Georg Pfeffer}}</ref> until it came under [[Company rule in India|British suzerainty]] in 1807 under Mohammad Hamid Khanji I,<ref name=EB1911/> following the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]].
Mohammad Sher Khan Babi<!-- JALPESHC ?-->, a Babi Khel [[Pathan]] who owed allegiance to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] governor of [[Gujarat]] subah, founded the state of Junagadh. It declared [[independence]] in 1730 after the Marathas Gaikwad invasion. Muhammad Sher Khan Babi, was the [[wikt:found|found]]er of the [[Babi Dynasty]] of Junagadh State dynasty. His [[descendant]]s, the Babi Nawabs of Junagadh, took large territories in [[south]]ern [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] and ruled over the state for the next two [[centuries]]. First they were a [[tributary state]] of [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]]. Later they were under the rule of the [[British Raj]].


In 1807 the Junagadh State became a British [[protectorate]]. The [[East India Company]] took control of the state by 1818. The Saurashtra area, with other [[princely states]] of [[Kathiawar]], were separately [[administer]]ed under [[Kathiawar Agency]] by [[British India]].
In 1807, Junagarh became a British protectorate and the [[East India Company]] took control of the state. By 1818, the Saurashtra area, along with other [[princely states]] of [[Kathiawar]], were separately administrated under the [[Kathiawar Agency]] by [[British India]].


On 15 August 1947 upon the [[independence of India]], the [[Nawab of Junagarh]] decided to merge it into newly formed [[Pakistan]].<ref name=Rosecrance147/> The Indian government maintained the people of Junagadh should decide. Pakistan waited until 13 September to respond saying they accepted Junagarh's acceptance of Pakistani rule.<ref name=Rosecrance147/> This caused a general [[revolt]] among the [[Hindu]] majority of Junagadh as well as [[Protest|protest movements]] in the surrounding states that had acceded to join India.<ref name=Rosecrance147/> The Nawab then occupied territory in several of those states claiming he had rule over them. When the Indian government sent a small force to restore order, the Nawab fled to Pakistan. His Dewan ([[Prime minister]]) agreed to rule by India.<ref name=Rosecrance147/> This resulted in the integration of Junagadh into India.<ref>Gandhi, Rajmohan (1991). Patel: A Life. India: Navajivan. p. 292.</ref>
In 1947, upon the [[independence of India|independence]] and [[partition of India]], the last Babi dynasty ruler of the state, [[Muhammad Mahabat Khanji III]], decided to merge Junagarh into the newly formed [[Pakistan]].


===Rulers===
===Rulers===
The [[Nawab]]s of [[Junagadh]] belonged to [[Pashtuns|Pathan]] Babi khel tribe. They were granted a 13 [[gun salute]] by the British authorities:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/j/junagadh.html |title=Junagadh Princely State (13 gun salute) |access-date=2015-11-28 |archive-date=2017-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520212059/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/j/junagadh.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{main|Nawab of Junagarh}}
 
The [[Nawab]]s of Junagarh belonged to [[Pashtuns|Pathan]] Babi or [[Babai (Pashtun tribe)]]. They were granted a 13 [[gun salute]] by the British authorities:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/j/junagadh.html|title=JUNAGADH|first=Henry|last=Soszynski}}</ref>
 
* 1730–1758 : Mohammad Bahadur Khanji I or Mohammad Sher Khan Babai<ref>[http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019PHO0000002S6U00070000 Nawabs of Junagarh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209012232/http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019PHO0000002S6U00070000 |date=9 February 2012 }} British Library.</ref>
* 1758–1774: Mohammad Mahabat Khanji I
* 1774–1811: Mohammad Hamid Khanji I
* 1811–1840: Mohammad Bahadur Khanji II
* 1840–1851: Mohammad Hamid Khanji II
* 1851–1882: Mohammad Mahabat Khanji II
* 1882–1892: Mohammad Bahadur Khanji III
* 1892–1911: Mohammad Rasul Khanji
* 1911–1948: [[Muhammad Mahabat Khan III|Mohammad Mahabat Khanji III]] (last ruler before the integration of Junagarh to India)
<gallery>
Junagadh Nawab's and state officials, 19th century.jpg|Junagarh Nawabs and state officials, 19th century
Mahabat Khan, the Nawab of Junagarh, 1870s.jpg|'''Mohammad Mahabat Khanji II''', the Nawab of Junagarh, with young, Mohammad Bahadur Khanji III, 1870s
Bahadur Khanji III, Nawab of Junagadh, and state officials, 1880s.jpg|'''Bahadur Khanji II''' (r. 1882–1892), Nawab of Junagarh, and state officials, 1880s
Mohammad Rasul Khanji, Nawab of Junagadh, Bahaduddinbhai Hasainbhai, Wazier, Junagadh, 1890s.jpg|'''Mohammad Rasul Khanji''', Nawab of Junagarh, Bahaduddinbhai Hasainbhai, Wazier, Junagarh, 1890s
</gallery>
 
==Rebellion==
[[File:Junagadh CoA.jpg|thumb|A coat of arms was granted to Muhammed Mahabat Khanji II at the Durbar in Delhi of 1877, used until 1947.]]
[[Koli people|Koli]] rebellion in Junagarh raised by Mansa Khant during time of [[Nawab]] Sher Khan the first ruler of Junagarh. He was against [[Mughal Empire|Mughal Rule]], Made [[Uparkot Fort]] his centre. He made a series of raids in surrounding villages and cities. Nawab was unsuccessful to control the rebellion. Mansa Khant occupied the Uparkot for thirteen months and make numerous raids mostly in countryside. Nawab started campaign against Khant. Nawab was assisted by king of [[Gondal State]] Thakur Sahib Haloji [[Jadeja]] and Arab Jamadar Sheikh Abdullah Zubeidi. The combined forces defeated the Khant and captured Uparkot and burnt down the rebellion.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rs5JDwAAQBAJ&q=Mansa+Khant&pg=PT94|title=Swaminarayan Hinduism: Tradition, Adaptation, and Identity|last1=Williams|first1=Raymond Brady|last2=Trivedi|first2=Yogi|date=12 May 2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199089598|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/59303/8/08_chapter%20iv.pdf|website=shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in|access-date=1 January 2019}}</ref>
 
==Annexation by India==
{{Main|Annexation of Junagarh}}


* 1730 - 1758 : Mohammad Bahadur Khanji or Mohammad Sher Khan Babi<ref>[http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019PHO0000002S6U00070000 Nawabs of Junagadh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209012232/http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019PHO0000002S6U00070000 |date=2012-02-09 }} British Library.</ref>
In 1947, [[Shah Nawaz Bhutto]] joined the council of ministers of Nawab [[Muhammad Mahabat Khan III]], and in May became his [[dewan]] or prime minister.
* 1758 - 1774 : Mohammad Mahabat Khanji I
* 1774 - 1811 : Mohammad Hamid Khanji I
* 1811 - 1840 : Mohammad Bahadur Khanji I
* 1840 - 1851 : Mohammad Hamid Khanji II
* 1851 - 1882 : Mohammad Mahabat Khanji II
* 1882 - 1892 : Mohammad Bahadur Khanji II
* 1892 - 1911 : Mohammad Rasul Khanji
* 1911 - 1948 : [[Muhammad Mahabat Khanji III|Mohammad Mahabat Khanji III]] (last de facto ruler)
{|
|- valign="top"
|[[File:Junagadh Nawab's and state officials, 19th century.jpg|200px|thumb| Junagadh Nawabs and state officials, 19th century.]]
|[[File:Mahabat Khan, the Nawab of Junagarh, 1870s.jpg|thumb|200px|'''Mohammad Mahabat Khanji II''', the Nawab of Junagarh, with young, Mohammad Bahadur Khanji III. 1870s.]]
|[[Image:Bahadur Khanji III, Nawab of Junagadh, and state officials, 1880s.jpg|200px|thumb|'''Bahadur Khanji III''' (r. 1882-1892), Nawab of Junagadh, and state officials, 1880s.]]
|[[Image:Mohammad Rasul Khanji, Nawab of Junagadh, Bahaduddinbhai Hasainbhai, Wazier, Junagadh, 1890s.jpg|200px|thumb|'''Mohammad Rasul Khanji''', Nawab of Junagadh, Bahaduddinbhai Hasainbhai, Wazier, Junagadh, 1890s.]]
|}


== Dispute ==
With the [[partition of India|independence of India]] in 1947, the princely states were left by the British to decide whether to accede to one of the newly independent states of [[India]] or [[Pakistan]] or to remain outside them. The Constitutional Advisor to the Nawab, Nabi Baksh, indicated to [[Lord Mountbatten]] that he was recommending that Junagarh should join India. However, upon the advice of Dewan Bhutto, on 15 August 1947, the Nawab announced that Junagarh had acceded to Pakistan. On 13 September, the Government of Pakistan accepted the accession.<ref>{{cite book |first=V. P. |last=Menon |title=The Story of Integration of the Indian States |publisher=Orient Longman |year=1956 |url=https://hidf1.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/the-story-of-the-integration-of-the-indian-states-by-v-p-menon.pdf |pages=85–87}}</ref>
Many in Pakistan still maintains the 1948 [[plebiscite]] and rule by India was an [[illegitimate]] action.<ref name=LewisGC>{{cite web |url=http://www.geocurrents.info/geopolitics/border-disputes/pakistan-claim-junagadh-indian-state-gujarat |title=Does Pakistan Claim Junagadh in the Indian State of Gujarat? |author=Martin W. Lewis |date=22 April 2014 |website= |publisher= GeoCurrents |accessdate=28 November 2015}}</ref> One of the reasons is because [[Kashmir]] at the time was ruled by a Hindu but had a clear Muslim majority.<ref name=LewisGC/> By acceding to India it was the opposite of the situation in Junagadh.<ref name=LewisGC/>


For its part India knew Junagadh was the premier state in the [[west]]ern [[Kathiawar|Kathiawar region]]. It was bound on three sides by states that acceded to India.<ref name=BangashTNI>{{cite web |url=http://tns.thenews.com.pk/junagadh-legally-pakistan/#.VloPa7-ATIU |title=Junagadh: Legally Pakistan |author=Yaqoob Khan Bangash |date=2 March 2014 |website= |publisher=The News International |accessdate=28 November 2015 |archive-date=27 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227203708/http://tns.thenews.com.pk/junagadh-legally-pakistan/#.VloPa7-ATIU |url-status=dead }}</ref> On the fourth side was bounded by the [[Arabian Sea]]. This gave it great [[wikt:strategic|strategic]] importance to both countries. India was not prepared to accept Junagadh's acceding to Pakistan.<ref name=BangashTNI/> This would create a Pakistan state in the middle of Indian states. India's taking administrative control of Junagadh to restore order is seen as a [[wikt:excuse|pretext]] by Pakistan.<ref name=BangashTNI/> The [[referendum]] taken by the people of Junagadh, under the control of the Indian army, was overwhelmingly in favor of Indian rule.<ref name=BangashTNI/> Pakistan has never accepted this vote by the people there and believes Junagadh rightly belongs to them.<ref name=BangashTNI/>
India sent its military into Junagarh while Nawab of Junagarh was in Pakistan and capture the state of junagarh overthrowing Nawab and the rights of princely states. The  [[Annexation of Junagarh]] into India led the<ref name="auto">Gandhi, Rajmohan (1991). Patel: A Life. India: Navajivan. p. 292.</ref> Nawab [[Muhammad Mahabat Khan III]] of Junagarh (erstwhile Babi nawab dynasty of Junagarh) left to live in [[Sindh]], Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.junagadhmunicipal.org/history.php |title=Archived copy |access-date=5 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225220311/http://www.junagadhmunicipal.org/history.php |archive-date=25 February 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 
===Pakistan's claim===
 
Pakistan's government has maintained its territorial claim on Junagadh, along with [[Manavadar]] and [[Sir Creek]] in Gujarat, on its official political map issued on 4th August 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/world/pakistan-unveils-new-political-map-claiming-jammu-india-retorts/|title=After Nepal, Pakistan unveils new political map; Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh claimed, India retorts|work=Himalayan Times|date=4 August 2020|accessdate=4 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1572590|title=In landmark move, PM Imran unveils 'new political map' of Pakistan|work=Dawn|date=4 August 2020|accessdate=5 August 2020|first=Naveed|last=Siddiqui}}</ref>
 
==See also==
*[[Annexation of Junagarh]]
*[[Manavadar State]]
*[[V. P. Menon]]
*[[Political integration of India]]
*[[Pathans of Gujarat]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


== Other websites ==
==External links==
*[http://www.junagadhstate.org Official Website of State of Junagadh]
{{commonscat}}
*{{official|http://www.junagadhstate.org }}
*[http://indiannumismatics.com/about-monograms.php Classic Gallery of Indian Numismatics]
*[http://indiannumismatics.com/about-monograms.php Classic Gallery of Indian Numismatics]
*[http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaGujarat2.htm Heraldry of the princely states of Gujarat]
*[http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaGujarat2.htm Heraldry of the princely states of Gujarat]
{{Princely states of India}}
{{Princely states of the Western India States Agency}}
{{coord|21.52|N|70.47|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:kolossus-svwiki|display=title}}
{{coord|21.52|N|70.47|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:kolossus-svwiki|display=title}}


[[Category:Territorial disputes]]
[[Category:1730 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Gujarat]]
[[Category:History of India]]
[[Category:History of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Indian princely states]]
[[Category:Pakistani princely states| ]]
[[Category:Territorial disputes of Pakistan]]
[[Category:1730 establishments]]
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:1730s establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Bombay Presidency]]
[[Category:18th century establishments in India]]
[[Category:Former protectorates]]
[[Category:Historical Indian regions]]
[[Category:Kathiawar Agency]]
[[Category:Muslim princely states of India]]
[[Category:Pashtun dynasties]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1948]]

Latest revision as of 22:43, 23 August 2021


Junagadh State
Princely State of British India
1730–1948
Flag of Junagarh
Flag
Coat of arms of Junagarh
Coat of arms
Junaghad state.jpg
Location of Junagarh,
among all districts shown in green
Area 
• 1921
8,643 km2 (3,337 sq mi)
Population 
• 1921
465,493
History
History 
• founded
1730
1948
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Maratha Empire
Dominion of India
Today part ofGujarat, India
Modern state of Gujarat, shown within modern borders of India
Merchant Flag

Junagarh or Junagadh was a princely state in Gujarat[1] ruled by the Muslim Babi dynasty in British India, until its annexation by the Union of India in 1948.

History[edit]

Muhammad Sher Khan Babai was the founder of the Babi dynasty of Junagarh in 1654. His descendants, the Babi Nawabs of Junagarh, conquered large territories in southern Saurashtra.

However, during the collapse of the Mughal Empire, the Babis became involved in a struggle with the Gaekwad dynasty of the Maratha Empire over control of Gujarat during the reign of the local Mohammad Mahabat Khanji I. Mohammad Khan Bahadur Khanji I declared independence from the Mughal governor of Gujarat subah, and founded the state of Junagarh in 1730. This allowed the Babi to retain sovereignty of Junagarh and other princely states. During the reign of his heir Junagarh was a tributary to the Maratha Empire,[2] until it came under British suzerainty in 1807 under Mohammad Hamid Khanji I,[1] following the Second Anglo-Maratha War.

In 1807, Junagarh became a British protectorate and the East India Company took control of the state. By 1818, the Saurashtra area, along with other princely states of Kathiawar, were separately administrated under the Kathiawar Agency by British India.

In 1947, upon the independence and partition of India, the last Babi dynasty ruler of the state, Muhammad Mahabat Khanji III, decided to merge Junagarh into the newly formed Pakistan.

Rulers[edit]

Main article: Nawab of Junagarh

The Nawabs of Junagarh belonged to Pathan Babi or Babai (Pashtun tribe). They were granted a 13 gun salute by the British authorities:[3]

  • 1730–1758 : Mohammad Bahadur Khanji I or Mohammad Sher Khan Babai[4]
  • 1758–1774: Mohammad Mahabat Khanji I
  • 1774–1811: Mohammad Hamid Khanji I
  • 1811–1840: Mohammad Bahadur Khanji II
  • 1840–1851: Mohammad Hamid Khanji II
  • 1851–1882: Mohammad Mahabat Khanji II
  • 1882–1892: Mohammad Bahadur Khanji III
  • 1892–1911: Mohammad Rasul Khanji
  • 1911–1948: Mohammad Mahabat Khanji III (last ruler before the integration of Junagarh to India)
  • Junagarh Nawabs and state officials, 19th century

    Junagarh Nawabs and state officials, 19th century

  • Mohammad Mahabat Khanji II, the Nawab of Junagarh, with young, Mohammad Bahadur Khanji III, 1870s

    Mohammad Mahabat Khanji II, the Nawab of Junagarh, with young, Mohammad Bahadur Khanji III, 1870s

  • Bahadur Khanji II (r. 1882–1892), Nawab of Junagarh, and state officials, 1880s

    Bahadur Khanji II (r. 1882–1892), Nawab of Junagarh, and state officials, 1880s

  • Mohammad Rasul Khanji, Nawab of Junagarh, Bahaduddinbhai Hasainbhai, Wazier, Junagarh, 1890s

    Mohammad Rasul Khanji, Nawab of Junagarh, Bahaduddinbhai Hasainbhai, Wazier, Junagarh, 1890s

Rebellion[edit]

A coat of arms was granted to Muhammed Mahabat Khanji II at the Durbar in Delhi of 1877, used until 1947.

Koli rebellion in Junagarh raised by Mansa Khant during time of Nawab Sher Khan the first ruler of Junagarh. He was against Mughal Rule, Made Uparkot Fort his centre. He made a series of raids in surrounding villages and cities. Nawab was unsuccessful to control the rebellion. Mansa Khant occupied the Uparkot for thirteen months and make numerous raids mostly in countryside. Nawab started campaign against Khant. Nawab was assisted by king of Gondal State Thakur Sahib Haloji Jadeja and Arab Jamadar Sheikh Abdullah Zubeidi. The combined forces defeated the Khant and captured Uparkot and burnt down the rebellion.[5][6]

Annexation by India[edit]

Main article: Annexation of Junagarh

In 1947, Shah Nawaz Bhutto joined the council of ministers of Nawab Muhammad Mahabat Khan III, and in May became his dewan or prime minister.

With the independence of India in 1947, the princely states were left by the British to decide whether to accede to one of the newly independent states of India or Pakistan or to remain outside them. The Constitutional Advisor to the Nawab, Nabi Baksh, indicated to Lord Mountbatten that he was recommending that Junagarh should join India. However, upon the advice of Dewan Bhutto, on 15 August 1947, the Nawab announced that Junagarh had acceded to Pakistan. On 13 September, the Government of Pakistan accepted the accession.[7]

India sent its military into Junagarh while Nawab of Junagarh was in Pakistan and capture the state of junagarh overthrowing Nawab and the rights of princely states. The Annexation of Junagarh into India led the[8] Nawab Muhammad Mahabat Khan III of Junagarh (erstwhile Babi nawab dynasty of Junagarh) left to live in Sindh, Pakistan.[9]

Pakistan's claim[edit]

Pakistan's government has maintained its territorial claim on Junagadh, along with Manavadar and Sir Creek in Gujarat, on its official political map issued on 4th August 2020.[10][11]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Junagarh" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 554–555.
  2. ↑ Georg Pfeffer; Deepak Kumar Behera (1997), Contemporary Society: Concept of tribal society, p. 198, ISBN 9788170229834
  3. ↑ Soszynski, Henry. "JUNAGADH".
  4. ↑ Nawabs of Junagarh Archived 9 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine British Library.
  5. ↑ Williams, Raymond Brady; Trivedi, Yogi (12 May 2016). Swaminarayan Hinduism: Tradition, Adaptation, and Identity. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199089598.
  6. ↑ shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in (PDF) http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/59303/8/08_chapter%20iv.pdf. Retrieved 1 January 2019. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  7. ↑ Menon, V. P. (1956). The Story of Integration of the Indian States (PDF). Orient Longman. pp. 85–87.
  8. ↑ Gandhi, Rajmohan (1991). Patel: A Life. India: Navajivan. p. 292.
  9. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 25 February 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  10. ↑ "After Nepal, Pakistan unveils new political map; Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh claimed, India retorts". Himalayan Times. 4 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
  11. ↑ Siddiqui, Naveed (4 August 2020). "In landmark move, PM Imran unveils 'new political map' of Pakistan". Dawn. Retrieved 5 August 2020.

External links[edit]

Coordinates: 21°31′N 70°28′E / 21.52°N 70.47°E / 21.52; 70.47

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