Punjab States Agency: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Agency of British India}}
{{About|a historical group of states in British India|other uses of the name|Punjab (disambiguation)}}
{{About|a historical group of states in British India|other uses of the name|Punjab (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name =  
| native_name           =  
|conventional_long_name = Punjab States Agency
| conventional_long_name = Punjab States Agency
|common_name = Punjab States Agency
| common_name           = Punjab States Agency
|nation = [[British India]]
| nation                 = [[British India]]
|status_text = British Residency
| status_text           = British Residency
|era = New Imperialism
| era                   = New Imperialism
|year_start = 1921
| year_start             = 1921
|date_start =  
| date_start             =  
|event_start=  
| event_start           =  
|year_end = 1947
| year_end               = 1947
|date_end =  
| date_end               =  
|event_end= [[Partition of India|British withdrawal from India]]
| event_end             = [[Partition of India|British withdrawal from India]]
|event1 =  
| event1                 =  
|date_event1 =  
| date_event1           =  
|p1         =  
| p1                     =  
|s1         = Patiala and East Punjab States Union
| s1                     = Patiala and East Punjab States Union
|s2         = Himachal Pradesh
| s2                     = Himachal Pradesh
|s3         = Bilaspur State (1950–54)
| s3                     = Bilaspur State (1950–54)
|s4         = Bahawalpur (princely state)
| s4                     = Bahawalpur (princely state)
|flag_p1   =  
| flag_p1               =  
|flag_s1   = Patiala and East Punjab States Union - PEPSU logo.jpg
| flag_s1               = Patiala and East Punjab States Union - PEPSU logo.jpg
|flag_s2   =  
| flag_s2               =  
|flag_s3   = Flag of State of Bahawalpur.svg
| flag_s3               = Flag of State of Bahawalpur.svg
|image_flag =  
| image_flag             = British Raj Red Ensign.svg
|image_coat = Arms of British Punjab.jpg
| image_coat             = Arms of British Punjab.jpg
|image_map = Punjab 1909.jpg
| image_map             = Punjab 1909.jpg
|image_map_caption = Map of the [[Punjab (British India)|British Punjab]] in 1909.
| image_map_caption     = Map of the [[Punjab (British India)|British Punjab]] in 1909.
|stat_area1 = 86430
| stat_area1             = 86430
|stat_year1 = 1921
| stat_year1             = 1921
|stat_pop1 = 465493
| stat_pop1             = 465493
|today     = [[Punjab,Pakistan|Punjab]],[[Pakistan]]
| today                 = In [[Pakistan]]: [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]; in [[India]]: [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]
 
|footnotes =<!----It was a smaller British controlled agency consist mainly of Brahmins, Punjabis, and others which were its main residents---->
| footnotes             = <!----It was a smaller British controlled agency consist mainly of Brahmins, Punjabis, and others which were its main residents---->
}}
}}


The '''Punjab States Agency''' was a political office of the [[British Raj|British Indian Empire]]. The agency was created in 1921, on the model of the [[Central India Agency]] and [[Rajputana Agency]], and dealt with forty [[princely states]] in northwest India formerly dealt with by the [[British India|British province]] of the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite book|author=David P. Henige|title=Princely states of India: a guide to chronology and rulers|publisher=Orchid Press|year=2004|isbn=978-974-524-049-0}}</ref><ref>[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_A-J.html Princely States of India]</ref><ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Punjab |volume=22}}</ref>
The '''Punjab States Agency''' was an agency of the [[British Raj]]. The agency was created in 1921, on the model of the [[Central India Agency]] and [[Rajputana Agency]], and dealt with forty [[princely states]] in northwest India formerly dealt with by the Province of [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite book|author=David P. Henige|title=Princely states of India: a guide to chronology and rulers|publisher=Orchid Press|year=2004|isbn=978-974-524-049-0}}</ref><ref>[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_A-J.html Princely States of India]</ref><ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Punjab |volume=22}}</ref>


After 1947, most of the states chose to [[Instrument of Accession|accede]] to the [[Dominion of India]], the rest to the [[Dominion of Pakistan]].
After 1947, all of the states chose to [[Instrument of Accession|accede]] to the [[Dominion of India]], except [[Bahawalpur (princely state)|Bahawalpur]], which acceded to the [[Dominion of Pakistan]].


== History ==
== History ==
{{Princely States topics}}
{{Princely States topics}}


The princely states had come under the [[suzerainty]] of the British crown after the [[Anglo-Nepalese War]] of 1814–16 and went on to be known as the Punjab Native States and the Simla Hill States. They later came into direct diplomatic relations with the British province of [[Punjab region|Punjab]], with the exception of [[Tehri Garhwal State]], which had a connection instead with the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]].<ref>V. Verma, ''The Emergence of Himachal Pradesh: A Survey of Constitutional Developments'', pp. 41-42</ref>
After the 1809 [[Treaty of Amritsar (1809)|Treaty of Amritsar]], most [[Cis-Sutlej states]] came under British protection. Following the First Anglo-Sikh War and the [[Treaty of Lahore]] & [[Treaty of Amritsar (1846)|amritsar]] in 1846, several princely states such as [[Kapurthala]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], and the hill states between the Beas and Ravi—previously part of the Sikh Empire—also came under British influence and were administered under the Punjab. [[Chamba State|Chamba]] was added to Jammu in 1846 but was separated from Jammu and established as a separate state in 1847. Jammu and Kashmir remained under the administration of the Punjab State until 1877, when it was placed under the direct political control of the Government of British India.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 20, page 333 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V20_339.gif |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918074647/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V20_339.gif |archive-date=18 September 2020 |access-date=20 February 2021 |work=uchicago.edu}}</ref>


While the hill princely states south of the Sutlej came under the suzerainty of the British crown after the [[Anglo-Nepalese War]] of 1814–16 and became known as the Punjab Native States and the [[Simla Hill States]]. They later entered into direct diplomatic relations with the British province of Punjab, with the exception of [[Tehri Garhwal State]], which maintained a connection with the United Provinces.
[[File:Photograph of the Lt. Governor of Punjab, Sir Dennis Fitzpatrick, with rulers of princely-states, Lahore, 1894.jpg|thumb|Photograph of the Lt. Governor of Punjab, [[Dennis Fitzpatrick (civil servant)|Sir Dennis Fitzpatrick]], with rulers of princely-states, namely Faridkot, Sirmur, Nabha, Patiala, Bahawalpur, Jind, Kapurthala, and Malerkotla, Lahore, 1894]]
The Punjab States Agency was established in 1921 out of the previous Punjab Native States, which had received advice from the Lieutenant Governor of [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], and the [[Simla Hill States]], advised by the Deputy Commissioner of [[Simla district]].<ref>John Hutchison and JP Vogel, ''History of Punjab Hill states''; Lahore 1933</ref> The agency was created under the direct authority of the Governor General of India, with its headquarters in [[Shimla]].<ref>Ramesh Chandra Bisht, ''International Encyclopaedia Of Himalayas'', Vol. 3, p. 104</ref>
The Punjab States Agency was established in 1921 out of the previous Punjab Native States, which had received advice from the Lieutenant Governor of [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], and the [[Simla Hill States]], advised by the Deputy Commissioner of [[Simla district]].<ref>John Hutchison and JP Vogel, ''History of Punjab Hill states''; Lahore 1933</ref> The agency was created under the direct authority of the Governor General of India, with its headquarters in [[Shimla]].<ref>Ramesh Chandra Bisht, ''International Encyclopaedia Of Himalayas'', Vol. 3, p. 104</ref>


After Indian Independence in 1947, the states all acceded to the new [[Dominion of India]], most of them later becoming part of the new state of [[Himachal Pradesh]], with [[Tehri Garhwal State]] becoming part of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. In 2000, the northern portion of Uttar Pradesh, including the former state of [[Tehri-Garhwal]], became the new state of [[Uttarakhand]].
By 1941, the term "Punjab Hill States" had replaced "Shimla Hill States" in formal usage — particularly in census tables, reports, and statistical summaries. Until the 1941 Census,<ref>1941 British India Punjab Province Census Book - [https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215541 1941 British India Punjab Province Jstor.com]</ref> there were 18 Punjab Hill States and 16 Punjab States. After Indian Independence in 1947, except [[Bahawalpur (princely state)|Bahawalpur State]] (which acceded to the [[Dominion of Pakistan]]), all others acceded to the new [[Dominion of India]] and became part of [[East Punjab]]. Today, these regions are part of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] (Pakistan) and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Himachal Pradesh|Himachal]], [[Haryana]] (India).
 
== Princely states survived till 1947 ==
 
=== Punjab States Agency & Punjab Hill State ===
[[File:Province and Princely States of Punjab, 1947.jpg|thumb|Map of Punjab in 1947, with princely-state territory in purple & direct British-rule in pink.]]
18 Punjab Hill State & 16 Punjab State Noted in 1941 Census<ref name=":6">{{cite web
| title      = Census of India, 1941: Volume VI – Punjab
| author      = Khan Bahadur Sheikh Fazl-i-Ilahi
| publisher  = Government of India
| year        = 1941
| url        = https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215541
| website    = JSTOR
}}</ref>
 
Those 16 Punjab state were [[Patiala State|Patiala]], [[Nabha State|Nabha]], [[Jind State|Jind]], [[Kapurthala State|Kapurthala]], [[Faridkot State|Kalsia]], [[Faridkot State|Faridkot]], [[Malerkotla State|Bahawalpur]], [[Malerkotla State|MalerKotla]], [[Loharu State|Loharu]], [[Dujana]], [[Pataudi State|Pataudi]], [[Kahlur|Bilaspur (Kahlur)]], [[Chamba State|Chamba]], [[Mandi State|Mandi]], [[Sirmoor State|Sirmur (Nahan)]], [[Suket State|Suket]]. and 18 Punjab hill states were [[Nalagarh State|Nalagarh]] (Hindur), [[Bashahr]], [[Baghat]], [[Baghat]], Balsan, [[Beja State|Beja]], [[Bhajji State|Bhajji]], [[Darkoti]], [[Dhami State|Dhami]], [[Jubbal]], [[Keonthal]], [[Kumharsain]], [[Kunihar]], [[Kuthar]], Mahlog, [[Mangal State|Mangal]], [[Baragaon, Himachal Pradesh|Sangri]], Tharoch.<ref name=":6" />
[[File:Reduced_from_the_preliminary_compilation_map_of_the_Cis-Sutlej_territory_comprising_the_Districts_of_Ambala,_Thanesar,_Ludhiana_and_Firozpur,_Surveyed_by_H._V._Stephen,_1846–51_(F.4-28).jpg|right|thumb|Map of the Cis-Sutlej territory 1846-51]]
 
=== State by Fall Region ===
 
==== Pakistan ====


== Princely states ==
* '''[[Punjab, Pakistan|PUNJAB]]'''


=== Punjab States Agency ===
# [[Bahawalpur (princely state)|Bahawalpur]] (now in Pakistan), title Nawab, Hereditary salute of 17-guns (later promoted to 21 guns by the Pakistani president)
[[Salute state]]s, by precedence :
* [[Patiala State|Patiala]], title Maharaja, Hereditary salute of 17-guns (19-guns local)
* [[Bahawalpur (princely state)|Bahawalpur]] (now in Pakistan), title Nawab, Hereditary salute of 17-guns (later promoted to 21 guns by the Pakistani president)
* [[Jind State|Jind]], title Maharaja, Hereditary salute of 13-guns (15-guns personal and local)
* [[Kapurthala State|Kapurthala]], title Maharaja, Hereditary salute of 13-guns (15-guns personal and local)
* [[Nabha State|Nabha]], title Maharaja, Hereditary salute of 13-guns (15-guns local)
* Kaithal, title Bhai ( Maharaja) Hereditary salute 13-guns (15-guns local)
* [[Kahlur|Bilaspur (Kahlur)]], title Raja, Hereditary salute of 11-guns
* [[Chamba State|Chamba]], title Raja, Hereditary salute of 11-guns
* [[Faridkot State|Faridkot]], title Raja, Hereditary salute of 11-guns
* [[Malerkotla State|Maler Kotla (Malerkotla)]], title Nawab, Hereditary salute of 11-guns
* [[Mandi State|Mandi]], title Raja, Hereditary salute of 11-guns
* [[Sirmoor State|Sirmur (Nahan)]], title Maharaja, Hereditary salute of 11-guns
* [[Suket State|Suket]] (Sundarnagar), title Raja, Hereditary salute of 11-guns
* [[Loharu State|Loharu]], title Nawab, Hereditary salute of 9-guns


Non-salute states, alphabetically :
==== India ====
* Dujana State, title Nawab.<ref>{{cite book |title=Gazetteer of the Rohtak District |date=1883–1884 |page=22}}</ref>  
[[File:Map_of_the_protected_Sikh_states_exhibiting_the_possessions_of_the_petty_chiefs_and_independent_Jagirdars_in_the_Punjab,_copy_from_1843_(F.4-6).jpg|right|thumb|350x350px|Details map on village level of the Cis-Sutlej Princely States of Punjab (c. 1829–1835) showing over 60 states and estates, along with [[Sikh Empire|Lahore (Sikh Empire)]] and direct British territory.]]
* [[Mamdot]], title Nawab
Source:<ref>Census of India, 1951: Punjab, Pepsu, Himachal Pradesh, Bilaspur & Delhi, South Asia Open Archives (SAOA), Center for Research Libraries, JSTOR. Available at Page no.V: https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25797139</ref>
* [[Pataudi State|Pataudi]], title Nawab
 
* [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union|'''PEPSU''']] (7 Punjab State & 1 Punjab Hill State)
 
# [[Patiala State|Patiala]], title Maharaja, Hereditary salute of 17-guns (19-guns local)
# [[Nabha State|Nabha]], title Maharaja, Hereditary salute of 13-guns (15-guns local)
# [[Jind State|Jind]], title Maharaja, Hereditary salute of 13-guns (15-guns personal and local)
# [[Kapurthala State|Kapurthala]], title Maharaja, Hereditary salute of 13-guns
# [[Faridkot State|Faridkot]], title Raja, Hereditary salute of 11-guns
# [[Malerkotla State|MalerKotla]], title Nawab, Hereditary salute of 11-guns
# [[Kalsia]], title Raja, Non Salute
# [[Nalagarh State|Nalagarh]] (Hindur), Non Salute Punjab Hill state
 
* '''Himachal Pradesh''' (17 Punjab Hill State & 4 Punjab state)
 
# [[Chamba State|Chamba]], title Raja, Hereditary salute of 11-guns
# [[Mandi State|Mandi]], title Raja, Hereditary salute of 11-guns
# [[Sirmoor State|Sirmur (Nahan)]], title Maharaja, Hereditary salute of 11-guns
# [[Suket State|Suket]] (Sundarnagar), title Raja, Hereditary salute of 11-guns
# [[Bashahr]], title Raja, Personal 9 guns-salute(Personal) Punjab Hill state
# [[Baghal State|Baghal]], Non Salute Punjab Hill state
# [[Baghat]], Non Salute Punjab Hill state
# Balsan, Non Salute Punjab Hill state
# [[Beja State|Beja]], Non Salute Punjab Hill state
# [[Bhajji State|Bhajji]], Non Salute Punjab Hill state
# [[Darkoti]], Non Salute Punjab Hill state
# [[Dhami State|Dhami]], Non Salute Punjab Hill state
# [[Jubbal]], Non Salute Punjab Hill state
# [[Keonthal]], Non Salute Punjab Hill state
# [[Kumharsain]], Non Salute Punjab Hill state
# [[Kunihar]], Non Salute Punjab Hill state
# [[Kuthar]], Non Salute Punjab Hill state
# Mahlog, Non Salute Punjab Hill state
# [[Mangal State|Mangal]], Non Salute Punjab Hill state
# [[Baragaon, Himachal Pradesh|Sangri]], Non Salute Punjab Hill state
# Tharoch, Non Salute Punjab Hill state
 
* '''Bilaspur'''
 
# [[Kahlur|Bilaspur (Kahlur)]], title Raja, Hereditary salute of 11-guns
 
* '''Merge within surrounded districts of [[East Punjab]]'''
 
# [[Loharu State|Loharu]], title Nawab, Hereditary salute of 9-guns added in '''Hisar District'''
# [[Dujana]], title Nawab.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |title=Gazetteer of the Rohtak District |date=1883–1884 |page=22}}</ref> added into '''Rohtak District'''
# [[Pataudi State|Pataudi]], title Nawab added into '''Gurgaon District'''
 
Today, all of Himachal Pradesh, along with Bilaspur, Nalagarh, and a very small part of Patiala State (its [[Kandaghat|Kandaghat Tehsil]] part), is part of [[Himachal Pradesh]]. All merged states (Dujana, Loharu, Pataudi), most of Kalsia ([[Chhachhrauli|chachruali]] etc.) and [[Jind State#Administrative divisions and boundaries|Jind]] (including [[Jind]] and [[Charkhi Dadri|Dadri]]), as well as some parts of Patiala (Such as [[Pinjore]], [[Narwana]] and [[Mahendragarh district|Mahendragarh]]) and Nabha ([[Bawal]]), are now part of [[Haryana]]. Some parts of Kalsia (such as [[Dera Bassi]], [[charik]]) and [[Jind State#I. Sangrur Tahsil:|Jind]] (like [[Sangrur]], balanwali etc.), most of Patiala and Nabha, and the entire states of Faridkot, Malerkotla, and Kapurthala are now part of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].
 
== Princely States: annexed by Britisher ==
[[File:Map of the protected Sikh states exhibiting the possessions of the petty chiefs and independent Jagirdars in the Punjab, copy from 1843 (F.4-7).jpg|right|thumb|400x400px|Map of the Cis-Sutlej Princely States of Punjab (c. 1829–1835), showing over 60 states and estates, along with [[Sikh Empire|Lahore (Sikh Empire)]] and direct British territory.]]
* Jagadhari, tittle sardar, annexed in 1829<ref>Source: Page no. 334 - [[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.531197|1908 Imperial-Gazetteer-Of-India-Provincial-Series-Punjab-Vol. I]]</ref>
* Thanesar, tittle Sardar, annexed in 1832 & 1850<ref name=":43">Page no. 33 - [https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3d79c6256b9bdac53a55801a066b70da3/uploads/2020/10/2020102689.pdf Ambala District Gazetteers 1923-24]</ref>
* [[Kaithal State|Kaithal]], title Bhai ( Maharaja) annexed in 1843<ref name=":42">Page no. 33 - [https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3d79c6256b9bdac53a55801a066b70da3/uploads/2020/10/2020102689.pdf Ambala District Gazetteers 1923-24]</ref>
 
* [[Ladwa State]], title Sardar, annexed in 1846<ref name=":4">Page no. 33 - [https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3d79c6256b9bdac53a55801a066b70da3/uploads/2020/10/2020102689.pdf Ambala District Gazetteers 1923-24]</ref>
* Dialgarth tittle Sardar, annexed in 1852<ref name=":5">Source: Page no. 222 - [[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.531197|1908 Imperial-Gazetteer-Of-India-Provincial-Series-Punjab-Vol. I]]</ref>
* Raikot, tittle nawab, annexed in 1854<ref name=":5" />
* Mamdot, tittle nawab, annexed in 1855<ref name=":5" />
* Bahadurgarh, title Nawab, annexed 1857<ref name=":0" />
* [[Ballabgarh (jagir)|Ballabgarh]], title Raja, annexed 1857<ref>{{cite book |last1=experts |first1=Arihant |title=Know your state Haryana |publisher=Arihant Publication India Limited |year=2018 |isbn=978-9350947890}}</ref>
* Farrukhnagar, title Nawab, annexed 1857<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Suresh |title=Haryana: Past and Present |page=110}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite journal |title=Revolt of 1857 and muslims in Haryana |journal=Shodhganga |page=114 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/39058/12/12_chapter%204.pdf}}</ref>
* Jhajjar, title Nawab, annexed 1857<ref name=":0" />
And Many more.


Annexed States:<ref>{{cite book |last1=experts |first1=Arihant |title=Know your state Haryana |year=2018 |isbn=978-9350947890}}</ref>
=== Transfer ===
* Bahadurgarh, title Nawab, annexed 1857 <ref>{{cite book |title=Gazetteer of the Rohtak District |date=1883–1884 |page=23}}</ref>
* Ballabgarh, title Raja, annexed 1857
* Farrukhnagar, title Nawab, annexed 1857 <ref>{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Suresh |title=Haryana: Past and Present |page=110}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Revolt of 1857 and muslims in Haryana |journal=Shodhganga |page=114 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/39058/12/12_chapter%204.pdf}}</ref>
* Jhajjar, title Nawab, annexed 1857 <ref>{{cite book |title=Gazetteer of the Rohtak District |date=1883–1884 |page=23}}</ref>


=== Jagirs ===
* [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu & Kashmir]], formerly included (from 1846) among the Punjab States, was placed under the direct Political control of the Government of British India in 1877.<ref name=":7">Source: Page No. 99 - [[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.531197|1908 Imperial-Gazetteer-Of-India-Provincial-Series-Punjab-Vol. I]]</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 20, page 333 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V20_339.gif |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918074647/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V20_339.gif |archive-date=18 September 2020 |access-date=20 February 2021 |work=uchicago.edu}}</ref>
* Kunjpura, title Nawab <ref>{{cite journal |title=Revolt of 1857 and muslims in Haryana |journal=Shodhganga |page=117 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/39058/12/12_chapter%204.pdf}}</ref>
== Jagirs ==
* Arnauli, title Bhai <ref>{{cite journal |title=Revolt of 1857 and muslims in Haryana |journal=Shodhganga |page=117 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/39058/12/12_chapter%204.pdf}}</ref>  
* Kunjpura, title Nawab<ref name=":1" />
* Karnal, title Nawab <ref>{{cite journal |title=Revolt of 1857 and muslims in Haryana |journal=Shodhganga |page=117 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/39058/12/12_chapter%204.pdf}}</ref>  
* Arnauli, title Bhai<ref name=":1" />
* Shantiabad, title Sardar <ref>{{cite journal |title=Revolt of 1857 and muslims in Haryana |journal=Shodhganga |page=117 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/39058/12/12_chapter%204.pdf}}</ref>  
* Karnal, title Nawab<ref name=":1" />
* Dhanaura, title Sardar <ref>{{cite journal |title=Revolt of 1857 and muslims in Haryana |journal=Shodhganga |page=117 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/39058/12/12_chapter%204.pdf}}</ref>  
* Shantiabad, title Sardar<ref name=":1" />
* Tangaur, title Sardar <ref>{{cite journal |title=Revolt of 1857 and muslims in Haryana |journal=Shodhganga |page=117 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/39058/12/12_chapter%204.pdf}}</ref>  
* Dhanaura, title Sardar<ref name=":1" />
* Jharauli, title Sardar <ref>{{cite journal |title=Revolt of 1857 and muslims in Haryana |journal=Shodhganga |page=117 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/39058/12/12_chapter%204.pdf}}</ref>  
* Tangaur, title Sardar<ref name=":1" />
* Shamgarh, title Sardar <ref>{{cite journal |title=Revolt of 1857 and muslims in Haryana |journal=Shodhganga |page=117 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/39058/12/12_chapter%204.pdf}}</ref>  
* Jharauli, title Sardar<ref name=":1" />
* Panipat, title Nawab <ref>{{cite journal |title=Revolt of 1857 and muslims in Haryana |journal=Shodhganga |page=117 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/39058/12/12_chapter%204.pdf}}</ref>  
* Shamgarh, title Sardar<ref name=":1" />
* Shahzadapur, title Sardar <ref>{{cite journal |title=Revolt of 1857 and muslims in Haryana |journal=Shodhganga |page=117 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/39058/12/12_chapter%204.pdf}}</ref>  
* Panipat, title Nawab<ref name=":1" />
* Mustafabad, title Sardar <ref>{{cite journal |title=Revolt of 1857 and muslims in Haryana |journal=Shodhganga |page=117 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/39058/12/12_chapter%204.pdf}}</ref>
* Shahzadapur, title Sardar<ref name=":1" />
* Gogripur, title Chaudhary <ref>{{cite journal |title=Revolt of 1857 and muslims in Haryana |journal=Shodhganga |page=117 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/39058/12/12_chapter%204.pdf}}</ref>
* Mustafabad, title Sardar<ref name=":1" />
* Gogripur, title Chaudhary<ref name=":1" />


== Historical princely states of the Punjab Hills ==
== Historical princely states of the Punjab Hills ==
Line 101: Line 168:
* [[Jaswan]]
* [[Jaswan]]
* [[Guler State|Guler]] (Haripur)
* [[Guler State|Guler]] (Haripur)
* [[Siba State|Siba]]
* [[Siba State|Siba]]
* [[Datarpur State|Datarpur]]
* [[Datarpur State|Datarpur]]
* [[Kutlehar State|Kutlehar]]
* [[Kutlehar State|Kutlehar]]
* [[Madhopur, Jalandhar|Madhopur]]
* [[Madhopur, Jalandhar|Madhopur]]
* [[Nurpur, Himachal Pradesh]]
* [[Nurpur kingdom|Nurpur]]
{{Div col end}}
{{Div col end}}


== Simla Hill States Superintendency of the Punjab States Agency ==
== Simla Hill States Superintendency of the Punjab States Agency ==
[[Salute state]] :
[[Salute state|Salute states]]:
* [[Bashahr]], title Raja, Personal 9 guns-salute
* [[Bashahr]], title Raja, Personal 9 guns-salute


Non-salute states, alphabetically :  
Non-salute states, alphabetically:  
{{Div col}}
{{Div col}}
* [[Baghal State|Baghal]]
* [[Baghal State|Baghal]]
Line 126: Line 193:
* [[Kunihar]]
* [[Kunihar]]
* [[Kuthar]]
* [[Kuthar]]
* [[Mahlog]]
* Mahlog
* [[Mangal State|Mangal]]
* [[Mangal State|Mangal]]
* [[Nalagarh State|Nalagarh]] (Hindur)
* [[Nalagarh State|Nalagarh]] (Hindur)
Line 136: Line 203:
The following are the dynasties of respective states of the Punjab Agency:
The following are the dynasties of respective states of the Punjab Agency:


[[Salute state]]s, by precedence :
[[Salute state]]s, by precedence:
* [[Patiala State|Patiala]] - Sidhu Jat (Phulkian Dynasty)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lethbridge |first1=Sir Roper |title=The Golden Handbook of India |date=1893 |page=412}}</ref>
* [[Patiala State|Patiala]] - [[Sidhu]] [[Jat]] (Phulkian Dynasty)<ref name=":2">{{cite book |last1=Lethbridge |first1=Sir Roper |title=The Golden Handbook of India |date=1893 |page=412}}</ref>
* [[Bahawalpur (princely state)|Bahawalpur]] - Daudpotra Abbasi <ref>{{cite book |last1=Lethbridge |first1=Sir Roper |title=The Golden Handbook of India |date=1893 |page=42}}</ref>
* [[Bahawalpur (princely state)|Bahawalpur]] - Daudpotra Abbasi<ref name=":2" />
* [[Jind State|Jind]] - Sidhu Jat (Phulkian Dynasty)
* [[Jind State|Jind]] - [[Sidhu]] [[Jat]] (Phulkian Dynasty)<ref name=":2" />
* [[Kapurthala State|Kapurthala]] - Kalal Jat <ref>{{cite book |last1=Lethbridge |first1=Sir Roper |title=The Golden Handbook of India |date=1893 |page=233}}</ref>
* [[Kapurthala State|Kapurthala]] - Kalal [[Jat]]<ref name=":2" />
* [[Nabha State|Nabha]] - Sidhu Jat (Phulkian Dynasty) <ref>{{cite book |last1=Lethbridge |first1=Sir Roper |title=The Golden Handbook of India |date=1893 |page=369}}</ref>
* [[Nabha State|Nabha]] - [[Sidhu]] [[Jat]] ([[Phulkian]] Dynasty)<ref name=":2" />
* [[Kahlur|Bilaspur (Kahlur)]] - Agrok Rajput <ref>{{cite book |last1=Lethbridge |first1=Sir Roper |title=The Golden Handbook of India |date=1893 |page=223}}</ref>
* [[Kahlur|Bilaspur (Kahlur)]] - Agrok Rajput<ref name=":2" />
* [[Chamba State|Chamba]] - Agrok Rajput <ref>{{cite book |last1=Lethbridge |first1=Sir Roper |title=The Golden Handbook of India |date=1893 |page=95}}</ref>
* [[Chamba State|Chamba]] - Agrok Rajput<ref name=":2" />
* [[Faridkot State|Faridkot]] - Brar Jat (Phulkian Dynasty) <ref>{{cite book |last1=Lethbridge |first1=Sir Roper |title=The Golden Handbook of India |date=1893 |page=133}}</ref>
* [[Faridkot State|Faridkot]] - [[Brar]] [[Jat]] ([[Phulkian]] Dynasty)<ref name=":2" />
* [[Malerkotla State|Maler Kotla (Malerkotla)]] - Sherwani Afghan <ref>{{cite book |last1=Lethbridge |first1=Sir Roper |title=The Golden Handbook of India |date=1893 |page=306}}</ref>
* [[Malerkotla State|Maler Kotla (Malerkotla)]] - Sherwani Pathan<ref name=":2" />
* [[Mandi State|Mandi]] - Chandravansi Rajput (Lunar Race)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lethbridge |first1=Sir Roper |title=The Golden Handbook of India |date=1893 |page=310}}</ref>
* [[Mandi State|Mandi]] - Chandravansi Rajput (Lunar Race)<ref name=":2" />
* [[Sirmoor State|Sirmur (Nahan)]] - Jadu Bhatti Rajput <ref>{{cite book |last1=Lethbridge |first1=Sir Roper |title=The Golden Handbook of India |date=1893 |page=507}}</ref>
* [[Sirmoor State|Sirmur (Nahan)]] - Jadu Bhati Rajput<ref name=":2" />
* [[Suket State|Suket]] - Chandravansi Rajput (Lunar Race) <ref>{{cite book |last1=Lethbridge |first1=Sir Roper |title=The Golden Handbook of India |date=1893 |page=515}}</ref>
* [[Suket State|Suket]] - Chandravansi Rajput (Lunar Race)<ref name=":2" />
* [[Loharu State|Loharu]] - Afghan <ref>{{cite book |last1=Lethbridge |first1=Sir Roper |title=The Golden Handbook of India |date=1893 |page=290}}</ref>
* [[Loharu State|Loharu]] - Pathan<ref name=":2" />


Non-salute states, alphabetically :  
Non-salute states, alphabetically :  
* Dujana State - [[Yusufzai]] Pathan<ref>{{cite book |title=Gazetteer of the Rohtak District |date=1883–1884 |page=22}}</ref>  
* Dujana State - [[Yusufzai]] Pathan<ref name=":0" />
* [[Mamdot]] - Hassanzai Pathan <ref>{{cite book |last1=Lethbridge |first1=Sir Roper |title=The Golden Handbook of India |date=1893 |page=391}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Griffin |first1=Sir Lepel H |title=The Punjab Chiefs |date=1865 |page=56}}</ref>
* [[Mamdot]] - Hassanzai Pathan<ref>{{cite book |last1=Griffin |first1=Sir Lepel H |title=The Punjab Chiefs |date=1865 |page=56}}</ref><ref name=":2" />
* [[Pataudi State|Pataudi]] - [[Barech]] Pathan <ref>{{cite book |last1=Lethbridge |first1=Sir Roper |title=The Golden Handbook of India |date=1893 |page=410}}</ref>
* [[Pataudi State|Pataudi]] - [[Barech]] Pathan<ref name=":2" />


Annexed States:
Annexed States:
* Bahadurgarh - [[Barech]] Pathan <ref>{{cite book |title=Gazetteer of the Rohtak District |date=1883–1884 |page=23}}</ref>  
* Bahadurgarh - [[Barech]] Pathan<ref name=":0" />
* Ballabgarh - Tewatia Jatt <ref>{{cite web|title=Raja Nahar Singh Palace|url=http://www.haryanatourism.gov.in/destination/rajanaharsingh.asp|website=HaryanaTourism|access-date=4 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150628070339/http://haryanatourism.gov.in/destination/rajanaharsingh.asp|archive-date=28 June 2015}}</ref>  
* [[Ballabgarh (jagir)|Ballabgarh]] - [[Tewatia]] Jat<ref name=":3">{{cite web|title=Raja Nahar Singh Palace|url=http://www.haryanatourism.gov.in/destination/rajanaharsingh.asp|website=HaryanaTourism|access-date=4 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150628070339/http://haryanatourism.gov.in/destination/rajanaharsingh.asp|archive-date=28 June 2015}}</ref>
* Farrukhnagar - Baluch<ref>{{cite journal |title=Revolt of 1857 and muslims in Haryana |journal=Shodhganga |page=114 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/39058/12/12_chapter%204.pdf}}</ref>  
* Farrukhnagar - Baluch<ref name=":1" />
* Jhajjar - [[Barech]] Pathan <ref>{{cite book |title=Gazetteer of the Rohtak District |date=1883–1884 |page=23}}</ref>
* Jhajjar - [[Barech]] Pathan<ref name=":0" />


== See also ==
== See also ==
Line 174: Line 241:


[[Category:Agencies of British India]]
[[Category:Agencies of British India]]
[[Category:Historical Indian regions]]
[[Category:1947 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:1947 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:1933 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1933 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1930]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1930]]

Latest revision as of 17:31, 14 March 2026


This article is about a historical group of states in British India. For other uses of the name, see Punjab (disambiguation).

Punjab States Agency
British Residency
1921–1947
Flag of Punjab States Agency
Flag
Coat of arms of Punjab States Agency
Coat of arms

Map of the British Punjab in 1909.
Area 
• 1921
86,430 km2 (33,370 sq mi)
Population 
• 1921
465493
History
Historical eraNew Imperialism
• Established
1921
1947
 Succeeded by
Patiala and East Punjab States Union
Himachal Pradesh
Bilaspur State (1950–54)
Bahawalpur (princely state)
Today part ofIn Pakistan: Punjab; in India: Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh

The Punjab States Agency was an agency of the British Raj. The agency was created in 1921, on the model of the Central India Agency and Rajputana Agency, and dealt with forty princely states in northwest India formerly dealt with by the Province of Punjab.[1][2][3]

After 1947, all of the states chose to accede to the Dominion of India, except Bahawalpur, which acceded to the Dominion of Pakistan.

History[edit | edit source]

Template:Princely States topics

After the 1809 Treaty of Amritsar, most Cis-Sutlej states came under British protection. Following the First Anglo-Sikh War and the Treaty of Lahore & amritsar in 1846, several princely states such as Kapurthala, Jammu and Kashmir, and the hill states between the Beas and Ravi—previously part of the Sikh Empire—also came under British influence and were administered under the Punjab. Chamba was added to Jammu in 1846 but was separated from Jammu and established as a separate state in 1847. Jammu and Kashmir remained under the administration of the Punjab State until 1877, when it was placed under the direct political control of the Government of British India.[4][5]

While the hill princely states south of the Sutlej came under the suzerainty of the British crown after the Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814–16 and became known as the Punjab Native States and the Simla Hill States. They later entered into direct diplomatic relations with the British province of Punjab, with the exception of Tehri Garhwal State, which maintained a connection with the United Provinces.

Photograph of the Lt. Governor of Punjab, Sir Dennis Fitzpatrick, with rulers of princely-states, namely Faridkot, Sirmur, Nabha, Patiala, Bahawalpur, Jind, Kapurthala, and Malerkotla, Lahore, 1894

The Punjab States Agency was established in 1921 out of the previous Punjab Native States, which had received advice from the Lieutenant Governor of Punjab Province, and the Simla Hill States, advised by the Deputy Commissioner of Simla district.[6] The agency was created under the direct authority of the Governor General of India, with its headquarters in Shimla.[7]

By 1941, the term "Punjab Hill States" had replaced "Shimla Hill States" in formal usage — particularly in census tables, reports, and statistical summaries. Until the 1941 Census,[8] there were 18 Punjab Hill States and 16 Punjab States. After Indian Independence in 1947, except Bahawalpur State (which acceded to the Dominion of Pakistan), all others acceded to the new Dominion of India and became part of East Punjab. Today, these regions are part of Punjab (Pakistan) and Punjab, Himachal, Haryana (India).

Princely states survived till 1947[edit | edit source]

Punjab States Agency & Punjab Hill State[edit | edit source]

Map of Punjab in 1947, with princely-state territory in purple & direct British-rule in pink.

18 Punjab Hill State & 16 Punjab State Noted in 1941 Census[9]

Those 16 Punjab state were Patiala, Nabha, Jind, Kapurthala, Kalsia, Faridkot, Bahawalpur, MalerKotla, Loharu, Dujana, Pataudi, Bilaspur (Kahlur), Chamba, Mandi, Sirmur (Nahan), Suket. and 18 Punjab hill states were Nalagarh (Hindur), Bashahr, Baghat, Baghat, Balsan, Beja, Bhajji, Darkoti, Dhami, Jubbal, Keonthal, Kumharsain, Kunihar, Kuthar, Mahlog, Mangal, Sangri, Tharoch.[9]

Map of the Cis-Sutlej territory 1846-51

State by Fall Region[edit | edit source]

Pakistan[edit | edit source]

  1. Bahawalpur (now in Pakistan), title Nawab, Hereditary salute of 17-guns (later promoted to 21 guns by the Pakistani president)

India[edit | edit source]

Details map on village level of the Cis-Sutlej Princely States of Punjab (c. 1829–1835) showing over 60 states and estates, along with Lahore (Sikh Empire) and direct British territory.

Source:[10]

  • PEPSU (7 Punjab State & 1 Punjab Hill State)
  1. Patiala, title Maharaja, Hereditary salute of 17-guns (19-guns local)
  2. Nabha, title Maharaja, Hereditary salute of 13-guns (15-guns local)
  3. Jind, title Maharaja, Hereditary salute of 13-guns (15-guns personal and local)
  4. Kapurthala, title Maharaja, Hereditary salute of 13-guns
  5. Faridkot, title Raja, Hereditary salute of 11-guns
  6. MalerKotla, title Nawab, Hereditary salute of 11-guns
  7. Kalsia, title Raja, Non Salute
  8. Nalagarh (Hindur), Non Salute Punjab Hill state
  • Himachal Pradesh (17 Punjab Hill State & 4 Punjab state)
  1. Chamba, title Raja, Hereditary salute of 11-guns
  2. Mandi, title Raja, Hereditary salute of 11-guns
  3. Sirmur (Nahan), title Maharaja, Hereditary salute of 11-guns
  4. Suket (Sundarnagar), title Raja, Hereditary salute of 11-guns
  5. Bashahr, title Raja, Personal 9 guns-salute(Personal) Punjab Hill state
  6. Baghal, Non Salute Punjab Hill state
  7. Baghat, Non Salute Punjab Hill state
  8. Balsan, Non Salute Punjab Hill state
  9. Beja, Non Salute Punjab Hill state
  10. Bhajji, Non Salute Punjab Hill state
  11. Darkoti, Non Salute Punjab Hill state
  12. Dhami, Non Salute Punjab Hill state
  13. Jubbal, Non Salute Punjab Hill state
  14. Keonthal, Non Salute Punjab Hill state
  15. Kumharsain, Non Salute Punjab Hill state
  16. Kunihar, Non Salute Punjab Hill state
  17. Kuthar, Non Salute Punjab Hill state
  18. Mahlog, Non Salute Punjab Hill state
  19. Mangal, Non Salute Punjab Hill state
  20. Sangri, Non Salute Punjab Hill state
  21. Tharoch, Non Salute Punjab Hill state
  • Bilaspur
  1. Bilaspur (Kahlur), title Raja, Hereditary salute of 11-guns
  1. Loharu, title Nawab, Hereditary salute of 9-guns added in Hisar District
  2. Dujana, title Nawab.[11] added into Rohtak District
  3. Pataudi, title Nawab added into Gurgaon District

Today, all of Himachal Pradesh, along with Bilaspur, Nalagarh, and a very small part of Patiala State (its Kandaghat Tehsil part), is part of Himachal Pradesh. All merged states (Dujana, Loharu, Pataudi), most of Kalsia (chachruali etc.) and Jind (including Jind and Dadri), as well as some parts of Patiala (Such as Pinjore, Narwana and Mahendragarh) and Nabha (Bawal), are now part of Haryana. Some parts of Kalsia (such as Dera Bassi, charik) and Jind (like Sangrur, balanwali etc.), most of Patiala and Nabha, and the entire states of Faridkot, Malerkotla, and Kapurthala are now part of Punjab.

Princely States: annexed by Britisher[edit | edit source]

Map of the Cis-Sutlej Princely States of Punjab (c. 1829–1835), showing over 60 states and estates, along with Lahore (Sikh Empire) and direct British territory.
  • Jagadhari, tittle sardar, annexed in 1829[12]
  • Thanesar, tittle Sardar, annexed in 1832 & 1850[13]
  • Kaithal, title Bhai ( Maharaja) annexed in 1843[14]
  • Ladwa State, title Sardar, annexed in 1846[15]
  • Dialgarth tittle Sardar, annexed in 1852[16]
  • Raikot, tittle nawab, annexed in 1854[16]
  • Mamdot, tittle nawab, annexed in 1855[16]
  • Bahadurgarh, title Nawab, annexed 1857[11]
  • Ballabgarh, title Raja, annexed 1857[17]
  • Farrukhnagar, title Nawab, annexed 1857[18][19]
  • Jhajjar, title Nawab, annexed 1857[11]

And Many more.

Transfer[edit | edit source]

  • Jammu & Kashmir, formerly included (from 1846) among the Punjab States, was placed under the direct Political control of the Government of British India in 1877.[4][20]

Jagirs[edit | edit source]

  • Kunjpura, title Nawab[19]
  • Arnauli, title Bhai[19]
  • Karnal, title Nawab[19]
  • Shantiabad, title Sardar[19]
  • Dhanaura, title Sardar[19]
  • Tangaur, title Sardar[19]
  • Jharauli, title Sardar[19]
  • Shamgarh, title Sardar[19]
  • Panipat, title Nawab[19]
  • Shahzadapur, title Sardar[19]
  • Mustafabad, title Sardar[19]
  • Gogripur, title Chaudhary[19]

Historical princely states of the Punjab Hills[edit | edit source]

Simla Hill States Superintendency of the Punjab States Agency[edit | edit source]

Salute states:

  • Bashahr, title Raja, Personal 9 guns-salute

Non-salute states, alphabetically:

Dynasties by State[edit | edit source]

The following are the dynasties of respective states of the Punjab Agency:

Salute states, by precedence:

Non-salute states, alphabetically :

Annexed States:

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ David P. Henige (2004). Princely states of India: a guide to chronology and rulers. Orchid Press. ISBN 978-974-524-049-0.
  2. ↑ Princely States of India
  3. ↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Punjab" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Source: Page No. 99 - 1908 Imperial-Gazetteer-Of-India-Provincial-Series-Punjab-Vol. I
  5. ↑ "Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 20, page 333 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library". uchicago.edu. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
  6. ↑ John Hutchison and JP Vogel, History of Punjab Hill states; Lahore 1933
  7. ↑ Ramesh Chandra Bisht, International Encyclopaedia Of Himalayas, Vol. 3, p. 104
  8. ↑ 1941 British India Punjab Province Census Book - 1941 British India Punjab Province Jstor.com
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Khan Bahadur Sheikh Fazl-i-Ilahi (1941). "Census of India, 1941: Volume VI – Punjab". JSTOR. Government of India.
  10. ↑ Census of India, 1951: Punjab, Pepsu, Himachal Pradesh, Bilaspur & Delhi, South Asia Open Archives (SAOA), Center for Research Libraries, JSTOR. Available at Page no.V: https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25797139
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 Gazetteer of the Rohtak District. 1883–1884. p. 22.
  12. ↑ Source: Page no. 334 - 1908 Imperial-Gazetteer-Of-India-Provincial-Series-Punjab-Vol. I
  13. ↑ Page no. 33 - Ambala District Gazetteers 1923-24
  14. ↑ Page no. 33 - Ambala District Gazetteers 1923-24
  15. ↑ Page no. 33 - Ambala District Gazetteers 1923-24
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Source: Page no. 222 - 1908 Imperial-Gazetteer-Of-India-Provincial-Series-Punjab-Vol. I
  17. ↑ experts, Arihant (2018). Know your state Haryana. Arihant Publication India Limited. ISBN 978-9350947890.
  18. ↑ Sharma, Suresh. Haryana: Past and Present. p. 110.
  19. ↑ 19.00 19.01 19.02 19.03 19.04 19.05 19.06 19.07 19.08 19.09 19.10 19.11 19.12 19.13 "Revolt of 1857 and muslims in Haryana" (PDF). Shodhganga: 114.
  20. ↑ "Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 20, page 333 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library". uchicago.edu. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
  21. ↑ 21.00 21.01 21.02 21.03 21.04 21.05 21.06 21.07 21.08 21.09 21.10 21.11 21.12 21.13 21.14 Lethbridge, Sir Roper (1893). The Golden Handbook of India. p. 412.
  22. ↑ Griffin, Sir Lepel H (1865). The Punjab Chiefs. p. 56.
  23. ↑ "Raja Nahar Singh Palace". HaryanaTourism. Archived from the original on 28 June 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2015.


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