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Akhtar Hussain Malik
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Akhtar Hussain Malik | |
|---|---|
| Native name | اختر حسین ملک |
| Born | c. 1910s Pandori, Punjab, British India |
| Died | 22 August 1969 Ankara, Turkey |
| Allegiance |
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| Service/ | |
| Years of service | 1941–1969 |
| Rank | Major Gen. |
| Unit | 7th Battalion, 16th Punjab Regiment |
| Commands held | 12th Infantry Division |
| Battles/wars | |
| Awards | |
| Alma mater | Indian Military Academy |
| Relations | Lt. Gen. Abdul Ali Malik (brother) |
Major General Akhtar Hussain Malik HJ SPk (1910s – 22 August 1969) was a Pakistani senior army officer,[1] and a widely decorated war hero of the Pakistan Army due to his leadership and command during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965.[2]
Early years[edit]
Akhtar Hussain Malik was born in the small village of Pandori, Jalandhar, British India (present-day Punjab, India). He was the son of Malik Ghulam Nabi, the headmaster at a local school. Due to the scarcity of good educational institutions in the vicinity of his village at the time, his father made an effort to send him to a school miles away, because of which he and his friends would have to walk for hours every day. By the time he graduated from college, World War II had already broken out and Malik enlisted as a sepoy in the British Indian Army. His personal discipline, educational level and intelligence were soon noticed by the higher command and he was sent to the Indian Military Academy in Dehradun for officer training and additional education. Malik graduated and was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in the special list on 1 June 1941.[3]
He was admitted to the British Indian Army's newly raised 7th Battalion in the 16th Punjab Regiment.[3] Shortly afterwards, Malik rose through the ranks and was promoted to the rank of First Lieutenant during his time in 7/16th. He was later put to serve in an advisory capacity and appointed as the Brigade Intelligence Officer for the 114th Indian Infantry Brigade on 1 January 1942, and was subsequently promoted to the rank of Captain on 1 April 1942.[3]
He would later go on to serve with his battalion in Burma and Malaya against the Imperial Japanese Armed Forces and supporting Axis powers; and by the end of the war in September 1945, was commanding "A" Company, 7/16th Punjab Regiment in Malaya as a temporary advisory Major.[4]
Upon his return to India after the war, Malik continued his service in the British Indian Army as an officer. Over the next two years, the Indian independence movement against British colonial rule swelled, and by August 1947 had ultimately led to the partitioning of India into two separate states: the Hindu-majority Dominion of India and the Muslim-majority Dominion of Pakistan. After partition, Malik's regiment was allocated to the newly created Pakistan Army. He opted for Pakistani citizenship, and relocated across the new border shortly afterwards, transferring and continuing his military service with the Pakistan Army.
Personality[edit]
Mailk was known amongst his peers for his towering presence, unsullied boldness in strategy, quick thinking, and patriotism.[5] Although he was highly admired and respected by his subordinates, he would often be very outspoken towards them. As a tactician, he planned Operation Gibraltar and Operation Grand Slam under the auspices of the President of Pakistan: Field Marshal Ayub Khan.[6][7]
Indo-Pakistani War of 1965[edit]
As GOC for the 12th Infantry Division, Malik was the overall commander for Operation Grand Slam in the Second Kashmir War. For his successful handling of the initial phase of the operation, he was awarded the Hilal-i-Jur'at, the second highest gallantry award of the Pakistan Army.
Controversially, the command was unilaterally handed over to General Yahya Khan mid-operation, resulting in extensive delays, which were uncalled for, and eventual failure of the operation. The undisclosed reasons for this midway switch has made the operation an object of much speculation in Pakistan to this day.
It is alleged that the Pakistani President Ayub Khan knew that if Malik managed to wrest Kashmir from Indian control, he would become an undoubted and admired hero in the eyes of the Pakistani Public. General Yahya Khan, the alleged favorite of Ayub Khan, was thus introduced midway by Ayub to foil any chances of the operation's success at the hands of Malik, who Ayub Khan saw as a political and military rival.[8] In a letter to his brother, Lieutenant Gen. Abdul Ali Malik, Akhtar Malik bitterly highlighted the sudden change of command and inept leadership of General Yahya Khan as one of the main causes of failure.[9]
Legacy[edit]
Qudrat Ullah Shahab, an eminent Urdu writer and civil servant had also commented on the matter, saying:
"At a time when (Major) General Akhtar Hussain Malik was to take over Akhnoor to pave the way to take Srinagar, the capital of Kashmir, he was wrongly removed from the command, and General Yahya Khan was put in his position. Perhaps the aim was to deprive Pakistan success in Akhnoor, Yahya Khan accomplished this task very well."[10]
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, the ninth Prime Minister and fourth President had also commented on Ayub and Yahya's intervention in the war, saying:
"Had General Akhtar Malik not been stopped in the Chamb-Jaurian Sector, the Indian forces in Kashmir would have suffered serious reverses, but Ayub Khan wanted to make his favorite, General Yahya Khan, a hero."[11]
Death[edit]
After the war, Malik was posted to an advisory commanding position for CENTO in Ankara, Turkey, where he succumbed to injuries sustained in a road accident on 22 August 1969. His body was brought back to Pakistan and being an Ahmadi Muslim, he was buried in a dedicated cemetery in Rabwah.
Awards and decorations[edit]
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| Hilal-e-Jurat
(Crescent of Courage) |
Sitara-e-Pakistan
(Star of Pakistan) (SPk) |
Tamgha-e-Diffa
(General Service Medal) 1965 War Clasp |
Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War
(War Star 1965) |
| Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War
(War Medal 1965) |
Pakistan Tamgha
1947 |
Tamgha-e-Jamhuria
(Republic Commemoration Medal) 1956 |
1939-1945 Star |
| Burma Star | War Medal | India Service Medal | Queen Elizabeth II
(1953) |
Foreign decorations[edit]
| Foreign Awards | ||
|---|---|---|
 UK
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1939-1945 Star |
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| Burma Star |
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| War Medal 1939–1945 |
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| India Service Medal 1939–1945 |
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| Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal |
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References[edit]
- ↑ Baig, Ebad; Anwar, Muhammad (2012). Pakistan: Time for Change. AuthorHouse UK. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-4772-5031-0.
- ↑ Also known as the Second Kashmir War.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 October 1942 Secret Edition Indian Army List
- ↑ Solah Punjab. The history of the 16th Punjab Regiment. page 275
- ↑ "An Ahmadi General – who saved Pakistan". www.thepersecution.org. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
- ↑ Pakistan's Drift into Extremism: Allah, the Army, America's War on Terror By Hassan Abbas p. 44
- ↑ Khan, M. Ilyas (5 September 2015). "The secret troops who tried to start a rebellion". Retrieved 10 October 2019.
- ↑ Anwar, Muhammad (December 2012). Pakistan : time for change. Baig, Ebad. Bloomington, IN. ISBN 978-1-4772-5029-7. OCLC 868067421.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ↑ "Letter of General Akhtar Malik (Re Grand Slam) – Brown Pundits". www.brownpundits.com. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
- ↑ "A Brief Overview of Pakistan's Intelligence Service".
- ↑ Pakistan's Drift into Extremism: Allah, the Army, and America's War on Terror By Hassan Abbas p. 51
- General Akhtar Hussain Malik, Daily Imroze, Lahore, 22 August 1971
- From Plaebiscite to Partitions, Jammu-Kashmir.com, Oct 2004
- Thanks, Indeed, Ghani Jafar, Daily Jang, 7 Jun, 2005
External links[edit]
  |
- All Bharatpedia articles using Oxford spelling
- Year of birth missing
- Pakistani generals
- Recipients of Hilal-i-Jur'at
- Pakistani Ahmadis
- 1969 deaths
- British Indian Army officers
- Indian Army personnel of World War II
- Indian Military Academy alumni
- Generals of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
- Road incident deaths in Turkey
- 1910s births