Bhangar I: Difference between revisions

Bhangar I
Bhangar I
Community Development Block
	Location of Bhangar I community development block in South 24 Parganas district
	Coordinates: 22°30′45″N 88°36′35″E / 22.5126°N 88.6097°E
Country	India
State	West Bengal
Division	Presidency
District	South 24 Parganas
Subdivision	Baruipur
Headquarters	Gobindapur
Government
• Gram Panchayats	Bodra, Chandaneswar-I, Chandaneswar-II, Durgapur, Jagulgachhi, Narayanpur, Pranganj, Shanksahar, Tarda
• Lok Sabha constituencies	Jadavpur, Jaynagar
• Vidhan Sabha constituencies	Bhangar, Canning Purba
Area
• Total	153.62 km2 (59.31 sq mi)
Population (2011)
• Total	249,170
• Density	1,600/km2 (4,200/sq mi)
• Urban	20,642
Demographics
• Literacy	72.06 per cent
• Sex ratio	951 ♂/♀
Languages
• Official	Bengali
• Additional official	English
Time zone	UTC+05:30 (IST)
Website	s24pgs.gov.in

VisualWikitext

Latest revision as of 22:24, 2 March 2026

Bhangar I is a community development block that forms an administrative division in Baruipur subdivision of South 24 Parganas district in the Indian state of West Bengal.

Geography[edit | edit source]

The Bhangar I CD block is located at 22°30′45″N 88°36′35″E / 22.5126°N 88.6097°E / 22.5126; 88.6097. It has an average elevation of 9 metres (30 ft).

The Bhangar I CD block is bounded by the Bhangar II CD block in the north, the Minakhan CD block in the North 24 Parganas district in the east, the Canning II CD block in the south and the Sonarpur CD block in the west.^[3]^[4]

The South 24 Parganas district is divided into two distinct physiographic zones: the marine-riverine delta in the north and the marine delta zone in the south. As the sea receded southwards, in the sub-recent Geological Period, a large low-lying plain got exposed. Both Tidal inflows and the rivers have been depositing sediments in this plain. The periodical collapse of both the natural Levees and man-made embankments speed up the process of filling up of the depressions containing Brackish Water wetlands. The marine delta in the south is formed of interlacing tidal channels. As non-saline water for irrigation is scarce, agriculture is Monsoon dominated. Some parts of the wetlands are still preserved for raising fish.^[5]

The Bhangar I CD block has an area of 153.62 km² (59.31 sq mi). It has 1 panchayat samity, 9 gram panchayats, 161 gram sansads (village councils), 83 mouzas and 80 inhabited villages, as per District Statistical Handbook South Twenty-four Parganas. Bhangar and Kolkata Leather Complex police stations serve this CD Block.^[6] Headquarters of this CD block is at Gobindapur.^[7]

Gram Panchayats of Bhangar I CD block/Panchayat Samiti are: Bodra, Chandaneswar-I, Chandaneswar-II, Durgapur, Jagulgachhi, Narayanpur, Pranganj, Shanksahar and Tarda.^[8]

Demographics[edit | edit source]

Population[edit | edit source]

According to the 2011 Census of India, the Bhangar I CD block had a total population of 249,170, of which 228,528 were rural and 20,642 were urban. There were 127,702 (51%) males and 121,465 (49%) females. There were 35,693 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The Scheduled Castes numbered 52,312 (20.99%) and the Scheduled Tribes numbered 3,133 (1.26%).^[9]

According to the 2001 Census of India, the Bhangar I CD block had a total population of 204,326, out of which 104,670 were males and 99,656 were females. The Bhangar I CD block registered a population growth of 24.50 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for the South 24 Parganas district was 20.89 per cent. Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent. The Scheduled Castes at 47,822 formed around one-fourth the population. The Scheduled Tribes numbered 7,138.^[10]^[11]^[12]

Census Towns in the Bhangar I CD block (2011 census figures in brackets): Maricha (4,842), Bhangar Raghunathpur (6,037) and Gobindapur (9,763).^[9]

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in the Bhangar I CD block (2011 census figures in brackets): Kharamba (4,591), Tardaha Kapasati (11,869), Ghunimeghi (4,151), Narayanpur (9,107), Madhabpur (4,369), Dari Madhabpur (6,556), Chak Barali (5,978), Dhara (5,231), Ghatak Pukur (5,048), Kalikapur (4,591), Rani Gachhi (4,265), Satberia (5,019), Kashinathpur (4,688), Chandaneswar (4,980), Khar Gachhi (4,673), Naora (4,572), Bodra (5,324) and Badi (4,173).^[9]

Other villages in the Bhangar I block include (2011 census figures in brackets): Jagulgachhi (2,926), Durgapur (2,650) and Shaksahar (3,698).^[9]

Literacy[edit | edit source]

According to the 2011 census, the total number of literate persons in the Bhangar I CD block was 153,835 (72.06% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 84,390 (77.03% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 69,445 (66.83% of the female population over 6 years). The gender disparity (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 10.20%.^[9]

According to the 2011 Census of India, literacy in the South 24 Parganas district was 77.51^[13] Literacy in West Bengal was 77.08% in 2011.^[14] Literacy in India in 2011 was 74.04%.^[14]

According to the 2001 Census of India, the Bhangar I CD block had a total literacy of 60.55 per cent for the 6+ age group. While male literacy was 69.57 per cent female literacy was 51.05 per cent. South 24 Parganas district had a total literacy of 69.45 per cent, male literacy being 79.19 per cent and female literacy being 59.01 per cent.^[10]

Template:Literacy in CD Blocks of South 24 Parganas district

Language[edit | edit source]

Languages of Bhangar I CD block (2011)^[15]

Bengali (99.32%)

Hindi (0.65%)

Urdu (0.02%)

Others (0.01%)

At the time of the 2011 census, 99.32% of the population spoke Bengali, 0.65% Hindi and 0.02% Urdu as their first language.^[15]

Religion[edit | edit source]

Religion in Bhangar I CD block (2011)^[16]

Islam			67.38%
Hinduism			32.38%
Other or not stated			0.24%

In the 2011 Census of India, Muslims numbered 167,892 and formed 67.38% of the population in the Bhangar I CD block. Hindus numbered 80,669 and formed 32.38% of the population. Others numbered 609 and formed 0.24% of the population.^[16] In 2001, Muslims and Hindus were 65.23% and 34.63% of the population respectively.

The proportion of Hindus in the South Twenty-four Parganas district declined from 76.0% in 1961 to 63.2% in 2011. The proportion of Muslims in the South Twenty-four Parganas district increased from 23.4% to 35.6% during the same period. Christians were 0.8% in 2011.^[17]

Rural poverty[edit | edit source]

According to the Human Development Report for the South 24 Parganas district, published in 2009, in the Bhangar I CD block the percentage of households below poverty line was 28.22%, a moderate level of poverty. In the north-east and mid central portion of the district, all CD blocks, with the exception of the Kulpi CD block, had poverty rates below 30%. As per rural household survey in 2005, the proportion of households in the South 24 Parganas with poverty rates below poverty line was 34.11%, way above the state and national poverty ratios. The poverty rates were very high in the Sundarbans settlements with all the thirteen CD blocks registering poverty ratios above 30% and eight CD blocks had more than 40% of the population in the BPL category.^[18]

Economy[edit | edit source]

Livelihood[edit | edit source]

Livelihood
in Bhangar I CD block

Cultivators (20.21%)

Agricultural labourers (29.62%)

Household industries (4.91%)

Other workers (45.25%)

In the Bhangar I CD block in 2011, among the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 16,498 and formed 20.21%, agricultural labourers numbered 24,173 and formed 29.62%, household industry workers numbered 4,011 and formed 4.91% and other workers numbered 36,934 and formed 45.25%.^[19] Total workers numbered 81,616 and formed 32.76% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 167,554 and formed 67.24% of the population.^[20]

The District Human Development Report points out that in the blocks of the region situated in the close proximity of the Kolkata metropolis, overwhelming majority are involved in the non-agricultural sector for their livelihood. On the other hand, in the Sundarban region, overwhelming majority are dependent on agriculture. In the intermediate region, there is again predominance of the non-agricultural sector. Though the region is not very close to Kolkata, many places are well connected and some industrial/ economic development has taken place.^[21]

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the Factories Act. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.^[22]

Infrastructure[edit | edit source]

There are 80 inhabited villages in the Bhangar I CD block, as per the District Census Handbook, the South Twenty-four Parganas, 2011. 100% villages have power supply. 80 villages (100%) have drinking water supply. 13 villages (16.25%) have post offices. 67 villages (83.75%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 33 villages (41.25%) have pucca (paved) approach roads and 29 villages (36.25%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 6 villages (7.50%) has agricultural credit societies and 13 villages (16.25%) have banks.^[23]

Agriculture[edit | edit source]

The South 24 Parganas had played a significant role in the Tebhaga movement launched by the Communist Party of India in 1946. Subsequently, “Operation Barga” was aimed at securing tenancy rights for the peasants. In the Bhangar I CD block 2,228.47 acres of land was acquired and vested. Out of this 1,292.81 acres or 58.14% of the vested land was distributed amongst the peasants. The total number of patta holders was 4,364.^[24]

According to the District Human Development Report, agriculture is an important source of livelihood in the South Twentyfour Parganas district. The amount of cultivable land per agricultural worker is only 0.41 hectare in the district. Moreover, the irrigation facilities have not been extended to a satisfactory scale. Agriculture mostly remains a mono-cropped activity.^[25]

According to the District Census Handbook, the saline soil of the district is unfit for cultivation, but the non-salty lands are very fertile. While rice is the main food crop, jute is the main cash crop.^[26]

In 2013–14, there were 72 fertiliser depots, 10 seed stores and 41 fair price shops in the Bhangar I CD block.^[27]

In 2013–14, the Bhangar I CD block produced 87,619 tonnes of Aman paddy, the main winter crop, from 32,784 hectares, 2,042 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 597 hectares, 6,247 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 2300 hectares, 765 tonnes of wheat from 394 hectares, 12,523 tonnes of jute from 554 hectares and 7,773 tonnes of potatoes from 348 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.^[27]

Irrigation[edit | edit source]

In the Bhangar I CD block, in 2013–14, 389.82 hectares were irrigated by river lift irrigation and 8.17 hectares by deep tube wells.^[27]

Poor irrigation and high soil salinity results in the mono-cropping pattern of cultivation in a major portion of the South 24 Parganas district. As a result of its closeness to the Bay of Bengal, the river waters are mostly saline and are unsuitable for irrigation. Added to the rather gloomy irrigation scenario is the problem of frequent floods.^[28]

Pisciculture[edit | edit source]

In the Bhangar I CD block, in 2013–14, net area under effective pisciculture was 808 hectares, engaging 6,880 persons in the profession, and with an approximate annual production of 107,980 quintals.^[27]

Pisciculture is an important source of employment in the South 24 Parganas district. As of 2001, more than 4.5 lakh people were engaged in pisciculture. Out of this 2.57 lakhs were from the 13 blocks in the Sundarbans settlements.^[29]

Banking[edit | edit source]

In 2013–14, the Bhangar I CD block had offices of 11 commercial banks and 2 gramin banks.^[27]

Backward Regions Grant Fund[edit | edit source]

The South 24 Parganas district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the Backward Regions Grant Fund. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.^[30]^[31]

Transport[edit | edit source]

The Bhangar I CD block has 14 originating/ terminating bus routes. The nearest railway station is 24 km from the block headquarters.^[27]

Education[edit | edit source]

In 2013–14, the Bhangar I CD block had 99 primary schools with 14,098 students, 15 middle schools with 1,502 students, 3 high schools with 3,165 students and 14 higher secondary schools with 15,054 students. Bhangar I CD block had 1 general degree college with 5,121 students, 1 technical/ professional institution with 970 students and 357 institutions for special and non-formal education with 24,291 students.^[27]

Healthcare[edit | edit source]

Certain areas of the South 24 Parganas district have been identified where ground water is affected by Arsenic Contamination.^[34] High levels of arsenic in ground water were found in twelve CD blocks of the district. Water samples collected from tubewells in the affected places contained arsenic above the normal level (10 micrograms per litre as specified by the World Health Organization). The affected CD blocks are Baruipur, Bhangar I, Bhangar II, Bishnupur I, Bishnupur II, Basanti, Budge Budge II, Canning I, Canning II, Sonarpur, Magrahat II and Jaynagar I.^[35]

In 2014, the Bhangar I CD block had 1 rural hospital, 1 primary health centre and 5 private nursing homes with total 76 beds and 12 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 28 family welfare subcentres. 5,292 patients were treated indoor and 90,894 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD block.^[27]

According to the 2011 census, in the Bhangar I CD block, 2 villages had community health centres, 2 villages had primary health centres, 39 villages had primary health subcentres, 3 villages had maternity and child welfare centres, 1 village had veterinary hospitals and 16 villages had medicine shops. Out of the 80 inhabited villages, 18 had no medical facilities.^[36]

Nalmuri Rural Hospital at Nalmuri, with 30 beds, is the major government medical facility in the Bhangar I CD block. There is a primary health centre at Bhatipota (PO Beconta) (with 6 beds).^[37]^[38]^[39]

References[edit | edit source]

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 "Fact and Figures". Wb.gov.in. Retrieved 5 July 2019.
↑ "52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India" (PDF). Nclm.nic.in. Ministry of Minority Affairs. p. 85. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 5 July 2019.
↑ "District Census Handbook: South 24 Parganas, Series 20, Part XII B" (PDF). Map of South 24 Parganas with CD block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page). Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
↑ "South Twenty-four Parganas". CD block/ tehsil map. Maps of India. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
↑ "District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas". Chapter 1 South 24 Parganas: An Overview, p 9-12. Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
↑ "District Statistical Handbook 2014 South 24 Parganas". Table No. 2.1, 2.2. Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
↑ "BDO Offices under South 24 Parganas District". West Bengal Public Library Network, Government of West Bengal. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
↑ "Blocks and Gram Panchayats in South 24 Parganas". South 24 Parganas District Administration. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 ^9.4 "CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA)". 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks. Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 "District Statistical Handbook – 2010-11 – South 24 Parganas". South 24 Parganas at a glance, Tables 2.2, 2.4 (b), 4.5. Bureau of Applied Economics and Statistics, Government of West Bengal. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
↑ "Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4". Census of India 2001 – South 24 Parganas. Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
↑ "Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4". Census of India 2001. Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
↑ "District Census 2011". Population Census 2011. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
↑ ^14.0 ^14.1 "Provisional population tables and annexures" (PDF). Census 2011:Table 2(3) Literates and Literacy rates by sex. Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
↑ ^15.0 ^15.1 "Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal". www.censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
↑ ^16.0 ^16.1 "Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal". censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011.
↑ "District Census Handbook South Twentfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A" (PDF). Pages 52-53: Religion. Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
↑ "District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas". Pages 42-43, Chapter 3.8: Poverty Scenario in South 24 Parganas. Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
↑ "District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A" (PDF). Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories of Economic Activity in Sub-district 2011. Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
↑ "District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A" (PDF). Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011. Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
↑ "District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas". Page 69 , Chapter 4.3: Occupational Diversification. Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
↑ "District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A" (PDF). Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 31. Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
↑ "District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A" (PDF). Page 111, Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011. Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
↑ "District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas". (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33. Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2019.
↑ "District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas". Pages 28-30 , Chapter 3.2: Sectoral Composition of Output. Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
↑ "District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A" (PDF). Page 21: Agriculture. Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
↑ ^27.0 ^27.1 ^27.2 ^27.3 ^27.4 ^27.5 ^27.6 ^27.7 "District Statistical Handbook 2014 South 24 Parganas". Table No. 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 – arranged as per use. Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
↑ "District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas". Page 62 , Chapter 4.3.1: Occupational Diversification, The District Level. Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
↑ "District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas". Pages 76 , Chapter 4.5.2: Non-agriculture, (i) Pisciculture. Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
↑ "Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines" (PDF). Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
↑ "Backward Regions Grant Fund". Press Release, 14 June 2012. Press Information Bureau, Government of India. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
↑ "District Census Handbook, South 24 Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A" (PDF). Page 931-932, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools. Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
↑ "Bhangar Mahavidyalaya". BM. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
↑ "Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (19 years study)". Groundwater arsenic contamination status of North 24-Parganas district, one of the nine arsenic affected districts of West Bengal-India. SOES. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
↑ "High arsenic levels in South". The Statesman, 24 June 2007. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
↑ "District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A" (PDF). Pages 927-929, Appendix I: Summary showing total number of villages having Educational, Medical and other amenities – CD block level. Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
↑ "Health & Family Welfare Department" (PDF). Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals. Government of West Bengal. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
↑ "Health & Family Welfare Department" (PDF). Health Statistics – Block Primary Health Centres. Government of West Bengal. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 August 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
↑ "Health & Family Welfare Department" (PDF). Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres. Government of West Bengal. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2018. Retrieved 1 November 2019.

[wblangoff-1] 1.0 ^1.1 "Fact and Figures". Wb.gov.in. Retrieved 5 July 2019.

[2] "52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India" (PDF). Nclm.nic.in. Ministry of Minority Affairs. p. 85. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 5 July 2019.

[3] "District Census Handbook: South 24 Parganas, Series 20, Part XII B" (PDF). Map of South 24 Parganas with CD block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page). Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011. Retrieved 11 October 2019.

[4] "South Twenty-four Parganas". CD block/ tehsil map. Maps of India. Retrieved 11 October 2019.

[5] "District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas". Chapter 1 South 24 Parganas: An Overview, p 9-12. Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2016.

[6] "District Statistical Handbook 2014 South 24 Parganas". Table No. 2.1, 2.2. Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2019.

[7] "BDO Offices under South 24 Parganas District". West Bengal Public Library Network, Government of West Bengal. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2019.

[8] "Blocks and Gram Panchayats in South 24 Parganas". South 24 Parganas District Administration. Retrieved 1 April 2016.

[census2011-9] 9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 ^9.4 "CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA)". 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks. Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 2 April 2016.

[handbook-10] 10.0 ^10.1 "District Statistical Handbook – 2010-11 – South 24 Parganas". South 24 Parganas at a glance, Tables 2.2, 2.4 (b), 4.5. Bureau of Applied Economics and Statistics, Government of West Bengal. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2016.

[11] "Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4". Census of India 2001 – South 24 Parganas. Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 20 January 2011.

[12] "Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4". Census of India 2001. Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 20 January 2011.

[13] "District Census 2011". Population Census 2011. Retrieved 24 January 2016.

[literacy-14] 14.0 ^14.1 "Provisional population tables and annexures" (PDF). Census 2011:Table 2(3) Literates and Literacy rates by sex. Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 9 February 2016.

[languages-15] 15.0 ^15.1 "Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal". www.censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.

[religion-16] 16.0 ^16.1 "Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal". censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011.

[17] "District Census Handbook South Twentfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A" (PDF). Pages 52-53: Religion. Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. Retrieved 5 October 2018.

[18] "District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas". Pages 42-43, Chapter 3.8: Poverty Scenario in South 24 Parganas. Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2019.

[19] "District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A" (PDF). Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories of Economic Activity in Sub-district 2011. Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. Retrieved 24 September 2019.

[20] "District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A" (PDF). Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011. Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. Retrieved 24 September 2019.

[21] "District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas". Page 69 , Chapter 4.3: Occupational Diversification. Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2019.

[22] "District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A" (PDF). Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 31. Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. Retrieved 28 December 2017.

[23] "District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A" (PDF). Page 111, Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011. Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. Retrieved 26 September 2019.

[24] "District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas". (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33. Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2019.

[25] "District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas". Pages 28-30 , Chapter 3.2: Sectoral Composition of Output. Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2019.

[26] "District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A" (PDF). Page 21: Agriculture. Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. Retrieved 26 September 2019.

[handbook2014-27] 27.0 ^27.1 ^27.2 ^27.3 ^27.4 ^27.5 ^27.6 ^27.7 "District Statistical Handbook 2014 South 24 Parganas". Table No. 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 – arranged as per use. Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2019.

[28] "District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas". Page 62 , Chapter 4.3.1: Occupational Diversification, The District Level. Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2019.

[29] "District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas". Pages 76 , Chapter 4.5.2: Non-agriculture, (i) Pisciculture. Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2019.

[30] "Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines" (PDF). Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2019.

[31] "Backward Regions Grant Fund". Press Release, 14 June 2012. Press Information Bureau, Government of India. Retrieved 22 September 2019.

[32] "District Census Handbook, South 24 Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A" (PDF). Page 931-932, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools. Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. Retrieved 2 October 2019.

[33] "Bhangar Mahavidyalaya". BM. Retrieved 29 October 2019.

[34] "Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (19 years study)". Groundwater arsenic contamination status of North 24-Parganas district, one of the nine arsenic affected districts of West Bengal-India. SOES. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 28 September 2011.

[35] "High arsenic levels in South". The Statesman, 24 June 2007. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 28 September 2011.

[36] "District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A" (PDF). Pages 927-929, Appendix I: Summary showing total number of villages having Educational, Medical and other amenities – CD block level. Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. Retrieved 4 October 2019.

[37] "Health & Family Welfare Department" (PDF). Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals. Government of West Bengal. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2019.

[38] "Health & Family Welfare Department" (PDF). Health Statistics – Block Primary Health Centres. Government of West Bengal. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 August 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2019.

[39] "Health & Family Welfare Department" (PDF). Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres. Government of West Bengal. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2018. Retrieved 1 November 2019.

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v t e Municipalities and CD blocks of West Bengal
Municipal corporations	Asansol Bidhannagar Chandannagar Durgapur Howrah Kolkata Siliguri
Municipalities	Alipurduar Arambagh Ashoknagar Kalyangarh Baduria Baidyabati Balurghat Bangaon Bankura Bansberia Baranagar Barasat Bardhaman Barrackpore Baruipur Basirhat Beldanga Berhampore Bhadreswar Bhatpara Birnagar Bishnupur Bolpur Budge Budge Buniadpur Chakdaha Champdani Chandrakona Contai Cooch Behar Dainhat Dalkhola Darjeeling Dhuliyan Dhupguri Diamond Harbour Dinhata Dubrajpur Dum Dum Egra English Bazar Gangarampur Garulia Gayespur Ghatal Gobardanga Guskara Habra Haldia Haldibari Halisahar Haringhata Hugli-Chuchura Islampur Jalpaiguri Jangipur Jaynagar Majilpur Jhalda Jhargram Jiaganj Azimganj Kaliaganj Kalimpong Kalna Kalyani Kamarhati Kanchrapara Kandi Katwa Kharagpur Kharar Khardaha Khirpai Konnagar Krishnanagar Kurseong Madhyamgram Maheshtala Mainaguri Malbazar Mathabhanga Mekhliganj Memari Murshidabad Nabadwip Naihati Nalhati New Barrackpore North Barrackpur North Dum Dum Old Malda Panihati Panskura Pujali Purulia Raghunathpur Raiganj Rajarhat Rajpur Sonarpur Ramjibanpur Rampurhat Ranaghat Rishra Sainthia Shantipur Sonamukhi South Dum Dum Suri Taki Tamluk Tarakeswar Titagarh Tufanganj Uluberia Uttarpara
Community development blocks¹	A Alipurduar I Alipurduar II Amdanga Amta I Amta II Andal Arambagh Arsha Ausgram I Ausgram II B Baduria Bagdah Baghmundi Bagnan I Bagnan II Balagarh Balarampur Balurghat Bally Jagachha Bamangola Bandwan Bangaon Bankura I Bankura II Barjora Bansihari Barabani Barabazar Barrackpore I Barrackpore II Barasat I Barasat II Baruipur Basanti Basirhat I Basirhat II Beldanga I Beldanga II Berhampore Bhagawangola I Bhagawangola II Bhagabanpur I Bhagabanpur II Bhangar I Bhangar II Bharatpur I Bharatpur II Bhatar Binpur I Binpur II Bishnupur, Bankura Bishnupur I, South 24 Parganas Bishnupur II, South 24 Parganas Bolpur Sriniketan Budge Budge I Budge Budge II Burdwan I Burdwan II Burwan C Canning I Canning II Chakdaha Chanchal I Chanchal II Chandipur Chanditala I Chanditala II Chapra Chandrakona I Chandrakona II Chhatna Chinsurah Mogra Chopra Contai I Contai II Contai III Cooch Behar I Cooch Behar II D Darjeeling Pulbazar Dantan I Dantan II Daspur I Daspur II Debra Deganga Diamond Harbour I Diamond Harbour II Deshapran Dhaniakhali Dhupguri Dinhata I Dinhata II Domjur Domkal Dubrajpur E Egra I Egra II English Bazar F Falakata Falta Farakka Faridpur Durgapur G Gaighata Galsi I Galsi II Gangajalghati Gangarampur Garhbeta I Garhbeta II Garhbeta III Gazole Ghatal Goalpokhar I Goalpokhar II Goghat I Goghat II Gopiballavpur I Gopiballavpur II Gorubathan Gosaba H Habibpur Habra I Habra II Haldia Haldibari Hanskhali Hariharpara Haringhata Haripal Harirampur Harishchandrapur I Harishchandrapur II Haroa Hasnabad Hemtabad Hili Hingalganj Hirbandh Hura I Ilambazar Indas Indpur Islampur Itahar J Jagatballavpur Jalangi Jalpaiguri Jamalpur Jamboni Jamuria Jangipara Jaynagar I Jaynagar II Jhalda I Jhalda II Jhargram Jorebunglow Sukhiapokhri Joypur, Bankura Joypur, Purulia K Kakdwip Kalchini Kaliachak I Kaliachak II Kaliachak III Kaliaganj Kaliganj Kalimpong I Kalimpong II Kalna I Kalna II Kandi Kanksa Karandighi Karimpur I Karimpur II Kashipur Katwa I Katwa II Keshiari Keshpur Ketugram I Ketugram II Khanakul I Khanakul II Khandaghosh Kharagpur I Kharagpur II Khargram Kharibari Khatra Khejuri I Khejuri II Khoyrasole Kolaghat Kotulpur Krishnaganj Krishnanagar I Krishnanagar II Kulpi Kultali Kumarganj Kumargram Kurseong Kushmandi L Labpur Lalgola M Madarihat-Birpara Magrahat I Magrahat II Mahisadal Mal Manbazar I Manbazar II Mandirbazar Manikchak Manteswar Mathabhanga I Mathabhanga II Mathurapur I Mathurapur II Matiali Matigara Maynaguri Mayureswar I Mayureswar II Mejia Mekhliganj Memari I Memari II Midnapore Sadar Minakhan Mirik Mohammad Bazar Mohanpur Mongalkote Moyna Murarai I Murarai II Murshidabad-Jiaganj N Nabadwip Nabagram Nagrakata Nakashipara Nalhati I Nalhati II Namkhana Nandakumar Nandigram I Nandigram II Nanoor Naoda Narayangarh Naxalbari Nayagram Neturia O Old Malda Onda P Panchla Pandabeswar Pandua Panskura Para Patashpur I Patashpur II Patharpratima Patrasayer Phansidewa Pingla Polba Dadpur Puncha Purbasthali I Purbasthali II Pursurah Purulia I Purulia II R Raghunathganj I Raghunathganj II Raghunathpur I Raghunathpur II Raiganj Raina I Raina II Raipur Rajarhat Rajganj Rajnagar Ramnagar I Ramnagar II Rampurhat I Rampurhat II Ranaghat I Ranaghat II Rangli Rangliot Ranibandh Raniganj Raninagar I Raninagar II Ratua I Ratua II S Sabang Sagar Sagardighi Sahid Matangini Sainthia Salanpur Salboni Saltora Samserganj Sandeshkhali I Sandeshkhali II Sankrail, Howrah Sankrail, Jhargram Santipur Santuri Sarenga Shyampur I Shyampur II Simlapal Singur Sitai Sitalkuchi Sonamukhi Sonarpur Sreerampur Uttarpara Suri I Suri II Sutahata Suti I Suti II Swarupnagar T Taldangra Tamluk Tapan Tarakeswar Tehatta I Tehatta II Thakurpukur Maheshtala Tufanganj I Tufanganj II U Udaynarayanpur Uluberia I Uluberia II
See also	List of cities in West Bengal by population
Similar to tehsils in many states of India

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Community Development Block in West Bengal, India}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
 {{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
 {{Infobox settlement
-| name                     = Bhangar I
+| name                   = Bhangar I
-| native_name              =
+| native_name            =
-| native_name_lang         =
+| other_name             =
-| other_name               =
+| settlement_type        = [[Community development block|Community Development Block]]
-| nickname                 =
+| image_skyline          =
-| settlement_type          = Community Development Block
+| image_map              = Bhangar-I in South 24 Parganas (West Bengal).svg
-| motto                    =
+| mapsize                = 300
-| image_skyline            =
+| map_caption            = Location of Bhangar I community development block in South 24 Parganas district
-| imagesize                = 300px
+| coordinates            = {{coord|22.5126|N|88.6097|E|display=inline,title}}
-| image_caption            =
+| subdivision_type       = Country
-| image_flag               =
+| subdivision_name       = {{flag|India}}
-| flag_size                =
+| subdivision_type1      = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
-| image_seal               =
+| subdivision_name1      = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
-| seal_size                =
+| subdivision_type2      = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
-| image_map                = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=India/West Bengal/South 24 Parganas/Bhangore I CD Block.map}}
+| subdivision_name2      = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]
-| map_caption              = Interactive Map Outlining Bhangar I CD Block
+| subdivision_type3      = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
-| pushpin_map              = India West Bengal#India
+| subdivision_name3      = [[South 24 Parganas]]
-| pushpin_label_position   =
+| subdivision_type4      = [[List of subdivisions of West Bengal|Subdivision]]
-| pushpin_mapsize          = 300
+| subdivision_name4      = [[Baruipur subdivision|Baruipur]]
-| pushpin_map_caption      = Location in West Bengal##Location in India
+| seat_type              = Headquarters
-| subdivision_type         = Country
+| seat                   = [[Gobindapur, Bhangar|Gobindapur]]
-| subdivision_name         = {{flag|India}}
+| leader_title           = [[Gram panchayat|Gram Panchayats]]
-| subdivision_type1        = State
+| leader_name            = Bodra, Chandaneswar-I, Chandaneswar-II, Durgapur, Jagulgachhi, Narayanpur, Pranganj, Shanksahar, Tarda
-| subdivision_name1        = {{flagicon image|..West Bengal Flag(INDIA).png}} [[West Bengal]]
+| leader_title1          = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
-| subdivision_type2        = District
+| leader_name1           = [[Jadavpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jadavpur]], [[Jaynagar Lok Sabha constituency|Jaynagar]]
-| subdivision_name2        = [[South 24 Parganas]]
+| leader_title2          = [[List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
-| subdivision_type3        = Subdivision
+| leader_name2           = [[Bhangar Assembly constituency|Bhangar]], [[Canning Purba Assembly constituency|Canning Purba]]
-| subdivision_name3        = [[Baruipur subdivision|Baruipur]]
+| total_type             = Total
-| subdivision_type4        =
+| area_total_km2         = 153.62
-| subdivision_name4        =
+| area_footnotes         =
-| leader_title             =
+| population_as_of       = 2011
-| leader_name              =
+| population_total       = 249,170
-| established_title        =
+| population_footnotes   =
-| established_date         =
+| population_urban       = 20,642
-| area_magnitude           =
+| population_density_km2 = auto
-| unit_pref                = Metric
+| demographics_type1     = Demographics
-| area_footnotes           =
+| demographics1_title1   = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
-| area_total_km2           = 153.62
+| demographics1_info1    = 72.06 per cent
-| area_land_km2            =
+| demographics1_title2   = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
-| population_as_of         = 2011
+| demographics1_info2    = 951 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
-| population_footnotes     =
+| demographics_type2     = Languages
-| population_note          =
+| demographics2_title1   = Official
-| population_total         = 249170
+| demographics2_info1    = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
-| population_density_km2   = auto
+| demographics2_title2   = Additional&nbsp;official
-| demographics_type1       = Languages
+| demographics2_info2    = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
-| demographics1_title1     = Official
+| timezone1              = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
-| demographics1_info1      = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
+| utc_offset1            = +05:30
-| demographics1_title2     = Additional&nbsp;official
+| website                = {{URL|https://s24pgs.gov.in/}}
-| demographics1_info2      = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
-| timezone                 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
-| utc_offset               = +5.30
-| coordinates              = {{coord|22.5126|N|88.6097|E|display=inline, title}}
-| elevation_footnotes      =
-| elevation_m              = 9
-| elevation_ft             =
-| postal_code_type         = PIN
-| postal_code              = 743502
-| area_code_type           = Telephone code
-| area_code                = +91 3218
-| registration_plate       = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-19 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-22, [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-95 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-99
-| blank1_name_sec1         = Lok Sabha constituency
-| blank1_info_sec1         = [[Jaynagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaynagar (SC)]], [[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]
-| blank2_name_sec1         = Vidhan Sabha constituency
-| blank2_info_sec1         = [[Canning Purba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Canning Purba]], [[Bhangar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhangar]]
-| website                  = {{URL|www.s24pgs.gov.in|}}
-| footnotes                =
 }}
-'''Bhangar I''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block (CD block)]] that forms an administrative division in the [[Baruipur subdivision]] of the [[South 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].
+'''Bhangar I''' is a [[community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Baruipur subdivision]] of [[South 24 Parganas|South 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].
 ==Geography==
+[[File:South 24 Parganas Tehsil Map (en).svg|thumb]]
 The Bhangar I CD block is located at {{coord|22.5126|N|88.6097|E|format=dms|}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|9|m}}.
-The Bhangar I CD block is bounded by the [[Bhangar II]] CD block in the north, the [[Minakhan (community development block)|Minakhan]] CD block in the [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the east, the [[Canning II]] CD block in the south and the [[Sonarpur (community development block)|Sonarpur]] CD block in the west.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1917_PART_B_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: South 24 Parganas, Series 20, Part XII B | work=  Map of South 24 Parganas with CD block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher=  Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 11 October  2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/south-24-parganas.html|title = South Twenty-four Parganas | work= CD block/ tehsil map|publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 11 October  2019}}</ref>
+The Bhangar I CD block is bounded by the [[Bhangar II]] CD block in the north, the [[Minakhan (community development block)|Minakhan]] CD block in the [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the east, the [[Canning II]] CD block in the south and the [[Sonarpur (community development block)|Sonarpur]] CD block in the west.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1917_PART_B_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: South 24 Parganas, Series 20, Part XII B | work= Map of South 24 Parganas with CD block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 11 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/south-24-parganas.html|title = South Twenty-four Parganas | work= CD block/ tehsil map|publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 11 October 2019}}</ref>
-The [[South 24 Parganas district]] is divided into two distinct physiographic zones: the marine-riverine delta in the north and the marine delta zone in the south. As the sea receded southwards, in the sub-recent [[Period (geology)|Geological Period]], a large low-lying plain got exposed. Both [[Tide|Tidal]] inflows and the rivers have been depositing sediments in this plain. The periodical collapse of both the natural [[Levee]]s and man-made embankments speed up the process of filling up of the depressions containing [[Brackish Water]] wetlands. The marine delta in the south is formed of interlacing tidal channels. As non-saline water for irrigation is scarce, agriculture is [[Monsoon]] dominated. Some parts of the wetlands are still preserved for raising fish.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 1 South 24 Parganas: An Overview, p  9-12 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 1 April 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
+The [[South 24 Parganas district]] is divided into two distinct physiographic zones: the marine-riverine delta in the north and the marine delta zone in the south. As the sea receded southwards, in the sub-recent [[Period (geology)|Geological Period]], a large low-lying plain got exposed. Both [[Tide|Tidal]] inflows and the rivers have been depositing sediments in this plain. The periodical collapse of both the natural [[Levee]]s and man-made embankments speed up the process of filling up of the depressions containing [[Brackish Water]] wetlands. The marine delta in the south is formed of interlacing tidal channels. As non-saline water for irrigation is scarce, agriculture is [[Monsoon]] dominated. Some parts of the wetlands are still preserved for raising fish.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 1 South 24 Parganas: An Overview, p 9-12 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 1 April 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
-The Bhangar I CD block has an area of 153.62&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 9 [[gram panchayat]]s, 161 gram sansads (village councils), 83 [[mouza]]s and 80 inhabited villages, as per District Statistical Handbook South Twenty-four Parganas.[[Bhangar Raghunathpur#Police station|Bhangar]] and [[Bantala#Police station|Kolkata Leather Complex]] police stations serve this block.<ref>{{cite web  | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook  | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South 24 Parganas  | work = Table No. 2.1, 2.2  | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal  | access-date = 11 October 2019  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook  | archive-date = 21 January 2019  | url-status = dead  }}</ref> The headquarters of this CD block is at [[Gobindapur, Bhangar|Gobindapur]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2155 | title = BDO Offices under South 24 Parganas District | publisher = West Bengal Public Library Network, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 11 October  2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181003083629/http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2155 | archive-date = 3 October 2018 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
+The Bhangar I CD block has an area of {{cvt|153.62|km2}}. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 9 [[gram panchayat]]s, 161 gram sansads (village councils), 83 [[mouza]]s and 80 inhabited villages, as per District Statistical Handbook South Twenty-four Parganas. [[Bhangar Raghunathpur#Police station|Bhangar]] and [[Bantala#Police station|Kolkata Leather Complex]] police stations serve this CD Block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South 24 Parganas | work = Table No. 2.1, 2.2 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 11 October 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD block is at [[Gobindapur, Bhangar|Gobindapur]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2155 | title = BDO Offices under South 24 Parganas District | publisher = West Bengal Public Library Network, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 11 October 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181003083629/http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2155 | archive-date = 3 October 2018 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
-[[Gram Panchayat]]s of Bhangar I CD block/[[Panchayat Samiti]] are: Bodra, Chandaneswar I, Chandaneswar II, Durgapur, Jagulgachhi, Narayanpur, Pranganj, Sanksahar and Tardah.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://s24pgs.gov.in/s24p/page.php?nm=Blocks |title= Blocks and Gram Panchayats in South 24 Parganas| publisher = South 24 Parganas District Administration |access-date = 1 April 2016}}</ref>
+[[Gram Panchayat]]s of Bhangar I CD block/[[Panchayat Samiti]] are: Bodra, Chandaneswar-I, Chandaneswar-II, Durgapur, Jagulgachhi, Narayanpur, Pranganj, Shanksahar and Tarda.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://s24pgs.gov.in/s24p/page.php?nm=Blocks |title= Blocks and Gram Panchayats in South 24 Parganas| publisher = South 24 Parganas District Administration |access-date = 1 April 2016}}</ref>
 ==Demographics==
 ===Population===
-According to the [[2011 Census of India]], the Bhangar I CD block had a total population of 249,170, of which 228,528 were rural and 20,642 were urban. There were 127,702 (51%) males and 121,465 (49%) females. There were 35,693 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 52,312 (20.99%) and the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 3,133 (1.26%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India  | access-date = 2 April 2016}}</ref>
+According to the [[2011 Census of India]], the Bhangar I CD block had a total population of 249,170, of which 228,528 were rural and 20,642 were urban. There were 127,702 (51%) males and 121,465 (49%) females. There were 35,693 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 52,312 (20.99%) and the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 3,133 (1.26%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 2 April 2016}}</ref>
-According to the [[2001 Census of India]], the Bhangar I CD block had a total population of 204,326, out of which 104,670 were males and 99,656 were females. The Bhangar I CD block registered a population growth of 24.50 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for the [[South 24 Parganas]] district was 20.89 per cent. Decadal growth in [[West Bengal]] was 17.84 per cent. The [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled Castes]] at 47,822 formed around one-fourth the population. The [[Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 7,138.<ref name=handbook>{{cite web | url =http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title =District Statistical Handbook – 2010-11 – South 24 Parganas | work =South 24 Parganas at a glance, Tables  2.2, 2.4 (b), 4.5 | publisher =Bureau of Applied Economics and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date =3 April 2016 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date =21 January 2019 | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_18.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2011-01-20  |work=Census of India 2001 – South 24 Parganas |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110719041523/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_18.htm |archive-date=July 19, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2011-01-20 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=September 27, 2007 }}</ref>
+According to the [[2001 Census of India]], the Bhangar I CD block had a total population of 204,326, out of which 104,670 were males and 99,656 were females. The Bhangar I CD block registered a population growth of 24.50 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for the [[South 24 Parganas]] district was 20.89 per cent. Decadal growth in [[West Bengal]] was 17.84 per cent. The [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled Castes]] at 47,822 formed around one-fourth the population. The [[Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 7,138.<ref name=handbook>{{cite web | url =http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title =District Statistical Handbook – 2010-11 – South 24 Parganas | work =South 24 Parganas at a glance, Tables 2.2, 2.4 (b), 4.5 | publisher =Bureau of Applied Economics and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date =3 April 2016 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date =21 January 2019 | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_18.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2011-01-20 |work=Census of India 2001 – South 24 Parganas |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110719041523/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_18.htm |archive-date=July 19, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2011-01-20 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=September 27, 2007 }}</ref>
 [[Census Town]]s in the Bhangar I CD block (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Maricha, Bhangar|Maricha]] (4,842), [[Bhangar Raghunathpur]] (6,037) and [[Gobindapur, Bhangar|Gobindapur]] (9,763).<ref name=census2011/>
@@ Line 100: / Line 82: @@
 According to the 2011 census, the total number of literate persons in the Bhangar I CD block was 153,835 (72.06% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 84,390 (77.03% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 69,445 (66.83% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 10.20%.<ref name=census2011/>
+According to the [[2011 Census of India]], literacy in the [[South 24 Parganas]] district was 77.51<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php |title = District Census 2011 |publisher= Population Census 2011 | access-date = 24 January 2016}}</ref> Literacy in [[West Bengal]] was 77.08% in 2011.<ref name=literacy>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_progresstables.pdf | title= Provisional population tables and annexures| work= Census 2011:Table 2(3) Literates and Literacy rates by sex |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 9 February 2016}}</ref> Literacy in [[India]] in 2011 was 74.04%.<ref name=literacy/>
-According to the [[2011 Census of India]], literacy in the [[South 24 Parganas]] district was 77.51<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php |title = District Census 2011 |publisher= Population Census 2011 | access-date = 24 January 2016}}</ref> Literacy in [[West Bengal]] was 77.08% in 2011.<ref name=literacy>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_progresstables.pdf | title= Provisional population tables and annexures| work= Census 2011:Table 2(3) Literates and Literacy rates by sex  |publisher=  Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India  | access-date = 9 February 2016}}</ref> Literacy in [[India]] in 2011 was 74.04%.<ref name=literacy/>
 According to the [[2001 Census of India]], the Bhangar I CD block had a total literacy of 60.55 per cent for the 6+ age group. While male literacy was 69.57 per cent female literacy was 51.05 per cent. [[South 24 Parganas]] district had a total literacy of 69.45 per cent, male literacy being 79.19 per cent and female literacy being 59.01 per cent.<ref name=handbook/>
-See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]
+{{see also|List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate}}
 {{Literacy in CD Blocks of South 24 Parganas district|collapsible=y}}
-===Language and religion===
+===Language===
-In the 2001 census, Bengali was the mother tongue for 97.9% of the population of the district, followed by Hindi with 1.5%, Urdu 0.3%, Odia and Telugu (0.1% each).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, Series – 20, Part XII-A, Village and Town Directory |work= Page 53, Table 11: Population by Mother-tongue in South 24 Parganas district 1961-2001 | publisher =   Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date =  23 September 2019}}</ref>
+{{Pie chart
+|caption = Languages of Bhangar I CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
-According to the West Bengal Official Language Act 1961 and the West Bengal Official Language (Amendment Act) 2012, the Bengali language is to be used for official purposes in the whole of West Bengal. In addition to Bengali, the Nepali language is to be used for official purposes in the three hills subdivisions, namely Darjeeling, Kalimpong and Kurseong, in the district of Darjeeling, and Urdu is to be used for official purposes in district/subdivision/ block/ municipality where the population speaking Urdu exceeds 10% of the total population.  The English language will continue to be used for official purposes as it was being used prior to the enactment of these laws.<ref>{{cite web| url =  https://www.latestlaws.com/bare-acts/state-acts-rules/west-bengal-state-laws/west-bengal-official-language-act-1961/|title = West Bengal Official Language Act 1961 |publisher=  Latest Laws.com| access-date = 10 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://advocatetanmoy.com/2018/06/26/the-west-bengal-official-language-act-1961/ |title = The West Bengal Official Language Act 1961|publisher= Advocate Tanmoy Law Library | access-date = 10 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url =  http://www.wbja.nic.in/wbja_adm/files/The%20Bengal%20Official%20Language%20Act,%201961_1.pdf |title = The West Bengal Official Language Act, 1961| access-date = 10 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/official-language-status-for-urdu-in-some-west-bengal-areas/article3274293.ece |title = Official status for Urdu in some West Bengal Areas |publisher= The Hindu, 2 April 2012 | access-date = 10 May 2020}}</ref>
+|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 99.32 |color1 = orchid
+|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 0.65 |color2 = orange
+|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 0.02 |color3 = green
+|label4 = Others |value4 = 0.01 |color4 = grey
+}}
-The West Bengal Official Language (Second Amendment) Bill, 2012, included Hindi, Santhali, Odiya and Punjabi as official languages  if it is spoken by a population exceeding 10 per cent of the whole in a particular block or sub-division or a district.  Subsequently, Kamtapuri, Rajbanshi and Kurmali were also included in the list of minority languages by the West Bengal Official Language (Second Amendment) Bill, 2018.<ref>{{cite web| url =  https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/west-bengal/multi-lingual-bengal/cid/358751  |title = Multilingual Bengal |publisher= The Telegraph,  11 December 2012 | access-date = 15 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/kamtapuri-rajbanshi-make-it-to-list-of-official-languages-in-bengal/1263116   |title = Kamtapuri, Rajbanshi make it to the list of  official languages in Bengal |publisher=  Outlook, 28 February 2015 | access-date = 15 January 2019}}</ref>However, as of 2019, there is no official / other reliable information about the areas covered.
+At the time of the 2011 census, 99.32% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 0.65% [[Hindi]] and 0.02% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
+===Religion===
 {{bar box
-|title=Religion in Bhangar I CD block
+|title=Religion in Bhangar I CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
-|titlebar=#ddd
+|titlebar=#FCD116
 |left1=
-|float=right
+|float=left
 |bars=
-{{bar percent|[[Muslim]]|Green|67.38}}
+{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|67.38}}
-{{bar percent|[[Hindu]]|Orange|32.38}}
+{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|32.38}}
-{{bar percent|Others|Yellow|0.24}}
+{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.24}}
 }}
-In the [[2011 Census of India]], Muslims numbered 167,892 and formed 67.38% of the population in the Bhangar I CD block. Hindus numbered 80,669 and formed 32.38% of the population. Others numbered 609 and formed 0.24% of the population.<ref name=censusreligion2011>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html |title = C1 Population by Religious Community | work= West Bengal |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India  | access-date = 18 June 2016}}</ref>
+In the [[2011 Census of India]], Muslims numbered 167,892 and formed 67.38% of the population in the Bhangar I CD block. Hindus numbered 80,669 and formed 32.38% of the population. Others numbered 609 and formed 0.24% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> In 2001, Muslims and Hindus were 65.23% and 34.63% of the population respectively.
-The proportion of Hindus in the South Twenty-four Parganas district has declined from 76.0% in 1961 to 63.2% in 2011. The proportion of Muslims in the South Twenty-four Parganas district has increased from 23.4% to 35.6% during the same period. Christians formed 0.8% in 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook South Twentfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Pages 52-53: Religion| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 5 October 2018}}</ref>
+The proportion of Hindus in the South Twenty-four Parganas district declined from 76.0% in 1961 to 63.2% in 2011. The proportion of Muslims in the South Twenty-four Parganas district increased from 23.4% to 35.6% during the same period. Christians were 0.8% in 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook South Twentfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Pages 52-53: Religion| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 5 October 2018}}</ref>
 ==Rural poverty==
-According to the [[Human Development Report]] for the South 24 Parganas district, published in 2009, in the Bhangar I CD block the percentage of households [[Below Poverty Line|below poverty line]] was 28.22%, a moderate level of poverty. In the north-east and mid central portion of the district, all CD blocks, with the exception of the [[Kulpi (community development block)|Kulpi]] CD block, had poverty rates below 30%. As per rural household survey in 2005, the proportion of households in the South 24 Parganas with poverty rates below poverty line was 34.11%, way above the state and national poverty ratios. The poverty rates were very high in the [[Sundarbans settlements]] with all the thirteen CD blocks registering poverty ratios above 30% and eight CD blocks had more than 40% of the population in the BPL category.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Pages 42-43, Chapter 3.8: Poverty Scenario in South 24 Parganas | publisher =  Department of Planning and Statistics,  Government of West Bengal |access-date =  23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
+According to the [[Human Development Report]] for the South 24 Parganas district, published in 2009, in the Bhangar I CD block the percentage of households [[Below Poverty Line|below poverty line]] was 28.22%, a moderate level of poverty. In the north-east and mid central portion of the district, all CD blocks, with the exception of the [[Kulpi (community development block)|Kulpi]] CD block, had poverty rates below 30%. As per rural household survey in 2005, the proportion of households in the South 24 Parganas with poverty rates below poverty line was 34.11%, way above the state and national poverty ratios. The poverty rates were very high in the [[Sundarbans settlements]] with all the thirteen CD blocks registering poverty ratios above 30% and eight CD blocks had more than 40% of the population in the BPL category.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Pages 42-43, Chapter 3.8: Poverty Scenario in South 24 Parganas | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
 ==Economy==
@@ Line 144: / Line 131: @@
 |label3 = Household industries
 |value4 = 45.25
-|label4 = Other Workers}}
+|label4 = Other workers}}
-In the Bhangar I CD block in 2011, among the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 16,498 and formed 20.21%, agricultural labourers numbered 24,173 and formed 29.62%, household industry workers numbered 4,011 and formed 4.91% and other workers numbered 36,934 and formed 45.25%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories of Economic Activity  in Sub-district 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 24 September 2019}}</ref>Total workers numbered 81,616 and formed 32.76% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 167,554 and formed 67.24% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url =  http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 24 September 2019}}</ref>
+In the Bhangar I CD block in 2011, among the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 16,498 and formed 20.21%, agricultural labourers numbered 24,173 and formed 29.62%, household industry workers numbered 4,011 and formed 4.91% and other workers numbered 36,934 and formed 45.25%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories of Economic Activity in Sub-district 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 24 September 2019}}</ref> Total workers numbered 81,616 and formed 32.76% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 167,554 and formed 67.24% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 24 September 2019}}</ref>
-The District Human Development Report points out that in the blocks of the region situated in the close proximity of the Kolkata metropolis, overwhelming majority are involved in the non-agricultural sector for their livelihood. On the other hand, in the Sundarban region, overwhelming majority are dependent on agriculture. In the intermediate region, there is again predominance of the non-agricultural sector. Though the region is not very close to Kolkata, many places are well connected and some industrial/ economic development has taken place.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Page 69 , Chapter 4.3: Occupational Diversification | publisher =  Department of Planning and Statistics,  Government of West Bengal |access-date =  23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
+The District Human Development Report points out that in the blocks of the region situated in the close proximity of the Kolkata metropolis, overwhelming majority are involved in the non-agricultural sector for their livelihood. On the other hand, in the Sundarban region, overwhelming majority are dependent on agriculture. In the intermediate region, there is again predominance of the non-agricultural sector. Though the region is not very close to Kolkata, many places are well connected and some industrial/ economic development has taken place.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Page 69 , Chapter 4.3: Occupational Diversification | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
-<small>Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers.  It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work =  Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 31  | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 28 December 2017}}</ref></small>
+<small>Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers.  It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 31 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 28 December 2017}}</ref></small>
 ===Infrastructure===
-There are 80 inhabited villages in the Bhangar I CD block, as per the District Census Handbook, the South Twenty-four Parganas, 2011. 100% villages have power supply. 80 villages (100%) have drinking water supply. 13 villages (16.25%) have post offices. 67 villages (83.75%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 33 villages (41.25%) have pucca (paved) approach roads and 29 villages (36.25%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 6 villages (7.50%) has  agricultural credit societies and 13 villages (16.25%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 111, Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011  | publisher =  Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 26 September 2019}}</ref>
+There are 80 inhabited villages in the Bhangar I CD block, as per the District Census Handbook, the South Twenty-four Parganas, 2011. 100% villages have power supply. 80 villages (100%) have drinking water supply. 13 villages (16.25%) have post offices. 67 villages (83.75%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 33 villages (41.25%) have pucca (paved) approach roads and 29 villages (36.25%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 6 villages (7.50%) has  agricultural credit societies and 13 villages (16.25%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 111, Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 26 September 2019}}</ref>
 ===Agriculture===
 The South 24 Parganas had played a significant role in the [[Tebhaga movement]] launched by the [[Communist Party of India]] in 1946. Subsequently, “[[Operation Barga]]” was aimed at securing tenancy rights for the peasants. In the Bhangar I CD block 2,228.47 acres of land was acquired and vested. Out of this 1,292.81 acres or 58.14% of the vested land was distributed amongst the peasants. The total number of patta holders was 4,364.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 3 November 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
-According to the ''District Human Development Report'', agriculture is an important source of livelihood in the South Twentyfour Parganas district. The amount of cultivable land per agricultural worker is only 0.41 hectare in the district.  Moreover, the irrigation facilities have not been extended to a satisfactory scale. Agriculture mostly remains a mono-cropped activity.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Pages 28-30 , Chapter 3.2: Sectoral Composition of Output | publisher =  Department of Planning and Statistics,  Government of West Bengal |access-date =  23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
+According to the ''District Human Development Report'', agriculture is an important source of livelihood in the South Twentyfour Parganas district. The amount of cultivable land per agricultural worker is only 0.41 hectare in the district.  Moreover, the irrigation facilities have not been extended to a satisfactory scale. Agriculture mostly remains a mono-cropped activity.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Pages 28-30 , Chapter 3.2: Sectoral Composition of Output | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
-According to the ''District Census Handbook'', the saline soil of the district is unfit for cultivation, but the non-salty lands are very fertile. While rice is the main food crop, jute is the main cash crop.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 21: Agriculture | publisher =  Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 26 September 2019}}</ref>
+According to the ''District Census Handbook'', the saline soil of the district is unfit for cultivation, but the non-salty lands are very fertile. While rice is the main food crop, jute is the main cash crop.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 21: Agriculture | publisher = Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 26 September 2019}}</ref>
-In 2013-14, there were 72 fertiliser depots, 10 seed stores and 41 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in the Bhangar I CD block.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web  | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook  | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South 24 Parganas  | work = Table No. 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 – arranged as per use  | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal  | access-date = 27 September 2019  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook  | archive-date = 21 January 2019  | url-status = dead  }}</ref>
+In 2013–14, there were 72 fertiliser depots, 10 seed stores and 41 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in the Bhangar I CD block.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South 24 Parganas | work = Table No. 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 27 September 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
 In 2013–14, the Bhangar I CD block produced 87,619 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop, from 32,784 hectares, 2,042 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 597 hectares, 6,247 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 2300 hectares, 765 tonnes of wheat from 394 hectares, 12,523 tonnes of jute from 554  hectares and 7,773 tonnes of potatoes from 348 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2014/>
 ===Irrigation===
-In the Bhangar I CD block, in 2013-14, 389.82 hectares were irrigated by river lift irrigation and 8.17 hectares by deep tube wells.<ref name=handbook2014/>
+In the Bhangar I CD block, in 2013–14, 389.82 hectares were irrigated by river lift irrigation and 8.17 hectares by deep tube wells.<ref name=handbook2014/>
-Poor irrigation and high soil salinity results in the mono-cropping pattern of cultivation in a major portion of the South 24 Parganas district. As a result of its closeness to the Bay of Bengal, the river waters are mostly saline and are unsuitable for irrigation. Added to the rather gloomy irrigation scenario is the problem of frequent floods.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Page 62 , Chapter 4.3.1: Occupational Diversification, The District Level | publisher =  Department of Planning and Statistics,  Government of West Bengal |access-date =  23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
+Poor irrigation and high soil salinity results in the mono-cropping pattern of cultivation in a major portion of the South 24 Parganas district. As a result of its closeness to the Bay of Bengal, the river waters are mostly saline and are unsuitable for irrigation. Added to the rather gloomy irrigation scenario is the problem of frequent floods.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Page 62 , Chapter 4.3.1: Occupational Diversification, The District Level | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
 ===Pisciculture===
-In the Bhangar I CD block, in 2013-14, net area under effective pisciculture was 808 hectares, engaging 6,880 persons in the profession, and with an approximate annual production of 107,980 quintals.<ref name=handbook2014/>
+In the Bhangar I CD block, in 2013–14, net area under effective pisciculture was 808 hectares, engaging 6,880 persons in the profession, and with an approximate annual production of 107,980 quintals.<ref name=handbook2014/>
-Pisciculture is an important source of employment in the South 24 Parganas district. As of 2001, more than 4.5 lakh people were engaged in pisciculture. Out of this 2.57 lakhs were from the 13 blocks in the Sundarbans settlements.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Pages 76 , Chapter 4.5.2: Non-agriculture, (i) Pisciculture | publisher =  Department of Planning and Statistics,  Government of West Bengal |access-date =  23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
+Pisciculture is an important source of employment in the South 24 Parganas district. As of 2001, more than 4.5 lakh people were engaged in pisciculture. Out of this 2.57 lakhs were from the 13 blocks in the Sundarbans settlements.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Pages 76 , Chapter 4.5.2: Non-agriculture, (i) Pisciculture | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
 ===Banking===
-In 2013-14, the Bhangar I CD block had offices of 11 commercial banks and 2 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/>
+In 2013–14, the Bhangar I CD block had offices of 11 commercial banks and 2 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/>
 ===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
-The South 24 Parganas district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]].  The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 22 September 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012  |publisher= Press Information  Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 22 September 2019}}</ref>
+The South 24 Parganas district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]].  The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 22 September 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 22 September 2019}}</ref>
 ==Transport==
-The Bhangar I CD block has 14 originating/ terminating bus routes. The nearest railway station is 24 km from the block headquarters.<ref name=handbook2014/>
+The Bhangar I CD block has 14 originating/ terminating bus routes. The nearest railway station is 24&nbsp;km from the block headquarters.<ref name=handbook2014/>
 ==Education==
-In 2013-14, the Bhangar I CD block had 99 primary schools with 14,098 students, 15 middle schools with 1,502 students, 3 high schools with 3,165 students and 14 higher secondary schools with 15,054 students. Bhangar I CD block had 1 general degree college with 5,121 students, 1 technical/ professional institution with 970 students and 357 institutions for special and non-formal education with 24,291 students.<ref name=handbook2014/>
+In 2013–14, the Bhangar I CD block had 99 primary schools with 14,098 students, 15 middle schools with 1,502 students, 3 high schools with 3,165 students and 14 higher secondary schools with 15,054 students. Bhangar I CD block had 1 general degree college with 5,121 students, 1 technical/ professional institution with 970 students and 357 institutions for special and non-formal education with 24,291 students.<ref name=handbook2014/>
-See also – [[Education in India]]
+See also [[Education in India]]
-According to the 2011 census, in the Bhangar I CD block, among the 80 inhabited villages, 2 villages did not have a school, 35 villages had two or more  primary schools, 31 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 14 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url =  http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, South 24 Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 931-932, Appendix I A:  Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher =  Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 2 October 2019}}</ref>
+According to the 2011 census, in the Bhangar I CD block, among the 80 inhabited villages, 2 villages did not have a school, 35 villages had two or more  primary schools, 31 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 14 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, South 24 Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 931-932, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 2 October 2019}}</ref>
-[[Bhangar Mahavidyalaya]] was established at [[Bhangar Raghunathpur|Bhangar]] in 1997.<ref>{{cite web| url =  http://www.bhangarmahavidyalaya.in/index.php |title =  Bhangar Mahavidyalaya |publisher=  BM | access-date = 29 October 2019 }}</ref>
+[[Bhangar Mahavidyalaya]] was established at [[Bhangar Raghunathpur|Bhangar]] in 1997.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.bhangarmahavidyalaya.in/index.php |title = Bhangar Mahavidyalaya |publisher= BM | access-date = 29 October 2019 }}</ref>
 ==Healthcare==
-Certain areas of the [[South 24 Parganas]] district have been identified where ground water is affected by [[Arsenic contamination of groundwater|Arsenic Contamination]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb4.htm | title = Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (19 years study) | access-date = 2011-09-28 | work = Groundwater arsenic contamination status of North 24-Parganas district, one of the nine arsenic affected districts of West Bengal-India | publisher = SOES}}</ref> High levels of arsenic in ground water were found in twelve CD blocks of the district. Water samples collected from tubewells in the affected places contained arsenic above the normal level (10 micrograms per litre as specified by the [[World Health Organization]]). The affected CD blocks are [[Baruipur (community development block)|Baruipur]], Bhangar I, [[Bhangar II]], [[Bishnupur I]], [[Bishnupur II]], [[Basanti (community development block)|Basanti]], [[Budge Budge II]], [[Canning I]], [[Canning II]], [[Sonarpur (community development block)|Sonarpur]], [[Magrahat II]] and [[Jaynagar I]].<ref>{{cite web
+Certain areas of the [[South 24 Parganas]] district have been identified where ground water is affected by [[Arsenic contamination of groundwater|Arsenic Contamination]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb4.htm | title = Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (19 years study) | access-date = 2011-09-28 | work = Groundwater arsenic contamination status of North 24-Parganas district, one of the nine arsenic affected districts of West Bengal-India | publisher = SOES | archive-date = 27 September 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002957/http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb4.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> High levels of arsenic in ground water were found in twelve CD blocks of the district. Water samples collected from tubewells in the affected places contained arsenic above the normal level (10 micrograms per litre as specified by the [[World Health Organization]]). The affected CD blocks are [[Baruipur (community development block)|Baruipur]], Bhangar I, [[Bhangar II]], [[Bishnupur I]], [[Bishnupur II]], [[Basanti (community development block)|Basanti]], [[Budge Budge II]], [[Canning I]], [[Canning II]], [[Sonarpur (community development block)|Sonarpur]], [[Magrahat II]] and [[Jaynagar I]].<ref>{{cite web
   |url=http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=23&id=183781&usrsess=1
   |title=High arsenic levels in South
   |access-date=2011-09-28
   |publisher= The Statesman, 24 June 2007
   |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929091658/http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=23&id=183781&usrsess=1
   |archive-date=2007-09-29
   |url-status=dead
 }}</ref>
 In 2014, the Bhangar I CD block had 1 rural hospital, 1 primary health centre and 5 private nursing homes with total 76 beds and 12 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 28 family welfare subcentres. 5,292 patients were treated indoor and 90,894 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD block.<ref name=handbook2014/>
-Accordig to the 2011 census, in the Bhangar I CD block, 2 villages had community health centres, 2 villages had  primary health centres, 39 villages had primary health subcentres, 3 villages had maternity and child welfare centres, 1 village had veterinary hospitals,  16 villages had medicine shops and out of the 80 inhabited villages 18 villages had no medical facilities.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 927-929, Appendix I: Summary showing total number of villages having Educational, Medical and  other amenities – CD block level  | publisher =  Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 4 October 2019}}</ref>
+According to the 2011 census, in the Bhangar I CD block, 2 villages had community health centres, 2 villages had primary health centres, 39 villages had primary health subcentres, 3 villages had maternity and child welfare centres, 1 village had veterinary hospitals and 16 villages had medicine shops. Out of the 80 inhabited villages, 18 had no medical facilities.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 927-929, Appendix I: Summary showing total number of villages having Educational, Medical and other amenities – CD block level | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 4 October 2019}}</ref>
-Nalmuri Rural Hospital at [[Nalmuri]], with 30 beds, is the major government medical facility in the Bhangar I CD block. There is a [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centre]] at Bhatipota (PO Beconta) (with 6 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf  | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work= Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher = Government of West Bengal  |access-date =  1 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf  | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work= Health Statistics – Block Primary Health Centres  | publisher = Government of West Bengal  |access-date =  1 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf  | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work= Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres  | publisher = Government of West Bengal  |access-date =  1 November 2019}}</ref>
+Nalmuri Rural Hospital at [[Nalmuri]], with 30 beds, is the major government medical facility in the Bhangar I CD block. There is a [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centre]] at Bhatipota (PO Beconta) (with 6 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 1 November 2019 | archive-date = 8 October 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Block Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 1 November 2019 | archive-date = 16 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200816074737/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 1 November 2019 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>
 ==References==
-{{Reflist|3}}
+{{Reflist}}
 {{South 24 Parganas}}