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{{short description|Longest ruling queen in Indian history}} | {{short description|Longest ruling queen in Indian history}} | ||
{{ | {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}} | |||
{{infobox royalty | {{infobox royalty | ||
| name = Chennabhairadevi | | name = Chennabhairadevi | ||
| image = File:Bronze statue of Rani Chennabhairadevi.jpeg | | image = File:Bronze statue of Rani Chennabhairadevi.jpeg | ||
| caption = Bronze statue of Chennabhairadevi | | caption = Bronze statue of Chennabhairadevi | ||
| birth_date = | | birth_date = 16 C. | ||
| birth_place = [[ | | birth_place = [[Bhatkal]] | ||
| death_date = Early | | death_date = Early 17th century | ||
| death_place = [[Keladi]]<ref name="Avvarasi"/> | | death_place = [[Keladi]]<ref name="Avvarasi"/> | ||
| title = {{Ubl | Mahamandaleshwari | Queen of pepper | Avvarasi}} | | religion = [[Jainism]] | ||
| module = {{Infobox person |embed=yes | | title = {{Ubl | Mahamandaleshwari | Queen of pepper | Avvarasi}} | ||
| module = {{Infobox person |embed=yes | |||
| family = [[Saluva dynasty]] | | family = [[Saluva dynasty]] | ||
| known_for = {{Ubl | Longest ruled queen (54 years) | War against Portuguese in 1570}} | | known_for = {{Ubl | Longest ruled queen (54 years) | War against Portuguese in 1570}} | ||
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}} | }} | ||
'''Rani Chennabhairadevi''', (also called '''Raina-Da-Pimenta''' {{lit|'''The Queen of Pepper'''}} by the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]]),<ref name="QUEEN">{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/399154/where-pepper-queen-ruled.html|title=Where the Pepper queen ruled|work=Deccan Herald|author=Chitra Ramaswamy|date=15 April 2014|access-date=17 March 2021}}</ref> was | '''Rani Chennabhairadevi''', (also called '''Raina-Da-Pimenta''' {{lit|'''The Queen of Pepper'''}} by the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]]),<ref name="QUEEN">{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/399154/where-pepper-queen-ruled.html|title=Where the Pepper queen ruled|work=Deccan Herald|author=Chitra Ramaswamy|date=15 April 2014|access-date=17 March 2021}}</ref> was a 16th-century [[Vijayanagara Empire]] [[Jainism|Jain]] queen of Nagire province. She was officially known as '''Mahamandaleshwari Rani Chennabhairadevi'''. She is regarded as being the longest ruling queen in Indian history, from 1552 to 1606, a period of 54 years.<ref name="RANI">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2016/mar/07/chennabhairadevi-the-pepper-queen-of-india-who-ruled-for-54-years-900761.html|title=Chennabhairadevi, The Pepper Queen of India Who Ruled for 54 Years|work=Times of India|date=7 March 2016|access-date=17 March 2021}}</ref> She is also known for her wars against the Portuguese in 1559 and 1570, which she won and helped start commercial relationships with the Portuguese. | ||
She earned the title "The Queen of Pepper" from the Portuguese, as she | She earned the title "The Queen of Pepper" from the Portuguese ("Rainha de Pimenta" in [[Portuguese Language|Portuguese]]), as she exported a great amount of pepper and other spices to European and Arab regions through the ports of [[Bhatkal]] and [[Honnavar]].<ref name="Avvarasi">{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2016/mar/07/chennabhairadevi-the-pepper-queen-of-india-who-ruled-for-54-years-900761.html|title=Chennabhairadevi the pepper queen of India who ruled for 54 years|work=The New Indian Express|date=7 March 2016|access-date=17 October 2022}}</ref> | ||
== Nagire province == | == Nagire province == | ||
Nagire province, also known as the province of Gerusoppa | Nagire province, also known as the province of [[Gerusoppa]], was one of the small provinces under the control of the king of Vijayanagara, known as Mahamandala. The province followed the banks of [[Sharavathi river]] and extended from South Goa to Malabar.<ref name="DEVI">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bangalorefirst.in/?p=22119|title=Chennabhairadevi, The Pepper Queen of India Who Ruled for 54 Years|work=Bangalore Mirror|date=7 March 2016|access-date=17 March 2021}}</ref> Gerusoppa served as the capital of the province. The province was rich in spices and had important ports on the west coast, such as Bhatkal, Honnavar and Karwar. Jog Falls, India's second highest plunge waterfall is located near Gerusoppa. In fact locals call Jog Falls 'Gerusoppa Falls' after the province.{{fact|date=August 2024}} | ||
The provinces of Bilgi and Keladi were Nagire's neighbours and | The provinces of Bilgi and Keladi were Nagire's neighbours and often tried to conquer Nagire to extend their kingdoms.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/spectrum/spectrum-top-stories/the-pepper-queen-of-karnataka-1128719.html|title=The Pepper Queen of Karnataka|work=Deccan Herald|author=Swatee Jog|date=21 July 2022|access-date=15 October 2022}}</ref> To counter them, Chennabhairadevi developed a good relationship with the Bijapur kings.{{fact|date=August 2024}} | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
The kings of one branch of the [[Saluva Dynasty]] of Vijayanagar ruled Gerusoppe while another dynasty ruled Haduvalli(Bhatkala). King Immadi Devaraya (1515–50) of Haduvalli, fought against the Portuguese. After his defeat in a fierce battle near MadaGoa in 1542, the Portuguese burnt down his capital Bhatkala.<ref>{{cite book |last= Dr. Gajanana |first= Sharma |title= Chennabhairadevi : Karimenasina Raniya Akalanka Charithe |date= 2021 |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/57881323 |location= |publisher=Ankitha Pusthaka |isbn=9788195113125 | orig-date= 2021 | page=11 }}</ref> His wife Chennadevi was the elder sister of Chennabhairadevi.{{fact|date=August 2024}} | |||
The Portuguese captain | The Portuguese captain Alfonso D'Souza attacked [[Bhatkala]], defeated Chennadevi and burnt Bhatkala,<ref>{{cite book |last= Dr. Gajanana |first= Sharma|title= Chennabhairadevi : Karimenasina Raniya Akalanka Charithe |date= 2021|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/57881323 |location= |publisher=Ankitha Pusthaka |isbn=9788195113125 | orig-date= 2021 | page=14 }}</ref> accusing her of sheltering non-cartaged Mohammedan ships in the port and for not paying Kappa as per the agreement with the Portuguese. After her elder sister, Chennabhairadevi got the power of Gerusoppe along with Haduvalli.{{fact|date=August 2024}} | ||
== Reign of the Queen == | == Reign of the Queen == | ||
Mahamandaleshwari Chennabhairadevi was praised by historians for being a good administrator. She reigned from 1552 to 1606.<ref name="GERUSOPPA">{{Cite news|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/tv/news/jothe-jotheyali-serial-actor-anirudh-write-about-uttara-kannada-honnavar-the-pepper-queen-of-india-chennabhairadevi/ | Mahamandaleshwari Chennabhairadevi was praised by historians for being a good administrator. She reigned from 1552 to 1606.<ref name="GERUSOPPA">{{Cite news|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/tv/news/jothe-jotheyali-serial-actor-anirudh-write-about-uttara-kannada-honnavar-the-pepper-queen-of-india-chennabhairadevi/articleshow/80226470.cms|title=ಕಾಳುಮೆಣಸಿನ ರಾಣಿ' ಚೆನ್ನಭೈರಾದೇವಿ ಆಳಿದ ಹೊನ್ನಾವರದ ಕಾನೂರಿನ ಇಂದಿನ ದುಸ್ಥಿತಿ ಬಿಚ್ಚಿಟ್ಟ ಅನಿರುದ್ಧ!|trans-title=Sad state of 'The Queen of Pepper' Chennabhairadevi's Kanur|language=Kannada|work=Vijaya Karnataka|author=Padmashree Bhat|date=12 January 2021|access-date=18 January 2021}}</ref> | ||
Bhairadevi built [[Mirjan Fort]] on the banks of the [[River Aghanashini|Aghanashini]] river | Bhairadevi built [[Mirjan Fort]] on the banks of the [[River Aghanashini|Aghanashini]] river, using it to control the pepper business.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/mirjan-fort-a-delight-for-history-buffs/article6649091.ece|title=Mirjan fort, a delight for history buffs |work=The Hindu |author=Nayak, Dinesh M |date=9 April 2016|access-date=15 October 2022}}</ref> | ||
[[File:Mirjan Fort 02.JPG|thumbnail|Mirjan Fort built by Chennabhairadevi, is located in present-day [[Uttara Kannada]] district.|249x249px]] | [[File:Mirjan Fort 02.JPG|thumbnail|Mirjan Fort built by Chennabhairadevi, is located in present-day [[Uttara Kannada]] district.|249x249px]] | ||
Chennabhairadevi's kingdom consisted of Dakshina Goa, Uttara Kannada, Dakshina Kannada, Bhatkala, Malpe, Honnavara, Mirjan, Ankola, Byndur, Karwar. Along with this coast, Bharangi, Marabidi, Karuru, Hannar, Bidanur, Saulnadu, Avinahalli regions on the Ghats were under the rule of Chennabhairadevi. [[Black pepper|Pepper]], [[cinnamon]], [[nutmeg]], [[ginger]] and [[sandalwood]] were exported to Europe during her reign. | Chennabhairadevi's kingdom consisted of Dakshina Goa, Uttara Kannada, Dakshina Kannada, Bhatkala, Malpe, Honnavara, Mirjan, Ankola, Byndur, and Karwar. Along with this coast, Bharangi, Marabidi, Karuru, Hannar, Bidanur, Saulnadu, Avinahalli regions on the Ghats were under the rule of Chennabhairadevi. [[Black pepper|Pepper]], [[cinnamon]], [[nutmeg]], [[ginger]] and [[sandalwood]] were exported to Europe during her reign. | ||
[[File:Chaturmukha basadi, Gerusoppa (cropped).jpg|thumbnail|[[Chaturmukha Basadi, Gerusoppa|Chaturmukha Basadi]] in Gerusoppa|249x249px]] | [[File:Chaturmukha basadi, Gerusoppa (cropped).jpg|thumbnail|[[Chaturmukha Basadi, Gerusoppa|Chaturmukha Basadi]] in Gerusoppa|249x249px]] | ||
The remains of the [[Mirjan Fort]] and Kanur Fort from her reign can still be seen. She built the [[Chaturmukha Basadi, Karkala|Chaturmukha Basadi in Karkala]] in 1562. The queen gave shelter in her kingdom to the Konkanis who sought refuge in Chennabhairadevi's kingdom to escape the conversion by the Portuguese. A Jain Rani helped to build and renovate many Shaiva, Vaishnava and Shakti temples. The Rani also assisted in the renovation of Yoganarasimha Swami Temple and Vardhamana Basadi in Baderu or Venupura. Abhinava Bhattakalanka of the Swadi Digambara Jain Math, author of the grammar book "Karnataka Shabdanushasana", was under the patronage of this queen. | |||
{{quote box | {{quote box | ||
|quote="Between Batikala (Bhatkala) and Goa there are places called Onor (Kanur), Marzen (Mirjan) and Ankola. I have heard that they export 5000 cruzados (a fifteenth century Portuguese gold coin) of pepper annually. These places were under the rule of the queen of Gerusoppe (Chennabhairadevi). These peppers are thicker, heavier and spicier than black pepper. These places should be taken under our control." | |quote="Between Batikala (Bhatkala) and Goa there are places called Onor (Kanur), Marzen (Mirjan) and Ankola. I have heard that they export 5000 cruzados (a fifteenth century Portuguese gold coin) of pepper annually. These places were under the rule of the queen of Gerusoppe (Chennabhairadevi). These peppers are thicker, heavier and spicier than black pepper. These places should be taken under our control." | ||
-Captain '''Alfonso Mexi''' of the Portuguese-held Cochin port.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bangalorefirst.in/?p=22119|title=Chennabhairadevi, The Pepper Queen of India who ruled for 54 years|work=Bangalore First|date=7 March 2016|access-date=18 October 2022}}</ref | -Captain '''Alfonso Mexi''' of the Portuguese-held Cochin port.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bangalorefirst.in/?p=22119|title=Chennabhairadevi, The Pepper Queen of India who ruled for 54 years|work=Bangalore First|date=7 March 2016|access-date=18 October 2022}}</ref> | ||
|bgcolor = #CCDDFF | |bgcolor = #CCDDFF | ||
|align = left | |align = left | ||
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==Wars against The Portuguese== | ==Wars against The Portuguese== | ||
The Queen fought against the Portuguese in 1559 and 1570 and won both wars. She also commanded the united army of 1571. This united army included many kings including the Sultans of Gujarat, the Sultans of Bidar, the Adil Shahis of Bijapur and the Jamorin rulers of Kerala.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/203951/pepper-queen-gerusoppa-rani-chennabhairadevi-karnataka-unsung-portugal-women-rulers-india/|title=Ruling for 54 years, This Little-known 'Pepper Queen' Once Defeated Mighty Portugal|work=The Better India|date=25 November 2019|access-date=18 October 2022}}</ref> | The Queen fought against the Portuguese in 1559 and 1570 and won both wars. She also commanded the united army of 1571. This united army included many kings including the Sultans of Gujarat, the Sultans of Bidar, the Adil Shahis of Bijapur and the Jamorin rulers of Kerala.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/203951/pepper-queen-gerusoppa-rani-chennabhairadevi-karnataka-unsung-portugal-women-rulers-india/|title=Ruling for 54 years, This Little-known 'Pepper Queen' Once Defeated Mighty Portugal|work=The Better India|date=25 November 2019|access-date=18 October 2022}}</ref> | ||
{{Clear}} | |||
==See also== | |||
* [[Abbakka Chowta]] | |||
* [[Kittur Chennamma]] | |||
* [[Onake Obavva]] | |||
* [[Unniyarcha]] | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Chennabhairadevi, Rani}} | {{DEFAULTSORT:Chennabhairadevi, Rani}} | ||
[[Category:Indian women in war]] | [[Category:Indian women in war]] | ||
[[Category:Women in | [[Category:Women in 16th-century warfare]] | ||
[[Category:Indian female royalty]] | [[Category:Indian female royalty]] | ||
[[Category:Kannada people]] | [[Category:Kannada people]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Jain queens]] | ||
[[Category:17th-century Indian women]] | |||
[[Category:17th-century Indian people]] | |||
[[Category: | |||
[[Category: | |||
[[Category:16th-century Indian women]] | [[Category:16th-century Indian women]] | ||
[[Category:16th-century Indian people]] | [[Category:16th-century Indian people]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Indian queens regnant]] | ||
[[Category:16th-century women monarchs]] | |||
[[Category:17th-century women monarchs]] | |||
Latest revision as of 10:24, 16 November 2025
| Chennabhairadevi | |
|---|---|
| |
 Bronze statue of Chennabhairadevi | |
| Born | 16 C. Bhatkal |
| Died | Early 17th century Keladi[1] |
| Religion | Jainism |
| Known for |
|
| Family | Saluva dynasty |
| 2= | |
Rani Chennabhairadevi, (also called Raina-Da-Pimenta lit. 'The Queen of Pepper' by the Portuguese),[2] was a 16th-century Vijayanagara Empire Jain queen of Nagire province. She was officially known as Mahamandaleshwari Rani Chennabhairadevi. She is regarded as being the longest ruling queen in Indian history, from 1552 to 1606, a period of 54 years.[3] She is also known for her wars against the Portuguese in 1559 and 1570, which she won and helped start commercial relationships with the Portuguese.
She earned the title "The Queen of Pepper" from the Portuguese ("Rainha de Pimenta" in Portuguese), as she exported a great amount of pepper and other spices to European and Arab regions through the ports of Bhatkal and Honnavar.[1]
Nagire province[edit | edit source]
Nagire province, also known as the province of Gerusoppa, was one of the small provinces under the control of the king of Vijayanagara, known as Mahamandala. The province followed the banks of Sharavathi river and extended from South Goa to Malabar.[4] Gerusoppa served as the capital of the province. The province was rich in spices and had important ports on the west coast, such as Bhatkal, Honnavar and Karwar. Jog Falls, India's second highest plunge waterfall is located near Gerusoppa. In fact locals call Jog Falls 'Gerusoppa Falls' after the province.[citation needed]
The provinces of Bilgi and Keladi were Nagire's neighbours and often tried to conquer Nagire to extend their kingdoms.[5] To counter them, Chennabhairadevi developed a good relationship with the Bijapur kings.[citation needed]
History[edit | edit source]
The kings of one branch of the Saluva Dynasty of Vijayanagar ruled Gerusoppe while another dynasty ruled Haduvalli(Bhatkala). King Immadi Devaraya (1515–50) of Haduvalli, fought against the Portuguese. After his defeat in a fierce battle near MadaGoa in 1542, the Portuguese burnt down his capital Bhatkala.[6] His wife Chennadevi was the elder sister of Chennabhairadevi.[citation needed]
The Portuguese captain Alfonso D'Souza attacked Bhatkala, defeated Chennadevi and burnt Bhatkala,[7] accusing her of sheltering non-cartaged Mohammedan ships in the port and for not paying Kappa as per the agreement with the Portuguese. After her elder sister, Chennabhairadevi got the power of Gerusoppe along with Haduvalli.[citation needed]
Reign of the Queen[edit | edit source]
Mahamandaleshwari Chennabhairadevi was praised by historians for being a good administrator. She reigned from 1552 to 1606.[8]
Bhairadevi built Mirjan Fort on the banks of the Aghanashini river, using it to control the pepper business.[9]
Chennabhairadevi's kingdom consisted of Dakshina Goa, Uttara Kannada, Dakshina Kannada, Bhatkala, Malpe, Honnavara, Mirjan, Ankola, Byndur, and Karwar. Along with this coast, Bharangi, Marabidi, Karuru, Hannar, Bidanur, Saulnadu, Avinahalli regions on the Ghats were under the rule of Chennabhairadevi. Pepper, cinnamon, nutmeg, ginger and sandalwood were exported to Europe during her reign.
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The remains of the Mirjan Fort and Kanur Fort from her reign can still be seen. She built the Chaturmukha Basadi in Karkala in 1562. The queen gave shelter in her kingdom to the Konkanis who sought refuge in Chennabhairadevi's kingdom to escape the conversion by the Portuguese. A Jain Rani helped to build and renovate many Shaiva, Vaishnava and Shakti temples. The Rani also assisted in the renovation of Yoganarasimha Swami Temple and Vardhamana Basadi in Baderu or Venupura. Abhinava Bhattakalanka of the Swadi Digambara Jain Math, author of the grammar book "Karnataka Shabdanushasana", was under the patronage of this queen.
"Between Batikala (Bhatkala) and Goa there are places called Onor (Kanur), Marzen (Mirjan) and Ankola. I have heard that they export 5000 cruzados (a fifteenth century Portuguese gold coin) of pepper annually. These places were under the rule of the queen of Gerusoppe (Chennabhairadevi). These peppers are thicker, heavier and spicier than black pepper. These places should be taken under our control."
-Captain Alfonso Mexi of the Portuguese-held Cochin port.[10]
Wars against The Portuguese[edit | edit source]
The Queen fought against the Portuguese in 1559 and 1570 and won both wars. She also commanded the united army of 1571. This united army included many kings including the Sultans of Gujarat, the Sultans of Bidar, the Adil Shahis of Bijapur and the Jamorin rulers of Kerala.[11]
See also[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Chennabhairadevi the pepper queen of India who ruled for 54 years". The New Indian Express. 7 March 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
- ↑ Chitra Ramaswamy (15 April 2014). "Where the Pepper queen ruled". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
- ↑ "Chennabhairadevi, The Pepper Queen of India Who Ruled for 54 Years". Times of India. 7 March 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
- ↑ "Chennabhairadevi, The Pepper Queen of India Who Ruled for 54 Years". Bangalore Mirror. 7 March 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
- ↑ Swatee Jog (21 July 2022). "The Pepper Queen of Karnataka". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 15 October 2022.
- ↑ Dr. Gajanana, Sharma (2021) [2021]. Chennabhairadevi : Karimenasina Raniya Akalanka Charithe. Ankitha Pusthaka. p. 11. ISBN 9788195113125.
- ↑ Dr. Gajanana, Sharma (2021) [2021]. Chennabhairadevi : Karimenasina Raniya Akalanka Charithe. Ankitha Pusthaka. p. 14. ISBN 9788195113125.
- ↑ Padmashree Bhat (12 January 2021). "ಕಾಳುಮೆಣಸಿನ ರಾಣಿ' ಚೆನ್ನಭೈರಾದೇವಿ ಆಳಿದ ಹೊನ್ನಾವರದ ಕಾನೂರಿನ ಇಂದಿನ ದುಸ್ಥಿತಿ ಬಿಚ್ಚಿಟ್ಟ ಅನಿರುದ್ಧ!" [Sad state of 'The Queen of Pepper' Chennabhairadevi's Kanur]. Vijaya Karnataka (in Kannada). Retrieved 18 January 2021.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ↑ Nayak, Dinesh M (9 April 2016). "Mirjan fort, a delight for history buffs". The Hindu. Retrieved 15 October 2022.
- ↑ "Chennabhairadevi, The Pepper Queen of India who ruled for 54 years". Bangalore First. 7 March 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
- ↑ "Ruling for 54 years, This Little-known 'Pepper Queen' Once Defeated Mighty Portugal". The Better India. 25 November 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
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