Gopa (caste): Difference between revisions

Gopa
Gopa
Kuladevta (male)	Shri Krishna
Religions	Hinduism
Languages	Varies depending on region
Populated states	India, Nepal

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Latest revision as of 15:18, 30 January 2026

Gopa or Gop or Gope is a synonym of a caste in India and Nepal.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] It is generally used as a title by the yadav/Ahir caste in the states of Bihar in India^[5]^[6]^[7] and the Terai region of Nepal.^[8]

Etymology[edit | edit source]

The Sanskrit word Gopa,^[9] originally meant only a cowherd; it then came to mean the head of cowpen and lastly the chief of a tribe.^[10]^[11]

Origin and history[edit | edit source]

Buddhaswami, an ancient scholar, in his Brhatkathaslokasamgraha has mentioned the story of an Abhira who lived in a 'Ghosha' where both the terms 'Abhira' and 'Gopa' have been used for the same people.^[12]

The Amarakosha lists Gopa, Gopala, Gosamkhya, Godhuk, and Ballava as synonyms for Abhira and states that the village or settlement where Abhiras lived was called Ghosa or Abhirapalli.^[13]

Gwalior was known as Gopagiri in ancient and early medieval times, as mentioned in inscriptions by rulers such as Mihirkula^[14]^[15] and in an 876 AD inscription of Bhoja Deva,^[16] which suggest some kind of association of this place with pastoral communities like the Gopas.^[17]

Dynasties, chieftaincy & zamindari[edit | edit source]

Gopala-Gupta dynasty and Mahisapala dynasty of Nepal.^[18]^[19]
Sadgope Dynasty of Gopbhum.^[20] It had two Sadgope (Gopa) kings, one ruled from Amrargar and other from Dhekur (also known as Trisasthigar).^[21]^[22]^[23]
Sadgope rulers of Midnapore Raj, Narajole Raj, Narayangarh and Balrampur in Bengal.^[24]^[25]^[26]
Gopa or Ahir chieftain of Murho Estate, Parasadi Estate, Belwarganj Estate, Ranipatti Estate, Tintanga Estate in Bihar.^[27]^[28]^[29]

Gop Jatiye Mahasabha[edit | edit source]

Gop Jatiye Mahasabha was formed by Babu Rash Bihari Lal Mandal in 1911, It was the regional organization of Gope or Ahir caste of Bihar.^[30]^[31]^[32] Later, the All-India Yadav Mahasabha was formed by merging the Gop Jatiye Mahasabha and other regional organisation of Ahirs. AIYM first National Conference was held in Purnea, Bihar on 17 to 20 April 1924.^[33]

References[edit | edit source]

↑ Singh, K. S. (2008). People of India: Bihar (2 pts.). Anthropological Survey of India. ISBN 978-81-85579-09-2.
↑ Rao, M. S. A. (1987). Social Movements and Social Transformation: A Study of Two Backward Classes Movements in India. Manohar. ISBN 978-0-8364-2133-0.
↑ Madhusudan Das (1980). Madhusudan Das, the Legislator: His Speeches. Pragati Utkal Sangha.
↑ Dalip Kumar (2007). Rural Development and Social Change: Thoughts of Swami Sahajanand. Deep & Deep Publications. pp. 106–. ISBN 978-81-8450-000-4.
↑ Singh, Kumar Suresh (2008). People of India: Bihar, including Jharkhand (2 pts). Anthropological Survey of India. ISBN 978-81-7046-303-0.
↑ Singh, Kumar Suresh (1998). India's Communities. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-563354-2.
↑ Singh, Santosh (9 October 2015). Ruled or Misruled: Story and Destiny of Bihar. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-93-85436-42-0.
↑ Yadav, Sohan Ram (1992). Rural and Agrarian Social Structure of Nepal. Commonwealth Publishers. ISBN 978-81-7169-174-6.
↑ Alexander, James Bradun (1893). The Dynamic Theory of Life and Mind: An Attempt to Show that All Organic Beings are Both Constructed and Operated by the Dynamic Agencies of Their Respective Environments. Housekeeper Press.
↑ Humboldt library of science. no. 131 | pt. 2, 1890. Humboldt Publishing Company. 1890.
↑ Rogozin, Z. A. (2005). Vedic India: As Embodied Principally In The Rigveda. Cosmo Publications. ISBN 978-81-307-0085-4.
↑ Yadav, J. N. Singh (2001). Yadavas of South India. Yadava Publications. p. 8.
↑ Sharma, Tej Ram (1978). Personal and Geographical Names in the Gupta Inscriptions. Concept Publishing Company. p. 126.
↑ Balogh, Dániel (12 March 2020). Hunnic Peoples in Central and South Asia: Sources for their Origin and History. Barkhuis. ISBN 978-94-93194-01-4.
↑ Misra, B. D. (1993). Forts and Fortresses of Gwalior and Its Hinterland. Manohar Publishers and Distributors. p. 6. ISBN 978-81-7304-047-4.
↑ Cunningham, Alexander (6 December 2022). Archeological Survey of India: Vol. II. BoD – Books on Demand. ISBN 978-3-368-13568-3.
↑ Basant, P. K. (2012). The City and the Country in Early India: A Study of Malwa. Primus Books. p. 64. ISBN 978-93-80607-15-3.
↑ Nepālī Saṃskr̥ta abhilekhoṃ kā Hindī anuvāda (in हिन्दी). Īsṭarna Buka Liṅkarsa. 1985. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
↑ Satyal, Yajna Raj (1988). Tourism in Nepal: A Profile. Nath Publishing House. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
↑ Bengal (India), West (1965). West Bengal District Gazetteers: Barddhamān. State editor, West Bengal District Gazetteers.
↑ Smith, William L. (1980). The One-eyed Goddess: A Study of the Manasā Maṅgal. Almqvist & Wiksell International. ISBN 978-91-22-00408-0.
↑ McLane, John R. (25 July 2002). Land and Local Kingship in Eighteenth-Century Bengal. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52654-8.
↑ McLane, John R. (25 July 2002). Land and Local Kingship in Eighteenth-Century Bengal. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52654-8. Archived from the original on 23 March 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
↑ Bandyopadhyay, Sekhar (1 July 2004). Caste, Culture and Hegemony: Social Dominance in Colonial Bengal. SAGE Publications India. ISBN 978-81-321-0407-0.
↑ Gupta, Swarupa (2009). Notions of Nationhood in Bengal: Perspectives on Samaj, C. 1867-1905. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-17614-0.
↑ The Journal of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. 1970.
↑ Datta, Kalikinkar (1957). History of the Freedom Movement in Bihar. Government of Bihar.
↑ Jha, Shashi Shekhar (1972). Political Elite in Bihar. Vora. p. 308. ISBN 978-0-8426-0365-2.
↑ "A village that symbolises Bihar". www.rediff.com. Archived from the original on 12 February 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
↑ Madhusudan Das (1980). Madhusudan Das, the Legislator: His Speeches. Archived 2023-03-17 at the Wayback Machine Pragati Utkal Sangha.
↑ Banerjee, Supurna; Ghosh, Nandini (17 September 2018). Caste and Gender in Contemporary India: Power, Privilege and Politics-Google Books. ISBN 9780429783951. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
↑ Alam, Jawaid (January 2004). Government and Politics in Colonial Bihar, 1921-1937. ISBN 8170999790. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
↑ Banerjee, Supurna; Ghosh, Nandini (17 September 2018). Caste and Gender in Contemporary India: Power, Privilege and Politics. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-429-78395-1.

[1] Singh, K. S. (2008). People of India: Bihar (2 pts.). Anthropological Survey of India. ISBN 978-81-85579-09-2.

[2] Rao, M. S. A. (1987). Social Movements and Social Transformation: A Study of Two Backward Classes Movements in India. Manohar. ISBN 978-0-8364-2133-0.

[Das1980-3] Madhusudan Das (1980). Madhusudan Das, the Legislator: His Speeches. Pragati Utkal Sangha.

[Kumar2007-4] Dalip Kumar (2007). Rural Development and Social Change: Thoughts of Swami Sahajanand. Deep & Deep Publications. pp. 106–. ISBN 978-81-8450-000-4.

[5] Singh, Kumar Suresh (2008). People of India: Bihar, including Jharkhand (2 pts). Anthropological Survey of India. ISBN 978-81-7046-303-0.

[6] Singh, Kumar Suresh (1998). India's Communities. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-563354-2.

[7] Singh, Santosh (9 October 2015). Ruled or Misruled: Story and Destiny of Bihar. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-93-85436-42-0.

[8] Yadav, Sohan Ram (1992). Rural and Agrarian Social Structure of Nepal. Commonwealth Publishers. ISBN 978-81-7169-174-6.

[9] Alexander, James Bradun (1893). The Dynamic Theory of Life and Mind: An Attempt to Show that All Organic Beings are Both Constructed and Operated by the Dynamic Agencies of Their Respective Environments. Housekeeper Press.

[10] Humboldt library of science. no. 131 | pt. 2, 1890. Humboldt Publishing Company. 1890.

[11] Rogozin, Z. A. (2005). Vedic India: As Embodied Principally In The Rigveda. Cosmo Publications. ISBN 978-81-307-0085-4.

[12] Yadav, J. N. Singh (2001). Yadavas of South India. Yadava Publications. p. 8.

[13] Sharma, Tej Ram (1978). Personal and Geographical Names in the Gupta Inscriptions. Concept Publishing Company. p. 126.

[14] Balogh, Dániel (12 March 2020). Hunnic Peoples in Central and South Asia: Sources for their Origin and History. Barkhuis. ISBN 978-94-93194-01-4.

[15] Misra, B. D. (1993). Forts and Fortresses of Gwalior and Its Hinterland. Manohar Publishers and Distributors. p. 6. ISBN 978-81-7304-047-4.

[16] Cunningham, Alexander (6 December 2022). Archeological Survey of India: Vol. II. BoD – Books on Demand. ISBN 978-3-368-13568-3.

[17] Basant, P. K. (2012). The City and the Country in Early India: A Study of Malwa. Primus Books. p. 64. ISBN 978-93-80607-15-3.

[18] Nepālī Saṃskr̥ta abhilekhoṃ kā Hindī anuvāda (in हिन्दी). Īsṭarna Buka Liṅkarsa. 1985. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2021.

[19] Satyal, Yajna Raj (1988). Tourism in Nepal: A Profile. Nath Publishing House. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2021.

[20] Bengal (India), West (1965). West Bengal District Gazetteers: Barddhamān. State editor, West Bengal District Gazetteers.

[21] Smith, William L. (1980). The One-eyed Goddess: A Study of the Manasā Maṅgal. Almqvist & Wiksell International. ISBN 978-91-22-00408-0.

[22] McLane, John R. (25 July 2002). Land and Local Kingship in Eighteenth-Century Bengal. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52654-8.

[23] McLane, John R. (25 July 2002). Land and Local Kingship in Eighteenth-Century Bengal. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52654-8. Archived from the original on 23 March 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2021.

[24] Bandyopadhyay, Sekhar (1 July 2004). Caste, Culture and Hegemony: Social Dominance in Colonial Bengal. SAGE Publications India. ISBN 978-81-321-0407-0.

[25] Gupta, Swarupa (2009). Notions of Nationhood in Bengal: Perspectives on Samaj, C. 1867-1905. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-17614-0.

[26] The Journal of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. 1970.

[27] Datta, Kalikinkar (1957). History of the Freedom Movement in Bihar. Government of Bihar.

[28] Jha, Shashi Shekhar (1972). Political Elite in Bihar. Vora. p. 308. ISBN 978-0-8426-0365-2.

[29] "A village that symbolises Bihar". www.rediff.com. Archived from the original on 12 February 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2021.

[30] Madhusudan Das (1980). Madhusudan Das, the Legislator: His Speeches. Archived 2023-03-17 at the Wayback Machine Pragati Utkal Sangha.

[31] Banerjee, Supurna; Ghosh, Nandini (17 September 2018). Caste and Gender in Contemporary India: Power, Privilege and Politics-Google Books. ISBN 9780429783951. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2020.

[32] Alam, Jawaid (January 2004). Government and Politics in Colonial Bihar, 1921-1937. ISBN 8170999790. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2020.

[33] Banerjee, Supurna; Ghosh, Nandini (17 September 2018). Caste and Gender in Contemporary India: Power, Privilege and Politics. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-429-78395-1.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|Social community of East India}}
+{{Short description|Synonyms of Ahirs in India and Nepal}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
 {{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
-'''Gopa''' or '''Gop''' or '''Gope''' is a synonym of the [[Yadav]] ([[Ahir]]) caste.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=K. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdf_JXMklV0C&q=Gope|title=People of India: Bihar (2 pts.)|date=2008|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=978-81-85579-09-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=M. S. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWEiAQAAMAAJ&q=abhir+gopa |title=Social Movements and Social Transformation: A Study of Two Backward Classes Movements in India |date=1987 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-0-8364-2133-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Das1980">{{cite book|author=Madhusudan Das|title=Madhusudan Das, the Legislator: His Speeches|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0t21AAAAIAAJ&q=gope+ahir|year=1980|publisher=Pragati Utkal Sangha}}</ref><ref name="Kumar2007">{{cite book|author=Dalip Kumar|title=Rural Development and Social Change: Thoughts of Swami Sahajanand|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=23eYY4sR3KQC&pg=PA106|year=2007|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|isbn=978-81-8450-000-4|pages=106–}}</ref> It is generally used as a title by the Ahir caste in the states of [[Bihar]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Santosh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SVu8CgAAQBAJ&dq=gope+rai+yadav&pg=PT112 |title=Ruled or Misruled: Story and Destiny of Bihar |date=2015-10-09 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-93-85436-42-0 |language=en}}</ref> [[Jharkhand]] and [[West Bengal]] of East India<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Kumar Suresh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UhAwAQAAIAAJ&q=gope+rai|title=People of India: Bihar, including Jharkhand (2 pts)|date=2008|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=978-81-7046-303-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kumar Suresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jHQMAQAAMAAJ&q=gope+ahir |title=India's Communities |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-563354-2 |language=en}}</ref> and even in [[Terai]] region of Nepal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yadav |first=Sohan Ram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HeUbAAAAIAAJ&q=gope+rai+yadav |title=Rural and Agrarian Social Structure of Nepal |date=1992 |publisher=Commonwealth Publishers |isbn=978-81-7169-174-6 |language=en}}</ref>
 {{Infobox caste
-| caste_name       = Gopa (Ahir)
+| caste_name       = Gopa
 | kula_daivat      = [[Shri Krishna]]
-| subdivisions     = [[Krishnaut]], [[Majhraut]], [[Sadgop]], Kannaujia, Gauriya etc
+| subdivisions     =
-| populated_states = [[India]] and [[Nepal]]
+| populated_states = [[India]], [[Nepal]]
 | religions        = [[Hinduism]]
 | languages        = Varies depending on region
 |classification    =
 | related          =
 }}
+'''Gopa''' or '''Gop''' or '''Gope''' is a synonym of a caste in [[India]] and [[Nepal]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=K. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdf_JXMklV0C&q=Gope|title=People of India: Bihar (2 pts.)|date=2008|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=978-81-85579-09-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=M. S. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWEiAQAAMAAJ&q=abhir+gopa |title=Social Movements and Social Transformation: A Study of Two Backward Classes Movements in India |date=1987 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-0-8364-2133-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Das1980">{{cite book|author=Madhusudan Das|title=Madhusudan Das, the Legislator: His Speeches|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0t21AAAAIAAJ&q=gope+ahir|year=1980|publisher=Pragati Utkal Sangha}}</ref><ref name="Kumar2007">{{cite book|author=Dalip Kumar|title=Rural Development and Social Change: Thoughts of Swami Sahajanand|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=23eYY4sR3KQC&pg=PA106|year=2007|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|isbn=978-81-8450-000-4|pages=106–}}</ref> It is generally used as a title by the yadav/Ahir caste in the states of [[Bihar]] in India<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Kumar Suresh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UhAwAQAAIAAJ&q=gope+rai|title=People of India: Bihar, including Jharkhand (2 pts)|date=2008|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=978-81-7046-303-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kumar Suresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jHQMAQAAMAAJ&q=gope+ahir |title=India's Communities |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-563354-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Santosh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SVu8CgAAQBAJ&dq=gope+rai+yadav&pg=PT112 |title=Ruled or Misruled: Story and Destiny of Bihar |date=2015-10-09 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-93-85436-42-0 |language=en}}</ref> and the [[Terai]] region of Nepal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yadav |first=Sohan Ram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HeUbAAAAIAAJ&q=gope+rai+yadav |title=Rural and Agrarian Social Structure of Nepal |date=1992 |publisher=Commonwealth Publishers |isbn=978-81-7169-174-6 |language=en}}</ref>
 ==Etymology==
-The Sanskrit word Gopa,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Alexander|first=James Bradun|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YDIzAQAAMAAJ&dq=gopa+meaning&pg=PA916|title=The Dynamic Theory of Life and Mind: An Attempt to Show that All Organic Beings are Both Constructed and Operated by the Dynamic Agencies of Their Respective Environments|date=1893|publisher=Housekeeper Press|language=en}}</ref> originally meant only a cowherd; it then came to mean the head of cowpen and lastly the chief of a tribe.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zb0FAAAAIAAJ&q=Gopa|title=Humboldt library of science. no. 131 {{!}} pt. 2, 1890|date=1890|publisher=Humboldt Publishing Company|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Rogozin|first=Z. A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r0E-dZx-eMcC&dq=gopa+meaning&pg=PA64|title=Vedic India: As Embodied Principally In The Rigveda|date=2005|publisher=Cosmo Publications|isbn=978-81-307-0085-4|language=en}}</ref>
+The [[Sanskrit]] word Gopa,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Alexander|first=James Bradun|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YDIzAQAAMAAJ&dq=gopa+meaning&pg=PA916|title=The Dynamic Theory of Life and Mind: An Attempt to Show that All Organic Beings are Both Constructed and Operated by the Dynamic Agencies of Their Respective Environments|date=1893|publisher=Housekeeper Press|language=en}}</ref> originally meant only a cowherd; it then came to mean the head of cowpen and lastly the chief of a tribe.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zb0FAAAAIAAJ&q=Gopa|title=Humboldt library of science. no. 131 {{!}} pt. 2, 1890|date=1890|publisher=Humboldt Publishing Company|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Rogozin|first=Z. A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r0E-dZx-eMcC&dq=gopa+meaning&pg=PA64|title=Vedic India: As Embodied Principally In The Rigveda|date=2005|publisher=Cosmo Publications|isbn=978-81-307-0085-4|language=en}}</ref>
 ==Origin and history==
-===Kingdom===
+Buddhaswami, an ancient scholar, in his Brhatkathaslokasamgraha has mentioned the story of an [[Abhira people|Abhira]] who lived in a 'Ghosha' where both the terms 'Abhira' and 'Gopa' have been used for the same people.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yadav |first=J. N. Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lXU_AAAAMAAJ&q=gopa+ghosa+abhira |title=Yadavas of South India |date=2001 |publisher=Yadava Publications |pages=8 |language=en}}</ref>
-[[File:Gopegarh Fort.jpg|thumb|Gopegarh in [[Midnapore]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gopegarh Eco Park: Where nature is your only companion|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/69131/gopegarh-eco-park-where-nature-is-your-only-companion|access-date=2021-03-09|website=www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/|language=en|archive-date=2022-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224134208/https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/69131/gopegarh-eco-park-where-nature-is-your-only-companion|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
-* [[Gopala Dynasty]] and [[Mahisapala dynasty]] of Nepal, it was established by the Gopa or Abhira.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4kAaAAAAYAAJ&q=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA+|title=Nepālī Saṃskr̥ta abhilekhoṃ kā Hindī anuvāda|date=1985|publisher=Īsṭarna Buka Liṅkarsa|language=hi|access-date=2021-03-29|archive-date=2023-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317092624/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=4kAaAAAAYAAJ&dq=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA+|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Satyal|first=Yajna Raj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rehKAAAAYAAJ&q=gopal+dynasty+gopas|title=Tourism in Nepal: A Profile|date=1988|publisher=Nath Publishing House|language=en|access-date=2021-03-29|archive-date=2023-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317092642/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=rehKAAAAYAAJ&dq=gopal+dynasty&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=gopal+dynasty+gopas|url-status=live}}</ref>
+The [[Amarakosha]] lists Gopa, Gopala, Gosamkhya, Godhuk, and Ballava as synonyms for [[Abhira people|Abhira]] and states that the village or settlement where Abhiras lived was called Ghosa or Abhirapalli.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Tej Ram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WcnnB-Lx2MAC&dq=gopa+abhira&pg=PA126 |title=Personal and Geographical Names in the Gupta Inscriptions |date=1978 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |pages=126 |language=en}}</ref>
-* Sadgop Dynasty of [[Gopbhum]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Bengal (India)|first=West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hJm3AAAAIAAJ&q=gopbhum|title=West Bengal District Gazetteers: Barddhamān|date=1965|publisher=State editor, West Bengal District Gazetteers|language=en}}</ref> It had two Sadgop (Gopa) kings, one ruled from [[Amrargar]] and other from Dhekur (also known as Trisasthigar).<ref>{{cite book|last=Smith|first=William L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UOZiAAAAMAAJ&q=gopa+king|title=The One-eyed Goddess: A Study of the Manasā Maṅgal|date=1980|publisher=Almqvist & Wiksell International|isbn=978-91-22-00408-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=McLane|first=John R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YH6ijJnUPmcC&q=Gopbhum|title=Land and Local Kingship in Eighteenth-Century Bengal|date=2002-07-25|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52654-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=McLane|first=John R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YH6ijJnUPmcC|title=Land and Local Kingship in Eighteenth-Century Bengal|date=2002-07-25|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52654-8|language=en|access-date=2021-03-10|archive-date=2021-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323000943/https://books.google.com/books/about/Land_and_Local_Kingship_in_Eighteenth_Ce.html?id=YH6ijJnUPmcC|url-status=live}}</ref>
-* Sadgop rulers of [[Midnapore Raj]] and [[Narajole Raj]].
-* Sadgop Kings of [[Narayangarh, Paschim Medinipur|Narayangarh]] and Balrampur.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bandyopadhyay|first=Sekhar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GPqHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA51|title=Caste, Culture and Hegemony: Social Dominance in Colonial Bengal|date=2004-07-01|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=978-81-321-0407-0|language=en}}</ref>
-* Gopa (Ahir) chieftain and zamindari of [[Murho Estate]], Parasadi Estate, Belwarganj Estate, Ranipatti Estate, Tintanga Estate, Surul Raj, Hadal-Narayanpur Estate, Kalikapura Raj etc. in Bihar and West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A village that symbolises Bihar|url=https://www.rediff.com/election/2005/feb/11spec2.htm|access-date=2021-02-21|website=www.rediff.com|archive-date=2022-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212191951/https://www.rediff.com/election/2005/feb/11spec2.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Murho|url=http://wikimapia.org/15643355/Murho|access-date=2021-02-21|website=wikimapia.org|language=en|archive-date=2019-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509142637/http://wikimapia.org/15643355/Murho|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=This Ancient Rajbari Might Soon Be Listed On The Heritage Tourism Map of Incredible India|url=https://www.whatshot.in/kolkata/the-narajole-rajbari-to-carve-out-a-niche-on-the-heritage-tourism-map-c-16133|access-date=2021-03-08|website=Whats Hot|language=en|archive-date=2023-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317092629/https://www.whatshot.in/kolkata/the-narajole-rajbari-to-carve-out-a-niche-on-the-heritage-tourism-map-c-16133|url-status=live}}</ref>
-==Gop Jatiye Mahasabha==
+[[Gwalior]] was known as Gopagiri in ancient and early medieval times, as mentioned in inscriptions by rulers such as [[Mihirakula|Mihirkula]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Balogh |first=Dániel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=frnVDwAAQBAJ&dq=gopa+inscription&pg=PA346 |title=Hunnic Peoples in Central and South Asia: Sources for their Origin and History |date=2020-03-12 |publisher=Barkhuis |isbn=978-94-93194-01-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Misra |first=B. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lihuAAAAMAAJ&q=gopagiri |title=Forts and Fortresses of Gwalior and Its Hinterland |date=1993 |publisher=Manohar Publishers and Distributors |isbn=978-81-7304-047-4 |pages=6 |language=en}}</ref> and in an 876 AD inscription of Bhoja Deva,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cunningham |first=Alexander |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6DegEAAAQBAJ&dq=gopagiri&pg=PA336 |title=Archeological Survey of India: Vol. II |date=2022-12-06 |publisher=BoD – Books on Demand |isbn=978-3-368-13568-3 |language=en}}</ref> which suggest some kind of association of this place with pastoral communities like the Gopas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Basant |first=P. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KOJ8aT3xYPoC&q=gopagiri+gopas&pg=PA64 |title=The City and the Country in Early India: A Study of Malwa |date=2012 |publisher=Primus Books |isbn=978-93-80607-15-3 |pages=64 |language=en}}</ref>
-Gop Jatiye Mahasabha was formed by Babu Ras Bihari Lal Mandal in 1911, It was the regional organization of Gope or Ahir caste of Bihar, Bengal & Orissa.<ref>Madhusudan Das (1980). [https://books.google.com/books?id=0t21AAAAIAAJ&q=gope Madhusudan Das, the Legislator: His Speeches.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317092628/https://books.google.co.in/books?redir_esc=y&id=0t21AAAAIAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=gope |date=2023-03-17 }} Pragati Utkal Sangha.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h6xvDwAAQBAJ|title=Caste and Gender in Contemporary India: Power, Privilege and Politics-Google Books|isbn=9780429783951|access-date=14 June 2020|last1=Banerjee|first1=Supurna|last2=Ghosh|first2=Nandini|date=17 September 2018|archive-date=17 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317092625/https://books.google.com/books?id=h6xvDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BSceVSL-3C8C|title=Government and Politics in Colonial Bihar, 1921-1937|access-date=14 June 2020|isbn=8170999790|last1=Alam|first1=Jawaid|date=January 2004|archive-date=17 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317092648/https://books.google.com/books?id=BSceVSL-3C8C|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Later, the [[All-India Yadav Mahasabha]] was formed by merging the Gop Jatiye Mahasabha and [[Ahir Yadav Kshatriya Mahasabha|Ahir/Yadav Kshatriya Mahasabha]]. AIYM first National Conference was held in Purnea, Bihar on 17 to 20 April 1924.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Banerjee|first1=Supurna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h6xvDwAAQBAJ|title=Caste and Gender in Contemporary India: Power, Privilege and Politics|last2=Ghosh|first2=Nandini|date=2018-09-17|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-429-78395-1|language=en}}</ref>
+===Dynasties, chieftaincy & zamindari===
+* [[Gopala dynasty|Gopala-Gupta dynasty]] and [[Mahisapala dynasty]] of Nepal.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4kAaAAAAYAAJ&q=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA+|title=Nepālī Saṃskr̥ta abhilekhoṃ kā Hindī anuvāda|date=1985|publisher=Īsṭarna Buka Liṅkarsa|language=hi|access-date=2021-03-29|archive-date=2023-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317092624/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=4kAaAAAAYAAJ&dq=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA+|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Satyal|first=Yajna Raj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rehKAAAAYAAJ&q=gopal+dynasty+gopas|title=Tourism in Nepal: A Profile|date=1988|publisher=Nath Publishing House|language=en|access-date=2021-03-29|archive-date=2023-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317092642/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=rehKAAAAYAAJ&dq=gopal+dynasty&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=gopal+dynasty+gopas|url-status=live}}</ref>
+* Sadgope Dynasty of [[Gopbhum]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Bengal (India)|first=West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hJm3AAAAIAAJ&q=gopbhum|title=West Bengal District Gazetteers: Barddhamān|date=1965|publisher=State editor, West Bengal District Gazetteers|language=en}}</ref> It had two Sadgope (Gopa) kings, one ruled from [[Amrargar]] and other from Dhekur (also known as Trisasthigar).<ref>{{cite book|last=Smith|first=William L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UOZiAAAAMAAJ&q=gopa+king|title=The One-eyed Goddess: A Study of the Manasā Maṅgal|date=1980|publisher=Almqvist & Wiksell International|isbn=978-91-22-00408-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=McLane|first=John R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YH6ijJnUPmcC&q=Gopbhum|title=Land and Local Kingship in Eighteenth-Century Bengal|date=2002-07-25|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52654-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=McLane|first=John R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YH6ijJnUPmcC|title=Land and Local Kingship in Eighteenth-Century Bengal|date=2002-07-25|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52654-8|language=en|access-date=2021-03-10|archive-date=2021-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323000943/https://books.google.com/books/about/Land_and_Local_Kingship_in_Eighteenth_Ce.html?id=YH6ijJnUPmcC|url-status=live}}</ref>
+* Sadgope rulers of [[Midnapore Raj]], [[Narajole Raj]], [[Narayangarh, Paschim Medinipur|Narayangarh]] and Balrampur in Bengal.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bandyopadhyay|first=Sekhar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GPqHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA51|title=Caste, Culture and Hegemony: Social Dominance in Colonial Bengal|date=2004-07-01|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=978-81-321-0407-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Swarupa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AGSuVgPH9T4C&q=sadgop+kornagar&pg=PA289 |title=Notions of Nationhood in Bengal: Perspectives on Samaj, C. 1867-1905 |date=2009 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-17614-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKFRAQAAIAAJ&q=Sadgopas+Karnagarh |title=The Journal of Asian Studies |date=1970 |publisher=Association for Asian Studies |language=en}}</ref>
+* Gopa or Ahir chieftain of [[Murho Estate]], Parasadi Estate, Belwarganj Estate, Ranipatti Estate, Tintanga Estate in Bihar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Kalikinkar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nAdXAAAAMAAJ&q=gope+murho |title=History of the Freedom Movement in Bihar |date=1957 |publisher=Government of Bihar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Shashi Shekhar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AVTMNbEDp8EC&q=gope+ranipatti |title=Political Elite in Bihar |date=1972 |publisher=Vora |isbn=978-0-8426-0365-2 |pages=308 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=A village that symbolises Bihar|url=https://www.rediff.com/election/2005/feb/11spec2.htm|access-date=2021-02-21|website=www.rediff.com|archive-date=2022-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212191951/https://www.rediff.com/election/2005/feb/11spec2.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
-==Present circumstances==
+==Gop Jatiye Mahasabha==
-Gopa or Ahir are mainly a landholding community and they are rich cultivators in Indian state of Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Bandyopadhyay|first1=Suraj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1OIpYyzBTlsC&pg=PA24|title=Models for Social Networks With Statistical Applications|last2=Rao|first2=A. R.|last3=Sinha|first3=Bikas Kumar|last4=Sinha|first4=Bikas K.|date=2011|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-1-4129-4168-6|language=en|access-date=2021-03-09|archive-date=2023-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317092619/https://books.google.com/books?id=1OIpYyzBTlsC&pg=PA24|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Gop Jatiye Mahasabha was formed by Babu [[Rash Bihari Lal Mandal]] in 1911, It was the regional organization of Gope or Ahir caste of Bihar.<ref>Madhusudan Das (1980). [https://books.google.com/books?id=0t21AAAAIAAJ&q=gope Madhusudan Das, the Legislator: His Speeches.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317092628/https://books.google.co.in/books?redir_esc=y&id=0t21AAAAIAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=gope |date=2023-03-17 }} Pragati Utkal Sangha.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h6xvDwAAQBAJ|title=Caste and Gender in Contemporary India: Power, Privilege and Politics-Google Books|isbn=9780429783951|access-date=14 June 2020|last1=Banerjee|first1=Supurna|last2=Ghosh|first2=Nandini|date=17 September 2018|archive-date=17 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317092625/https://books.google.com/books?id=h6xvDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BSceVSL-3C8C|title=Government and Politics in Colonial Bihar, 1921-1937|access-date=14 June 2020|isbn=8170999790|last1=Alam|first1=Jawaid|date=January 2004|archive-date=17 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317092648/https://books.google.com/books?id=BSceVSL-3C8C|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, the [[All-India Yadav Mahasabha]] was formed by merging the Gop Jatiye Mahasabha and other regional organisation of Ahirs. AIYM first National Conference was held in [[Purnia|Purnea]], Bihar on 17 to 20 April 1924.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Banerjee|first1=Supurna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h6xvDwAAQBAJ|title=Caste and Gender in Contemporary India: Power, Privilege and Politics|last2=Ghosh|first2=Nandini|date=2018-09-17|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-429-78395-1|language=en}}</ref>
 ==See also==
@@ Line 40: / Line 37: @@
 * [[Ahir]]
 * [[Bihari Ahir]]
+* [[Yadavs of Nepal]]
 * [[Sadgop]]
 ==References==
 {{Reflist}}
-[[Category:Hindu mythology]]
 [[Category:Ahir|Yadav]]
 [[Category:Hindu communities]]