Sikhism by country

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Global Sikh Population (Estimated 2023)

Most of the 25-30 million followers of Sikhism, the world's fifth-largest religion, live in the northern Indian state of Punjab, the only Sikh-majority administrative division on Earth,[1][2][3][4][5][6] but Sikh communities exist on every inhabited continent. Sizeable Sikh populations in countries across the world exist in India (20,833,116),[7] Canada (771,790),[8] England (520,092),[9] Italy (220,000), Australia (210,400), and the United States (~200,000),[19] while countries with the largest proportions of Sikhs include Canada (2.12%),[8] India (1.56%), Cyprus (1.1%)[20][21] England (0.92%),[9][22] New Zealand (0.87%), and Australia (0.83%).

Administrative divisions with significant proportions of Sikhs include Punjab, India (Sikhs account for 58 percent of the population), Chandigarh, India (13.1 percent), British Columbia, Canada (5.9 percent),[8] Haryana, India (4.9 percent), Delhi, India (3.4 percent), West Midlands, England (2.9 percent), Manitoba, Canada (2.7 percent),[8] Alberta, Canada (2.5 percent),[8] Uttarakhand, India (2.3 percent), and Ontario, Canada (2.1 percent).[8] Meanwhile, cities outside India with the largest Sikh populations are Brampton, Ontario, Canada (163,260),[23] Surrey, British Columbia, Canada (154,415),[24] and London, England (144,543).[25]

Part of a series on
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Countries[edit]

The figures on the table below are either based on each of the country's respective censuses or are calculated by specific organizations. Some of these figures are rounded off. In case of conflicting estimates, both the lowest and highest estimates are included.

Sikhs and Sikhism by country
Region Country No. of Sikhs Sikh % % of all Sikhs
Central Asia Afghanistan Afghanistan * 140 (2022 est.)[26] 0% 0%
South America Argentina Argentina 300 families (2012 est.)[27] 0% 0%
Central Europe Austria Austria * 9,000 (2020 est.)[28] 0.04% 0.04%
Oceania Australia Australia * 210,400 (2021 census)[29] 0.83% 0.9%
South Asia Bangladesh Bangladesh * 20 families (2012 est.)[30] 0% 0%
Western Europe Belgium Belgium * 10,000 (2020 est.)[31] 0.09% 0.04%
South America Brazil Brazil 300 (2018 est.)[32] 0% 0%
North America Canada Canada * 771,790 (2021 census)[8] 2.12% 3.31%
Southern Europe Cyprus Cyprus * 13,280 (2020 est.)[20][21] 1.07% 0.06%
Northern Europe Denmark Denmark * 4,000 (2019 est.)[33] 0.07% 0.02%
Oceania Fiji Fiji * 2,577 (2007 census)[34] 0.31% 0.01%
Western Europe France France * 30,000 (2017 est.)[35] 0.04% 0.13%
Western Asia Georgia (country) Georgia 200 (2018 est.)[36] 0.01% 0%
Central Europe Germany Germany * 18,000 (2017 est.)[37] 0.02% 0.08%
Southern Europe Greece Greece * 20,000 (2015 est.)[38] 0.19% 0.09%
East Asia Hong Kong Hong Kong 12,000 (2021 est.)[39] 0.16% 0.05%
Western Europe Iceland Iceland 100 (2013 est.)[40] 0.03% 0%
South Asia India India * 20,833,116 (2011 census) 1.72% 89.27%
Southeast Asia Indonesia Indonesia * 15,000 (2009 est.)[41] 0.01% 0.06%
Western Europe Republic of Ireland Ireland 2,183 (2022 census)[42] 0.04% 0.01%
Southern Europe Italy Italy * 220,000 (2022 est.)[56] 0.37% 0.94%
East Africa Kenya Kenya 6,000 (2013 est.)[57] 0.01% 0.03%
Western Asia Kuwait Kuwait 15,000 (2021 est.)[58] 0.35% 0.06%
Southeast Asia Malaysia Malaysia * 100,000 (2016 est.)[59] 0.3% 0.43%
South Asia Nepal Nepal * 609 (2011 census)[60] 0% 0%
Western Europe Netherlands Netherlands * 10,000 (2016 est.)[61] 0.06% 0.04%
Oceania New Zealand New Zealand * 40,908 (2018 census)[62] 0.87% 0.18%
Northern Europe Norway Norway * 4,080 (2020 est.)[63] 0.08% 0.02%
Northern Europe Oman Oman 33,704 (2020 est.)[64] 0.75% 0.14%
South Asia Pakistan Pakistan * 6,146 (2021 est.)[65][66][67] 0% 0.03%
Central America Panama Panama * 302 (2020 est.)[21] 0.01% 0%
Southeast Asia Philippines Philippines 28,436 (2020 est.)[21] 0.03% 0.12%
Europe Portugal Portugal 35,000 (2020 est.)[68] 0.34% 0.15%
Middle East Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia 6,700 (2021 est.)[69] 0.02% 0.03%
Southeast Asia Singapore Singapore * 12,051 (2020 census)[70] 0.35% 0.05%
Southern Europe Spain Spain 26,000 (2020 est.)[71] 0.05% 0.11%
Northern Europe Sweden Sweden * 4,000 (2020 est.)[71] 0.04% 0.02%
Southeast Asia Thailand Thailand * 70,000 (2005 est.)[72] 0.1% 0.3%
Central America Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago 150 (2022 est.)[73] 0.01% 0%
East Africa Uganda Uganda 2,400 (2021 est.)[74] 0.01% 0.01%
Western Asia United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates * 52,000 (2022 est.)[75] 0.56% 0.22%
Western Europe United Kingdom United Kingdom * 524,140 (2021 census)[9] 0.88% 2.25%
North America United States United States * 208,000 (2021 est.)[19] 0.06% 0.89%
Total 23,336,631[lower-alpha 1] 0.3% 100%

Largest proportions[edit]

  1.  Canada 2.12%[8][76]
  2.  India 1.72%[81]
  3.  Cyprus 1.1%[20][82]
  4.  United Kingdom 0.88%[83]
  5.  New Zealand 0.88%[84]
  6.  Australia 0.83%[85][86]
  7.  Oman 0.75%[64]
  8.  UAE 0.56%[87]
  9.  Italy 0.37%[95]
  10.  Singapore 0.35% [48]
    Depiction of early Sikh immigration to Canada (Whitehorse, Yukon). Circa 1906.

Largest populations[edit]

  1.  India 23,786,000[99]
  2.  Canada 771,790[8][76]
  3.  United Kingdom 524,000[100]
  4.  United States ~269,986[126]
  5.  Australia 210,397[85][86]
  6.  Italy 210,000 [134]
  7.  Malaysia 100,000[135][136][137]
  8.  Thailand 70,000[138]
  9.  United Arab Emirates 52,000[139]
  10.  Philippines 50,000[140][141]
  11.  New Zealand 40,908[142]
  12.  Oman 35,540[64]
  13.  Portugal 35,000[143]
  14.  France 30,000[144]
  15.  Spain 26,000[145]
  16.  Germany 25,000[146]
  17.  Greece 20,000[147]
  18.  Kuwait 15,000[148][149]
  19.  Hong Kong 15,000[150]
  20.  Cyprus 13,280[20][151]
  21.  Singapore 12,051[48]
  22.  Indonesia 10,000[152]
  23.  Belgium 10,000[153]
  24.  Austria 10,000[154]
  25.  Saudi Arabia 6,700[155]

Subnational divisions[edit]

Sikhs by administrative division
Administrative division 2021[8][25][158][159][lower-alpha 3]
Pop. %
Flag of India.svg Flag of Punjab, India.svg Punjab 16,004,754 57.69%
Flag of India.svg Flag of Haryana.svg Haryana 1,243,752 4.91%
Flag of India.svg Flag of Rajasthan.svg Rajasthan 872,930 1.27%
Flag of India.svg Flag of Uttar Pradesh.svg Uttar Pradesh 643,500 0.32%
Flag of India.svg Flag of Delhi Capital Territory.svg Delhi 570,581 3.4%
Flag of Canada.svg Flag of Ontario.svg Ontario 300,435 2.14%
Flag of Canada.svg Flag of British Columbia.svg British Columbia 290,870 5.92%
Flag of India.svg File:..Uttarakhand Flag(INDIA).png Uttarakhand 236,340 2.34%
Flag of India.svg Flag of Jammu and Kashmir.svg Jammu and Kashmir 232,585 1.9%
Flag of the United States.svg Flag of California.svg California 232,495 0.59%
Flag of India.svg Flag of Maharashtra.svg Maharashtra 223,247 0.2%
Flag of England.svg West Midlands 172,398 2.9%
Flag of India.svg Flag of Madhya Pradesh.svg Madhya Pradesh 151,412 0.21%
Flag of England.svg London 144,543 1.64%
Flag of India.svgChandigarh 138,329 13.11%
Flag of Canada.svg Flag of Alberta.svg Alberta 103,600 2.48%
Flag of Australia.svg Flag of Victoria (Australia).svg Victoria 91,745 1.41%
Flag of India.svg

Himachal Pradesh

79,896 1.16%
Flag of England.svg South East 74,348 0.8%
Flag of India.svg Government banner of Jharkhand.png Jharkhand 71,422 0.22%
Flag of India.svg ..Chhattisgarh Flag(INDIA).png Chhattisgarh 70,036 0.27%
Flag of India.svg File:Flag of West Bengal.svg West Bengal 63,523 0.07%
Flag of India.svg Flag of Gujarat.svg Gujarat 58,246 0.1%
Flag of England.svg East Midlands 53,950 1.11%
Flag of Australia.svg Flag of New South Wales.svg New South Wales 47,165 0.58%
Flag of the United States.svg Flag of New York.svg New York 44,999 0.22%
Flag of Canada.svg Flag of Manitoba.svg Manitoba 35,470 2.71%
Flag of India.svg Flag of the Government of Telangana.svg Telangana 30,340 0.09%
Flag of India.svg Flag of Karnataka, India.png Karnataka 28,773 0.05%
Flag of the United States.svg Flag of Washington.svg Washington 28,612 0.37%
Flag of Australia.svg Flag of Queensland.svg Queensland 27,713 0.54%
Flag of the United States.svg Flag of New Jersey.svg New Jersey 26,484 0.29%
Flag of England.svg East 24,284 0.38%
Flag of England.svg Yorkshire and the Humber 24,034 0.44%
New Zealand Auckland 23,832 1.52%
Flag of India.svg Bihar Government Banner.png Bihar 23,779 0.02%
Flag of Canada.svg Flag of Quebec.svg Quebec 23,345 0.28%
Flag of the United States.svg Flag of Texas.svg Texas 23,044 0.08%
Flag of India.svg Orissa Flag(INDIA).png Odisha 21,991 0.05%
Flag of India.svg Flag of Assam, India.svg Assam 20,672 0.07%
Flag of Australia.svg Flag of Western Australia.svg Western Australia 18,583 0.7%
Flag of Australia.svg Flag of South Australia.svg South Australia 17,259 0.97%
Flag of India.svg ..Tamil Nadu Flag(INDIA).png Tamil Nadu 14,601 0.02%
Flag of England.svg North West 11,862 0.16%
Flag of the United States.svg Flag of Maryland.svg Maryland 11,042 0.18%
Flag of India.svg Andhra Pradesh 9,904 0.02%
Flag of the United States.svg Flag of Virginia.svg Virginia 9,716 0.11%
Flag of the United States.svg Flag of Pennsylvania.svg Pennsylvania 9,529 0.07%
Flag of the United States.svg Flag of Massachusetts.svg Massachusetts 9,197 0.13%
Flag of the United States.svg Flag of Michigan.svg Michigan 9,127 0.09%
Flag of Canada.svg Flag of Saskatchewan.svg Saskatchewan 9,035 0.82%
Flag of the United States.svg Flag of Indiana.svg Indiana 8,339 0.12%
Flag of the United States.svg Flag of Illinois.svg Illinois 7,771 0.06%
Flag of England.svg South West 7,465 0.13%
Flag of England.svg North East 7,206 0.27%
Flag of the United States.svg Flag of North Carolina.svg North Carolina 6,929 0.07%
New Zealand Bay of Plenty 4,842 1.57%
Flag of Canada.svg Flag of Nova Scotia.svg Nova Scotia 4,730 0.49%
Flag of the United States.svg Flag of Missouri.svg Missouri 4,589 0.07%
Flag of Australia.svg Flag of the Australian Capital Territory.svg Australian Capital Territory 4,323 0.95%
Flag of the United States.svg Flag of Kansas.svg Kansas 4,200 0.14%
New Zealand Waikato 4,074 0.89%
Flag of India.svg Flag of Kerala.png Kerala 3,814 0.01%
Flag of India.svg File:..Arunachal Pradesh Flag(INDIA).png Arunachal Pradesh 3,287 0.24%
Flag of India.svg ..Meghalaya Flag(INDIA).png Meghalaya 3,045 0.1%
New Zealand Canterbury 2,973 0.5%
Flag of India.svg Flag of Ladakh, India.svg Ladakh 2,263 0.83%
Flag of Australia.svg Flag of Tasmania.svg Tasmania 2,208 0.4%
Flag of India.svg Flag of Nagaland.svg Nagaland 1,890 0.1%
Flag of India.svg Flag of the Government of Sikkim.svg Sikkim 1,868 0.31%
Flag of Canada.svg Flag of New Brunswick.svg New Brunswick 1,780 0.23%
New Zealand Wellington 1,647 0.32%
Flag of India.svg Manipur 1,527 0.05%
Flag of India.svg Goa 1,473 0.1%
Flag of Australia.svg Flag of the Northern Territory.svg Northern Territory 1,401 0.6%
New Zealand Hawke's Bay 1,347 0.81%
Flag of India.svg Andaman and Nicobar Administration Banner.png Andaman and Nicobar Islands 1,286 0.34%
Flag of Canada.svg Flag of Prince Edward Island.svg Prince Edward Island 1,165 0.77%
Flag of India.svg ..Tiripura Flag(INDIA).png Tripura 1,070 0.03%
Flag of Canada.svg Flag of Newfoundland and Labrador.svg Newfoundland and Labrador 850 0.17%
New Zealand Otago 510 0.23%
New Zealand Manawatū-Whanganui 447 0.19%
Flag of India.svg Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu emblem.png Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu 389 0.07%
Flag of Canada.svg Flag of Yukon.svg Yukon 385 0.97%
New Zealand Northland 315 0.18%
Flag of India.svg Banner of Puducherry.png Puducherry 297 0.02%
Flag of India.svg ..Mizoram Flag(INDIA).png Mizoram 286 0.03%
New Zealand Taranaki 234 0.2%
New Zealand Southland 210 0.22%
New Zealand Gisborne 171 0.36%
New Zealand Marlborough 123 0.26%
Flag of Canada.svg Flag of the Northwest Territories.svg Northwest Territories 110 0.27%
New Zealand Nelson 102 0.2%
New Zealand Tasman 51 0.1%
New Zealand West Coast 33 0.1%
Flag of Canada.svg Flag of Nunavut.svg Nunavut 10 0.03%
Flag of India.svg Flag of Lakshadweep.png Lakshadweep 8 0.01%

Municipalities[edit]

  • Gurudwara Bangla Sahib is located in Delhi. India's capital and second-largest city with nearly 20 million inhabitants, Delhi was home to 570,581 Sikhs at the 2011 census, the largest municipal Sikh population on Earth.

    Gurudwara Bangla Sahib is located in Delhi. India's capital and second-largest city with nearly 20 million inhabitants, Delhi was home to 570,581 Sikhs at the 2011 census, the largest municipal Sikh population on Earth.

  • Gurdwara Dasmesh Darbar is located in Brampton, Ontario. Home to 163,260 Sikhs at the 2021 census, Brampton has the largest municipal Sikh population on Earth outside India.

    Gurdwara Dasmesh Darbar is located in Brampton, Ontario. Home to 163,260 Sikhs at the 2021 census, Brampton has the largest municipal Sikh population on Earth outside India.

  • Gurdwara Amb Sahib is located in Mohali, Punjab, the largest Sikh-majority city on Earth with a total population of 166,864 at the 2011 census.

    Gurdwara Amb Sahib is located in Mohali, Punjab, the largest Sikh-majority city on Earth with a total population of 166,864 at the 2011 census.

13 largest municipal Sikh populations
Municipality Sikh population Total population Sikh proportion % Largest religious group
India Delhi (2011)[161] 570,581 16,787,941 3.4% Hindu (81.68%)
India Amritsar (2011)[162] 556,431 1,159,227 48% Hindu (49.36%)
India Ludhiana (2011)[163] 465,393 1,618,879 28.75% Hindu (65.96%)
India Jalandhar (2011)[164] 185,869 868,929 21.39% Hindu (74.9%)
India Patiala (2011)[165] 178,336 446,246 39.96% Hindu (57.22%)
Canada Brampton (2021)[166] 163,260 650,165 25.11% Christian (35.72%)
Canada Surrey (2021)[167] 154,415 562,565 27.45% Christian (30.24%)
United Kingdom London (2021)[168] 144,543 8,799,728 1.64% Christian (40.66%)
India Chandigarh (2011)[169] 138,329 1,055,450 13.11% Hindu (80.78%)
India Bhatinda (2011)[170] 100,139 446,246 35.04% Hindu (62.61%)
India Mohali (2011)[171] 85,983 166,864 51.53% Sikh (51.53%)
Australia Melbourne (2021)[172] 85,286 4,917,750 1.73% Christian (40.14%)
India Moga (2011)[173] 82,456 163,397 50.46% Sikh (50.46%)

Historical Demographics[edit]

The Afghan Sikh population declined from between 200,000 and 500,000 (1.8% to 4.6% of the Afghan population) in the 1970s[174][175][176][177][178] to 45 in 2022 following decades of conflict.

Sikhism by country (2001−2021)
Country 2021 2011 2001 Change (2011-2021) Change (2001-2021)
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % ± +% ± +%
India India[97][179][180][79][181] 20,833,116 1.72% 19,237,391 1.87% 1,595,725 8.29%
Canada Canada[182][183][8] 771,790 2.12% 454,965 1.38% 278,410 0.94% 316,825 69.64% 176,555 63.42%
England England[9][184][185] 520,092 0.92% 420,196 0.79% 327,343 0.63% 99,896 23.77% 92,853 28.37%
United States United States[126][186][187][156] 269,986 0.08% 189,242 0.06% 119,740 0.04% 80,744 42.67% 69,502 58.04%
Australia Australia[159] 210,397 0.83% 72,296 0.34% 17,437 0.09% 138,101 191.02% 54,859 314.61%
New Zealand New Zealand[188][62] 40,908[lower-alpha 4] 0.87% 19,191[lower-alpha 5] 0.45% 5,199 0.14% 21,717 113.16% 13,992 269.13%
Fiji Fiji[189] 2,540[lower-alpha 6] 0.3% 3,067[lower-alpha 7] 0.4% -527 -17.18%

[190][191][79][192][193][182][183][8][184][185][126][159][160][194][lower-alpha 8][lower-alpha 9][lower-alpha 10][lower-alpha 11][lower-alpha 12][lower-alpha 13][lower-alpha 14][197][198]

See also[edit]

General:

Notes[edit]

  1. ↑ Total of countries listed above. List last totaled on June 11, 2023.
  2. ↑ Sikhs comprise 1.7% (23,786,052) of India's total population of 1,399,179,585 per 2023 estimate by the World Factbook.[96]
  3. ↑ 2011 census data for India,[97] 2018 census data for New Zealand[160]
  4. ↑ 2018 census
  5. ↑ 2013 census
  6. ↑ 2007 census
  7. ↑ 1996 census
  8. ↑ According to Singh, there were at least 2 lakh Sikhs and Hindus (in a 60:40 ratio) in Afghanistan until the 1970s.[174]
  9. ↑ “If you go through the evidence and data from the 1970s to date, you will be able to see how drastically their population has fallen,” says Ehsan Shayegan, an Afghan researcher with Porsesh Research and Studies Organization studying the minority religions of Kabul. “In the 70s, there were around 700,000 Hindus and Sikhs, and now they are estimated to be less than 7,000,” Shayegan says... “In 1992, they were a 220,000-strong community, just before the start of the civil war in Kabul. It was also around the same time that our problems started,” he says.[175]
  10. ↑ An investigation by TOLOnews reveals that the Sikh and Hindu population number was 220,000 in the 1980's. That number dropped sharply to 15,000 when the mujahideen was in power during the 1990's and remained at that level during the Taliban regime. It is now estimated that only 1,350 Hindus and Sikhs remain in the country.[177]
  11. ↑ In the late 1980s, there were about 500,000 Sikhs scattered across Afghanistan, many here for generations[178]
  12. ↑ “There were over two lakh (200,000) Sikhs just in Kabul in the 1980s,” Mr Singh says. Today, there are about 7,000 Sikhs and Hindus throughout the whole of Afghanistan.[176]
  13. ↑ Singh explained 800 of his community families still lived in Kabul, Kandahar, Ghazni, Helmand, Nangarhar, Kunduz and Balkh provinces.[195]
  14. ↑ Over the years, Afghan Sikhs and the Hindu population have dwindled from nearly 700,000 in the 1970s to less than a few hundred, today. “We are about 70 to 80 families who are left in all over Afghanistan. It used to be many more, but as of today, we are maybe 400 to 450 adults and about 100 to 200 children. So we are not more than a total of 700,” Sutaka said, trying hard to keep a steady tone.[196]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ "Sikhs in America".
  2. ↑ "'Big moment': Indian Sikhs on historic pilgrimage to Pakistan".
  3. ↑ "1984 Marks 'One of the Darkest Years' in Modern Indian History: US Senator".
  4. ↑ "FAKE ALERT: Sidhu wrongly quotes Sikh population as 14 crores". The Times of India. 11 November 2019.
  5. ↑ "Sikhism".
  6. ↑ "Nearly 10 million Sikhs have lost their religion because of this organisation". 12 May 2016.
  7. ↑ Barwiński, Marek; Musiaka, Łukasz (2019). "The Sikhs – religion and nation. Chosen political and social determinants of functioning". Studia Z Geografii Politycznej I Historycznej. 8: 167–182. doi:10.18778/2300-0562.08.09. S2CID 226730777 – via ResearchGate.
  8. ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11 Government of Canada, Statistics Canada. "Religion by visible minority and generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 "Religion, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 2022-11-29.
  10. ↑ "Does the Census Bureau have data for religion?". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  11. ↑ "Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012 - Section 1: Population - Table 75: Self-Described Religious Identification of Adult Population: 1990, 2001, and 2008 (page 61)" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  12. ↑ "How Many U.S. Sikhs?". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  13. ↑ "About Sikhs". Sikh Coalition. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  14. ↑ "H. RES. 275 - 118th Congress (2023-2024)". United States Congress. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  15. ↑ "How Many U.S. Sikhs?". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  16. ↑ "Asian Americans: A Mosaic of Faiths". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  17. ↑ "2020 National Sikh American Survey: Key Findings". Sikh American Legal Defense and Education Fund. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  18. ↑ "DP05ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 The U.S. Census does not ask about religion and it is hard for surveys to estimate the populations of smaller religious groups like Sikhs.[10] The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the adult Sikh American population at 78,000 in 2008, while the Pew Research Center estimated the Sikh American adult population to be 140,000 and the total population at 200,000 in 2012.[11][12] Sikh organizations like the Sikh Coalition and American Sikh Congressional Caucus estimate the Sikh American population to be as high as 500,000-1,000,000, but do not provide any sources for these figures, which are often cited in news reports.[13][14][15] With 1% of Asian Americans being Sikh, and 90.7% of Sikh Americans being Asian American, the American Sikh population can be estimated at around 208,000 in 2021.[16][17][18]
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 "Religious Freedom in the World. Report 2021" (PDF). acninternational.org. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 "National Profiles". thearda.com.
  22. ↑ "Census maps". ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
  23. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada. "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Brampton, City (CY) Ontario [Census subdivision] Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-10-31.
  24. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada. "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Surrey, City (CY) British Columbia [Census subdivision] Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-10-31.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 "TS030 - Religion Edit query". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 2022-11-29.
  26. ↑ "Afghanistan's last Sikhs in a dilemma: To stay or leave". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2022-01-25.
  27. ↑ Duttagupta, Ishani. "How Simmarpal Singh helped Olam become one of the top players in peanuts in Argentina". The Economic Times.
  28. ↑ "Why Sikhism as registered religion in Austria matters". Times of India. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
  29. ↑ "Australian Bureau of Statistics : 2021 Census of Population and Housing : General Community Profile" (XLSX). Abs.gov.au. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
  30. ↑ "Of Kara, kirpan and kesh: The 500-year-old Sikh community of Bangladesh". The Business Standard. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
  31. ↑ Montes, Enrico Castro; Goddeeris, Idesbald. "Hinduism in Belgium". Handbook of Hinduism in Europe (2 vols). Brill. pp. 849–863. doi:10.1163/9789004432284_031. ISBN 9789004432284. S2CID 236835206 – via brill.com.
  32. ↑ "Brazilian Sikhs visit Golden Temple, plead for gender equality". Tribuneindia News Service. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  33. ↑ Singh, Pashaura (2019). "A Dictionary of Sikh Studies". doi:10.1093/acref/9780191831874.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-183187-4.
  34. ↑ "Religion - Fiji Bureau of Statistics". www.statsfiji.gov.fj.
  35. ↑ "France's Sikh Minority Looks Set to Vote Against Marine Le Pen". Retrieved 3 June 2023.
  36. ↑ "The Georgia Giants". www.tribuneindia.com.
  37. ↑ "Mitgliederzahlen: Sonstige - REMID - Religionswissenschaftlicher Medien- und Informationsdienst e.V." remid.de (in Deutsch). Retrieved 2017-08-16. Sikhs, 25,000 (2020)....The "German Information Center for Sikh Religion, Sikh History, Culture and Science (DISR)" estimates the number of Sikhs in Germany at 18,000 for 2017
  38. ↑ Lavin, Talia. "Vibrant Vaisakhi Celebrates Sikh Life In Greece". Huffington Post. The Sikh community in Greece, numbered at around 20,000 according to a 2012 report, joined together to mark the holy day
  39. ↑ "Religion and Custom" (PDF). Retrieved 8 May 2023.
  40. ↑ "First Akhand Path in Iceland Completed". Sikh Dharma International.
  41. ↑ "UNHCR 2009 Report on International Religious Freedom- Indonesia". Retrieved 11 February 2015.
  42. ↑ "Irish census". Irish census. Retrieved 31 May 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  43. ↑ "Over 40,000 Sikhs vote in secessionist Referendum in Italy". Geo News. it had chosen the city of Brixia because Italy had over 200,000 Sikhs living in the county with a majority in Brescia.
  44. ↑ "Around 45,000 Sikhs vote in Referendum in Italy". Daily Pakistan. That it had chosen the city of Brixia because Italy had over 200,000 Sikhs living in it with a majority in Brescia
  45. ↑ "Sikhs vote in referendum in Rome". Pakistan Today. About 200,000 Sikhs live in different cities of Italy.
  46. ↑ "Sikhs vote in referendum in Rome". The Nation. About 200,000 Sikhs live in different cities of Italy.
  47. ↑ "Thousands of Sikhs attend parade in Italy". Bol News. Italy has over 200,000 Sikhs who are active members of the Italian population, which is why this city was chosen
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 48.3 48.4 "The Continuing Struggle for Religious Freedom by Italy's Sikh Community". The Wire. It is estimated that there are around 220,000 Sikh migrants in Italy. The community, however, has been largely invisible to native Italians. The majority of Sikhs are dairy workers, living far from the cities, and settled mainly in the farms of north and central Italy. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 "How the recent Punjabi migration to Spain & Italy is a departure for the diaspora". The Economic Times. The total number of Indians in Italy has now crossed 200,000, making it the largest Indian diaspora in continental Europe and far greater than the 30,000 estimated in Spain. This Indian contingent is mainly made up of Punjabi Jat Sikhs.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 "How Sikhs saved the Italian cheese industry". Global Indian. Today, Italy has the largest Sikh population in Europe, only second to the United Kingdom, with an estimated number of 220,000
  51. ↑ Bertolani, Barbara (2013). "The Sikhs in Italy: A Growing Heterogeneous and Plural Presence". Globalizing Belief, Localizing Gods. Brill Publishers. p. 75. ISBN 9789004254756. According to Gallo (2013), by contrast, the Sikhs would number at least 100,000. Barbara Bertolani estimates in 2013 "My own data gathered within the Sikh community in Italy show Sikh people constituting about 70% of all the Indians present, i.e., at least 84,000 residents
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 "Why the Indian government must help Italian Sikhs". Hindustan Times. Up to 150,000 Sikhs now live there, making it the largest Sikh Community in Europe after the one in Britain
  53. ↑ "The Sikhs Spearheading The Italian Parmesan Cheese Industry". Homegrown. Despite the estimated 220,000 Sikh immigrants who inhabit the Po Valley, there seems to a whiff of change in the air
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 "Sikhs vote in referendum in Rome". Pakistan Today. About 200,000 Sikhs live in different cities of Italy.
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 Tebano, Elena. "Prayer at dawn, zero crime: this is how Sikhs live in Italy, after the sentence of the Cassation". Corriere Della Sera. The vegan diet, the cult, the traditions. Customs and symbols of the 150,000 faithful of the religion born in India who now live in the Bel Paese
  56. ↑ [43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55]
  57. ↑ Adam, Michel. "A diversity with several levels: Kenyan politics of integration and the Kenyan minorities of Indian origin". Les Cahiers d'Afrique de l'Est / The East African Review (47): 23–32. doi:10.4000/eastafrica.402. S2CID 199837942 – via journals.openedition.org.
  58. ↑ "Kuwait". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
  59. ↑ "overseasindian.in". Retrieved 1 February 2016.
  60. ↑ "Nepal Profile". Government of Nepal - Ministry Of Foreign Affairs. Religion(s): There are ten religious categories reported in the census 2011. Hindu is followed by 81.3 percent (21,551,492) of the population followed by Buddhism (9%; 2,396,099), Islam (4.4%; 1,162,370), Kirat (3.1%; 807,169), Christianity (1.4%; 375,699), Prakriti (0.5%; 121,982), Bon (13,006), Jainism (3,214), Bahai (1,283) and Sikhism (609).
  61. ↑ "Sikhs in The Nederlands". SikhNet. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 "2018 Census totals by topic – national highlights | Stats NZ". www.stats.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 2019-09-24.
  63. ↑ "2020-12-08". ssb.no.
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 64.2 "National Profiles". www.thearda.com.
  65. ↑ "Pakistan's Religious Minorities Say They Were Undercounted in Census". VOA.
  66. ↑ "Two years after it counted population, Pakistan silent on minority numbers". The Indian Express. Retrieved 2021-03-10.
  67. ↑ Khan, Aysha. "Sikh holy site in Pakistan mobbed by locals, trapping worshipers". religion news. Retrieved March 9, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  68. ↑ "Portugal Fact Sheet". Embassy of India (Lisbon, Portugal). Sikhs (35,000), In recent years, the number of Indians (especially from Punjab/Haryana) has increased significantly owing to the easing of immigration norms by Portugal. However, since many of them do not have valid residency documents, official figures are not available.
  69. ↑ "Saudi Arabia. International Religious Freedom Report 2021". state.gov. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  70. ↑ ""Religion by Ethnic in Singapore 2020"". Archived from the original on 2021-06-17. Retrieved 2021-06-18.
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 Garha, Nachatter Singh. "Masculinity in the Sikh Community in Italy and Spain: Expectations and Challenges". Religions. 11 (2): 76. doi:10.3390/rel11020076.
  72. ↑ "International Religious Freedom Report 2005 (U.S. Dept of State)". Retrieved 3 June 2023.
  73. ↑ "The Sikhs of Trinidad". Ira Mathur. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
  74. ↑ "What it means to Be Sikh". Monitor.
  75. ↑ Gokulan, Dhanusha. "Sikhs in UAE hail country's year of 'respect, inclusion'". Khaleej Times. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 Government of Canada, Statistics Canada. "The Daily — The Canadian census: A rich portrait of the country's religious and ethnocultural diversity". www150.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
  77. ↑ Barwiński, Marek; Musiaka, Łukasz (2019). "The Sikhs – religion and nation. Chosen political and social determinants of functioning". Studia Z Geografii Politycznej I Historycznej. 8: 167–182. doi:10.18778/2300-0562.08.09. S2CID 226730777 – via ResearchGate.
  78. ↑ "Sikh-population-as-per-census".
  79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 79.2 Puri, Harish K. "Scheduled Castes in Sikh Community: A Historical Perspective". Economic and Political Weekly. Economic and Political Weekly. 38 (26): 2693–2701. JSTOR 4413731.
  80. ↑ "Total fertility rate down across all communities | India News - Times of India". The Times of India. 8 May 2022.
  81. ↑ The Indian Sikh population grew from 16,420,685 to 19,237,391 between 1991 and 2001, a rise of 2,816,706 or 17.15%. It further rose from 19,237,391 to 20,833,116 between 1991 and 2001, a rise of 1,595,725 or 8.29%.[77][78][79] Assuming the Indian Sikh population growth rate continues to decline at the same rate, which is likely since Sikhs have the lowest birth rate across all Indian religious groups, the Indian Sikh population would grow by 4.01% between 2011 and 2021, or from 20,833,116 to 21,668,524.[80]
  82. ↑ "National Profiles". www.thearda.com.
  83. ↑ "Religion, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 2023-01-01.
  84. ↑ "Losing our religion | Stats NZ".
  85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 Glenn. "2011 Australian Census - Fastest Growing Religions". Blog.id.com.au. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
  86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 "2071.0 - Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia - Stories from the Census, 2016". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 28 June 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
  87. ↑ Gokulan, Dhanusha. "Sikhs in UAE hail country's year of 'respect, inclusion'". Khaleej Times. Retrieved 2023-01-01.
  88. ↑ "Over 40,000 Sikhs vote in secessionist Referendum in Italy". Geo News. it had chosen the city of Brixia because Italy had over 200,000 Sikhs living in the county with a majority in Brescia.
  89. ↑ "Around 45,000 Sikhs vote in Referendum in Italy". Daily Pakistan. That it had chosen the city of Brixia because Italy had over 200,000 Sikhs living in it with a majority in Brescia
  90. ↑ "Sikhs vote in referendum in Rome". Pakistan Today. About 200,000 Sikhs live in different cities of Italy.
  91. ↑ "Sikhs vote in referendum in Rome". The Nation. About 200,000 Sikhs live in different cities of Italy.
  92. ↑ "Thousands of Sikhs attend parade in Italy". Bol News. Italy has over 200,000 Sikhs who are active members of the Italian population, which is why this city was chosen
  93. ↑ Bertolani, Barbara (2013). "The Sikhs in Italy: A Growing Heterogeneous and Plural Presence". Globalizing Belief, Localizing Gods. Brill Publishers. p. 75. ISBN 9789004254756. According to Gallo (2013), by contrast, the Sikhs would number at least 100,000. Barbara Bertolani estimates in 2013 "My own data gathered within the Sikh community in Italy show Sikh people constituting about 70% of all the Indians present, i.e., at least 84,000 residents
  94. ↑ "The Sikhs Spearheading The Italian Parmesan Cheese Industry". Homegrown. Despite the estimated 220,000 Sikh immigrants who inhabit the Po Valley, there seems to a whiff of change in the air
  95. ↑ [88][89][90][91][92][48][49][50][93][52][94][54][55]
  96. ↑ 96.0 96.1 "India People and Society". The World Factbook. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  97. ↑ 97.0 97.1 97.2 "Sikh Population in World | Sikh Population in India 2023". 22 December 2021. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "SikhIndia2011" defined multiple times with different content
  98. ↑ "Sikh Religion Census 2011". Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  99. ↑ [96][lower-alpha 2][97][98]
  100. ↑ "Religion, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 2023-01-03.
  101. ↑ "Does the Census Bureau have data for religion?". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  102. ↑ "About Sikhs". Sikh American Legal Defense and Education Fund. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  103. ↑ "Sikhs in America". Kaur Foundation. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  104. ↑ Ceri Peach and Richard Gale (2003). "Muslims, Hindus, and Sikhs in the New Religious Landscape of England". Geographical Review. 93 (4): 469–490. doi:10.1111/j.1931-0846.2003.tb00043.x. JSTOR 30033938. S2CID 161320476. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  105. ↑ "British Sikhs mark 300 years". British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  106. ↑ "KS007 - Religion - Nomis - 2001". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 2022-10-18.
  107. ↑ "Summary: Religious Group Demographics". scotland.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 22 January 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  108. ↑ "Census 2001: Religion (administrative geographies)". nisra.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 25 February 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  109. ↑ "Table KS07c: Religion (full list with 10 or more persons)". nisra.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 25 February 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  110. ↑ "Asian Americans: A Mosaic of Faiths". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  111. ↑ "How Many U.S. Sikhs?". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  112. ↑ "ADP05ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  113. ↑ "How Many U.S. Sikhs?". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  114. ↑ "S0201 SELECTED POPULATION PROFILE IN THE UNITED STATES Bangladeshi alone". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  115. ↑ "S0201 SELECTED POPULATION PROFILE IN THE UNITED STATES Asian Indian alone". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  116. ↑ "S0201 SELECTED POPULATION PROFILE IN THE UNITED STATES Nepalese alone". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  117. ↑ "S0201 SELECTED POPULATION PROFILE IN THE UNITED STATES Pakistani alone". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  118. ↑ "S0201 SELECTED POPULATION PROFILE IN THE UNITED STATES Sri Lankanalone". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  119. ↑ "Social Realities of Indian Americans: Results From the 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
  120. ↑ "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Canada". Statistics Canada. 9 February 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  121. ↑ "Main language (detailed) in England and Wales". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  122. ↑ "Cultural diversity: Census". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  123. ↑ "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Canada". Statistics Canada. 9 February 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  124. ↑ "Religion in England in Wales". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  125. ↑ "Cultural diversity: Census". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  126. ↑ 126.0 126.1 126.2 The United States Census does not ask about religious affiliation.[101] Sikh organizations estimate the Sikh American population to be as high as 750,000.[102][103] Before the United Kingdom Census started asking about religion in 2001, Sikh organizations estimated the British Sikh population to be as high as 750,000, but the 2001 census found the British Sikh population to be only 336,149.[104][105][106][107][108][109] Thus, population figures by Sikh organizations are likely overestimates. A comprehensive 2012 survey by the Pew Research Center estimated that 1% of Asian Americans and 5% of Indian Americans are Sikhs,[110] which would yield a Sikh population of approximately 200,000 in 2012 and 290,000 in 2021.[111][112] The most comprehensive way to estimate the Sikh American population is by comparing to the Punjabi American population.[113] Out of the 4,060,554 Americans who spoke a South Asian language at home in 2021, 318,588, or 7.85%, spoke Punjabi at home. This indicates that Punjabi Americans make up 7.85% of the South Asian American population of 5,492,692, and thus number 430,952.[114][115][116][117][118] This matches with a comprehensive 2020 survey of Indian Americans by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, which found that 8% of Indian Americans were Punjabi.[119] Using this same method, the populations of Punjabi Canadians, English Punjabis, and Punjabi Australians can be estimated at 1,146,900, 931,671, and 319,377 respectively, using language data from censuses conducted in 2021 in those nations.[120][121][122] Those nations also ask about religion in their censuses, with there being 771,790 Sikh Canadians, 520,092 English Sikhs, and 210,400 Sikh Australians in 2021.[123][124][125]Thus, the Sikh population was about 62.65% of the Punjabi population in those three countries combined. Using this ratio, the American Sikh population can be estimated at 269,986 in 2021. This ratio can also be used to estimate Sikh populations of American states, counties, and communities using population data of Punjabi speakers.
  127. ↑ "Over 40,000 Sikhs vote in secessionist Referendum in Italy". Geo News. it had chosen the city of Brixia because Italy had over 200,000 Sikhs living in the county with a majority in Brescia.
  128. ↑ "Around 45,000 Sikhs vote in Referendum in Italy". Daily Pakistan. That it had chosen the city of Brixia because Italy had over 200,000 Sikhs living in it with a majority in Brescia
  129. ↑ "Sikhs vote in referendum in Rome". Pakistan Today. About 200,000 Sikhs live in different cities of Italy.
  130. ↑ "Sikhs vote in referendum in Rome". The Nation. About 200,000 Sikhs live in different cities of Italy.
  131. ↑ "Thousands of Sikhs attend parade in Italy". Bol News. Italy has over 200,000 Sikhs who are active members of the Italian population, which is why this city was chosen
  132. ↑ Bertolani, Barbara (2013). "The Sikhs in Italy: A Growing Heterogeneous and Plural Presence". Globalizing Belief, Localizing Gods. Brill Publishers. p. 75. ISBN 9789004254756. According to Gallo (2013), by contrast, the Sikhs would number at least 100,000. Barbara Bertolani estimates in 2013 "My own data gathered within the Sikh community in Italy show Sikh people constituting about 70% of all the Indians present, i.e., at least 84,000 residents
  133. ↑ "The Sikhs Spearheading The Italian Parmesan Cheese Industry". Homegrown. Despite the estimated 220,000 Sikh immigrants who inhabit the Po Valley, there seems to a whiff of change in the air
  134. ↑ [127][128][129][130][131][48][49][50][132][52][133][54][55]
  135. ↑ "Gobind Singh Deo is Malaysia's first Sikh minister". The Economic Times. Malaysia has nearly 100,000 Sikh population.
  136. ↑ "Malaysia gets first Sikh minister". WION. Miri Indian Association president, Councillor Karambir Singh was quoted as saying by the Borneo Post. Malaysia has nearly 100,000 Sikh population
  137. ↑ "On the Gurdwara Trail in Malaysia: A Spiritual Experience". SikhNet. The Malaysian Sikh community is the fourth largest ethnic group of Malaysian Indians. It is estimated that over 100,000 Sikhs reside in Malaysia. The Sikh population is the largest here among Southeast and East Asia.
  138. ↑ "Thailand". U.S. Department of State.
  139. ↑ Gokulan, Dhanusha. "Sikhs in UAE hail country's year of 'respect, inclusion'". Khaleej Times. Retrieved 2023-01-03.
  140. ↑ "Punjabi community involved in money lending in Philippines braces for 'crackdown' by new President". The Indian Express. Retrieved 2023-01-03.
  141. ↑ "Khalsa Diwan Sikh Temple - Gurdwara Philippines". Archived from the original on 2011-12-01. Retrieved 2023-01-03.
  142. ↑ "Losing our religion | Stats NZ". www.stats.govt.nz. Retrieved 2023-01-03.
  143. ↑ "Portugal Fact Sheet". Embassy of India (Lisbon, Portugal). Sikhs (35,000), In recent years, the number of Indians (especially from Punjab/Haryana) has increased significantly owing to the easing of immigration norms by Portugal. However, since many of them do not have valid residency documents, official figures are not available.
  144. ↑ "France's Sikh Minority Looks Set to Vote Against Marine Le Pen". The Wire.
  145. ↑ Garha, Nachatter Singh. "Masculinity in the Sikh Community in Italy and Spain: Expectations and Challenges". Religions. 11 (2): 76. doi:10.3390/rel11020076.
  146. ↑ "Mitgliederzahlen: Sonstige - REMID - Religionswissenschaftlicher Medien- und Informationsdienst e.V." remid.de (in Deutsch). Retrieved 2017-08-16. Sikhs, 25,000 (2020)....The "German Information Center for Sikh Religion, Sikh History, Culture and Science (DISR)" estimates the number of Sikhs in Germany at 18,000 for 2017
  147. ↑ Lavin, Talia. "Vibrant Vaisakhi Celebrates Sikh Life In Greece". Huffington Post. The Sikh community in Greece, numbered at around 20,000 according to a 2012 report, joined together to mark the holy day
  148. ↑ "Kuwait To Seek Closure of "Illegal" Sikh Temple". Outlook India. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  149. ↑ Pinto, Christina. "Sikh Gurdwara discovered by 'intrepid' local reporter". TimesKuwait. Retrieved 2023-01-03.
  150. ↑ "Hong Kong stories: Getting to know the city's Sikh community". Young Post. Retrieved 2023-01-03.
  151. ↑ "National Profiles". thearda.com. Retrieved 2023-01-03.
  152. ↑ "Orang-orang Sikh di Indonesia". kumparan (in Bahasa Indonesia). Retrieved 2023-01-03.
  153. ↑ Montes, Enrico Castro; Goddeeris, Idesbald. "Hinduism in Belgium". Handbook of Hinduism in Europe (2 vols). Brill. pp. 849–863. doi:10.1163/9789004432284_031. ISBN 9789004432284. S2CID 236835206 – via brill.com.
  154. ↑ "Why Sikhism as registered religion in Austria matters". The Times of India.
  155. ↑ "2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Saudi Arabia". U.S. Department of State.
  156. ↑ 156.0 156.1 "B16001LANGUAGE SPOKEN AT HOME BY ABILITY TO SPEAK ENGLISH FOR THE POPULATION 5 YEARS AND OVER". data.census.gov. Retrieved 2022-11-23.
  157. ↑ "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". www12.statcan.gc.ca. 9 February 2022. Retrieved 2022-11-23.
  158. ↑ The United States does not measure religion during its censuses. However, the 2021 American Community Survey estimated the number of Americans who spoke Punjabi at home by state.[156] The 2021 Canadian census found that 520,390 Canadians spoke Punjabi at home, and 771,790 were Sikhs.[157] Thus, the number of Sikhs per state can be estimated using the ratio of Punjabi speakers to Sikhs.
  159. ↑ 159.0 159.1 159.2 "Australia-Community Profile".
  160. ↑ 160.0 160.1 "Religious affiliations in the Bay of Plenty Region, New Zealand". Figure NZ Trust. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
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  162. ↑ "Amritsar Population 2023". Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  163. ↑ "Ludhiana Population 2023". Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  164. ↑ "Jalandhar Population 2023". Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  165. ↑ "Patiala Population 2023". Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  166. ↑ "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Profile table". Retrieved 19 June 2023.
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  168. ↑ "Religion". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  169. ↑ "Sikh Population in India". Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  170. ↑ "Bhatinda Population 2023". Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  171. ↑ "Mohali Population 2023". Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  172. ↑ "Greater Melbourne 2021 Census Community Profiles". Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  173. ↑ "Moga Population 2023". Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  174. ↑ 174.0 174.1 Divya Goyal. "Sikhs and Hindus of Afghanistan — how many remain, why they want to leave". Archived from the original on 6 February 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
  175. ↑ 175.0 175.1 Ruchi Kumar. "The decline of Afghanistan's Hindu and Sikh communities". Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
  176. ↑ 176.0 176.1 Ruchi Kumar (19 October 2017). "Afghan Hindus and Sikhs celebrate Diwali without 'pomp and splendour' amid fear". Archived from the original on 26 October 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
  177. ↑ 177.0 177.1 "Nearly 99% Of Hindus, Sikhs Left Afghanistan in Last Three decades". Archived from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
  178. ↑ 178.0 178.1 Friel, Terry. "Afghanistan's hated Sikhs yearn for India". Reuters. Archived from the original on 19 June 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
  179. ↑ Barwiński, Marek; Musiaka, Łukasz (2019). "The Sikhs – religion and nation. Chosen political and social determinants of functioning". Studia Z Geografii Politycznej I Historycznej. 8: 167–182. doi:10.18778/2300-0562.08.09. S2CID 226730777.
  180. ↑ "sikh-population-as-per-census". Retrieved 29 December 2022.
  181. ↑ 2011 Indian Census
  182. ↑ 182.0 182.1 Government of Canada, Statistics Canada. "Religion (13) and Age Groups (8) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2001 Census - 20% Sample Data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-08-25.
  183. ↑ 183.0 183.1 Government of Canada, Statistics Canada. "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables Religion (108), Immigrant Status and Period of Immigration (11), Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-09-08.
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  186. ↑ "MLA Language Map Data Center". Modern Language Association.
  187. ↑ "Language Use in the United States: 2019" (PDF). United States Census Bureau.
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  189. ↑ "Religion - Fiji Bureau of Statistics". www.statsfiji.gov.fj. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
  190. ↑ Barwiński, Marek; Musiaka, Łukasz (2019). "The Sikhs – religion and nation. Chosen political and social determinants of functioning". Studia Z Geografii Politycznej I Historycznej. 8: 167–182. doi:10.18778/2300-0562.08.09. S2CID 226730777 – via ResearchGate.
  191. ↑ "sikh-population-as-per-census".
  192. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada. "1981 Census of Canada : volume 1 - national series : population = Recensement du Canada de 1981 : volume 1 - série nationale : population. Religion". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-08-25.
  193. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada. "Data tables, 1991 Census R9101 - Population by Religion (29), Showing Age Groups (13) Education (20% Data) - Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-08-25.
  194. ↑ "Population development in Afghanistan since 1960". WorldData.info. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
  195. ↑ "Hindus, Sikhs warn of leaving Afghanistan". Pajhwok Afghan News. 2013-07-31. Archived from the original on 30 September 2018. Retrieved 2013-09-27.
  196. ↑ "Solidarity for Sikhs after Afghanistan massacre". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 23 April 2020. Retrieved 2020-03-27.
  197. ↑ Table 28, 2006 Census Data – QuickStats About Culture and Identity – Tables Archived 2017-10-11 at the Wayback Machine.
  198. ↑ "2013 Census totals by topic". archive.stats.govt.nz.

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