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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}} | ||
{{Use British English|date=May 2012}} | {{Use British English|date=May 2012}} | ||
{{Infobox settlement | {{Infobox settlement | ||
| name = | | name = Kendujhar district | ||
| native_name = | | native_name = | ||
| native_name_lang = | | native_name_lang = | ||
| other_name = Keonjhar | | other_name = Keonjhar district | ||
| nickname = | | nickname = | ||
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Odisha|District]] of [[Odisha]] | | settlement_type = [[List of districts of Odisha|District]] of [[Odisha]] | ||
| image_skyline = | | image_skyline = {{Photomontage | ||
|size = 250 | |||
|photo1a = Maa Tarini, Ghatagaon, Keonjhar.jpg | |||
|photo2a = Khandadhar Waterfall Kendujhar 01.jpg | |||
}} | |||
| image_alt = | | image_alt = | ||
| image_caption = | | image_caption = Top: [[Maa Tarini Temple, Ghatgaon|Maa Tarini Temple]] in [[Ghatgaon]]<br />Bottom: [[Khandadhar Falls, Kendujhar|Khandadhar Falls]] | ||
| image_map = India | | image_map = Kendujhar in Odisha (India).svg | ||
| image_map1 = | |||
| map_alt = | |||
| map_caption = Location in Odisha | |||
| coordinates = {{coord|21.633|N|85.6|E|display=inline,title}} | | coordinates = {{coord|21.633|N|85.6|E|display=inline,title}} | ||
| subdivision_type = Country | | subdivision_type = Country | ||
| subdivision_name = | | subdivision_name = India | ||
| subdivision_type1 = State | | subdivision_type1 = State | ||
| subdivision_name1 = | | subdivision_name1 = [[Odisha]] | ||
| established_title = <!-- Established --> | | established_title = <!-- Established --> | ||
| established_date = | | established_date = | ||
| Line 30: | Line 33: | ||
| governing_body = | | governing_body = | ||
| leader_title = [[District collector|Collector & District Magistrate]] | | leader_title = [[District collector|Collector & District Magistrate]] | ||
| leader_name = | | leader_name = Vishal Singh, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] | ||
| leader_title1 = | | leader_title1 = Divisional Forest Officer Cum Wildlife Warden | ||
| leader_name1 = | | leader_name1 = Dhanraj Hanumant Dhamdhere, [[Indian Forest Service|IFS]] | ||
| leader_title2 = [[Superintendent of Police (India)|Superintendent of Police]] | | leader_title2 = [[Superintendent of Police (India)|Superintendent of Police]] | ||
| leader_name2 = | | leader_name2 = Kusalkar Nitin Dagudu, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] | ||
| unit_pref = Metric | | unit_pref = Metric | ||
| area_footnotes = | | area_footnotes = | ||
| Line 44: | Line 47: | ||
| population_as_of = 2011 | | population_as_of = 2011 | ||
| population_rank = 8 | | population_rank = 8 | ||
| population_density_km2 = | | population_density_km2 = auto | ||
| population_demonym = | | population_demonym = | ||
| population_footnotes = | | population_footnotes = <ref name=districtcensus/> | ||
| demographics_type1 = Languages | | demographics_type1 = Languages | ||
| demographics1_title1 = Official | | demographics1_title1 = Official | ||
| demographics1_info1 = [[Odia language|Odia]], | | demographics1_info1 = [[Odia language|Odia]], English | ||
| demographics1_title2 = | | demographics1_title2 = Local | ||
| demographics1_info2 = [[Ho language|Ho]], [[ | | demographics1_info2 = [[Ho language|Ho]], [[Munda language|Munda]], [[Juang language|Juang]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orissapost.com/tribals-seek-official-tag-for-ho-language/|title = Tribals seek official tag for Ho language|date = 27 October 2018}}</ref> | ||
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | ||
| utc_offset1 = +5:30 | | utc_offset1 = +5:30 | ||
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| leader_name3 = [[Chandrani Murmu]] | | leader_name3 = [[Chandrani Murmu]] | ||
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] constituency | | blank4_name_sec1 = [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] constituency | ||
| blank4_info_sec1 = 7 {{collapsible list|title={{nbsp}}|[[Telkoi|020-Telkoi(ST)]]<br> [[Ghasipura (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|021-Ghasipura]]<br>[[Anandapur (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|022-Anandapur(SC)]]<br>[[Patna (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|023-Patna(ST)]]<br>[[Keonjhar (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|024-Keonjhar(ST)]]<br>[[Champua (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|025-Champua]]<br>[[Karanjia (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|030-Karanjia]]}} | | blank4_info_sec1 = 7 {{collapsible list|title={{nbsp}}|[[Telkoi|020-Telkoi(ST)]]<br /> [[Ghasipura (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|021-Ghasipura]]<br />[[Anandapur (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|022-Anandapur(SC)]]<br />[[Patna (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|023-Patna(ST)]]<br />[[Keonjhar (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|024-Keonjhar(ST)]]<br />[[Champua (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|025-Champua]]<br />[[Karanjia (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|030-Karanjia (ST)]]}} | ||
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]] | | blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]] | ||
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Aw]] <small>([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])</small> | | blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Aw]] <small>([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])</small> | ||
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]] | | blank2_name_sec2 = [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]] | ||
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|1535.5|mm|in}} | | blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|1535.5|mm|in}} | ||
| website = {{URL| | | website = {{URL|kendujhar.odisha.gov.in}} | ||
| official_name = | | official_name = | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Kendujhar district''', also known as '''Keonjhar district''', is an administrative district of [[Odisha]]. The district is one of the fifth Scheduled Areas of Odisha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vikaspedia.in/social-welfare/scheduled-tribes-welfare/fifth-schedule-areas|title=Vikaspedia Domains}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://tribal.nic.in/declarationof5thSchedule.aspx | title=Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Government of India }}</ref><ref>[http://pesadarpan.gov.in/en_US/hidden/-/asset_publisher/PSDIGLsdo3bO/content/scheduled-areas-in-orissa/26993?p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-2&p_p_col_count=1&p_r_p_564233524_resetCur=true&p_r_p_564233524_categoryId=27007&entry_id=41191&show_back=true]{{dead link|date=August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stscodisha.gov.in/Aboutus.asp?GL=abt&PL=1|title=ST & SC Development, Minorities & Backward Classes Welfare Department:: Government of Odisha|access-date=20 November 2018|archive-date=9 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009133658/http://stscodisha.gov.in/Aboutus.asp?GL=abt&PL=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> The town of [[Kendujhar]] (or Kendujhargarh) is the district headquarters. The district has three sub-divisions, [[Anandapur]], [[Champua]], and Kendujhar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Declaration of 5th Schedule|access-date=3 July 2018|url=https://tribal.nic.in/declarationof5thSchedule.aspx}}</ref> | |||
'''Kendujhar | |||
== Etymology == | == Etymology == | ||
Origin of the name Keonjhar/Kendujhar is not certain. | Origin of the name Keonjhar/Kendujhar is not certain. Locals pronounce the name as ''Kenjhar''. In medieval Sanskrit inscriptions the name "Kenjhar" is found. The name has been Sanskritised to Kendujhar by the ex-Durbar government.<ref name="Orissa (India). Senapati Sahu 1966 p.">{{cite book|author=Orissa (India).|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mgIuAQAAIAAJ|title=Orissa District Gazetteers: Kendujhar|last2=Senapati|first2=N.|last3=Sahu|first3=N.K.|publisher=Superintendent, Orissa Government Press|year=1966|series=Gazetteer of India|page=2|language=en|access-date=20 May 2019 }} [https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3117 Alt URL]</ref> The name ''Kendujhar'' is derived from ''"Kendu"'', meaning [[Diospyros melanoxylon|East Indian Ebony]] (tree which is abundant in the district) and ''"Jhar"'' meaning [[water spring]].<ref name="Bhushan Banerjee 2008 p. ">{{cite book | last1=Bhushan | first1=C. | last2=Banerjee | first2=C.B.A.M.Z.H.S. | title=Rich Lands Poor People: Is 'sustainable' Mining Possible | publisher=Centre For Science And Environment | series=State of India's Environment, a Citizens' Report | year=2008 | isbn=978-81-86906-42-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5M4RAQAAIAAJ | access-date=20 May 2019 | page=241}}</ref> In colonial records, the district name variously noted as '''Comgur''', '''Konjoor''', '''Koonjoor''', '''Keunjur''', and '''Keunjhar'''. | ||
== History == | == History == | ||
{{Main|Keonjhar State}} | |||
Early history of Kendujhar is not certain. [[Nagas of Vindhyatabi]] ruled Keonjhar during the second century CE to fourth century CE and [[Satrubhanja]] was famous king of the dynasty.<ref name="Bhanja">{{Cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/191656/12/12_chapter%203.pdf|title=ORIGIN, GENEALOGY AND CHRONOLOGY OF THE BHANJAS|website=www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in|pages=74, 75|access-date=4 September 2022}}</ref><ref name="imperial">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC&q=Satrubhanja+Asanpat&pg=PA60|title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas|last=|first=|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt.Ltd|year=1989|isbn=81-208-0592-5|location=New Delhi|pages=60, 61}}</ref> In [[Sitabhinji Group of Rock Shelters|Sitabhinji]], fresco paintings were found in the cave shelter of Ravana Chhaya, which date to the fifth century A.D.<ref name="kendujhar.nic.in">[http://kendujhar.nic.in kendujhar.nic.in]</ref><ref name="Orissa State Museum 1984 p. ">{{cite book | author=Orissa State Museum | title=The Orissa Historical Research Journal | publisher=Superintendent of Research and Museum | issue=v. 30, nos. 2–4 | year=1984 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eSJuAAAAMAAJ | access-date=19 May 2019 }}</ref><ref name="Puranveshana: Indian journal of archaeology and tradition. 2017 p. ">{{citation | title=Puranveshana: Indian journal of archaeology and tradition | journal=Puranveshana: Indian Journal of Archaeology and Tradition | year=2018 | oclc=1036208533 |issn= 2456-964X| volume= 2 |issue= 1 | page= 71}}</ref> | |||
The district of Kendujhar functioned as a princely state before its amalgamation with Orissa, its early historical accounts remaining enigmatic. Cobden-Ramsay delineated a segment of Upper [[Keonjhar State|Kendujhar]], amalgamating it with [[Mayurbhanj State|Mayurbhanj]] to establish the entity known as [[Haripur Gada|Hariharpur]].<ref name="Cobden-Ramsay 2011" /> This geographical entity likely constituted a component of the ancient Khijjinga territory, which had its headquarters at Khijjinga Kota, now identified as modern [[Khiching]]. It evolved into an independent state during the early half of the 12th century A.D., under the rulership of Jyoti Bhanja. | |||
Preceding the reign of Jyoti Bhanja, Kendujhar's territorial jurisdiction encompassed solely the northern precinct of the contemporary district. In the latter part of the 15th century, under the governance of King Govinda Bhanja, Kendujhar extended its territorial boundaries from [[Singhbhum district|Singhbhum]] in the north to [[Sukinda]] (a ''Zamindari'' situated in Cuttack district) in the south. It also extended from Mayurbhanj in the east to the perimeters of the States of [[Bonai State|Bonai]], [[Pal Lahara State|Pal-lahara]], and [[Dhenkanal State|Dhenkanal]] in the west. During Pratap Balabhadra Bhanja's rule (1764-1792 A.D.), two small areas, Tillo and Jujhpada, were acquired from the Zamindar of Kantajhari and incorporated into the State. These additions received official recognition in the 1804 ''Sanad'' granted by the [[East India Company]] to Raja Janardan Bhanja. After the merger with Orissa, for administrative reasons, Tillo (7.51 sq. km.) and Jujhpada (9.06 sq. km.) were transferred to Baleshwar and Cuttack districts, respectively. Additionally, the Ambo group of villages (14.84 sq. km.) from Baleshwar district became part of Kendujhar district. | |||
There were several chiefs of this Gadjat State until Raja Janardan Bhanja signed a treaty with East India Company. This recognised the title of Raja by British Government. There was a succession dispute when the then Raja died without a legitimate heir in 1861. This dispute was finally over with a multiparty compromise with Dhanurjaya Bhanja being crowned king in 1868. However, there was a rebellion that broke out soon after led by Ratna Naik and a few other tribals. This rebellion was quelled with the help of British Police.<ref name="Cobden-Ramsay 2011">{{cite book | last=Cobden-Ramsay | first=L.E.B. | title=Feudatory States of Orissa: Bengal District Gazetteers | publisher=Logos Press | year=2011 | isbn=978-81-7268-216-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rbye1SEL1KAC | access-date=20 May 2019 | pages=213–215 }} [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206889/page/n239/mode/1up Alt URL]</ref><ref name="Sinha 1993 p. 318">{{cite book | last=Sinha | first=S.P. | title=Conflict and Tension in Tribal Society | publisher=Concept Publishing Company | year=1993 | isbn=978-81-7022-493-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SsZUsqlIFDEC&pg=PA318 | access-date=20 May 2019 | page=318}}</ref><ref name="Sinha Centre for Studies in Social Sciences 1987 p. ">{{cite book | last=Sinha | first=S. | author2=Centre for Studies in Social Sciences | title=Tribal polities and state systems in pre-colonial eastern and north eastern India | publisher=Published for Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta, by K.P. Bagchi & Co. | year=1987 | isbn=978-81-7074-014-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S4E_AAAAMAAJ | access-date=20 May 2019 }}</ref> There was another tribal uprising in 1891 under the leadership of Dharanidhar Naik against oppressive practices such as [[bonded labour]]. This was known as "Dharani Meli".<ref name="Mukherjee 1964 p. ">{{cite book | last=Mukherjee | first=P. | title=History of Orissa in the 19th century | publisher=Utkal University | series=Utkal University history of Orissa | year=1964 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZUvRAAAAMAAJ | access-date=20 May 2019 | page=411}}</ref> The Raja had to flee to Cuttack and the rebellion was again quelled by British forces.<ref name="Mishra 1998 p. 17">{{cite book | last=Mishra | first=D.P. | title=People's Revolt in Orissa: A Study of Talcher | publisher=Atlantic Publishers and Distributors | year=1998 | isbn=978-81-7156-739-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W8GXSR0SiF8C&pg=PA17 | access-date=20 May 2019 | page=17}}</ref><ref name="Mishra 1983 p. ">{{cite book | last=Mishra | first=P.K. | title=Political unrest in Orissa in the 19th century: anti-British, anti-feudal, and agrarian risings | publisher=Punthi Pustak | series=Orissan studies project | year=1983 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_PUdAAAAMAAJ | access-date=20 May 2019 }}</ref> | |||
Post Indian Independence in 1947 the whole of [[Keonjhar State]] was integrated into the State of Odisha (then Orissa) by "The Administration of Orissa States Orders, 1948". It became one of the 13 districts of the State.<ref name="The Orissa Gazette. Extraordinary No. 2A/1.1.1948">{{cite web | author=Government of Orissa| title=The Orissa Gazette. Extraordinary. | website=Bare Acts | date=31 December 1947 | url=http://www.bareactslive.com/Ori/OR004.HTM | access-date=20 May 2019}}</ref> | Post Indian Independence in 1947 the whole of [[Keonjhar State]] was integrated into the State of Odisha (then Orissa) by "The Administration of Orissa States Orders, 1948". It became one of the 13 districts of the State.<ref name="The Orissa Gazette. Extraordinary No. 2A/1.1.1948">{{cite web | author=Government of Orissa| title=The Orissa Gazette. Extraordinary. | website=Bare Acts | date=31 December 1947 | url=http://www.bareactslive.com/Ori/OR004.HTM | access-date=20 May 2019}}</ref> | ||
==Geography== | ==Geography== | ||
Keonjhar is a landlocked district situated in the northern part of Orissa. It is bounded by [[Mayurbhanj | Keonjhar is a landlocked district situated in the northern part of Orissa. It is bounded by [[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]], [[Balasore district|Balasore]] and [[Bhadrak district]] to the east, [[Jajpur district]] to the south, [[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]], [[Anugul district|Anugul]] and [[Sundargarh district]] to the west, and [[West Singhbhum district]] to the north. | ||
The district of Keonjhar is highly rich in mineral resources and has vast deposits of iron, [[manganese]] and [[chromium]] [[ore]]s. About 30% of the district's total area is covered with tracts of dense forests. Keonjhar also contains one of the oldest rock formations in the world, which covers an area of 100 km<sup>2</sup>. | The district of Keonjhar is highly rich in mineral resources and has vast deposits of iron, [[manganese]] and [[chromium]] [[ore]]s. About 30% of the district's total area is covered with tracts of dense forests. Keonjhar also contains one of the oldest rock formations in the world, which covers an area of 100 km<sup>2</sup>. | ||
===Topography=== | ===Topography=== | ||
On the eastern half of the district are the plains of [[Anandapur]]. To the west is a range of hills containing peaks such as | On the eastern half of the district are the plains of [[Anandapur]]. To the west is a range of hills containing peaks such as Gandhamardan (3477 ft), Mankadnacha (3639 ft), Gonasika (3219 ft) and Thakurani (3003 ft)<ref name="Cobden-Ramsay 2011 p. 213 ">{{cite book | last=Cobden-Ramsay | first=L.E.B. | title=Feudatory States of Orissa: Bengal District Gazetteers | publisher=Logos Press | year=2011 | isbn=978-81-7268-216-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rbye1SEL1KAC | access-date=20 May 2019 | page=213}}</ref> | ||
About half of the area of this district is covered by forests of Northern tropical deciduous type trees which include [[Shorea robusta|Sal]], [[Terminalia elliptica|Asan]], [[Syzygium cumini|Jamu]], [[Terminalia arjuna|Arjuna]], [[Schleichera oleosa|Kusum]], [[Xylia xylocarpa|Kangada]], [[Madhuca indica|Mahua]], [[Mangifera indica|Mango]], [[Diospyros melanoxylon|Kendu]].<ref name="wildlife.odisha.gov.in">{{cite web | title=Keonjhar WLU :: Odisha Wildlife Organisation | website=wildlife.odisha.gov.in | url=https://www.wildlife.odisha.gov.in/WebPortal/WL_Keonjhar.aspx?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1 | access-date=20 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="kendujhar.nic.in" /><ref name=" india 2014">{{cite web | author= india | title=keonjhar-phytosociology-MS-revised | publisher=Google Scholar | date=27 April 2014 | url=https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:KCAgOQJbH18J:scholar.google.com/+A.+Kar,++++A.K.+Biswal+and+++C.+Sudhakar+Reddy+&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5 | access-date=20 May 2019}}</ref> | About half of the area of this district is covered by forests of Northern tropical deciduous type trees which include [[Shorea robusta|Sal]], [[Terminalia elliptica|Asan]], [[Syzygium cumini|Jamu]], [[Terminalia arjuna|Arjuna]], [[Schleichera oleosa|Kusum]], [[Xylia xylocarpa|Kangada]], [[Madhuca indica|Mahua]], [[Mangifera indica|Mango]], [[Diospyros melanoxylon|Kendu]].<ref name="wildlife.odisha.gov.in">{{cite web | title=Keonjhar WLU :: Odisha Wildlife Organisation | website=wildlife.odisha.gov.in | url=https://www.wildlife.odisha.gov.in/WebPortal/WL_Keonjhar.aspx?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1 | access-date=20 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="kendujhar.nic.in" /><ref name=" india 2014">{{cite web | author= india | title=keonjhar-phytosociology-MS-revised | publisher=Google Scholar | date=27 April 2014 | url=https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:KCAgOQJbH18J:scholar.google.com/+A.+Kar,++++A.K.+Biswal+and+++C.+Sudhakar+Reddy+&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5 | access-date=20 May 2019}}</ref> | ||
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{{anchor|Pillow Lava in lron ore belt at Nomira}} | {{anchor|Pillow Lava in lron ore belt at Nomira}} | ||
Pillow Lava in lron ore belt at Nomira 2 km east of | Pillow Lava in lron ore belt at Nomira 2 km east of Nomira 18 km from 18 km south of Joda town, on the Keonjhar-Barbil-Lahunipada state highway, has been declared the [[List of National Geological Monuments in India|National Geological Monuments of India]] by the [[Geological Survey of India]] (GSI), for their protection, maintenance, promotion and enhancement of [[geotourism]].<ref name="gsi1">{{cite web |url=http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,529542&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |title=National Geological Monument, from Geological Survey of India website |access-date=21 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712055947/http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,529542&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |archive-date=12 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="gsi2">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=137573|title=Geo-Heritage Sites|date=9 March 2016|website=pib.nic.in|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|access-date=15 September 2018}}</ref><ref name="gsi3">[http://naturalheritage.intach.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Geoheritage-Monograph.pdf national geo-heritage of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111120428/http://naturalheritage.intach.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Geoheritage-Monograph.pdf |date=11 January 2017 }}, [[Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage|INTACH]]</ref> Pillow Lava, Iron ore belt of Nomira is an exposure of [[ellipsoid]]al [[pillow lava]] of a maximum thickness of 2m x 0.6m. The fine to medium grained, green to bluish green coloured with abundant [[Vesicular texture]] filled with [[quartz]]. The lavas and the associated [[pyroclastic rock]]s and [[tuff]]s are underlain by [[quartzite]] and overlain by [[shale]], chart-shale and [[Banded iron formation|banded hematite]] [[jasper]]. | ||
The site can be reached from Joda by following Joda Nayagar road up to Bamebari and then following a 2 km unmetalled road leading eastward up to Nomira. | The site can be reached from Joda by following Joda Nayagar road up to Bamebari and then following a 2 km unmetalled road leading eastward up to Nomira. | ||
===Climate=== | ===Climate=== | ||
The temperature in the district begins to rise rapidly in the spring with the highest temperatures recorded in the month of May usually go up to 38 °C. The maximum recorded temperature however is 43.3 °C.<ref name="Hindu 2016">{{cite web | last=Hindu | first=The | title=Temperature on the rise again in Odisha | website=The Hindu | date=3 May 2016 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/temperature-on-the-rise-again-in-odisha/article8548858.ece | access-date=20 May 2019}}</ref> The weather cools during the monsoon in June and remains cool until the end of October. The temperature in the month of December can drop down to 7 °C. The minimum temperature recorded was 1 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1910.1 mm.<ref name="District Irrigation Plan (DIP) of Odisha Year : 2015-20">{{cite conference |title=DISTRICT IRRIGATION PLAN OF KEONJHAR(ODISHA)) |url=http://www.dowrorissa.gov.in/DIP/2015-20/keonjhar.pdf |book-title=General Introduction of the District |conference=District Irrigation Plan (DIP) of Odisha Year : 2015–20 |conference-url=http://www.dowrorissa.gov.in/DIP/DIPIndex.htm |page=14 }}</ref> | The temperature in the district begins to rise rapidly in the spring with the highest temperatures recorded in the month of May usually go up to 38 °C. The maximum recorded temperature however is 43.3 °C.<ref name="Hindu 2016">{{cite web | last=Hindu | first=The | title=Temperature on the rise again in Odisha | website=The Hindu | date=3 May 2016 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/temperature-on-the-rise-again-in-odisha/article8548858.ece | access-date=20 May 2019}}</ref> The weather cools during the monsoon in June and remains cool until the end of October. The temperature in the month of December can drop down to 7 °C. The minimum temperature recorded was 1 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1910.1 mm.<ref name="District Irrigation Plan (DIP) of Odisha Year: 2015-20">{{cite conference |title=DISTRICT IRRIGATION PLAN OF KEONJHAR(ODISHA)) |url=http://www.dowrorissa.gov.in/DIP/2015-20/keonjhar.pdf |book-title=General Introduction of the District |conference=District Irrigation Plan (DIP) of Odisha Year: 2015–20 |conference-url=http://www.dowrorissa.gov.in/DIP/DIPIndex.htm |page=14 }}</ref> | ||
==Economy== | ==Economy== | ||
Keonjhar is part of the Singhbhum-Keonjhar-Banei iron belt. This belt stretches about 50 km and around 14.5 km lie within Kendujhar District. Daitari hills that border Kendujhar and Jajpur district is home to high grade of Iron ore. [[Odisha Mining Corporation]] along with [[Tata Steel|TISCO]] and Bolani Mines Private Ltd run iron ore mines in Kendujhar. In addition there are many medium and small scale mining operations in Barbil/Joda area. Keonjhar also has abundant manganese and Chromite deposits. Kendujhar supplies around 80% of Odisha's manganese production. The manganese mines are at Banspani, Barbil and Barjamda while the Chromite mines are at Baula, Nuasahi and Phulinjhorhuli. | |||
Keonjhar is part of the Singhbhum-Keonjhar-Banei iron belt. This belt stretches about 50 km and around 14.5 km lie within Kendujhar District. Daitari hills that border Kendujhar and Jajpur district is home to high grade of Iron ore . [[Odisha Mining Corporation]] along with [[Tata Steel|TISCO]] and Bolani Mines Private Ltd run iron ore mines in Kendujhar. In addition there are many medium and small scale mining operations in Barbil/Joda area. Keonjhar also has abundant manganese and Chromite deposits. Kendujhar supplies around 80% of Odisha's manganese production. The manganese mines are at Banspani, Barbil and Barjamda while the Chromite mines are at Baula, Nuasahi and Phulinjhorhuli. | |||
<ref name="Das 2017">{{cite web | last=Das | first=Sudhansu Kumar | title=Role of commercial banks in rural development – A case study of Keonjhar district of Orissa | website=Apache Tomcat/7.0.65 | date=27 January 2017 | url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/10603/129654 | access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref> | <ref name="Das 2017">{{cite web | last=Das | first=Sudhansu Kumar | title=Role of commercial banks in rural development – A case study of Keonjhar district of Orissa | website=Apache Tomcat/7.0.65 | date=27 January 2017 | url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/10603/129654 | access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref> | ||
[[File:Jindal_steel_and_power_In_Kendujhar_district.png|thumb|Jspl pellet plant]] | [[File:Jindal_steel_and_power_In_Kendujhar_district.png|thumb|Jspl pellet plant|left]] | ||
2006 the [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] named Kendujhar one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most backward districts]].<ref name="brgf" /> The district is one of the 19 districts in Orissa currently receiving funds from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]] Programme (BRGF). | 2006 the [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] named Kendujhar one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most backward districts]].<ref name="brgf" /> The district is one of the 19 districts in Orissa currently receiving funds from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]] Programme (BRGF). | ||
As per the Mines and Minerals (Development & Regulation) Act of 2015 the district is set to receive aid from mining companies and lease holders.<ref name=brgf>{{cite news|date=31 May 2015|title=Keonjhar may get Rs 2800 cr for MDF|work=Business Standard|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/keonjhar-may-get-rs-2800-cr-for-mdf-115053100695_1.html|access-date=3 July 2018}}</ref> | As per the Mines and Minerals (Development & Regulation) Act of 2015 the district is set to receive aid from mining companies and lease holders.<ref name=brgf>{{cite news|date=31 May 2015|title=Keonjhar may get Rs 2800 cr for MDF|work=Business Standard|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/keonjhar-may-get-rs-2800-cr-for-mdf-115053100695_1.html|access-date=3 July 2018}}</ref> | ||
== | ==Administration== | ||
*Subdivisions- 03, 1. [[Anandapur]], 2. [[Champua]], 3. [[Kendujhar (sadar)]] | *Subdivisions- 03, 1. [[Anandapur]], 2. [[Champua]], 3. [[Kendujhar (sadar)]] | ||
*[[Tehsils]]- 13 | *[[Tehsils]]- 13 | ||
| Line 143: | Line 148: | ||
==Demographics== | ==Demographics== | ||
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=2,85,758|13=1911|14=3,64,702|15=1921|16=3,79,496|17=1931|18=4,60,609|19=1941|20=5,29,786|21=1951|22=5,88,441|23=1961|24=7,43,315|25=1971|26=9,55,514|27=1981|28=11,14,622|29=1991|30=13,37,026|31=2001|32=15,61,990|33=2011|34=18,01,733| | {{historical populations|11=1901|12=2,85,758|13=1911|14=3,64,702|15=1921|16=3,79,496|17=1931|18=4,60,609|19=1941|20=5,29,786|21=1951|22=5,88,441|23=1961|24=7,43,315|25=1971|26=9,55,514|27=1981|28=11,14,622|29=1991|30=13,37,026|31=2001|32=15,61,990|33=2011|34=18,01,733|source=Census of India<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=center}} | ||
{{bar box | |||
|title=Religions in Kendujhar district (2011)<ref name="census2011-religion">{{cite web|title=Table C-01 Population by Religious Community: Odisha|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11387/download/14500/DDW21C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> | |||
|titlebar=#Fcd116 | |||
|left1=Religion | |||
|right1=Per cent | |||
|float=left | |||
|bars= | |||
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Odisha|Hinduism]]|darkorange|97.28}} | |||
{{bar percent|[[Odia Muslims|Islam]]|green|1.54}} | |||
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Odisha|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.51}} | |||
{{bar percent|[[Sarnaism|Sarna]]|maroon|0.41}} | |||
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.26}} | |||
}} | |||
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Kendujhar district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,801,733.<ref name=districtcensus>{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook 2011 – Kendujhar|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/948/download/36660/DH_2011_2106_PART_A_DCHB_KENDUJHAR.pdf|website=[[Census of India]]|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> It is the 264th most populous district in India.<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert|217|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> The district's [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001–2011 was 15.42%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Kendujhar has a [[sex ratio]] of 987 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 69%. 14.05% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 11.62% and 45.45% of the population.<ref name=districtcensus/> | |||
The concentration of Scheduled Tribes is the highest in the [[Keonjhar]] subdivision and lowest in the Anandapur subdivision. The majority of Scheduled Tribes members are employed in agriculture, mining, or quarrying. The literacy among the Scheduled Tribes was 15.25% in the 1981 census but it has increased to 24.89% in the 1991 census. This percentage is higher than the State average of 22.31%.<ref name="kendujhar.nic.in" /> | The concentration of Scheduled Tribes is the highest in the [[Keonjhar]] subdivision and lowest in the Anandapur subdivision. The majority of Scheduled Tribes members are employed in agriculture, mining, or quarrying. The literacy among the Scheduled Tribes was 15.25% in the 1981 census but it has increased to 24.89% in the 1991 census. This percentage is higher than the State average of 22.31%.<ref name="kendujhar.nic.in" /> | ||
=== | ===Tribes and communities=== | ||
Kendujhar district, situated in the state of Odisha, is categorized as a [[Scheduled Areas|Scheduled Area]]. According to the 2011 census, the Scheduled population accounts for 57.06% of the state's total population. The district has significant representation of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. The major [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] in Kendujhar district, along with their respective percentages within the total Scheduled Caste population of 209,357, are as follows: [[Pano (caste)|Pano]] (59.9%), [[Dhobi|Dhoba]] (13.59%), Keuta (4.23%), [[Dom (caste)|Dom]] (4.11%), [[Ghasi]] (3.27%), Haddi (2.25%), Pantanti (2.07%), Patratanti (1.53%), Gokha (1.12%), and Tamudia (0.94%).<ref>{{Cite web |title=A-10 Appendix: District wise scheduled caste population (Appendix), Odisha - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42900/download/46568/SC-21-PCA-A10-APPENDIX.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref> Similarly, the major [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] in the district, with their respective percentages within the total Scheduled Tribe population of 801,878, include [[Ho people|Ho]] (30.77%), [[Bhuiya]]n (12.70%), [[Gondi people|Gond]] (9.86%), [[Bathudi Tribe|Bathudi]] (9.65%), [[Sounti]] (8.89%), [[Santal people|Santal]] (8.8%), [[Munda people|Munda]] (5.97%), [[Juang people|Juang]] (3.27%), [[Lodha people|Lodha]] (3.21%), [[Bhumij people|Bhumij]] (1.76%), [[Sora people|Soura]] (1.18%), [[Mirdha (tribe)|Mirdha]] (0.63%).<ref name="Mehta 2004 p. 285">{{cite book | last=Mehta | first=P.C. | title=Ethnographic Atlas of Indian Tribes | publisher=Discovery Publishing House | year=2004 | isbn=978-81-7141-852-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hoQqpkfrXfAC&pg=PA285 | access-date=20 May 2019 | page=285}}</ref> | |||
===Languages=== | ===Languages=== | ||
{{Pie chart | {{Pie chart | ||
| thumb = right | |thumb = right | ||
| caption = Languages of Kendujhar district | |caption = Languages of Kendujhar district (2011)<ref name="census2011-langreport"/> | ||
| label1 = [[Odia language|Odia]] | |label1 = [[Odia language|Odia]] |value1 = 78.88 |color1 = saddlebrown | ||
| value1 = 78.88 | |label2 = [[Ho language|Ho]] |value2 = 8.09 |color2 = deepskyblue | ||
| color1 = | |label3 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value3 = 3.77 |color3 =purple | ||
| label2 = [[Ho language|Ho]] | |label4 = [[Hindi]] |value4 = 2.66 |color4 = orange | ||
| value2 = 8.09 | |label5 = [[Mundari language|Mundari]] |value5 = 1.69 |color5 = teal | ||
| color2 = | |label6 = [[Juang language|Juang]] |value6 = 1.29 |color6 = paleturquoise | ||
| label3 = [[Santali language|Santali]] | |label7 = [[Urdu]] |value7 = 0.93 |color7 = green | ||
| value3 = 3.77 | |label8 = Others |value8 = 2.69 |color8 = grey | ||
| color3 = | |||
| label4 = [[Hindi]] | |||
| value4 = 2.66 | |||
| color4 = orange | |||
| label5 = [[Mundari language| | |||
| value5 = 1.69 | |||
| color5 = | |||
| label6 = [[Juang language|Juang]] | |||
| value6 = 1.29 | |||
| color6 = | |||
| label7 = | |||
| value7 = | |||
| | |||
}} | }} | ||
At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 78.88% of the population in the district spoke [[Odia language|Odia]], 8.09% [[Ho language|Ho]], 3.77% [[Santali language|Santali]], 2.66% [[Hindi]], 1.69% [[Mundari language| | At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 78.88% of the population in the district spoke [[Odia language|Odia]], 8.09% [[Ho language|Ho]], 3.77% [[Santali language|Santali]], 2.66% [[Hindi]], 1.69% [[Mundari language|Mundari]], 1.29% [[Juang language|Juang]] and 0.93% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="census2011-langreport">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Odisha|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10217/download/13329/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2100.XLSX|website=Census of India 2011 |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> | ||
Around 30% of the tribals belong to the [[Ho people]] and they speak the [[Ho language]]. Other languages include Bhunjia, which is spoken by approximately 7000 [[Bhunjia]] [[Adivasi]]s. Only Bhunija Tribal communities also speak Odia as a secondary language and other tribal communities uses their own mother tongues.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|editor=M. Paul Lewis|encyclopedia=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|title=Bhunjia: A language of India|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bhu|access-date=3 July 2018|edition=16th|year=2009|publisher=SIL International|location=Dallas, Texas}}</ref> | |||
==Culture and | ==Culture and heritage== | ||
The culture of Keonjhar district is mainly tribal culture of different tribes residing in this district. The district administration recognised important tribal festivals among which are the festivals of Sohrai, Gaumara Parab, Sarhul, Mage Parab, Baa Parab, Hermuutu, Heroh Parab, Karam Parab, Jomnama Parab,Jomsuim, Uda Parab, and Baruni Jatra.<ref name=kendujhar>[https://kendujhar.nic.in/culture-heritage/ Culture & Heritage] Retrieved 3 July 2018.</ref> | The culture of Keonjhar district is mainly tribal culture of different tribes residing in this district. The district administration recognised important tribal festivals among which are the festivals of Sohrai, Gaumara Parab, Sarhul, Mage Parab, Baa Parab, Hermuutu, Heroh Parab, Karam Parab, Jomnama Parab, Jomsuim, Uda Parab, and Baruni Jatra and Bhoji Bhaata.<ref name=kendujhar>[https://kendujhar.nic.in/culture-heritage/ Culture & Heritage] Retrieved 3 July 2018.</ref> | ||
==Folk | ===Folk dance=== | ||
The district has large sections of tribal communities. So, there are many folk dances such as Ho, Juang and Changu dances which are popular and recognised by the district administration.<ref name=kendujhar/> | The district has large sections of tribal communities. So, there are many folk dances such as Ho, Juang and Changu dances which are popular and recognised by the district administration.<ref name=kendujhar/> | ||
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===Vidhan sabha constituencies=== | ===Vidhan sabha constituencies=== | ||
{{Main|List of constituencies of Odisha Vidhan Sabha}} | {{Main|List of constituencies of Odisha Vidhan Sabha}} | ||
The following is the 6 [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan sabha]] constituencies<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf|title=Assembly Constituencies and their EXtent|author=Shangara Ram|journal=The Gazette of India/Orissa State Gazette|number=282|date=15 December 2006}}</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref> of Kendujhar district and the elected members<ref>{{cite web|url=http://odishaassembly.nic.in/MLAprof.aspx|title=List of Member in Fourteenth Assembly|website=odishaassembly.nic.in|access-date=3 July 2018}}</ref> of that area. | The following is the 6 [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan sabha]] constituencies<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf|title=Assembly Constituencies and their EXtent|author=Shangara Ram|journal=The Gazette of India/Orissa State Gazette|number=282|date=15 December 2006|archive-date=5 March 2016|access-date=15 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305154017/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref> of Kendujhar district and the elected members<ref>{{cite web|url=http://odishaassembly.nic.in/MLAprof.aspx|title=List of Member in Fourteenth Assembly|website=odishaassembly.nic.in|access-date=3 July 2018}}</ref> of that area. | ||
{| class="wikitable sortable" | {| class="wikitable sortable" | ||
| Line 228: | Line 234: | ||
|SC | |SC | ||
| Anandapur (M), Hatadihi, Anandapur (part) <!-- Bailo G.P, Baunsagarh G.P, Belabahali G.P, Gayalmunda G.P, Haridapal G.P, Jalasuan G.P, Kantipal G.P, Kathakata G.P, Kodapad G.P, Manoharpur G.P, Panasadiha G.P, Panchupali G.P, Salabani G.P, Taratara GP--> | | Anandapur (M), Hatadihi, Anandapur (part) <!-- Bailo G.P, Baunsagarh G.P, Belabahali G.P, Gayalmunda G.P, Haridapal G.P, Jalasuan G.P, Kantipal G.P, Kathakata G.P, Kodapad G.P, Manoharpur G.P, Panasadiha G.P, Panchupali G.P, Salabani G.P, Taratara GP--> | ||
| | | Abhimanyu Sethi | ||
| style="background:#004225;"|[[Biju Janata Dal|<span style="color:white;">BJD</span>]] | | style="background:#004225;"|[[Biju Janata Dal|<span style="color:white;">BJD</span>]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 243: | Line 249: | ||
| Keonjhar (M), Keonjhar, Jhumpura (part) <!-- Arsala G.P, Balibandha G.P, Jhumpura G.P, Khendra G.P, Kutugaon G.P, Nahabeda G.P, Naradapur G.P, Nischintapur G.P, Basantapur G.P, Gumura G.P, Malada G.P, Nayagarh G. P-->, Bansapal (Part) <!--Kodipasa G.P., Sukati G.P., Talachampei G.P., Talakainsari G.P., Kumundi G.P.,--> | | Keonjhar (M), Keonjhar, Jhumpura (part) <!-- Arsala G.P, Balibandha G.P, Jhumpura G.P, Khendra G.P, Kutugaon G.P, Nahabeda G.P, Naradapur G.P, Nischintapur G.P, Basantapur G.P, Gumura G.P, Malada G.P, Nayagarh G. P-->, Bansapal (Part) <!--Kodipasa G.P., Sukati G.P., Talachampei G.P., Talakainsari G.P., Kumundi G.P.,--> | ||
|Mohan Majhi | |Mohan Majhi | ||
| style="background:# | | style="background:#f93;"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
!25 | !25 | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
{{ | {{reflist}} | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
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|Northeast = | |Northeast = | ||
|East = [[Mayurbhanj district]] | |East = [[Mayurbhanj district]] | ||
|Southeast = [[Baleshwar district]] <br> [[Bhadrak district]] | |Southeast = [[Baleshwar district]] <br /> [[Bhadrak district]] | ||
|South = [[Jajapur district]] | |South = [[Jajapur district]] | ||
|Southwest = [[Dhenkanal district]] | |Southwest = [[Dhenkanal district]] | ||
| Line 279: | Line 285: | ||
|Northwest = [[Sundergarh district]] | |Northwest = [[Sundergarh district]] | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{Kendujhar district}} | {{Kendujhar district}} | ||
{{Orissa}} | {{Orissa}} | ||
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{{Authority control}} | {{Authority control}} | ||
[[Category:Kendujhar district| ]] | [[Category:Kendujhar district| ]] | ||
[[Category:1948 establishments in India]] | [[Category:1948 establishments in India]] | ||
[[Category:Districts of Odisha]] | [[Category:Districts of Odisha]] | ||
Latest revision as of 06:59, 29 December 2025
Kendujhar district
Keonjhar district | |
|---|---|
  | |
.svg) Location in Odisha | |
| Coordinates: 21°37′59″N 85°36′00″E / 21.633°N 85.6°E | |
| Country | India |
| State | Odisha |
| Headquarters | Kendujhar |
| Government | |
| • Collector & District Magistrate | Vishal Singh, IAS |
| • Divisional Forest Officer Cum Wildlife Warden | Dhanraj Hanumant Dhamdhere, IFS |
| • Superintendent of Police | Kusalkar Nitin Dagudu, IPS |
| Area | |
| • Total | 8,303 km2 (3,206 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 480 m (1,570 ft) |
| Population (2011)[1] | |
| • Total | 1,801,733 |
| • Rank | 8 |
| • Density | 220/km2 (560/sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| • Official | Odia, English |
| • Local | Ho, Munda, Juang[2] |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 758 xxx |
| Vehicle registration | OD-09 |
| Sex ratio | 0.987 ♂/♀ |
| Literacy | 69% |
| Lok Sabha constituency | Keonjhar(ST) |
| Vidhan Sabha constituency | 7 |
| Climate | Aw (Köppen) |
| Precipitation | 1,535.5 millimetres (60.45 in) |
| Website | kendujhar |
Kendujhar district, also known as Keonjhar district, is an administrative district of Odisha. The district is one of the fifth Scheduled Areas of Odisha.[3][4][5][6] The town of Kendujhar (or Kendujhargarh) is the district headquarters. The district has three sub-divisions, Anandapur, Champua, and Kendujhar.[7]
Etymology[edit | edit source]
Origin of the name Keonjhar/Kendujhar is not certain. Locals pronounce the name as Kenjhar. In medieval Sanskrit inscriptions the name "Kenjhar" is found. The name has been Sanskritised to Kendujhar by the ex-Durbar government.[8] The name Kendujhar is derived from "Kendu", meaning East Indian Ebony (tree which is abundant in the district) and "Jhar" meaning water spring.[9] In colonial records, the district name variously noted as Comgur, Konjoor, Koonjoor, Keunjur, and Keunjhar.
History[edit | edit source]
Early history of Kendujhar is not certain. Nagas of Vindhyatabi ruled Keonjhar during the second century CE to fourth century CE and Satrubhanja was famous king of the dynasty.[10][11] In Sitabhinji, fresco paintings were found in the cave shelter of Ravana Chhaya, which date to the fifth century A.D.[12][13][14]
The district of Kendujhar functioned as a princely state before its amalgamation with Orissa, its early historical accounts remaining enigmatic. Cobden-Ramsay delineated a segment of Upper Kendujhar, amalgamating it with Mayurbhanj to establish the entity known as Hariharpur.[15] This geographical entity likely constituted a component of the ancient Khijjinga territory, which had its headquarters at Khijjinga Kota, now identified as modern Khiching. It evolved into an independent state during the early half of the 12th century A.D., under the rulership of Jyoti Bhanja.
Preceding the reign of Jyoti Bhanja, Kendujhar's territorial jurisdiction encompassed solely the northern precinct of the contemporary district. In the latter part of the 15th century, under the governance of King Govinda Bhanja, Kendujhar extended its territorial boundaries from Singhbhum in the north to Sukinda (a Zamindari situated in Cuttack district) in the south. It also extended from Mayurbhanj in the east to the perimeters of the States of Bonai, Pal-lahara, and Dhenkanal in the west. During Pratap Balabhadra Bhanja's rule (1764-1792 A.D.), two small areas, Tillo and Jujhpada, were acquired from the Zamindar of Kantajhari and incorporated into the State. These additions received official recognition in the 1804 Sanad granted by the East India Company to Raja Janardan Bhanja. After the merger with Orissa, for administrative reasons, Tillo (7.51 sq. km.) and Jujhpada (9.06 sq. km.) were transferred to Baleshwar and Cuttack districts, respectively. Additionally, the Ambo group of villages (14.84 sq. km.) from Baleshwar district became part of Kendujhar district.
There were several chiefs of this Gadjat State until Raja Janardan Bhanja signed a treaty with East India Company. This recognised the title of Raja by British Government. There was a succession dispute when the then Raja died without a legitimate heir in 1861. This dispute was finally over with a multiparty compromise with Dhanurjaya Bhanja being crowned king in 1868. However, there was a rebellion that broke out soon after led by Ratna Naik and a few other tribals. This rebellion was quelled with the help of British Police.[15][16][17] There was another tribal uprising in 1891 under the leadership of Dharanidhar Naik against oppressive practices such as bonded labour. This was known as "Dharani Meli".[18] The Raja had to flee to Cuttack and the rebellion was again quelled by British forces.[19][20]
Post Indian Independence in 1947 the whole of Keonjhar State was integrated into the State of Odisha (then Orissa) by "The Administration of Orissa States Orders, 1948". It became one of the 13 districts of the State.[21]
Geography[edit | edit source]
Keonjhar is a landlocked district situated in the northern part of Orissa. It is bounded by Mayurbhanj, Balasore and Bhadrak district to the east, Jajpur district to the south, Dhenkanal, Anugul and Sundargarh district to the west, and West Singhbhum district to the north.
The district of Keonjhar is highly rich in mineral resources and has vast deposits of iron, manganese and chromium ores. About 30% of the district's total area is covered with tracts of dense forests. Keonjhar also contains one of the oldest rock formations in the world, which covers an area of 100 km2.
Topography[edit | edit source]
On the eastern half of the district are the plains of Anandapur. To the west is a range of hills containing peaks such as Gandhamardan (3477 ft), Mankadnacha (3639 ft), Gonasika (3219 ft) and Thakurani (3003 ft)[22]
About half of the area of this district is covered by forests of Northern tropical deciduous type trees which include Sal, Asan, Jamu, Arjuna, Kusum, Kangada, Mahua, Mango, Kendu.[23][12][24]
The highlands consist of clusters of rugged crags and the mountaintops appear to be sharply ridged or peaked, however they have extensive tablelands on their summits. In some areas, isolated hills rise abruptly from the plains, but most areas have a general elevation of over 600m. The highlands form the watershed for a number of rivers, including the Baitarani River.[25][26]
Nomira national geological monument[edit | edit source]
Pillow Lava in lron ore belt at Nomira 2 km east of Nomira 18 km from 18 km south of Joda town, on the Keonjhar-Barbil-Lahunipada state highway, has been declared the National Geological Monuments of India by the Geological Survey of India (GSI), for their protection, maintenance, promotion and enhancement of geotourism.[27][28][29] Pillow Lava, Iron ore belt of Nomira is an exposure of ellipsoidal pillow lava of a maximum thickness of 2m x 0.6m. The fine to medium grained, green to bluish green coloured with abundant Vesicular texture filled with quartz. The lavas and the associated pyroclastic rocks and tuffs are underlain by quartzite and overlain by shale, chart-shale and banded hematite jasper.
The site can be reached from Joda by following Joda Nayagar road up to Bamebari and then following a 2 km unmetalled road leading eastward up to Nomira.
Climate[edit | edit source]
The temperature in the district begins to rise rapidly in the spring with the highest temperatures recorded in the month of May usually go up to 38 °C. The maximum recorded temperature however is 43.3 °C.[30] The weather cools during the monsoon in June and remains cool until the end of October. The temperature in the month of December can drop down to 7 °C. The minimum temperature recorded was 1 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1910.1 mm.[31]
Economy[edit | edit source]
Keonjhar is part of the Singhbhum-Keonjhar-Banei iron belt. This belt stretches about 50 km and around 14.5 km lie within Kendujhar District. Daitari hills that border Kendujhar and Jajpur district is home to high grade of Iron ore. Odisha Mining Corporation along with TISCO and Bolani Mines Private Ltd run iron ore mines in Kendujhar. In addition there are many medium and small scale mining operations in Barbil/Joda area. Keonjhar also has abundant manganese and Chromite deposits. Kendujhar supplies around 80% of Odisha's manganese production. The manganese mines are at Banspani, Barbil and Barjamda while the Chromite mines are at Baula, Nuasahi and Phulinjhorhuli. [32]
2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Kendujhar one of the country's 250 most backward districts.[33] The district is one of the 19 districts in Orissa currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).
As per the Mines and Minerals (Development & Regulation) Act of 2015 the district is set to receive aid from mining companies and lease holders.[33]
Administration[edit | edit source]
- Subdivisions- 03, 1. Anandapur, 2. Champua, 3. Kendujhar (sadar)
- Tehsils- 13
- Blocks- 13: Anandapur, Banspal, Champua, Ghasipura, Ghatgaon, Harichandanpur, Hatadihi, Jhumpura, Joda, Keonjhar, Patna, Saharpada, Telkoi
- Revenue Circles- 50
- Gram Panchayats- 287
- Sub-Registrar Office- 06
- Police Stations- 25
- Towns(Urban Areas)- 09
- Municipalities- 04: 1. Anandapur, 2. Barbil, 3. Kendujhar, 4. Joda
- NAC- 01 Champua
- Census Town- 04: 1.Bolani, 2.Jajanga, 3.Jhumpura, 4.Daitari
- Inhabited Villages- 2135
- Fire Stations- 13
- District Jail/ Special Jail- 01
- Sub-Jails- 02
- Agricultural Districts- 03
- ICDS Projects- 14
- Treasury/SubTreasury- 07
- HQ.Hospital/Hospitals- 04
- Community Health Centre/UGPHC- 17
- Public Health Centre- 81
- Sub Centre (Health)- 351
Demographics[edit | edit source]
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1901 | 285,758 | — |
| 1911 | 364,702 | +27.6% |
| 1921 | 379,496 | +4.1% |
| 1931 | 460,609 | +21.4% |
| 1941 | 529,786 | +15.0% |
| 1951 | 588,441 | +11.1% |
| 1961 | 743,315 | +26.3% |
| 1971 | 955,514 | +28.5% |
| 1981 | 1,114,622 | +16.7% |
| 1991 | 1,337,026 | +20.0% |
| 2001 | 1,561,990 | +16.8% |
| 2011 | 1,801,733 | +15.3% |
| Source: Census of India[34] | ||
According to the 2011 census, Kendujhar district has a population of 1,801,733.[1] It is the 264th most populous district in India.[1] The district has a population density of 217 inhabitants per square kilometre (560/sq mi).[1] The district's population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 15.42%.[1] Kendujhar has a sex ratio of 987 females for every 1000 males,[1] and a literacy rate of 69%. 14.05% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 11.62% and 45.45% of the population.[1]
The concentration of Scheduled Tribes is the highest in the Keonjhar subdivision and lowest in the Anandapur subdivision. The majority of Scheduled Tribes members are employed in agriculture, mining, or quarrying. The literacy among the Scheduled Tribes was 15.25% in the 1981 census but it has increased to 24.89% in the 1991 census. This percentage is higher than the State average of 22.31%.[12]
Tribes and communities[edit | edit source]
Kendujhar district, situated in the state of Odisha, is categorized as a Scheduled Area. According to the 2011 census, the Scheduled population accounts for 57.06% of the state's total population. The district has significant representation of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. The major Scheduled Castes in Kendujhar district, along with their respective percentages within the total Scheduled Caste population of 209,357, are as follows: Pano (59.9%), Dhoba (13.59%), Keuta (4.23%), Dom (4.11%), Ghasi (3.27%), Haddi (2.25%), Pantanti (2.07%), Patratanti (1.53%), Gokha (1.12%), and Tamudia (0.94%).[36] Similarly, the major Scheduled Tribes in the district, with their respective percentages within the total Scheduled Tribe population of 801,878, include Ho (30.77%), Bhuiyan (12.70%), Gond (9.86%), Bathudi (9.65%), Sounti (8.89%), Santal (8.8%), Munda (5.97%), Juang (3.27%), Lodha (3.21%), Bhumij (1.76%), Soura (1.18%), Mirdha (0.63%).[37]
Languages[edit | edit source]
At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 78.88% of the population in the district spoke Odia, 8.09% Ho, 3.77% Santali, 2.66% Hindi, 1.69% Mundari, 1.29% Juang and 0.93% Urdu as their first language.[38]
Around 30% of the tribals belong to the Ho people and they speak the Ho language. Other languages include Bhunjia, which is spoken by approximately 7000 Bhunjia Adivasis. Only Bhunija Tribal communities also speak Odia as a secondary language and other tribal communities uses their own mother tongues.[39]
Culture and heritage[edit | edit source]
The culture of Keonjhar district is mainly tribal culture of different tribes residing in this district. The district administration recognised important tribal festivals among which are the festivals of Sohrai, Gaumara Parab, Sarhul, Mage Parab, Baa Parab, Hermuutu, Heroh Parab, Karam Parab, Jomnama Parab, Jomsuim, Uda Parab, and Baruni Jatra and Bhoji Bhaata.[40]
Folk dance[edit | edit source]
The district has large sections of tribal communities. So, there are many folk dances such as Ho, Juang and Changu dances which are popular and recognised by the district administration.[40]
Ho Dance[edit | edit source]
This dance is performed by the Ho speaking tribe mainly during Mage Porob in the month of November–January.
Juang Dance[edit | edit source]
Juang dance is performed by the Juang tribe of this district.
Politics[edit | edit source]
Vidhan sabha constituencies[edit | edit source]
The following is the 6 Vidhan sabha constituencies[41][42] of Kendujhar district and the elected members[43] of that area.
| No. | Constituency | Reservation | Extent of the Assembly Constituency (Blocks) | Member of 15th Assembly | Party |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 20 | Telkoi | ST | Harichandanpur, Telkoi, Banspal (Part) | Premananda Naik | BJD |
| 21 | Ghasipura | None | Ghasipura, Ghatagaon, Anandpur (part) | Badri Narayan Patra | BJD |
| 22 | Anandapur | SC | Anandapur (M), Hatadihi, Anandapur (part) | Abhimanyu Sethi | BJD |
| 23 | Patna | ST | Patna, Saharpada, Jhumpura (part), Champua (part) | Jagannath Naik | BJD |
| 24 | Keonjhar | ST | Keonjhar (M), Keonjhar, Jhumpura (part) , Bansapal (Part) | Mohan Majhi | BJP |
| 25 | Champua | None | Joda (M), Barbil (M), Joda, Champua (part) | Meenakshi Mahanta | BJD |
Gallery[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 "District Census Handbook 2011 – Kendujhar" (PDF). Census of India. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
- ↑ "Tribals seek official tag for Ho language". 27 October 2018.
- ↑ "Vikaspedia Domains".
- ↑ "Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Government of India".
- ↑ [1][dead link]
- ↑ "ST & SC Development, Minorities & Backward Classes Welfare Department:: Government of Odisha". Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
- ↑ "Declaration of 5th Schedule". Retrieved 3 July 2018.
- ↑ Orissa (India).; Senapati, N.; Sahu, N.K. (1966). Orissa District Gazetteers: Kendujhar. Gazetteer of India. Superintendent, Orissa Government Press. p. 2. Retrieved 20 May 2019. Alt URL
- ↑ Bhushan, C.; Banerjee, C.B.A.M.Z.H.S. (2008). Rich Lands Poor People: Is 'sustainable' Mining Possible. State of India's Environment, a Citizens' Report. Centre For Science And Environment. p. 241. ISBN 978-81-86906-42-2. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
- ↑ "ORIGIN, GENEALOGY AND CHRONOLOGY OF THE BHANJAS" (PDF). www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in. pp. 74, 75. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
- ↑ Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt.Ltd. 1989. pp. 60, 61. ISBN 81-208-0592-5.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 kendujhar.nic.in
- ↑ Orissa State Museum (1984). The Orissa Historical Research Journal. Superintendent of Research and Museum. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
- ↑ "Puranveshana: Indian journal of archaeology and tradition", Puranveshana: Indian Journal of Archaeology and Tradition, 2 (1): 71, 2018, ISSN 2456-964X, OCLC 1036208533
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Cobden-Ramsay, L.E.B. (2011). Feudatory States of Orissa: Bengal District Gazetteers. Logos Press. pp. 213–215. ISBN 978-81-7268-216-3. Retrieved 20 May 2019. Alt URL
- ↑ Sinha, S.P. (1993). Conflict and Tension in Tribal Society. Concept Publishing Company. p. 318. ISBN 978-81-7022-493-8. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
- ↑ Sinha, S.; Centre for Studies in Social Sciences (1987). Tribal polities and state systems in pre-colonial eastern and north eastern India. Published for Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta, by K.P. Bagchi & Co. ISBN 978-81-7074-014-8. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
- ↑ Mukherjee, P. (1964). History of Orissa in the 19th century. Utkal University history of Orissa. Utkal University. p. 411. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
- ↑ Mishra, D.P. (1998). People's Revolt in Orissa: A Study of Talcher. Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. p. 17. ISBN 978-81-7156-739-3. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
- ↑ Mishra, P.K. (1983). Political unrest in Orissa in the 19th century: anti-British, anti-feudal, and agrarian risings. Orissan studies project. Punthi Pustak. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
- ↑ Government of Orissa (31 December 1947). "The Orissa Gazette. Extraordinary". Bare Acts. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
- ↑ Cobden-Ramsay, L.E.B. (2011). Feudatory States of Orissa: Bengal District Gazetteers. Logos Press. p. 213. ISBN 978-81-7268-216-3. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
- ↑ "Keonjhar WLU :: Odisha Wildlife Organisation". wildlife.odisha.gov.in. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
- ↑ india (27 April 2014). "keonjhar-phytosociology-MS-revised". Google Scholar. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
- ↑ India. Meteorological Department (2002). Climate of Orissa. Controller of Publications. p. 2. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
- ↑ Cobden-Ramsay, L.E.B. (2011). Feudatory States of Orissa: Bengal District Gazetteers. Logos Press. pp. 212–213. ISBN 978-81-7268-216-3. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
- ↑ "National Geological Monument, from Geological Survey of India website". Archived from the original on 12 July 2017. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
- ↑ "Geo-Heritage Sites". pib.nic.in. Press Information Bureau. 9 March 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2018.
- ↑ national geo-heritage of India Archived 11 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine, INTACH
- ↑ Hindu, The (3 May 2016). "Temperature on the rise again in Odisha". The Hindu. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
- ↑ "DISTRICT IRRIGATION PLAN OF KEONJHAR(ODISHA))" (PDF). General Introduction of the District. District Irrigation Plan (DIP) of Odisha Year: 2015–20. p. 14.
- ↑ Das, Sudhansu Kumar (27 January 2017). "Role of commercial banks in rural development – A case study of Keonjhar district of Orissa". Apache Tomcat/7.0.65. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 "Keonjhar may get Rs 2800 cr for MDF". Business Standard. 31 May 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
- ↑ Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901
- ↑ "Table C-01 Population by Religious Community: Odisha". Census of India, 2011. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
- ↑ "A-10 Appendix: District wise scheduled caste population (Appendix), Odisha - 2011". censusindia.gov.in.
- ↑ Mehta, P.C. (2004). Ethnographic Atlas of Indian Tribes. Discovery Publishing House. p. 285. ISBN 978-81-7141-852-7. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 "Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Odisha". Census of India 2011. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
- ↑ M. Paul Lewis, ed. (2009). "Bhunjia: A language of India". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (16th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 Culture & Heritage Retrieved 3 July 2018.
- ↑ Shangara Ram (15 December 2006). "Assembly Constituencies and their EXtent" (PDF). The Gazette of India/Orissa State Gazette (282). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
- ↑ Seats of Odisha
- ↑ "List of Member in Fourteenth Assembly". odishaassembly.nic.in. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
External links[edit | edit source]
Places adjacent to Kendujhar district | ||||||||||
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