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{{Short description|17th century battle in India}}
{{Short description|1665 battle in India}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Infobox Military Conflict
{{Infobox Military Conflict
| conflict          = Battle of Purandar
| conflict          = Battle of Purandar
| partof            = [[Imperial Maratha Conquests]]
| partof            = [[List of battles involving the Mughal Empire|Mughal conquests]]
| date              = 31 March 1665 – 12 June 1665
| date              = {{start and end dates|1665|3|31|1665|6|11|df=yes}}<ref name="w860">{{cite web | title=History of Medieval Deccan | first=H. K. | last=Sherwani | url=https://ia801501.us.archive.org/33/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.127053/2015.127053.History-Of-Medieval-Deccan-Vol-i-1295-1724_text.pdf | access-date=12 November 2025 | page=568}}</ref> {{nwr|({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=03|day1=31|year1=1665|month2=6|day2=11|year2=1665}})}}
| place            = [[Purandar Fort|Purandar]]
| place            = [[Purandar Fort|Purandar]]
| territory        =  
| territory        = Mughals occupy 23 forts of Marathas
| result            = [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] victory
| result            = [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] victory<ref name=SC>{{Cite book|first=Satish|last=Chandra|title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II|publisher=Har Anand Publications|year=2005|pages=316|isbn=9788124110669 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC&q=satish+chandra|quote=After the disgrace of Shaista Khan and Shivaji's raid on Surat....Aurangzeb appointed Mirza Raja Jai Singh, who was one of his trusted noble...he was given an army of 12,000.....Jai Singh was not only given full military authority....he was made the viceroy of the Deccan in place of Prince Muazzam...in order to isolate Shivaji, and even tried to win over the Sultan of Bijapur....he also induced some of the Maratha deshmukhs...marching to Pune, Jai Singh decided to strike at the heart of Shivaji's territories....Jai Singh closely besieged Purandar, (1665) beating off all Maratha attempts to relieve it. With the fall of the fort in sight, and no relief likely from any quarter, Shivaji opened negotiations with Jai Singh.}}</ref><Ref>
* [[Shivaji]] surrenders.<ref name="purandar"/>
{{cite book|url=http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges|page=825|publisher=Greenwood Press|author=Jacques, Tony|date=30 November 2006|isbn=978-0-313-33536-5|archive-date=26 June 2015|access-date=28 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626120848/http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0|url-status=dead}}
</ref><ref name="pjt"/>
| status            =  
| status            =  
| combatant1        = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Maratha Empire]]
| combatant1        = [[Maratha Empire|Maratha kingdom]]
| combatant2        = [[File:Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_(triangular).svg|25px]] [[Mughal Empire]]
| combatant2        = [[Mughal Empire]]
| commander1        = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Shivaji]] {{Surrendered}}<br>[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Murarbaji]]{{KIA}}
| commander1        = [[Shivaji]]<br>[[Murarbaji]]{{KIA}}
| commander2        = [[File:Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_(triangular).svg|25px]] [[Jai Singh I|Jai Singh]]<br>[[File:Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_(triangular).svg|25px]] [[Diler Khan]]
| commander2        = [[Jai Singh I|Jai Singh]]<br>[[Diler Khan]]
| strength1        =  
| strength1        = Unknown
| strength2        = 14,000
| strength2        = 12,000<ref name=SC/>
| casualties1      =  
| casualties1      =  
| casualties2      =  
| casualties2      =  
| notes            =  
| notes            =  
| image            = The Surrender of Shivaji Maharaj to the Mughal noblemen Mirza Raja Jai Singh I at Purandar. Painted by Mueller.jpg
| caption          = The Surrender of [[Shivaji]] to [[Jai Singh I|Mirza Raja Jai Singh I]] at [[Purandar Fort|Purandar]].
}}
}}
{{Campaignbox Later Mughal-Maratha Wars}}
The '''Battle of Purandar''' was fought between the [[Mughal Empire]] and the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] in 1665.
The '''Battle of Purandar''' was fought between the [[Mughal Empire]] and [[Maratha Empire]] in 1665. The Mughal Emperor, [[Aurangzeb]], appointed [[Jai Singh I|Jai Singh]] to lead a 14,000 strong army against Shivaji and deputed several Mughal commanders like Dilir Khan, Rai Singh, Sujan Singh and Daud Khan to serve Jai Singh in his campaign.<ref name=JS>[https://books.google.com/books?id=WYFrgILWbIgC&dq=jadunath+sarkar+jai+singh+shivaji&pg=PA80 Shivaji and His Times By Jadunath Sarkar] p.80</ref> to besiege [[Shivaji]]'s fortress at [[Purandar Fort|Purandar]]. After [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] forces killed [[Maratha]] General, [[Murarbaji]] on 2 June 1665, [[Shivaji]] surrendered and gave up 23 of his fortresses But soon he regained all his strength and all the fortresses that he lost in the Battle Of Purandar.<ref name="purandar">{{cite book|url=http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges|page=825|publisher=Greenwood Press|author= Jacques, Tony|date=30 November 2006 |isbn=978-0-313-33536-5}}</ref>{{Verify quote|date=May 2023}}


[[File:Jai Singh and Shivaji.jpg|thumb|[[Jai Singh I]] of [[Jaipur State|Amber]] receiving [[Shivaji]] a day before concluding the Treaty of Purandar (12 June 1665).]]
== Background ==
The Mughal Emperor, [[Aurangzeb]], appointed [[Jai Singh I|Jai Singh]] to lead a 12,000-man army against Maratha king [[Shivaji]]. [[Shaista Khan]] and [[Bahadur Shah I|Muazzam]] were both replaced by Jai Singh after their failure against Shivaji in previous campaigns. Jai Singh was given full military power and made viceroy of [[Deccan]] by the Mughal Emperor.<ref name="SC" />


==Background==
==Siege ==
Shivaji Maharaj attacked six Mughal generals at [[Lal Mahal]] of Poona (Now Pune). Then Shivaji Maharaj sacked [[Surat]], a prosperous port city back then which inhabited lots of rich merchants from all parts of India, China, Turkey, England and the Netherlands. Shivaji Maharaj got huge amount of wealth in this loot. Later, in 1665 Aurangzeb sent his general Mirza Raja [[Jai Singh I|Jai Singh]] to subdue Shivaji Maharaj and the [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Adil Shahi]] dynasty.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |title=Shivaji And His Times lo |publisher=Longmass, Green and co. |year=1920 |edition=Second |location=New York, United States of America |language=en}}</ref>


==Siege of Purandar==
Jai Singh started his campaign by isolating Shivaji; he persuaded some Maratha nobles to join him and offered to reduce the tribute of the [[Bijapur Sultanate]] if they joined him. Jai Singh then besieged Purandar and beat off all Maratha attempts to relieve the fort. In 1665, [[Shivaji]] sued for peace.<ref name="pjt">{{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=Ashirbadi Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f6k9AAAAIAAJ |title=The Mughal Empire, 1526-1803 A.D. |date=1964 |publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala |pages=376–379 |language=en |quote=After Jai Singh had promised him a safe conduct Shivaji proceeded on the morning of 24th June 1665, to meet the Rajput general in his camp. Jai Singh, however, sent word that unless Shivaji agreed to hand over all his forts, he need not come for an interview. Shivaji agreed and proceeded on and was welcomed at the door of the tents by Jai Singh's Bakhshi. Jai Singh himself advanced a few steps, embraced Shivaji, and seated him by his side. Jai Singh had instructed Diler Khan and Kirat Singh to bunch an attack on Purandar, while Shivaji was with him so as to convince the latter of the hopelessness of the Maratha position.}}</ref> Shivaji is noted to have said when receiving Jai Singh: <ref name="EralyA"/><ref>{{cite book | last=Sardesai | first=H. S. | title=Shivaji, the Great Maratha  | publisher=Cosmo Publications| publication-place=New Delhi|volume=2 | date=2002 | isbn=978-81-7755-284-3|page=347|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=deHZAUDHzYwC&pg=PA347}}</ref>
Jai Singh besieged Purandar fort in 1665. He won the neighbouring Vajragad fort in the middle of April. He surrounded Purandar and attacked the walls of the fort with cannons. Marathas fought bravely. The commandant [[Murarbaji]] fought courageously. He with his selected 700 fighters made a sortie on Diler Khan, who was only second in command after Mirza Rajah Jai Singh. Diler Khan with his 5000 Afghans and some more troop of other races was trying to climb the hill. Marathas marched forward and attacked these Mughal enemy from all sides and fought severe fighting at close quarters. Murar Baji and his Maratha men slew 500 Pathan and Bahlia infantrymen. Murar Baji rushed towards Diler Khan. The later offered him high post under him and promised his life. Murar indignantly refused and was going to strike Diler Khan when the latter shot him down with an arrow.
{{Blockquote|"I have come as a guilty slave to seek forgiveness, and it is for you either to pardon or to kill me at your pleasure. I will make over my great forts, with the country of Konkan, to the Emperor's officers, and I will send you my son to enter the imperial service. As for myself, I hope that after the interval of one year, when I have paid my respects to the Emperor, I may be allowed, like other servants of the State who exercise authority in their own provinces, to live with my wife and family in a small fort or two. Whenever and wherever my services are required. I will on receiving orders, discharge my duty loyally."}}
The garrison continued the struggle. But due to the firing of cannons 5 towers and one stockade won by enemies. The garrison was heavily outnumbered against the numerically superior Mughals. They suffered huge casualties in the fight that lasted two months. Shivaji found it futile to prolong and resist. The families of Maratha officers were sheltered inside the fort, so its capture would cause captivity. Due to this, Shivaji decided to meet Jai Singh and offer terms of peace. If these were rejected, he would make alliance with Adil Shah by restoring Konkan and continuing war against the Mughals with renewed vigour.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}


After winning the '''Battle of Purandar''', Mughals go to take [[Sanganer]] Fort, but Marathas did not give [[Sanganer]] Fort, then [[Diler Himmat Khan]] attacked [[Sanganer]] Fort and captured the fort, and 30,000 were killed in that fort<sup>[[H|[1]]]</sup>{{Verify quote|date=May 2023}}
== Aftermath ==
In the [[Treaty of Purandar (1665)|Treaty of Purandar]], signed by Shivaji and Jai Singh on 11 June 1665, Shivaji agreed to give up 23 of his forts, keeping 12 for himself, and pay compensation of 400,000 gold [[Pagoda (coin)|hun]] to the Mughals.{{sfn|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960|p=258}} Shivaji agreed to become a vassal of the Mughal empire, and to send his son Sambhaji, along with 5,000 horsemen, to fight for the Mughals in the Deccan, as a ''[[mansabdar]]''.{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|p=77}}{{sfn|Gordon|1993|p=74}}


== Treaty of Purandar ==
Sambhaji was taken as a political prisoner to ensure compliance with the treaty. Shivaji himself wished to be excused from attending the court but agreed to send his son [[Sambhaji]].<ref name="lal" >{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Jaswant Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813 |date=2005-01-01 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-1-932705-54-6 |pages=47 |language=en}}</ref>  To this end, he wrote letters to Aurangzeb, requesting forgiveness for his actions and security for himself along with a robe of honour. He also requested Jai Singh to support him in getting his crimes pardoned by the emperor, stating "Now you are protector and a father to me, so I beg you to fulfil the ambition of your son."<ref>{{cite book | last=Wink | first=André |author-link=Andre Wink|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kGL3IQAACAAJ| title=Land and Sovereignty in India - Agrarian Society and Politics under the Eighteenth-Century Maratha Svarājya| publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | publication-place=[[Cambridge]] | date=2007-12-03 | isbn=978-0-521-05180-4 | series=Volume 36 of University of Cambridge Oriental Publications|page=58|chapter=Brahman,king and emperor|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/landsovereigntyi0000wink/page/9/mode/1up}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|publisher=Books India International|title= Shivaji, Bhakha Sources and Nationalism|year= 2001|author= Mahendra Pratap Singh|author-link=Mahendra Pratap Singh|page=201}}</ref> On September 15, 1665, Aurangzeb granted his request and sent him a letter and a firman along with a robe of honor. Shivaji responded with a letter thanking the emperor:<ref name="EralyA">{{cite book|title=Emperors Of The Peacock Throne The Saga of the Great Moghuls|first=Abraham |last=Eraly|author-link=Abraham Eraly|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kPQs8llvkC|page=661|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|year=2007|chapter=The Maratha Nemesis|isbn=978-93-5118-093-7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kPQs8llvkC&pg=PT629}}</ref>
[[File:On the way to Purandar.jpg|thumb|[[Shivaji]] On the way to meet [[Jai Singh I]].]]
{{Blockquote|Shiva, the meanest of life-devoting slaves who wears the ring of servitude in his ear and the carpet of obedience on his shoulder—like an atom ... [acknowledges] the goodnews of his eternal happiness, namely favours from the Emperor ... This sinner and evil-doer did not deserve that his offences should be forgiven or his faults covered up. But the grace and favour of the Emperor have conferred on him a new life and unimaginable honour ...}}
The ''Treaty of Purandar'' was signed on 11 June 1665, between [[Jai Singh I]], commander of the [[Mughal Empire]], and [[Shivaji]]. Shivaji Maharaj was forced to sign the agreement after Jai Singh besieged [[Purandar fort]]. When Shivaji Maharaj realised that war with the [[Mughal Empire]] would only cause damage to his empire with possibility of his men suffering heavy losses, he chose to enter the treaty instead of leaving his men under the Mughals.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}


===Terms===
In the treaty, Shivaji also agreed to help the Mughals against Bijapur,<ref name="lal"/>  by sending some Maratha officers with Jai Singh against Bijapur. After the failed campaign against Bijapur, Jai Singh arranged a meeting between Aurangzeb and Shivaji, which proved to be a disaster, allowing Shivaji to escape and a renewal of the war between the Mughals and the Marathas.<ref name="SC" />
Following are the main points of the treaty:
# Shivaji kept twelve forts, along with an area worth an income of 100,000 (1 [[lakh]]) huns.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}
# Shivaji was required to help the Mughals whenever and wherever required{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}.
# Shivaji's son [[Sambhaji]] was tasked with the command of a 5,000-strong force to fight for Mughals as Mansabdar.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}
# If Shivaji wanted to claim the Konkan area under [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapur]]'s control, he would have to pay 4 million (40 lakh) hons to the Mughals.
# He had to give up his 23 forts, which include [[Purandar fort|Purandar]], Rudramal, [[Kondana]], [[Karnala Fort|Karnala]], [[Lohagad]], [[Visapur|Isagad]], Tung, [[Tikona]], [[Rohida fort]], Nardurga, [[Mahuli]], Bhandardurga, Palaskhol, Rupgad, Bakhtgad, Morabkhan, [[Manikgad (Raigad)]], Saroopgad, [[Sagargad]], Marakgad, [[Ghangad|Ankola]], [[Songad]], and [[Fort Mangad|Mangad]]. {{citation needed|date=May 2021}}
 
Along with these requirements, Shivaji agreed to visit [[Agra]] to meet [[Aurangzeb]] for further political talks.
 
== Aftermath ==
Jai Singh stopped his attack on Purandar, allowing 7000 residents of the fort to come out which included 4000 Maratha warriors. Shivaji handed over his forts to Jai Singh. Later Shivaji and his forces fought along with Jai Singh against Adil Shah of Bijapur but failed to win.Later Shivaji travelled to Agra to Aurangzeb's court. But Aurangzeb put him under house arrest for a few months. Shivaji managed to escape and returned home. Aurangzeb blamed Jai Singh's son Ram Singh for Shivaji's escape and demoted him.<ref name=":0" />


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
== Sources ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation |last=Gordon |first=Stewart |author-link=Stewart N. Gordon |title=The Marathas 1600–1818 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C |date=1993 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-26883-7 }}
* {{citation |last1=Haig |first1=Wolseley | author1-link = Wolseley Haig | last2=Burn |first2=Richard | author2-link = Richard Burn (Indologist) |title=The Cambridge History of India, Volume IV: The Mughal Period |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoI8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA258 |year=1960 |orig-year=first published 1937 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |ref={{sfnref|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960}} }}
* {{citation |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |title=History of Aurangzib: Based on Original Sources |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M3NHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA77 |year=1920 |publisher=Longmans, Green and Company |ref={{sfnref|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920}} |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar }}
{{refend}}


{{MarathaEmpire}}
{{MarathaEmpire}}
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[[Category:1665 in India]]
[[Category:1665 in India]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire|Purandar]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire|Purandar]]
[[Category:1660s in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:History of Pune district]]

Latest revision as of 03:35, 13 November 2025

Battle of Purandar
Part of Mughal conquests

The Surrender of Shivaji to Mirza Raja Jai Singh I at Purandar.
Date31 March – 11 June 1665 (1665-03-31 – 1665-06-11)[1] Template:Nwr
Location
Purandar
Result Mughal victory[2][3][4]
Territorial
changes		 Mughals occupy 23 forts of Marathas
Belligerents
Maratha kingdom Mughal Empire
Commanders and leaders
Shivaji
Murarbaji †		 Jai Singh
Diler Khan
Strength
Unknown 12,000[2]

The Battle of Purandar was fought between the Mughal Empire and the Marathas in 1665.

Background[edit | edit source]

The Mughal Emperor, Aurangzeb, appointed Jai Singh to lead a 12,000-man army against Maratha king Shivaji. Shaista Khan and Muazzam were both replaced by Jai Singh after their failure against Shivaji in previous campaigns. Jai Singh was given full military power and made viceroy of Deccan by the Mughal Emperor.[2]

Siege[edit | edit source]

Jai Singh started his campaign by isolating Shivaji; he persuaded some Maratha nobles to join him and offered to reduce the tribute of the Bijapur Sultanate if they joined him. Jai Singh then besieged Purandar and beat off all Maratha attempts to relieve the fort. In 1665, Shivaji sued for peace.[4] Shivaji is noted to have said when receiving Jai Singh: [5][6]

"I have come as a guilty slave to seek forgiveness, and it is for you either to pardon or to kill me at your pleasure. I will make over my great forts, with the country of Konkan, to the Emperor's officers, and I will send you my son to enter the imperial service. As for myself, I hope that after the interval of one year, when I have paid my respects to the Emperor, I may be allowed, like other servants of the State who exercise authority in their own provinces, to live with my wife and family in a small fort or two. Whenever and wherever my services are required. I will on receiving orders, discharge my duty loyally."

Aftermath[edit | edit source]

In the Treaty of Purandar, signed by Shivaji and Jai Singh on 11 June 1665, Shivaji agreed to give up 23 of his forts, keeping 12 for himself, and pay compensation of 400,000 gold hun to the Mughals.[7] Shivaji agreed to become a vassal of the Mughal empire, and to send his son Sambhaji, along with 5,000 horsemen, to fight for the Mughals in the Deccan, as a mansabdar.[8][9]

Sambhaji was taken as a political prisoner to ensure compliance with the treaty. Shivaji himself wished to be excused from attending the court but agreed to send his son Sambhaji.[10] To this end, he wrote letters to Aurangzeb, requesting forgiveness for his actions and security for himself along with a robe of honour. He also requested Jai Singh to support him in getting his crimes pardoned by the emperor, stating "Now you are protector and a father to me, so I beg you to fulfil the ambition of your son."[11][12] On September 15, 1665, Aurangzeb granted his request and sent him a letter and a firman along with a robe of honor. Shivaji responded with a letter thanking the emperor:[5]

Shiva, the meanest of life-devoting slaves who wears the ring of servitude in his ear and the carpet of obedience on his shoulder—like an atom ... [acknowledges] the goodnews of his eternal happiness, namely favours from the Emperor ... This sinner and evil-doer did not deserve that his offences should be forgiven or his faults covered up. But the grace and favour of the Emperor have conferred on him a new life and unimaginable honour ...

In the treaty, Shivaji also agreed to help the Mughals against Bijapur,[10] by sending some Maratha officers with Jai Singh against Bijapur. After the failed campaign against Bijapur, Jai Singh arranged a meeting between Aurangzeb and Shivaji, which proved to be a disaster, allowing Shivaji to escape and a renewal of the war between the Mughals and the Marathas.[2]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Sherwani, H. K. "History of Medieval Deccan" (PDF). p. 568. Retrieved 12 November 2025.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Chandra, Satish (2005). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II. Har Anand Publications. p. 316. ISBN 9788124110669. After the disgrace of Shaista Khan and Shivaji's raid on Surat....Aurangzeb appointed Mirza Raja Jai Singh, who was one of his trusted noble...he was given an army of 12,000.....Jai Singh was not only given full military authority....he was made the viceroy of the Deccan in place of Prince Muazzam...in order to isolate Shivaji, and even tried to win over the Sultan of Bijapur....he also induced some of the Maratha deshmukhs...marching to Pune, Jai Singh decided to strike at the heart of Shivaji's territories....Jai Singh closely besieged Purandar, (1665) beating off all Maratha attempts to relieve it. With the fall of the fort in sight, and no relief likely from any quarter, Shivaji opened negotiations with Jai Singh.
  3. ↑ Jacques, Tony (30 November 2006). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges. Greenwood Press. p. 825. ISBN 978-0-313-33536-5. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Srivastava, Ashirbadi Lal (1964). The Mughal Empire, 1526-1803 A.D. Shiva Lal Agarwala. pp. 376–379. After Jai Singh had promised him a safe conduct Shivaji proceeded on the morning of 24th June 1665, to meet the Rajput general in his camp. Jai Singh, however, sent word that unless Shivaji agreed to hand over all his forts, he need not come for an interview. Shivaji agreed and proceeded on and was welcomed at the door of the tents by Jai Singh's Bakhshi. Jai Singh himself advanced a few steps, embraced Shivaji, and seated him by his side. Jai Singh had instructed Diler Khan and Kirat Singh to bunch an attack on Purandar, while Shivaji was with him so as to convince the latter of the hopelessness of the Maratha position.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Eraly, Abraham (2007). "The Maratha Nemesis". Emperors Of The Peacock Throne The Saga of the Great Moghuls. Penguin Books Limited. p. 661. ISBN 978-93-5118-093-7.
  6. ↑ Sardesai, H. S. (2002). Shivaji, the Great Maratha. Vol. 2. New Delhi: Cosmo Publications. p. 347. ISBN 978-81-7755-284-3.
  7. ↑ Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period 1960, p. 258.
  8. ↑ Sarkar, History of Aurangzib 1920, p. 77.
  9. ↑ Gordon 1993, p. 74.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Mehta, Jaswant Lal (2005-01-01). Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-932705-54-6.
  11. ↑ Wink, André (2007-12-03). "Brahman,king and emperor". Land and Sovereignty in India - Agrarian Society and Politics under the Eighteenth-Century Maratha Svarājya. Volume 36 of University of Cambridge Oriental Publications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-521-05180-4.
  12. ↑ Mahendra Pratap Singh (2001). Shivaji, Bhakha Sources and Nationalism. Books India International. p. 201.

Sources[edit | edit source]

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