List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves

What links here Related changes Page information Get shortened URL
Created by VinayDua2011
Last edited July 25, 2023


For reserves excluding gold, see List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves (excluding gold).


Foreign-exchange reserves, also called Forex reserves, are, in a strict sense, only foreign-currency deposits held by nationals and monetary authorities. However, in popular usage and in the list below, it also includes gold reserves, special drawing rights (SDRs) and International Monetary Fund (IMF) reserve position because this total figure, which is usually more accurately termed as official reserves or international reserves or official international reserves, is more readily available and also arguably more meaningful.[citation needed]

These foreign-currency deposits are the financial assets of the central banks and monetary authorities that are held in different reserve currencies (e.g. the U.S. Dollar, the Euro, the Japanese Yen, the Pound Sterling, and the Chinese Yuan) and which are used to back its liabilities (e.g. the local currency issued and the various bank reserves deposited with the Central bank by the government or financial institutions). Before the end of the gold standard, gold was the preferred reserve currency. Some nations are converting foreign-exchange reserves into sovereign wealth funds, which can rival foreign-exchange reserves in size.[citation needed]

The list below is mostly based on the latest available IMF data, and while most nations report in U.S. dollars, a few nations in Eastern Europe report solely in Euros and some others report in their respective currencies. And since all the figures below are in U.S dollar equivalents, exchange rate fluctuations can have a significant impact on these figures.

Rank
[lower-alpha 1] 		Country or region Foreign
exchange
reserves
(millions US$) 		Figures as of Change from
previous data
(millions US$)
weekly/monthly 		Sources
1 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing People's Republic of China 3,133,000 February 2023 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 51,000 [1][2]
2 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Japan 1,226,044 28 February 2023 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 24,184 [3]
3 Error creating thumbnail: File missing   Switzerland 850,980 January 2023 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 7,822 [4]
4 Error creating thumbnail: File missing  Russia 573,300 10 March 2023 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 5,100 [5][lower-alpha 2]
5 Error creating thumbnail: File missing  India 560,003 10 March 2023 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 2,397 [6][lower-alpha 3]
6 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Taiwan 558,370 February 2023 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 1,230 [7][lower-alpha 4]
7 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Saudi Arabia 437,762 January 2023 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 32,964 [8][lower-alpha 5]
8 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Template:HKG 436,300 31 January 2023 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 13,100 [9]
9 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing South Korea 414,006 October 2022 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 2,764 [10]
10 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Brazil 331,122 January 2023 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 6,419 [11]
11 Error creating thumbnail: File missing  Singapore 289,484 December 2022 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 1,790 [12]
12 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Germany 277,458 November 2022 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 3,037 [13][14][lower-alpha 6]
13 Error creating thumbnail: File missing  United States 242,731 3 March 2023 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,860 [15][lower-alpha 7]
14 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing France 238,277 October 2022 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,948 [16]
15 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Thailand 225,486 January 2023 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 8,854 [17]
16 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Italy 211,308 November 2022 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 1,932 [18][13][19] [lower-alpha 8]
17 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Israel 201,000 January 2023 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 6,782 [20]
18 Error creating thumbnail: File missing  Mexico 200,997 January 2023 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 1,903 [21]
19 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing United Kingdom 182,790 November 2022 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 6,686 [22][23][lower-alpha 9]
20 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Poland 148,954 June 2022 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 5,321 [24]
21 Error creating thumbnail: File missing  Czech Republic 147,512 July 2022 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 7,121 [25]
22 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Indonesia 140,311 February 2023 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,907 [13][26]
23 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing United Arab Emirates 115,725 September 2022 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 3,540 [27][lower-alpha 10]
24 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Iraq 115,000 February 2023 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 19,000 [28]
25 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Malaysia 114,900 January 2023 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,500 [29]
26 Error creating thumbnail: File missing  Canada 106,462 November 2022 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 2,686 [30]
27 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Philippines 99,310 February 2023 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 1,355 [31]
28 Error creating thumbnail: File missing  Vietnam 92,101 August 2022 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 6,504 [32]
29 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Spain 87,229 30 June 2022 [33][13]
30 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Iran 86,000 February 2020 [34][lower-alpha 11]
N/A Error creating thumbnail: File missing European Union (ECB) 85,602 August 2021 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,801 [35][lower-alpha 12]
31 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Denmark 73,922 May 2022 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,315 [13][36]
32 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Peru 73,416 30 June 2022 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 3,000 [37][38]
33 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Norway 70,287 June 2022 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 2,843 [39][13]
34 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Turkey 70,280 March 2023 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 17,00 [40][lower-alpha 13]
35 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Libya 69,114 March 2022 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,665 [41][32]
36 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Romania 61,194 28 February 2023 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 496 [42][43]
37 Error creating thumbnail: File missing  Algeria 60,914 October 2020 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 1,454 [32][lower-alpha 14]
38 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Colombia 58,161 September 2021 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,124 [13]
39 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Australia 57,889 December 2022 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 2,226 [44]
40 Error creating thumbnail: File missing  South Africa 54,473 June 2021 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,334 [13]
41 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Sweden 54,020 6 March 2021 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 1,345 [45][lower-alpha 15]
42 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Netherlands 54,016 May 2021 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 2,677 [13][46]
43 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Template:KUW 48,895 May 2022 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 2,040 [47][lower-alpha 16]
44 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Chile 42,593 April 2021 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 2,373 [13]
45 Error creating thumbnail: File missing  Qatar 42,341 May 2022 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 1,305 [48]
46Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Nigeria 40,660 22 December 2021 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 4,652 [49]
47Error creating thumbnail: File missing  Argentina 39,139 22 December 2021 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 1,956 [50]
48Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Egypt 37,909 7 April 2022 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 3,910 [51]
49 Error creating thumbnail: File missing  Hungary 36,593 April 2021 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,933 [13][52]
50 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Morocco 27,800 October 2021 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,380 [13]
51 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Kazakhstan 35,438 November 2021 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,382 [13]
52 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Uzbekistan 35,139 1 January 2022 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,390 [53]
53 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Bulgaria 32,881 April 2021 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,748 [13]
55 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Bangladesh 31000 March 2023 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 1,222 [54]
54 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Belgium 31,762 April 2021 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,860 [13]
56 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Portugal 29,050 April 2021 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 2,391 [13]
57 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Ukraine 28,864 1 March 2023 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 1,058 [55]
58 Error creating thumbnail: File missing  Austria 28,513 April 2021 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,842 [13]
59 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Croatia 28,416 3 January 2022 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,996 [56][57]
60 Error creating thumbnail: File missing  Macau 25,849 April 2021 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,819 [58]
61 Error creating thumbnail: File missing  Turkmenistan 20,600 February 2017 [34]
62 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Cambodia 19,500 23 July 2021 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 1,410 [59]
63 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Jordan 19,044 December 2021 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,987 [13]
64 Error creating thumbnail: File missing  Guatemala 18,807 April 2021 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,112 [13]
65 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Serbia 18,560 14 December 2021 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,175 [60]
66 Error creating thumbnail: File missing  Oman 18,000 28 December 2021 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,778 [61]
67 Error creating thumbnail: File missing  Uruguay 16,952 December 2021 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,176 [62]
68 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Finland 16,552 January 2022 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,228 [13][63]
69 Error creating thumbnail: File missing  Angola 15,400 2 January 2022 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,391 [64]
70 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing New Zealand 14,544 December 2021 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 1,559 [13]
71 Error creating thumbnail: File missing  Dominican Republic 12,611 June 2021 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,200 [65]
72 Error creating thumbnail: File missing  Lebanon 12,500 21 December 2021 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 30,877 [66]
73 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Ghana 11,403 29 September 2021 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 2,445 [67]
74 Error creating thumbnail: File missing  Greece 10,895 February 2021 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,277 [13]
75 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Paraguay 9,880 April 2021 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,199 [13]
76 Error creating thumbnail: File missing  Panama 9,613 2020 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 5,400 [65]
77 Error creating thumbnail: File missing File:Flag of Afghanistan.svg Afghanistan 9,446 February 2021 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,060 [32]
78 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing   Nepal 9,350 June 2022 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 1,500 [68]
79 Error creating thumbnail: File missing  Bosnia and Herzegovina 9,300 29 November 2021 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,916 [69]
80 Error creating thumbnail: File missing  Tunisia 8,840 March 2021 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,290 [32]
81 Error creating thumbnail: File missing File:Flag of Honduras (darker variant).svg Honduras 8,462 24 December 2021 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,320 [70]
82 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Ecuador 8,130 23 November 2021 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 4,931 [71]
83 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Slovakia 8,100 May 2021 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,096 [13]
84 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing North Korea 8,000 October 2013 [72]
85 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Ireland 7,717 April 2021 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,003 [73]
86 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Azerbaijan 7,689 March 2021 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,142 [32]
87 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Mauritius 7,461 April 2021 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,133 [13]
88 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Belarus 7,277 April 2021 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,337 [13]
89 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Trinidad and Tobago 7,000 August 2021 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,644 [74][75]
90 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Iceland 6,860 April 2021 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,074 [13]
91 Error creating thumbnail: File missing  Costa Rica 6,814 29 November 2021 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,320 [76]
92 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Template:TAN 6,714 19 November 2021 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 1,600 [77]
93 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Myanmar 6,700 2019 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,800 [78]
94 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Venezuela 5,908 16 November 2021 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,776 [79]
95 Error creating thumbnail: File missing  Latvia 5,404 April 2021 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,080 [13]
96 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Template:BOT 5,080 February 2021 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,267 [32]
97 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Georgia 4,900 January 2023 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,900 [13]
98 Error creating thumbnail: File missing  Lithuania 4,848 December 2020 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,440 [13]
99 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Cuba 4,847 March 2020 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 8,391 [65]
100 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Ivory Coast 4,688 November 2017 [34]
101 Error creating thumbnail: File missing  Albania 4,345 26 November 2021 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,400 [80]
102 Error creating thumbnail: File missing File:Flag of Vatican City State - 2023 version.svg Vatican City 4,300 1 December 2021 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,950 [81]
103 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Armenia 4,100 December 2022 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,600 [82]
104 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Nicaragua 4,000 17 December 2021 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 1,100 [83]
105 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Ethiopia 3,993 2019 [78]
106 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Jamaica 3,905 June 2021 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,300 [13]
107 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 3,888 2019 [78]
108 Error creating thumbnail: File missing  Bolivia 3,538 February 2023 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,639 [84]
109 Error creating thumbnail: File missing  Pakistan 4,309 3 March 2023 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 18 [85]
110 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Mongolia 3,697 September 2020 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,300 [13]
111 Error creating thumbnail: File missing  Andorra 3,678 20 January 2023 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 923 [86]
112 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Brunei 3,664 February 2021 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,098 [32]
113 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Cameroon 3,459 2018 [78]
114 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Moldova 3,453 September 2020 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,500 [13]
115 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Bahrain 3,415 February 2020 [citation needed]
116 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Kyrgyzstan 2,910 September 2021 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,700 [13]
117 Error creating thumbnail: File missing  El Salvador 2,510 April 2021 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,062 [13]
118 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Papua New Guinea 2,339 2019 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,500 [78]
119 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Haiti 2,296 2023 Error creating thumbnail: File missing1,256 [65]
120 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Estonia 2,216 October 2020 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,900 [13]
121 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Sri Lanka 2,120 March 2023 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,224 [87]
122 Error creating thumbnail: File missing  Namibia 1,924 September 2020 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,025 [13]
123 Error creating thumbnail: File missing  Bahamas 1,758 2019 [78]
77 Error creating thumbnail: File missing  Kenya 9,490 20 October 2022 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,073 [88]
125 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Template:MAD 1,693 2019 [78]
126 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Montenegro 1,529 2019 [78]
127  Mauritania 1,493 2020 [78]
128 Error creating thumbnail: File missing  Tajikistan 1,466 2019 [78]
129 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Rwanda 1,465 2019 [78]
130 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Template:ZAM 1,449 2019 [78]
131 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Template:GUI 1,418 2019 [78]
132  Gabon 1,321 2019 [78]
133 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Cyprus 1,271 August 2020 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,200 [13]
142  Bhutan 970 2022 [78]
135 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Slovenia 1,217 October 2020 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,200 [13]
136 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Luxembourg 1,191 December 2020 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,034 [13]
137 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Laos 1,068 2019 [78]
138 Template:CUW 1,055 31 October 2019 [89][lower-alpha 17]
139  Fiji 1,043 2019 [78]
140  Niger 1,039 2015 [78][failed verification]
141 Template:ABW 982 2019 [78]
142  Kosovo 965 2019 [78]
143 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Malta 928 October 2020 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,030 [13]
144 Template:LES 774 2019 [78]
145 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Barbados 772 2019 [78]
146  Maldives 762 2018 [78]
147 File:Flag of Cape Verde.svg Cape Verde 737 2019 [78]
148  Gambia 692 2018 [78]
149 Error creating thumbnail: File missing  Palestine 683 August 2019 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,050 [13][lower-alpha 18]
150  Democratic Republic of the Congo 665 2018 [78]
151  Timor-Leste 656 2019 [78]
152 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Suriname 647 2019 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,065 [78]
153  Mali 624 2015 [78][failed verification]
154 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Guyana 573 2019 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,050 [78]
155 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Solomon Islands 571 2019 [78]
156 Error creating thumbnail: File missing File:Flag of the Seychelles.svg Seychelles 566 September 2020 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,031 [13]
157 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Sierra Leone 532 2019 [78]
158  Vanuatu 511 2019 [78]
159  Djibouti 501 2019 [78]
160 Error creating thumbnail: File missing San Marino 473 2019 [78]
161 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Error creating thumbnail: File missing Malawi 471 13 October 2021 Error creating thumbnail: File missing 0,350 [91]
162 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Eswatini 440 2019 [78]
163 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Republic of the Congo 423 2018 [78]
164 File:Flag of Syria.svg Syria 407 31 December 2017 [34]
165 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Federated States of Micronesia 397 2019 [78]
166 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Central African Republic 361 2018 [78]
167  Saint Kitts and Nevis 351 2018 [78]
168 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Liberia 349 2019 [78]
169  Guinea-Bissau 332 2015 [78][failed verification]
170  Antigua and Barbuda 279 2019 [78]
171 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Belize 277 2019 [78]
172 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Saint Lucia 260 2019 [78]
173  Yemen 245 31 December 2017 [34]
174 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Grenada 236 2019 [78]
175 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Tonga 229 2019 [78]
176 Template:TOG 215 31 December 2017 [34]
177  Comoros 202 2019 [78]
178 Template:VIN 193 2019 [78]
179  Eritrea 191 2019 [78]
180  Samoa 185 2019 [78]
181 Error creating thumbnail: File missing São Tomé and Príncipe 184 2020 [78]
182 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Sudan 177 2017 [78]
183 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Dominica 166 2019 [78]
184 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Senegal 152 31 December 2017 [34]
185  Zimbabwe 151 2019 [78]
186  Chad 147 2018 [78]
187  Burundi 111 2019 [78]
188 Error creating thumbnail: File missing South Sudan 73 2022 [78]
189 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Benin 60 31 December 2017 [34]
190 Template:MSR 49 31 December 2017 [34]
191  Equatorial Guinea 48 2018 [78]
192 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Burkina Faso 45 31 December 2017 [34]
193 Error creating thumbnail: File missing Somalia 32 31 December 2017 [34]
194  Kiribati 6 2020 [32]

Timeline of the top 5 countries

The five countries with the largest foreign exchange reserves almost all have reserves of at least 500 billion USD and higher and have maintained such an amount for at least a week. At present there are only six countries whose reserves are at such a figure; this includes China, Japan, Switzerland, India, Russia and Taiwan. Saudi Arabia formerly included on the list until March 2020; its reserves were severely depleted by the low oil price during the economic fallout of from the global outbreak of coronavirus disease, its ongoing oil price war with Russia and competition from US shale oil.[92]

The images below shows the timeline of their reserves since the earliest available forex data. The list is in accordance to their respective positions.

China

Foreign Exchange Reserves of China

The foreign-exchange reserves of China are the greatest of all countries and have been so for more than 14 years.[93][94] The main composition of Chinese forex reserves is approximately two-thirds USD and one-fifth Euros with the rest made up of Japanese Yen and the British Pound. China was the second country to reach $500 billion and the first to reach $1 trillion in reserves. China is also the only country that reached net reserves of $2 trillion and $3 trillion. Chinese forex reserve reached over $3.993 trillion and possibly reached $4 trillion before July 2014 but there was no official figures to confirm it.

China began reducing its forex reserves in July 2014 over concerns that the forex reserve level was too high. The practice lasted one and a half years. In January 2017, Chinese forex reserves dipped below $3 trillion briefly and have since remained above that level.

Japan

Foreign Exchange Reserves of Japan

Japanese forex reserves are the second largest in the world. Japan was the first country to reach $500 billion in reserves and had the highest forex reserves in the world until they were surpassed by China in 2006. They have remained in second place since 2006 and above $1 trillion since 2008, being the second country to surpass $1 trillion.[95]

Switzerland

Error creating thumbnail: File missing
Foreign Exchange Reserves of Switzerland in CHF

Swiss forex reserves are the third largest in the world. Switzerland became the fifth country to reach $500 Billion in 2014 after Saudi Arabia and the third country to reach $1 trillion at the end of 2020. Swiss reserves are compiled in Swiss francs. Since the Financial crisis of 2007-2008, the Swiss franc has significantly appreciated against other currencies due to Switzerland's traditional perceived safety which has attracted speculative foreign capital; due to the inflows of investment income by Swiss firms, and due to the large surplus in the trade of goods. In order to protect the real economy from the sudden speculative appreciation of the currency, the Swiss National Bank began intervening in the currency markets, first with an explicit target of a maximum exchange rate against the euro of 1.20CHF/EUR until 2015,[96] and then through implicit interventions. However, the resilience of the export sector and the continued inflows of capital, has meant that the Swiss Franc has kept appreciating.[97] As a result of this, the SNB has been unable to dispose of its large accumulated foreign exchange reserves since their sale would lead to an even greater appreciation of the currency.

Russia

Foreign Exchange Reserves of Russia

Russian reserves are the world's fourth largest; They have reached a level of $600 billion on 21 May 2021. They were the third country to reach $500 billion.[98] The first fall in reserves was due to the Great Recession, the second fall in 2015 was due to falling oil prices.

India

Error creating thumbnail: File missing
Foreign Exchange Reserves of India

The Foreign-exchange reserves of India are the fifth largest. On 4 June 2021 reserves exceeded $600 billion for the first time and they became the fifth country after Switzerland to do so.[99] During the 1991 Indian economic crisis country only had $5 billion of reserves left which led to subsequent economic liberalisation. Since then the reserves have seen a 127 times increase over 30 years.

Currency composition of foreign exchange reserves

IMF releases the quarterly data on the currency composition of official foreign exchange reserves. The data are reported to the IMF on a voluntary and confidential basis. As of Q4 2016, there are 146 reporters, consisting of IMF member countries, a number of non-member countries/economies, and other entities holding foreign exchange reserves. From Q4 2016, the data was expanded to include renminbi (RMB).[100] Monetary gold is not covered in COFER but included in reserved assets, a broader scope than that of COFER.[101]

Currency Composition of Foreign Exchange Reserves (COFER)
(US Dollars, billions)[100]
No. Currency Q1 2017 Q2 2017 Q3 2017 Q4 2017 Q1 2018 Q2 2018 Q3 2018 Q4 2018 Q1 2019 Q2 2019 Q3 2019 Q4 2019 Q1 2020 Q2 2020 Q3 2020 Q4 2020 Q1 2021 Q2 2021 Q3 2021 Q4 2021
1 United StatesUSD 5,713.35 5,909.13 6,124.73 6,280.61 6,530.87 6,560.78 6,632.15 6,617.84 6,727.09 6,752.28 6,728.85 6,674.83 6,794.91 - - 6,990.97 6,971.79 7,070.33 7,087.77 7,087.14
2 Error creating thumbnail: File missingEUR 1,703.13 1,847.19 1,933.68 2,019.25 2,117.57 2,129.41 2,192.43 2,219.34 2,208.79 2,264.88 2,212.74 2,279.30 2,197.30 - - 2,526.41 2,404.80 2,458.88 2,462.44 2,486.88
3 Error creating thumbnail: File missingJPY 399.85 427.79 435.67 491.01 477.28 511.52 532.94 558.36 584.63 611.87 612.75 631.00 624.97 - - 715.35 686.30 672.20 681.42 671.77
4 Error creating thumbnail: File missingGBP 377.89 409.48 434.08 454.12 486.13 469.86 481.10 475.45 495.70 497.41 492.22 511.51 486.08 - - 561.39 554.28 560.90 561.66 576.22
5 Error creating thumbnail: File missingRMB 95.42 100.00 108.37 123.47 145.67 192.75 192.38 202.79 212.26 212.80 213.83 215.81 221.48 - - 271.60 293.32 314.81 320.15 336.10
6 CanadaCAD 167.49 178.77 192.85 202.80 193.29 200.22 208.74 197.76 208.64 209.85 205.44 206.71 195.13 - - 246.57 250.01 270.01 264.29 286.93
7 Error creating thumbnail: File missingAUD 156.28 162.31 171.22 180.01 176.96 178.61 180.91 174.21 181.95 186.71 182.48 187.18 170.16 - - 216.87 214.89 218.44 214.26 218.02
8 Template:Country data SwissTemplate:Preview warningCHF 14.45 15.60 16.31 18.09 17.93 17.18 17.18 15.86 15.27 15.53 16.20 17.36 16.05 - - 20.74 19.44 23.13 23.77 24.51
Other currencies 208.28 209.55 228.81 244.69 256.46 254.62 269.60 266.07 263.50 270.56 262.92 281.50 255.53 - - 314.63 335.82 357.57 354.77 362.96
Unallocated Reserves 2,063.28 1,859.04 1,650.32 1,430.36 1,201.40 951.69 692.22 690.55 712.93 715.88 729.40 749.55 770.32 - - 841.14 851.50 865.83 860.67 886.73
Total 10,899.42 11,118.86 11,296.05 11,444.41 11,603.57 11,466.63 11,399.66 11,418.24 11,610.77 11,737.76 11,656.82 11,824.74 11,731.94 - - 12,705.67 12,582.14 12,812.12 12,831.20 12,937.27

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Increment and decrement icon of countries resets at end of month or till specific country releases its forex reserve data.
  2. ↑ Russian Federation releases both weekly and monthly data of its reserves.
  3. ↑ Indian reports are released on a weekly basis rather than the traditional monthly basis with the figures being of the previous week, by Reserve Bank of India.
  4. ↑ Known as the Republic of China
  5. ↑ Amount calculated on 24th September, 2022 when 1 SAR: 0.27 USD
  6. ↑ Amount calculated on 21th July, 2022 when 1 EUR : 1.02 USD
  7. ↑ Includes 261.499 million fine troy ounces of gold valued at a fixed price of $42.2222 per fine troy ounce. The US releases data on a weekly basis.
  8. ↑ Amount calculated on 8th Oct, 2022 when 1 Euro: 0.97 USD
  9. ↑ Reserves held by the UK Government and Bank of England.
  10. ↑ Amount calculated on 1 September 2022 when 1 AED : 0.27 USD; It is almost non-volatile for the last period of 1 yr. and the value is not fluctuated on large scale
  11. ↑ The Iranian government does not report the foreign exchange reserves as a matter of policy and all figures are estimates calculated by international or foreign institutes, which are occasionally endorsed by Iranian officials without disclosing the exact numbers.
  12. ↑ Not to be confused over 'Eurozone' ECB is the common bank of European countries that have opted for Euro as their common currency but eurozone includes the total amount of foreign reserves held by the different European countries central bank and provides collective data of all European members.
  13. ↑ Turkey releases both weekly and monthly data
  14. ↑ Including gold reserves valued @ $1,878.67 per fine troy ounce calculated on 30 October 2020
  15. ↑ Sweden releases both weekly and monthly data
  16. ↑ Amount calculated on 20 July 2022 when 1 Kuwaiti Dinar: 3.25 USD
  17. ↑ Figure reported in NAf (ANG), and derived using currency peg of 1USD to 1.79ANG.[90]
  18. ↑ Name in IMF data is "West Bank and Gaza".

References

  1. ↑ "Official Reserve Assets (2023)".
  2. ↑ https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/china-forex-reserves-fall-to-$3.133-trillion-in-feb-central-bank
  3. ↑ "International Reserves / Foreign Currency Liquidity". Ministry of Finance (Japan). Retrieved 10 March 2023.
  4. ↑ "Official reserve assets and other foreign currency assets". Swiss National Bank. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  5. ↑ "International Reserve Bank of India (End of period)". Central Bank of Russia. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  6. ↑ "Reserve Bank of India – Weekly Statistical Supplement". Reserve Bank of India. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
  7. ↑ "Foreign Exchange Reserves". Central Bank of the Republic of China (Taiwan). Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  8. ↑ "Reserve Assets". Saudi Central Bank. p. 23. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
  9. ↑ "International Reserves and Foreign Currency Liquidity". www.hkma.gov.hk/eng. Hong Kong Monetary Authority. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
  10. ↑ "Press Releases". www.kostat.go.kr. Statistics of Korea. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  11. ↑ "BANCO CENTRAL DO BRASIL - SDDS". www.bcb.gov.br. Central Bank of Brazil. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
  12. ↑ "Official Foreign Reserves". www.mas.gov.sg. Monetary Authority of Singapore. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
  13. ↑ 13.00 13.01 13.02 13.03 13.04 13.05 13.06 13.07 13.08 13.09 13.10 13.11 13.12 13.13 13.14 13.15 13.16 13.17 13.18 13.19 13.20 13.21 13.22 13.23 13.24 13.25 13.26 13.27 13.28 13.29 13.30 13.31 13.32 13.33 13.34 13.35 13.36 13.37 13.38 13.39 13.40 13.41 13.42 "International Reserves and Foreign Currency Liquidity" (PDF). data.imf.org. 30 January 2023.
  14. ↑ "Official reserve assets and other foreign currency assets". www.bundesbank.de. Deutsche Bundesbank. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
  15. ↑ "U.S. International Reserve Position". United States Department of the Treasury. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  16. ↑ "International reserves". Bank of France. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
  17. ↑ "International Reserves". Bank of Thailand. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
  18. ↑ d'Italia, Banca. "Bank of Italy - Official reserves". www.bancaditalia.it. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
  19. ↑ "Italy Foreign exchange reserves, billion currency units, September, 2022 - data, chart".
  20. ↑ "Foreign Exchange Reserves at the Bank of Israel". Bank of Israel. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
  21. ↑ "Reservas internacionales se ubican muy cerca de su nivel máximo histórico". GOB.mx (in español). Retrieved 21 July 2022.
  22. ↑ "Statistical releases". Bank of England. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
  23. ↑ "Online Document Viewer | Free GroupDocs Apps".
  24. ↑ "Narodowy Bank Polski - Internet Information Service". www.nbp.pl. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  25. ↑ "ČNB". Czech National Bank. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
  26. ↑ "Monetary Indicators". Bank of Indonesia. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
  27. ↑ "Monthly Official International Reserves". Central Bank of the United Arab Emirates. Central Bank of the United Arab Emirates. Retrieved 10 September 2022.
  28. ↑ "Iraq's foreign exchange reserves rise to 115 billion USD". Retrieved 12 February 2023.
  29. ↑ "International Reserves and Foreign Currency Liquidity". Bank Negara Malaysia. 13 January 2023. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
  30. ↑ "Monthly Official International Reserves". Department of Finance, Canada. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
  31. ↑ "Special Data Dissemination Standards, Economic and Financial Data for the Philippines". Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 32.5 32.6 32.7 32.8 "International Liquidity selected indicators". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  33. ↑ "Spain International Reserves & Foreign Liquidity" (PDF). Retrieved 23 July 2022.
  34. ↑ 34.00 34.01 34.02 34.03 34.04 34.05 34.06 34.07 34.08 34.09 34.10 "The World Factbook: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold". Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 13 June 2007.
  35. ↑ "European Central Bank". European Central Bank. 12 June 2017. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
  36. ↑ "INTERNATIONAL RESERVES AND FOREIGN CURRENCY LIQUIDITY - IMF COMPILATION". www.nationalbanken.dk. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
  37. ↑ "Official Website, International reserve". Central Reserve bank of Peru. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  38. ↑ "Net International reserve, CRB-Peru" (PDF). Central Reserve bank of Peru. p. 16. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  39. ↑ "Management of Foreign Exchange Reserves". Norges Bank. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  40. ↑ "TCMB - International Reserves and Foreign Currency Liquidity". www.tcmb.gov.tr. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
  41. ↑ "Official Website, International reserve" (PDF). Central bank of Libya. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  42. ↑ "Press Releases - International Reserves (monthly series - €)". BNR - National Bank of Romania (www.bnr.ro). Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  43. ↑ "Romania - International Reserve and Foreign Currency Liquidity (monthly series - US$)". International Monetary Fund (IMF). Retrieved 20 February 2022.
  44. ↑ "Official Reserve Assets". Reserve Bank of Australia. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  45. ↑ "Official reserve assets (weekly report)". Sveriges Riksbank. 9 March 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  46. ↑ "Selected euro area statistics and national breakdowns". European Central Bank. 26 October 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
  47. ↑ "Central Bank of Kuwait: Monthly". www.cbk.gov.kw. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  48. ↑ "Monthly Monetary Bulletin". Qatar Central Bank. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  49. ↑ "Foreign reserves fall to $40.66 billion on Xmas week". 22 December 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
  50. ↑ "Argentina paga vencimiento de capital de casi 1.900 millones de dólares al FMI" (in español). Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  51. ↑ "CBE announces decrease of $ 3.91 bln in foreign reserves". 7 December 2021.
  52. ↑ "International Reserves - Foreign Exchange Liquidity". Hungarian National Bank.
  53. ↑ "International Reserves of the Republic of Uzbekistan". Central Bank of Uzbekistan. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  54. ↑ "Foreign Exchange Reserves (Monthly) by Bangladesh Bank". Central Bank of Bangladesh. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
  55. ↑ "National Bank of Ukraine". Retrieved 8 February 2023.
  56. ↑ "Croatia's c-bank FX reserves up 28% y/y at end-Novt". SeeNews. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
  57. ↑ "International reserves".
  58. ↑ "Official Statistics Summary Page". Monetary Authority of Macao. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
  59. ↑ "Kingdom has 36.5 tonnes of gold and $19.5 billion in FX reserves, says NBC". KhmerTimes. 23 July 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
  60. ↑ "Serbian c-bank's FX reserves rise m/m in November". SeeNews. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
  61. ↑ "CBO 2021 FX Reserves Reach $18 Billion". Retrieved 28 December 2021.
  62. ↑ "Central Bank of Uruguay". Retrieved 16 January 2021.
  63. ↑ "Selected euro area statistics and national breakdowns". 26 October 2020.
  64. ↑ "Reservas internacionais liquidas fixam-se em 98 mil milhoes usd no final de 2021" (in português). 2 January 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 65.2 65.3 "¿Qué país de América Latina posee las mayores reservas internacionales?". ElDinero.com (in español). Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  66. ↑ "Lebanon needs $12-15 bn to kickstart recovery: central bank". France24. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  67. ↑ "Ghana: BoG Purchases 280 Kilogrammes of Gold to Shore Up Exchange Foreign Reserves".
  68. ↑ "Nepal Foreign Exchange Reserves". Ceic. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
  69. ↑ "Bosnia c-bank net FX reserves rise 19.7% y/y in Oct" – via SeeNews.
  70. ↑ "Reservas internacionales suman $8,462.6 millones" (in español). Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  71. ↑ "Ecuador alcanzó una cifra récord en sus reservas internacionales" (in español) – via Infobae.
  72. ↑ "Северная Корея распродает золотой запас". Retrieved 17 July 2018.
  73. ↑ "Official External Reserves". Central Bank of Ireland. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
  74. ↑ "Foreign Reserves Monthly". Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  75. ↑ "T&T's net foreign reserves now stand at US$7 billion - Trinidad Guardian".
  76. ↑ "Apetito institucional por dólares drena las reservas internacionales" (in español). Retrieved 12 December 2021.
  77. ↑ "Tanzania: Record Forex Reserves Spark Optimism".
  78. ↑ 78.00 78.01 78.02 78.03 78.04 78.05 78.06 78.07 78.08 78.09 78.10 78.11 78.12 78.13 78.14 78.15 78.16 78.17 78.18 78.19 78.20 78.21 78.22 78.23 78.24 78.25 78.26 78.27 78.28 78.29 78.30 78.31 78.32 78.33 78.34 78.35 78.36 78.37 78.38 78.39 78.40 78.41 78.42 78.43 78.44 78.45 78.46 78.47 78.48 78.49 78.50 78.51 78.52 78.53 78.54 78.55 78.56 78.57 78.58 "Total reserves (includes gold, current US$) - Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  79. ↑ "José Guerra: Nivel de reservas reales del Banco Central de Venezuela están en "situación crítica"" (in español). 18 November 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  80. ↑ "Albania's c-bank FX reserves flattish y/y in Oct – table". SeeNews.
  81. ↑ "Uganda's Foreign Exchange Reserve Rises to Shs15 Trillion".
  82. ↑ "ceicdata.com".
  83. ↑ "Las reservas internacionales brutas de Nicaragua alcanzan $4,000.6 millones" (in español).
  84. ↑ "las Reservas Internacionales $3,538 millones y Divisas $ 372 millones" (PDF) (in español). 8 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
  85. ↑ "SBP weekly forex reserves update" (PDF). SeeNews.
  86. ↑ "Data" (PDF). State Bank of Pakistan. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
  87. ↑ "Weekly Economic Indicators". Central Bank of Sri Lanka. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
  88. ↑ "Total reserves (includes gold, current US$) - Kenya". The World Bank. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  89. ↑ "Weekly International Reserve Statement". centralbank.cw. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  90. ↑ "Netherlands Antillian Guilder". onada.com. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  91. ↑ "Malawi State of Forex Reserves Remains Sloppy". 14 October 2021.
  92. ↑ "Saudi reserves fastest fall in two decades". 29 April 2020.
  93. ↑ Bradsher, Keith (18 February 2016). "China's Foreign Exchange Reserves Dwindling Rapidly". The New York Times – via NYTimes.com.
  94. ↑ Babones, Salvatore. "China Is Sitting On $3 Trillion In Currency Reserves, But Is That Enough?". Forbes.
  95. ↑ Terada, Shinichi (8 March 2008). "Forex reserves pass $1 trillion milestone". The Japan Times.
  96. ↑ https://www.snb.ch/en/mmr/reference/pre_20150115/source/pre_20150115.en.pdf Template:Bare URL PDF
  97. ↑ Revill, John (30 November 2021). "Analysis: Swiss franc rises to six year high as central bank stands back | Reuters". Reuters.
  98. ↑ "Russian Reserves March Toward $600 Billion As Sanction Threats Loom, Fitch Says". www.rferl.org.
  99. ↑ "India's forex reserves crosses half trillion for the first time".
  100. ↑ 100.0 100.1 "IMF Data - Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves (COFER)". International Monetary Fund. 30 March 2018.
  101. ↑ " ". data.imf.org. Retrieved 22 August 2020.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_by_foreign-exchange_reserves&oldid=380860"
Discover more