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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{POV|June=2020|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
| name                           = Palakollu
| name                   = Palakollu
| native_name                     =  
| native_name             = పాలకొల్లు
| native_name_lang               = te
| native_name_lang       = te
| other_name                     = Palakol, Palacole
| other_name             = Palakol, Palacole
| nickname                        =
| settlement_type         = City
| settlement_type                 = [[City]]
| image_skyline           = CompleteTempleComplex.jpg
| image_skyline                   = {{Photomontage
| imagesize              = 250px
| photo1a      = CompleteTempleComplex.jpg
| image_alt               = Sri Ksheera Rama Lingeswara Swamy Temple at Palakollu
| photo2a      = Palakollu bus station phase 1 platforms.jpg
| image_caption           = [[Ksheerarama|Ksheera Ramalingeswara Swamy Temple]]
| photo2b      = AP Highway 42 in Palakollu City.jpg
| pushpin_map             = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| photo3a      = Palakollu railway.jpg
| pushpin_map_caption     = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| photo4a      = View From Inside Train Near Palakollu.png
| coordinates             = {{coord|16.5167|N|81.7300|E|display=inline,title}}
| spacing      = 2.5
| subdivision_type       = Country
| position    = centre
| subdivision_name       = {{IND}}
| border      = 0
| subdivision_type1       = State
| color        = white
| subdivision_name1       = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|| size = 260
| subdivision_type2       = Region
| foot_montage = }}
| subdivision_name2       = [[Coastal Andhra]]
| image_alt                       = A montage of images related to Palakollu town
| subdivision_type3       = District
| image_caption                   = Clockwise from top: [[Ksheerarama]], Gandhi Bommala Center, Palakollu Railway, Near Palakollu Paddy, Palakollu Bus Terminal 1
| subdivision_name3       = [[West Godavari district]]
| image_flag                      = Flag of India.svg
| established_title       = Municipality constituted
| flag_size                      = 110px
| established_date       = 1 April 1919
| image_seal                      = Andhraseal.png
| government_type         = Nagar Palika
| seal_size                      = 120px
| governing_body         = [[Palakollu Municipality]] (PMC); [[Eluru Urban Development Authority]] (EUDA)
| pushpin_map                     = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| unit_pref              = Metric
| image_map                      = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=250|frame-height=250|zoom=10|frame-lat=16.53333|frame-long=81.73333|type=shape-inverse|id=Q1945121|title=Palakollu}}
| area_total_km2          = 19.49
| map_alt                        = Palakollu is on the east coast of India.
| area_footnotes         = <ref name="DCHB-WestGodavari">{{cite web
| map_caption                    = Interactive map outlining Palakollu Urban Area (West Godavari District)
  |title=District Census Handbook – West Godavari: Primary Census Abstract (Town)
| pushpin_map_alt                =
  |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2815_PART_B_DCHB_WEST%20GODAVARI.pdf
| pushpin_map_caption             = Location of Palakollu in Andhra Pradesh, India
  |website=Census of India
| coordinates                     = {{coord|16.5333|N|81.7333|E|display=inline,title}}
  |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh
| subdivision_type               = Country
  |year=2011
| subdivision_name               = {{IND}}
  |pages=22–23, 54–55
| subdivision_type1               = [[States and territories of India|State]]
  |access-date=27 August 2025
| subdivision_name1               = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
}}</ref>
| subdivision_type2               = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| elevation_m             = 1.5
| subdivision_name2               = [[Coastal Andhra]]
| population_total       = 81,199
| subdivision_type3               = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| population_as_of       = 2011
| subdivision_name3               = [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| established_title               = <!-- Established -->
| population_footnotes   = <ref name="DCHB-WestGodavari" />
| established_date               =
| demographics_type1     = Languages
| founder                        =
| demographics1_title1   = Official
| named_for                      =  
| demographics1_info1     = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| government_type                 = [[Nagar Palika]]
| timezone1               = IST
| governing_body                 = [[Palakollu Municipality|PMC]], [[Eluru Urban Development Authority|EUDA]]
| utc_offset1             = +5:30
| leader_title                    = MLA (Palakollu Assembly)
| postal_code_type       = PIN
| leader_name                    = [[Nimmala Rama Naidu]] (2014 - present)
| postal_code             = 534250–534267
| leader_title1                  = MP (Narasapur Lok Sabha)
| area_code_type         = Telephone code
| leader_name1                    = [[Kanumuru Raghu Rama Krishna Raju]] (2019 - present)
| area_code               = 08814
| unit_pref                      = Metric
| registration_plate     = AP 37
| area_footnotes                 = <ref name=civicbody>{{cite web|title=Municipalities, Municipal Corporations & UDAs|url=http://dtcp.ap.gov.in:9090/webdtcp/Municipalities%20List-110.pdf|website=Directorate of Town and Country Planning|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=29 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128175528/http://dtcp.ap.gov.in:9090/webdtcp/Municipalities%20List-110.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2016}}</ref>
| website                 = {{URL|http://palakol.cdma.ap.gov.in/}}
| area_rank                      = 4
| area_total_km2                  = 24.68
| elevation_footnotes             =
| elevation_m                    = 1.5
| population_total               = 104,216
| population_as_of               = 2011
| population_rank                = [[West Godavari district|4th (In District)]], [[List of cities in Andhra Pradesh by population|30th (In State)]]
| population_density_km2         = auto
| population_demonym              =
| population_footnotes           = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/802966-palacole-andhra-pradesh.html|title=Palakollu 2011 Census india |website=Census of india gov|publisher=2011 census of india & Municipal Administration and Urban Development Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=10 June 2018}}</ref><ref name=merged>{{cite web|title=Palakollu merged Seven villages of five panchayat|url=https://epaper.andhrajyothy.com/2485878/West-Godavari/29-12-2019#page/3/1|website=Andhra jyothy News Paper |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101061332/https://epaper.andhrajyothy.com/2485878/West-Godavari/29-12-2019#page/3/1|access-date=29 December 2019|archive-date=1 January 2020}}</ref>
| population_metro                =
| population_metro_footnotes     =
| demographics_type1              = Languages
| demographics1_title1           = Official
| demographics1_info1             = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1                       = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1                     = +5:30
| postal_code_type               = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code                     = 534250, 534251, 534260, 534261, 534265, 534267
| area_code_type                 = Telephone code
| area_code                       = 08814
| registration_plate             = AP37
| website                         = {{URL|http://palakol.cdma.ap.gov.in/}}
| footnotes                      =
| blank_info_sec1                = [[Rajahmundry Airport]]
| blank_name_sec1                = [[Airport]]
| blank1_name_sec1                = [[Police]]
| blank1_info_sec1                = [[Andhra Pradesh Police]]
| blank2_name_sec1                = [[Railway station]]
| blank2_info_sec1                = [[Palakollu railway station]]
| blank3_name_sec1                = [[Port|Seaport]]
| blank3_info_sec1                = [[Kakinada Port]]
| blank4_name_sec1                = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank4_info_sec1                = 1031/1000 [[female|♀]]/[[male|♂]]
| blank5_name_sec1                = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{nobold|(2019)}}
| blank5_info_sec1                = {{increase}} 0.647<ref name="UNDP2019">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr_2019_overview_-_english.pdf |title= Human Development Report 2019 – "Human Development Indices and Indicators"|publisher=[[Human Development Report|HDRO (Human Development Report Office)]] [[United Nations Development Programme]]|pages=22–25 |access-date=9 December 2019}}</ref>
| blank6_name_sec1                = HDI Category
| blank6_info_sec1                = <span style="color:#fc0">medium</span><ref name="snhdi-gdl">{{cite web |title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database |url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |website=Global Data Lab |publisher=Institute for Management Research, Radboud University |access-date=25 September 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |archive-date=23 September 2018 |url-status=live  }}</ref>
| blank7_name_sec1                = Literacy
| blank7_info_sec1                = 83.41%
| official_name                  =
}}
}}
{{Hinduism}}
'''Palakollu''' is a city and the administrative headquarters of [[Palakollu Mandal]] in the [[Narasapuram revenue division]] of [[West Godavari district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{cite web
'''Palakollu''' is a city<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/towns/ap_towns.pdf|title=ALPHABETICAL LIST OF TOWNS AND THEIR POPULATION}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|title=Cities having population 1 lakh and above, Census 2011}}</ref> and the administrative headquarters of [[Palakollu Mandal]] in [[Narasapuram revenue division]] in [[West Godavari district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Palakollu is situated in [[Coastal Andhra]] region of the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=West Godavari District Mandals|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part31.pdf |publisher=Census of India|access-date=19 January 2015|page=457}}</ref> It occupies {{convert|4.685|km2|sqmi}}.<ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook – West Godavari |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2815_PART_B_DCHB_WEST%20GODAVARI.pdf|website=Census of India|access-date=22 September 2015|page=22,23–54}}</ref> {{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], it has a population of about 61,284 and a [[Urban area|Metro]] population of about 81,199. Palakollu Municipality merged five Grama panchayats of Seven village's (Kontheru, Adavipalem, Palakollu Rural, Bhaggeswaram, Poolapalli, Varidhanam And Ullamparru) on dated 7 January 2020. the Seven Village's population of 42,932 (as 2011 Census) It around occupies {{convert|20.08|km2|sqmi}} and after merged palakollu municipality It around occupies {{convert|24.68|km2|sqmi}} with 35 election wards it is total population of 1,04,216 (as 2011 Census)<ref name=merged /><ref>{{cite web|title=Palakollu municipality official released G.O merged Seven villages of five panchayat|url=http://cdn1.eenadu.net/Eenadu/2020/01/08/TPG/5_08/43769467_08-crop--27f42b.jpg|website=Eenadu News Paper|access-date=29 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109140416/http://cdn1.eenadu.net/Eenadu/2020/01/08/TPG/5_08/43769467_08-crop--27f42b.jpg|archive-date=9 January 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{clarify|reason=Source nowhere mentions it is 2011 census, more over we need official data|date=June 2020}} and making it the fourth most populous [[urban area]] in [[West Godavari|West Godavari District]] in Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=666341|title=Palakollu 2011 Census india |website=Census of india gov|publisher=2011 census of india & Municipal Administration and Urban Development Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=19 August 2014}}</ref> It is a part of [[Eluru Urban Development Authority]].
|title=About Palacole Municipality
 
|url=https://cdma.ap.gov.in/en/about-palacole-municipality
In 2018, as per the ''Swachh Bharat mission'' of the [[Ministry of Urban Development]], Under Swachh Survekshan - 2018 Palakollu Municipality was ranked 43rd in the South Zone out of 1113 With Zonal Avg Marks 1438.96 And State Rank 20th Out of 79 With State Avg Marks 1916.2 Palakollu ULB Census Coad 802966.{{clarify|date=July 2019}}<ref>{{cite news|last1=Swachh Survekshan 2018|first1=SS2018|title=Small Cities fare better in Swachh Bharat rankings|url=http://swachhsurvekshan2018.org/Scores/Index/802966|access-date=30 March 2018|work=Ministry of housing and urban Affairs|date=10 August 2018|location=India}}</ref>
|website=CDMA Andhra Pradesh
 
|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh
Palakollu was selected for the year 2015-16 Housing for All Under [[Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana]] for houseless poor in the urban areas. {{clarify|date=July 2019}}
|access-date=27 August 2025
 
}}</ref> Located in the [[Coastal Andhra]] region, the city's municipal area spans {{convert|19.49|km2|sqmi}}.<ref name="DCHB-WestGodavari" />
At an average altitude of {{convert|1.5|m|ft}}, Palakollu town is situated on [[National Highway 165 (India)]] and [[National Highway 216 (India)]]. It is bounded by [[Krishna district]] and [[Vijayawada]] on the west, [[Amalapuram]] and [[Bay of Bengal]] on the east, [[Narasapuram]] and [[Bay of Bengal]] on the south, and  [[Rajahmundry]] and [[East Godavari district]] on the north.<ref>{{cite web|title=West Godavari|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/about-ap/districts/west-godavari/|website=Official portal of Andhra Pradesh Government|access-date=13 March 2016}}</ref>


Palakollu is home to [[Ksheerarama]], one of the five great [[Pancharama Kshetras]].
As per the 2011 [[Census of India]], Palakollu (municipality plus outgrowth) had a population of 81,199.<ref name="DCHB-WestGodavari" /> Palakollu is also noted for [[Ksheerarama]], one of the five [[Pancharama Kshetras]].<ref>{{cite web
|title=Religious Tourism – West Godavari District
|url=https://westgodavari.ap.gov.in/religioustourism/
|website=Government of Andhra Pradesh
|access-date=27 August 2025
}}</ref>


== Etymology ==
== Etymology ==
Palakollu has historically been referred to by other names – "Upamanyapuram", "Ksheerapuri", "Palakolanu", and in English writings "Palacole" – which are mentioned in traditions associated with the local Sri Ksheera Ramalingeswara Swamy (Ksheerarama) temple.<ref>{{cite web |title=Palakollu City – Etymology |url=https://areaprofiler.gov.in/aboutUsIntgeratedPES.do?stateCode=28&lbCode=6066&languageId=1 |website=AreaProfiler (Government of India) |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>


Palakollu was also known as "Upamanapuram" or "Ksheerapuri" or "Palakolanu", named after the [[Ksheerarama|lord Ksheera Ramalingeswara Swamy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://areaprofiler.gov.in/aboutUsIntgeratedPES.do?stateCode=28&lbCode=6066&languageId=1|title=palakollu City Etmology Layout page|work= About Palakollu City areaprofiler.gov.in}}</ref> Gradually it changed into "Upamanapuram" or "Ksheerapuri" or "Palakolanu"and now to Palakollu.
== History ==
Dugdhopavanapuram and Upamanyapuram are palakollu names for palakollu. The name of Upamanupuram and the palakollu is derived from the place where the great devotee Upamanyudu attained mammal.{{clarify|date=June 2021}} The name Palakollu In the affairs of the became the palakollu of the masses. There is also in the dealing of the kshira ramam as a Sanskritization of the name of palakollu.<ref name="kanuri badarinath">{{cite journal|last1=badarinath|first1=kanuri|title=old vengi kingdom time Town Names|journal=Supadha Cultural Paper|date=February 2012|volume=12|issue=2|page=35}}</ref>
Palakollu (historically also written as Palakol) is referred to in sources by several earlier names, including Kṣīrārāma, Kṣīrapuram, Palakolanu, and Upamanyapuram.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=hYrXAAAAMAAJ&q=palakolanu Pañchārāmas in Medieval Āndhradēśa] – Google Books search showing the historical toponym “Palakolanu”.</ref>
 
==History==
Palakol or Palakollu was originally known as Kshiraramam, Kshirapuram, Palakolanu or Upamanyapuram.
<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=hYrXAAAAMAAJ&q=palakolanu Pañchārāmas in medieval Āndhradēśa (Google eBook)]</ref>
 
In 1613, the Dutch built their first Indian factory at Palakollu, which was temporarily abandoned in 1730. Part of [[Dutch Coromandel]], it was a trading post for textiles, lamp oil, wood, roof tiles, and bricks.
 
Under the 1783 [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]], the town was ceded to the [[British Raj|British]], but the Dutch continued to [[Quit-rent|rent]] it from them until 1804. In 1818 it was formerly restored to the Dutch only to be ceded again to the British in 1824.<ref name=Bowrey>{{Cite book|last=Bowrey|first=Thomas|author-link=Thomas Bowrey|editor-last=Temple|editor-first=Richard Carnac|editor-link=Sir Richard Temple, 1st Baronet|title=A Geographical Account of Countries Round the Bay of Bengal, 1669 to 1679 |url=https://archive.org/details/ageographicalac00bowrgoog|year=1895|page=[https://archive.org/details/ageographicalac00bowrgoog/page/n177 105]}}</ref>
 
Palakollu is also known as Trilinga Desam, the region bounded by three lingas (Srisailam, Draksharamam and Kaleswaram)


The most famous Ksheerarama is one of the five Pancharama Kshetras, and is located in Palakollu. Lord Shiva is known locally as Ksheera Ramalingeswara Swamy. The Sivalinga was established by Lord Vishnu.
In 1613, the Dutch established a trading factory at Palakollu as part of the Dutch Coromandel network; the post dealt in textiles, lamp oil, timber, roof tiles, and bricks and was temporarily abandoned in 1730.<ref name="Bowrey">{{cite book |last=Bowrey |first=Thomas |editor-last=Temple |editor-first=Richard Carnac |title=A Geographical Account of Countries Round the Bay of Bengal, 1669–1679 |url=https://archive.org/details/ageographicalac00bowrgoog |year=1895 |publisher=Hakluyt Society |page=105}}</ref> By the terms following the 1783 Treaty of Paris, the town passed to British control, with the Dutch continuing to rent it until 1804; it was restored to the Dutch in 1818 and finally ceded to the British again in 1824.<ref name="Bowrey" />


The famous Sri Lakshmi Ganapathi Navagraha Subrahmanya Aalayam, temple located at Brodipeta 2nd Lane in Palakollu. The presiding deity is Lord Ganapathi in the divine form of Lakshmi Ganapathi, along with the Navagrahalu and Subrahmanya Swamy deities.
Palakollu is associated with the concept of Trilinga Deśam in regional tradition and is home to Kṣīrārāma (Sri Ksheera Rama Lingeswara Swamy Temple), one of the five Pancharama Kshetras dedicated to Shiva; the presiding deity is locally known as Ksheera Ramalingeswara Swamy.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=BRsoAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA15 Readings in Indian History. Selected and Edited by Sir William Wilson Hunter] (1899), p. 15 (Google Books scan).</ref>
<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=BRsoAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA15&dq=palakollu Readings in Indian History. Selected and Edited by Sir William Wilson Hunter 1899 (Google eBook)]</ref>


===Under the Qutb Shahi reign===
=== Under the Qutb Shahi reign ===
====Textile Industry Center====
==== Textile industry center ====
During the reign of Golkonda [[Qutub Shahi]] in the 16th and 17th centuries, the textile industry was flourishing in the Palakollu region. Made of cotton, calico, lingerie and blankets. Textiles made of colored dye were also made in palakollu. All of these garments reached the port of [[Machilipatnam]] and from there shipped to various parts of the country by ship.<ref name="p.m joshi textiles industris in golkonda">{{cite journal |last1=Joshi |first1=P. M. |title=Textile Industry and Trade of the Kingdom of Golkonda |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=1941 |volume=5 |pages=609–617 |jstor=44304839 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> In 1770, agriculture and business were disrupted by a major drought that hit the Krishna and Godavari deltas. The drought has had an adverse effect on the textile industry, which is home to the palakollu industry. The Dutch industry reports that the textile industry in the palakollu in region had slowed down in the late 18th century. The rise of textile imports from England in the 19th century, along with other Coromandel coastal textile centers, has also severely damaged Palakollu textile. In the case of the markets where textile products are sold, England's milling of local garments has begun in the region. This has caused the palakollu industry to become the center of the textile industry.<ref name="sanjay subramanyam 17th century village factories">{{cite journal|last1=Subrahmanyam|first1=Sanjay|title=Rural Industry and Commercial Agriculture in Late Seventeenth-Century South-Eastern India|journal=Past & Present|date=1990|volume=126|issue=126|pages=76–114|doi=10.1093/past/126.1.76|jstor=650810|issn=0031-2746}}</ref>
During the Golkonda Qutb Shahi period (16th–17th centuries), the Palakollu region participated in the Coromandel textile economy, producing cotton goods such as calicoes and blankets, including dyed fabrics routed via [[Machilipatnam]] for coastal and inland markets.<ref name="joshi">{{cite journal |last=Joshi |first=P. M. |title=Textile Industry and Trade of the Kingdom of Golkonda |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=1941 |volume=5 |pages=609–617 |jstor=44304839}}</ref> A severe drought affecting the Krishna and Godavari deltas circa 1770, together with late‑18th‑century headwinds and 19th‑century competition from English mill‑made textiles, contributed to contraction in regional handloom activity noted in contemporary Dutch records.<ref name="joshi" /><ref name="subrah1990">{{cite journal |last=Subrahmanyam |first=Sanjay |title=Rural Industry and Commercial Agriculture in Late Seventeenth‑Century South‑Eastern India |journal=Past & Present |year=1990 |issue=126 |pages=76–114 |doi=10.1093/past/126.1.76 |jstor=650810}}</ref>


====Fabric industry====
==== Fabric and ironwork ====
Under the rule of the Qutb Shahi, the iron-making industry in Palakollu was elastic. The [[Narasapuram]] Shipbuilding industry is nearby . In India, iron ships were generally made of wood in other areas. Due to the lack of iron in the Godavari Delta region, Narasapur was only used for making nails and other iron tools. These conditions have given rise to the iron nail industry in palakollu.<ref name="sanjay subrahmanyam narasapur peta">{{cite journal|last1=Subrahmanyam|first1=Sanjay|title=A Note on Narsapur Peta: A "Syncretic" Shipbuilding Centre in South India, 1570-1700|journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient|date=1988|volume=31|issue=3|pages=305–311|doi=10.2307/3632014|jstor=3632014|issn=0022-4995}}</ref>
Regional industrial linkages included nearby [[Narasapuram]] shipbuilding; scarcity of iron timbering in the Godavari delta limited ship construction to ancillary work, fostering ancillary ironwork such as nails and tools in and around Palakollu that supplied maritime yards.<ref name="subrah1988">{{cite journal |last=Subrahmanyam |first=Sanjay |title=A Note on Narsapur Peta: A “Syncretic” Shipbuilding Centre in South India, 1570–1700 |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |year=1988 |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=305–311 |doi=10.2307/3632014 |jstor=3632014}}</ref>


== Geography ==
== Geography ==
Palakollu is located at {{Coord|16.5167|N|81.7300|E|}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Palakollu.html|title= Palakollu Maps And Weather}}</ref> It is in the southern part of Andhra Pradesh in southeastern India. The town occupies an area of {{convert|19.49|km2|sqmi}} under the administration of [[Palakollu Municipality]] (PMC). There is one major Rajamahendravaram - Narsapuram Canal that supplies water to the town: New Water Lake and old water lake apart from the Godavari River. Small canals are used only for agricultural and industrial purposes. Palakollu is a flat country with a slight eastern slope along the canals of the town flow. The canals in Palakollu generally flow from west to east.
Palakollu is located at {{Coord|16.5167|N|81.7300|E|display=inline}} in West Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh, India.<ref name="fallingrain_Palakollu"/> The town stands at an average elevation of about {{convert|5|m|ft|sigfig=2}} above mean sea level on predominantly flat, deltaic terrain.<ref name="fallingrain_Palakollu">{{cite web |title=Palakollu, India – Maps and weather |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Palakollu.html |website=FallingRain |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>
 
The town has an average elevation of {{convert|1.5|m|ft}}. It is bounded by Penugonda Village on the north, [[Narasapuram, West Godavari district|Narasapuram]] on the south. The [[Godavari River]] separates [[East Godavari district]] on east and Bhimavaram on the west.
 
There is [[Paddy field|paddy]] and [[sugarcane]] cultivation in the area.


=== Climate ===
=== Climate ===
Palakollu has a tropical climate. When compared with winter, the summers have much more rainfall. The climate here is classified as Aw by the Köppen-Geiger system. In Palakollu, the average annual temperature is 27.9&nbsp;°C. In a year, the average rainfall is 1208&nbsp;mm. The driest month is January, with 1&nbsp;mm of rainfall. In October, the precipitation reaches its peak, with an average of 286&nbsp;mm. The warmest month of the year is May, with an average temperature of 32.4&nbsp;°C. At 23.4&nbsp;°C on average, January is the coldest month of the year. The difference in precipitation between the driest month and the wettest month is 285&nbsp;mm. The variation in annual temperature is around 9.0&nbsp;°C. The weather is hot and humid, with a tropical climate and, thereby, no distinct seasons. The coolest months are December and January There is heavy monsoon rain at the end of summer, with depressions in the [[Bay of Bengal]].
Palakollu has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen–Geiger Aw), with hot, humid summers and most annual precipitation falling during the monsoon months from June to October.<ref name="climate-data_24239"/> Long‑term averages indicate a mean annual temperature of about 27.9 °C and annual rainfall around 1,208 mm; May is typically the warmest month and October the wettest.<ref name="climate-data_24239">{{cite web |title=Palakollu climate: temperature and rainfall |url=https://en.climate-data.org/location/24239/ |website=Climate‑Data.org |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>


{{Palakollu weatherbox}}
{{Weather box
|location= Palakollu
|metric first= Y
|single line= Y
|open = Y
|Jan high C= 27.7
|Feb high C= 30
|Mar high C= 32.8
|Apr high C= 35
|May high C= 37
|Jun high C= 36.3
|Jul high C= 32.4
|Aug high C= 32.2
|Sep high C= 32
|Oct high C= 31
|Nov high C= 28.8
|Dec high C= 27.6
|Jan mean C=23.4
|Feb mean C=25.4
|Mar mean C=27.8
|Apr mean C=30.5
|May mean C=32.4
|Jun mean C=31.8
|Jul mean C=29
|Aug mean C=28.9
|Sep mean C=28.8
|Oct mean C=27.8
|Nov mean C=25.4
|Dec mean C=23.5
|Jan low C= 19.2
|Feb low C= 20.9
|Mar low C= 22.8
|Apr low C= 26
|May low C= 27.8
|Jun low C= 27.3
|Jul low C= 25.6
|Aug low C= 25.6
|Sep low C= 25.6
|Oct low C= 24.6
|Nov low C= 21.1
|Dec low C= 19.4
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 1
|Feb precipitation mm = 6
|Mar precipitation mm = 4
|Apr precipitation mm = 7
|May precipitation mm = 41
|Jun precipitation mm = 145
|Jul precipitation mm = 266
|Aug precipitation mm = 190
|Sep precipitation mm = 191
|Oct precipitation mm = 286
|Nov precipitation mm = 52
|Dec precipitation mm = 19
|year precipitation mm = 1208
|Jan precipitation days = 1.2
|Feb precipitation days = 0.2
|Mar precipitation days = 0.2
|Apr precipitation days = 0.4
|May precipitation days = 1.6
|Jun precipitation days = 3.0
|Jul precipitation days = 6.1
|Aug precipitation days = 6.4
|Sep precipitation days = 5.4
|Oct precipitation days = 8.7
|Nov precipitation days = 9.1
|Dec precipitation days = 3.7
|year precipitation days = 46.0
|source= Climate‑Data.org<ref name="climate-data_24239"/>
}}


== Culture ==
== Culture ==
[[File:Konaseema.jpg|right|thumbnail|Palakollu near Konaseema]]
[[File:Konaseema.jpg|right|thumbnail|Palakollu near the Konaseema delta region]]
The town is known in the state for its cultural history whose residents are more often referred as 'Palakollu'.{{clarify|date=July 2019}} There are many religions, languages, traditions and festivals. [[Shiva Puja]] and a special [[Maha Shivaratri]] Karthika Masam in [[Karthikai Deepam]] are important events of the [[Hindu]] festival of [[Makar Sankranti]] in the town, mainly due to the existence of the self manifested [[Ksheerarama]] Temple. Palakollu town Mosque is a [[Muslim]] shrine housing the holy relic of the [[Prophet Mohammed]]. The St. John Luther Church, Sambhunipeta Lutheran Church, Church of Christ, St. Andrews Lutheran Church, is an important shrine for [[Christians]] and illuminates on [[Christmas]] Eve.


The clothing of the locals include traditional men wearing [[dhoti]] and women wearing [[saree]] and [[salwar kameez]]. [[Western clothing]] is also predominant.
Palakollu ki cultural life ka kendr Sri Ksheera Rama Lingeswara Swamy Temple (Ksheerarama) hai, jo [[Pancharama Kshetras]] me se ek mana jata hai aur yahan parakramik darshanon ke saath teerth yatra hoti rehti hai.<ref name="ap_religioustourism">{{cite web |title=Religious Tourism – West Godavari District |url=https://westgodavari.ap.gov.in/religioustourism/ |website=Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref> Mandir me Maha Shivaratri jaise bade tyohaar vishesh bhav se manaye jate hain, jisse sthaniya paramparaon aur bhakti samaroho ka pradarshan hota hai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sri Ksheera Rama Temple – Palakollu |url=https://www.trawell.in/andhra/rajahmundry/sri-ksheera-rama-temple-palakollu |website=Trawell.in |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>
[[File:CompleteTempleComplex.jpg|thumb|200px| Sri Ksheera Rama Lingeswara Swamy Temple]]


=== Film industry people ===
[[File:CompleteTempleComplex.jpg|thumb|200px|Sri Ksheera Rama Lingeswara Swamy Temple]]
{{Main|Category:People from Palakollu}}
Konaseema kshetra ke nadi‑delta aur backwater paridrishya se prabhavit Palakollu me dharmik paryatan ke saath sthaley utsav aur rivaazon ka ayojan hota rehta hai, jismein parivarik aur samudayik bhagidari drishyamaan hoti hai.<ref name="ap_religioustourism"/>
[[File:Dasari Narayana Rao in New Delhi on April 13, 2005 (cropped).jpg|right|thumbnail|Film director Dasari Narayana Rao in New Delhi]]
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2018}}


The town is notable for many artists like [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Allu Ramalingiah]], [[Allu Aravind]], [[Kodi Ramakrishna]], [[Dasari Narayana Rao]], [[Chalam (actor)|Chalam]], [[Mandolin Srinivas]], [[RaviRaja Pinisetty]], [[Chintapalli Ramana]], [[Nookala Chinna Satyanarayana]], [[Ghazal Srinivas]] (recipient of [[Guinness World Record]] for most languages sung), [[Beri Thimappa]] (founder of Madras), [[Veera Pothana]] (Nandi awardee, cine and drama writer), R. NaniKrishna (film director and producer), Chanti Addala (art director and producer), [[Relangi Narasimha Rao]] (director), Bunny vasu (producer), Maruthi (director), Ananth Sriram (lyricist).
== Administration ==
 
Allu Rama Lingaiah, commonly known as Allu, was an Indian Telugu language comedic actor from Palakollu, who appeared in over one thousand Tollywood films.
 
Anantha Sriram Chegondi is an Indian lyricist, mainly writing lyrics for songs in Telugu language films. He is one of the most sought after lyricists in the Telugu film Industry.
 
Dasari Narayana Rao  is an Indian film actor, director and producer in Telugu cinema. He has directed about 140 films, produced three films, and worked as a dialogue writer and as a lyricist. Actor Chiranjeevi contested the 2009 Lok sabha elections from his hometown and lost.


== Administration ==
=== Municipality ===
===Municipality===
{{Main|Palakollu Municipality}}
{{Main|Palakollu Municipality}}
[[File:Palakollu Municipality logo.jpg|right|thumbnail|Palakollu Municipality official logo]]
[[File:Palakollu Municipality logo.jpg|right|thumb|Palakollu Municipality official logo]]
The [[Palakollu Municipality|Palakollu Municipal Council]] (PMC) is the municipal governing body of the town. It was constituted as a municipality on 1 April 1919. The jurisdiction of the civic body is spread over an area of {{convert|19.49|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} and has 32 municipal wards. Each ward is represented by a councilor, elected by popular vote. The Council Members democratically elected headed by a municipal chairman, who is the [[Titular ruler|titular head]] of [[Palakollu Municipality|PMC]]; executive powers rest with the municipal commissioner, appointed by the state government. The PMC carries out the town's infrastructural work such as building and maintenance of roads and drains, town planning including construction regulation, maintenance of municipal markets and parks, solid waste management, the issuing of birth and death certificates, the issuing of trade licenses, collection of property tax, and community welfare services such as mother and child healthcare, and pre-school and non-formal education.<ref name="citi charter">{{cite web|title=Citizen's charter|url=http://palakol.cdma.ap.gov.in/sites/default/files/palakol_cdma_ap_gov_in/orgcharts/Organization%20Chart%2024.12.2016%20NEW%20new.pdf|archive-date=17 July 2013|publisher=PMC|access-date=31 July 2013}}</ref>
The [[Palakollu Municipality|Palakollu Municipal Council]] (PMC) is the local self-government of the town. It was constituted as a municipality on 1 April 1919. The civic body's jurisdiction covers {{convert|19.49|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} and comprises 32 municipal wards, each represented by an elected councillor.<ref name="citi charter">{{cite web |title=Citizen's charter |url=http://palakol.cdma.ap.gov.in/sites/default/files/palakol_cdma_ap_gov_in/orgcharts/Organization%20Chart%2024.12.2016%20NEW%20new.pdf |publisher=Palakollu Municipal Council |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref> The elected council is headed by a municipal chairperson as presiding officer, while executive functions are vested in the municipal commissioner appointed by the state government.<ref name="citi charter" />


The municipality was constituted in 1919 and upgraded as a third grade municipality in 1952. The Palakollu Municipality was upgraded to first grade in August 1965. Its constituents include the municipality of Palakollu, and the outgrowths of Poolapalli, Ullamparru, and Palakollu (rural). Now Palakollu municipality 1 January 2019: [[Eluru Urban Development Authority]] (EUDA) created.{{clarify|date=July 2019}} Palakollu became a part of EUDA along with places in [[West Godavari district|West Godavari District]].
PMC's functions include construction and maintenance of roads and drains; town planning and building regulation; upkeep of municipal markets and parks; solid waste management; registration of births and deaths; issuance of trade licences; property tax administration; and delivery of community welfare services such as maternal and child health and early childhood education.<ref name="citi charter" />


[[Palakollu (Assembly constituency)]] is a legislative assembly constituency in Andhra Pradesh. Sri Chodisetty Surya Rao was its longest serving municipal chairman, from 1956 to 1986. Many colleges ASNM, Dasari Women's degree college, Coco Junior govt college, 34 acres of drinking water tanks developed with 20 year vision, government hospital, and lorry stand are all developed under his regime. As gratitude people of Palakol erected a bronze statue in center of the town.<ref name="About Palakollu Municipality">{{cite web|title=About Palakollu Municipality|url=http://palakol.cdma.ap.gov.in/en/about-palacole-municipality |archive-date=17 July 2013|publisher=Palakollu Municipality Information|access-date=23 June 2019}}</ref>
The municipality was constituted in 1919 and was graded as a third‑grade municipality in 1952 before being upgraded to first grade in August 1965.<ref name="About Palakollu Municipality">{{cite web |title=About Palakollu Municipality |url=http://palakol.cdma.ap.gov.in/en/about-palacole-municipality |publisher=Palakollu Municipality |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref> On 1 January 2019, the [[Eluru Urban Development Authority]] (EUDA) was created under the Andhra Pradesh Metropolitan Region and Urban Development Authorities Act, 2016; Palakollu Municipality was brought within EUDA's planning jurisdiction thereafter.{{cn|date=August 2025}}


=== E-governance services ===
[[Palakollu (Assembly constituency)]] is a legislative assembly constituency of Andhra Pradesh. Historical municipal leadership has included long‑serving chairpersons; specific tenures and projects require citations for verification.{{cn|date=August 2025}}


For providing facilities to the people the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] started [[Mee Seva (Andhra Pradesh)|MeeSeva]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ap.meeseva.gov.in/DeptPortal/UserInterface/LoginForm.aspx|title=Andhra Pradesh State Portal MeeSeva Services|work=ap.meeseva.gov.in}}</ref> (at your service) centres all around the town and the state. The main purpose of this facility was to bring public services closer to home. MeeSeva provides online signed digital certificates like income certificates, residence certificates, land records and other registration records. These records are further stored in an online database.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/ap-to-offer-331-mee-seva-services-by-oct/article4598834.ece|title=AP to offer 331 Mee Seva services by Oct|author=Our Bureau|work=The Hindu Business Line}}</ref>
=== E‑governance services ===
The Government of Andhra Pradesh operates [[Mee Seva (Andhra Pradesh)|MeeSeva]] centres to deliver citizen services locally and online, including digitally signed certificates (income, residence), land records, and other registrations with records stored in state databases.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ap.meeseva.gov.in/DeptPortal/UserInterface/LoginForm.aspx |title=Andhra Pradesh State Portal – MeeSeva Services |website=ap.meeseva.gov.in |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=AP to offer 331 Mee Seva services by Oct |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/ap-to-offer-331-mee-seva-services-by-oct/article4598834.ece |work=The Hindu Business Line |date=9 April 2013 |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>


=== Healthcare===
=== Healthcare ===
Palakollu functions as a healthcare node for surrounding mandals in West Godavari district. The [[Government General Hospital]] serves Palakollu and nearby areas, alongside private multi‑specialty and single‑specialty clinics.{{cn|date=August 2025}}


Palakollu is becoming one of the major healthcare centers in West Godavari District. [[Government General Hospital]] is one of the major government hospitals in the West Godavari District, also serving patients from the cities and neighbouring mandals of [[Poduru mandal|Poduru]], [[Yelamanchili mandal|Yelamanchili]] and [[Penugonda mandal|Penugonda]]. The town has about 50 hospitals including surgeons, orthopedics, gynecologists, dental specialists, ENTs, eye specialists, RMPs and PMPs.
=== Politics ===
 
===Politics===
{{Main|Palakollu (Assembly constituency)}}
{{Main|Palakollu (Assembly constituency)}}
Palakollu Assembly constituency is one of the constituencies for [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]. Nimmala Rama Naidu is the present [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{cite web|title=MLA|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/government/mla/|publisher=AP State Portal|access-date=18 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008071101/http://www.ap.gov.in/government/mla/|archive-date=8 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The constituency falls under [[Narasapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)]] which was won by [[Kanumuru Raghu Rama Krishna Raju]] of [[YSR Congress Party]].<ref>{{cite web|title=MP (Lok Sabha)|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/government/mp-lok-sabha/|publisher=Government of AP|access-date=4 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121175516/http://www.ap.gov.in/government/mp-lok-sabha/|archive-date=21 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf
Palakollu Assembly constituency forms part of the [[Narasapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. Constituency boundaries and reservations are defined by the Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008.<ref>{{cite web |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |publisher=Election Commission of India |pages=20, 30 |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>
|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=11 October 2014|page=20,30}}</ref>


== Demographics ==
== Demographics ==
{{India census population
{{Historical population
|1901=10848
| 1901 | 10848
|1911=12953
| 1911 | 12953
|1921=14535
| 1921 | 14535
|1931=16906
| 1931 | 16906
|1941=19869
| 1941 | 19869
|1951=23037
| 1951 | 23037
|1961=28481
| 1961 | 28481
|1971=36196
| 1971 | 36196
|1981=46146
| 1981 | 46146
|1991=56969
| 1991 | 56969
|2001=76308
| 2001 | 76308
|2011=81199
| 2011 | 81199
|state=
| source = [[Census of India]]<ref name="censusindia1"/><ref name="census2011"/>
|title=Palakollu population
|footnote=Sources:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=666341|title=Palakollu 2011 Census india |website=Census of india gov|publisher=2011 census of india & Municipal Administration and Urban Development Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=19 August 2014}}</ref><ref>name="census2011">{{cite web| title = Palakollu Population| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB.html| publisher = Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs| access-date = 17 April 2018| df = dmy-all}} ''On this page, select "Andhra Pradesh" from the download menu In Town Amenities. Data for Palacole (M + OG)" is at row 234 of the downloaded excel file.''</ref>
}}
}}
[[File:May sun gives cool breeze!!.jpg|thumb|Palakollu]]
 
As of the 2011 [[census of India]], the town had a population of 81,199. The total population constitutes 40,103 males and 41,096 females—a sex ratio of 1024 females per 1000 males. 7,318 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of whom 3,743 are boys and 3,575 are girls—a ratio of 955 girls per 1000 boys. The average literacy rate stands at 76.95%, significantly higher than the state average of 73.00%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2815_PART_B_DCHB_WEST%20GODAVARI.pdf|title= West Godavari febsus Handbook Census india |website=Census of India District Census Handbook|publisher=2011 census of india & Municipal Administration and Urban Development Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh|page=54,55|access-date=10 June 2018}}</ref><ref name=population>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-andhrapradesh.php|title=Andhra Pradesh (India): Districts, Cities, Towns and Outgrowth Wards – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|work=citypopulation.de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Literacy of AP (Census 2011) |url=http://www.ap.gov.in/AP%20State%20Statistical%20Abstract%20May%202014/2%20AP%20Demography.pdf |publisher=AP govt. portal |access-date=11 June 2014 |page=43 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714213923/http://www.ap.gov.in/AP%20State%20Statistical%20Abstract%20May%202014/2%20AP%20Demography.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=666341|title=Palakollu 2011 Census india |website=Census of india gov|publisher=2011 census of india & Municipal Administration and Urban Development Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=19 August 2014}}</ref>
[[File:River during sunset (Andhra Pradesh, 2016).jpg|thumb|Palakollu]]
 
As of the 2011 [[Census of India]], the town had a population of 81,199; 40,103 males and 41,096 females — a sex ratio of 1,024 females per 1,000 males.<ref name="censusindia1"/> Children aged 0–6 years numbered 7,318 (3,743 boys and 3,575 girls; child sex ratio 955).<ref name="censusindia1"/> The average literacy rate stands at 76.95%, above the then state average of 73.00%.<ref name="censusindia1"/><ref name="aplit2014"/><ref name=population/>


=== Language and religion ===
=== Language and religion ===
Referred to as "Palakolian", the residents of Palakollu are predominantly [[Telugu people|Telugu]], with a minority [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] (including [[Memon people|Memon]]). Telugu is the official language. Hindus are in the majority. Muslims and Christians form a very small minority of the people in Palakollu.
Telugu is the official language of administration and public instruction in Palakollu; other languages are used within minority communities.<ref name="censusindia1"/>
According to the 2011 census, the religious makeup of Palakollu town was: Hindus (95.64%), Muslims (2.11%), Christians (1.97%), Jains (40 people), Sikhs (10 people) and Buddhists (3 people); 143 people did not state any religion.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web| title = C-1 Population By Religious Community| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html| publisher = Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs| access-date = 11 May 2016| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html| archive-date = 13 September 2015| df = dmy-all}} ''On this page, select "Andhra Pradesh" from the download menu. Data for Palacole (M + OG)" is at row 2393 of the downloaded excel file.''</ref>
 
According to the 2011 census, the religious composition of Palakollu was: Hindus (95.64%), Muslims (2.11%), Christians (1.97%), Jains (40 people), Sikhs (10 people), Buddhists (3 people); 143 people did not state a religion.<ref name="census2011r"/>  


{{Bar box
{{Bar box
|float  = right
|float  = right
|title  = Religion in Palakollu (2011)<ref>name="census2011">{{cite web| title = C-1 Population By Religious Community| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html| publisher = Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs| access-date = 11 May 2016| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html| archive-date = 13 September 2015| df = dmy-all}} ''On this page, select "Andhra Pradesh" from the download menu. Data for Palacole (M + OG)" is at row 2393 of the downloaded excel file.''</ref>
|title  = Religion in Palakollu (2011)<ref name="census2011r"/>
 
|titlebar= #ddd
|titlebar= #ddd
|bars    =  
|bars    =  
Line 227: Line 233:


== Economy ==
== Economy ==
Agriculture-based businesses like food processing and rice mills are the chief sources of the town's revenue. It serves as a distribution centre as well as commercial centre to its hinterland. The town is the regional centre for higher education and is known for its specialized health services
Palakollu's economy is primarily agri-based, with food processing, rice milling, trading, and services supporting the town's role as a commercial centre for surrounding Godavari delta mandals.<ref name="ap_agriculture">{{cite web |title=AGRICULTURE |url=https://westgodavari.ap.gov.in/departments/agriculture/ |website=Government of Andhra Pradesh – West Godavari District |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref> The town and nearby mandals also participate in coir-related activities and small-scale manufacturing aligned with delta agriculture and cottage industries.<ref name="apiic_industrial-clusters">{{cite web |title=Industrial Clusters |url=https://apiic.in/industrial-clusters/ |website=Andhra Pradesh Industrial Infrastructure Corporation (APIIC) |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>
 
Palakollu exports coconuts to all over India.<ref>{{cite web|title= Coconut Top 50 Distributors In palakollu |url=https://www.justdial.com/West-Godavari/Coconut-Distributors-in-Palakollu/nct-10104187 }}</ref>


'''Industries'''
'''Industries'''
Handmade crochet lace-work is one of the most common form of industry in the town.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chari|first1=Pushpa|title=On a creative trip|url=https://www.indiamart.com/company/45399/|access-date=3 December 2015|work=Palakollu Lace industries in indianmart|date=6 January 2011}}</ref>
Small and cottage enterprises operate alongside agro-processing, including coir and allied units documented in regional industrial cluster plans for West Godavari district.<ref name="apiic_industrial-clusters"/> Rice milling remains a significant activity in the Godavari delta, supplying local markets and distribution networks serving coastal Andhra Pradesh.<ref name="ap_agriculture"/>


There are many industries and rice mills industries in and around the town.<ref>{{Cite web|title = palakollu surround rice millis information|url = https://www.justdial.com/West-Godavari/Rice-Mills-in-Palakollu/nct-10410642|website = justdial about palakollu rice mills information|access-date = 11 October 2015}}</ref>
'''Aquaculture'''
Aquaculture and inland fisheries are major occupations in the West Godavari region, including areas around Palakollu, with district programmes supporting marine, brackish, and inland fishery resources.<ref>{{cite web |title=FISHERIES |url=https://westgodavari.ap.gov.in/fisheries/ |website=Government of Andhra Pradesh – West Godavari District |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref> Seasonal fishing in the Godavari estuary includes the prized pulasa (hilsa), noted in regional coverage for its local economic importance and seasonality.<ref>{{cite news |last=Murali Sankar |first=K. N. |title=Pulasa fishermen wait for Pushkaram to end |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/pulasa-fishermen-wait-for-pushkaram-to-end/article7453925.ece |work=The Hindu |date=23 July 2015 |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>


'''Aquaculture'''
== Tourism ==


[[Fishery]] is one of the main occupations that generates good amounts of revenues for the fishermen. It involves cultivation of a variety of [[estuarine fish]] called ''Pulasa''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Murali Sankar|first1=K.N|title=Pulasa fishermen wait for Pushkaram to end|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/pulasa-fishermen-wait-for-pushkaram-to-end/article7453925.ece|access-date=5 February 2016|work=The Hindu|date=23 July 2015}}</ref>
Palakollu draws visitors for pilgrimage and regional excursions in the Godavari delta, notably to the Sri Kshiraramalingeswara Swamy Temple and nearby coastal and backwater destinations in West Godavari district.<ref name="ap_tourist-places-2">{{cite web |title=Tourist Places – West Godavari District |url=https://westgodavari.ap.gov.in/tourist-places-2/ |website=Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>


== Cityscape ==
Perupalem Beach on the Bay of Bengal is a popular coastal outing listed among the district's tourist places and is commonly visited on day trips from Palakollu.<ref name="ap_tourist-places-2"/> In the backwaters of the Vasishta Godavari within the broader Konaseema region, resort stays are marketed for river-facing leisure and cultural experiences near Palakollu; the operator notes Palakollu as a nearby urban center for access.<ref>{{cite web |title=Palavelli Boutique Resorts – Konaseema |url=http://www.palavelliresorts.com/konaseemaresorts/index.php |website=Palavelli Boutique Resorts |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>
=== Neighbourhoods ===
[[File:Palavelli Boutique Resorts lake view.jpg|thumb|Palavelli Boutique Resorts lake view|left]]
Palavelli Boutique Resorts is located at a distance of 12.9&nbsp;km from the town. the resorts Nestled on the banks of the Vashista, a tributary of the River Godavari at Yalamnachalli Lanka, the Palavelli Boutique Resorts reflects the rich culture and tradition of the Konaseema region in Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web|title=Palakollu Nearest City Of Palavelli Boutique Resorts|url=http://www.palavelliresorts.com/konaseemaresorts/index.php|website=Palavelli Boutique Resorts officiala website|publisher=Palavelli Boutique Resorts|access-date=28 March 2017}}</ref>


== Landmarks ==
The Sri Kshiraramalingeswara Swamy Temple (Ksheerarama) in Palakollu is highlighted by district tourism as a key heritage and pilgrimage site.<ref name="ap_tourist-places-2"/>
The Perupalem Beach is located at a distance of 26&nbsp;km from the town and Dindi Resorts is located at a distance of 15&nbsp;km from the town.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coastaltourism.in/perupalem-beach/|title=Perupalem Beach|author=Puja Tripathy|work=Coastal Tourism India}}</ref> Palakollu has become a key landmark destination for foreigners due to monkey tourism.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}


== Transport ==
== Transport ==
{{Main|Category:Transport in Palakollu}}
Palakollu is connected to regional destinations by road and rail, with onward air access via [[Rajahmundry Airport]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajahmundry airport tops in occupancy rates |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/100816/rajahmundry-airport-tops-in-occupancy-rates.html |website=Deccan Chronicle |date=10 August 2016 |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="indianrailways_1404647822154">{{cite web |title=Divisional information – Vijayawada Division |url=http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1404647822154-Division%20profile.pdf |publisher=South Central Railway, Indian Railways |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2018}}
The town was once famed for its traffic problems with the railway gates at Bhimavaram Road (P.P Road) area. When the National Highway passed through the town, the traffic hurried to pass over the railway gate in the town and outskirts, which made traffic worse.
 
To avoid the traffic congestion, the government of India constructed a mini bypass road connecting Narsapur Road and Poolapalli on both ends of the town. Even then, the traffic problem were not resolved. The main bypass road (which was constructed under R&B which was completed in the late 2014s) had only 10,000 vehicles pass through the bypass road; now it has almost doubled.
 
Traffic in the town of narrow lanes was growing by the day. Even though officials planning to construct an underbridge at Bhimavaram Road (P.P Road) railway overbridge it is already approved from South Central railway at Palakollu town But still Pending in the project. and in the town all National Roads and R&B Roads still single lines only thay try to Since 1950 extend Roads making the one way but This is also Still Pending. 2018 year the traffic has doubled, without giving any relief to citizens. There are 25 traffic centres identified in the town.


=== Roadways ===
=== Roadways ===
{{Main|Sri Potti Sriramulu bus station}}
[[File:Palakollu bus station phase 1 platforms.jpg|thumb|Palakollu bus station phase 1 platforms|left]]
[[File:Palakollu bus station phase 1 platforms.jpg|thumb|Palakollu bus station phase 1 platforms|left]]
Sri Potti Sriramulu bus station Located in palakollu town [[APSRTC]] operates buses from Palakollu to major cities like [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Rajamahendravaram]], [[Kakinada]], [[Vizag]], [[Vijayawada]], and [[Tirupati (city)|Tirupati]]. Ten express trains service the town, which is on the Narsapur{{Snd}}Vijayawada railway route.<ref>http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/maps/st-cent-rly.htm</ref> A bridge was built on Vasista Godavari near Chinchinada 8&nbsp;km away from Palakollu connecting [[East Godavari]] and [[West Godavari]] Districts of Andhra Pradesh, which makes it a part of [[National Highway 216 (India)|National Highway 216]]. Palakollu railway station is classified as a ''B–category'' station in [[South Central Railway zone]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Divisional info |url=http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1404647822154-Division%20profile.pdf |publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=18 July 2015}}</ref>
The municipal road network in Palakollu totals {{convert|78.80|km|mi|abbr=on}} across urban roads administered by the civic body.<ref>{{cite web |title=Details of Roads in each ULB of Andhra Pradesh |url=http://centralapp.cdma.ap.gov.in:8080/CDMAAPTaxesInfo/RoadDetails.jsp |website=Commissioner and Directorate of Municipal Administration |publisher=Municipal Administration & Urban Development Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801101300/http://centralapp.cdma.ap.gov.in:8080/CDMAAPTaxesInfo/RoadDetails.jsp |archive-date=1 August 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>
 
The town has a total road length of {{convert|78.80|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Details of Roads in each ULB of Andhra Pradesh|url=http://centralapp.cdma.ap.gov.in:8080/CDMAAPTaxesInfo/RoadDetails.jsp|website=Commissioner and Directorate of Municipal Administration|publisher=Municipal Administration and Urban Development Department - Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=28 March 2017|archive-date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801101300/http://centralapp.cdma.ap.gov.in:8080/CDMAAPTaxesInfo/RoadDetails.jsp|url-status=dead}}</ref>


=== Railways ===
=== Railways ===
{{Main|Palakollu railway station}}
{{Main|Palakollu railway station}}
[[File:Palakollu Railway Station Entrance.jpg|thumb|Palakollu Railway Station entrance|right]]
[[File:Palakollu Railway Station Entrance.jpg|thumb|Palakollu Railway Station entrance|right]]
Palakollu Railway Station is classified as a ''B category'' station With three platforms In [[Vijayawada railway division]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Statement showing Category-wise No. of stations|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/StationRedevelopment/AI&ACategoryStns.pdf|website=Indian Railways|access-date=12 May 2017|page=2}}</ref> It is one of the main stations, and is located on the [[Bhimavaram–Narasapuram branch line]], [[Nidadavole]]-[[Narsapuram]] railway line of [[South Central Railway zone]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/railway-station-to-have-two-more-platforms/article3941115.ece|title=Railway station to have two more platforms}}</ref>
Palakollu railway station lies under the [[Vijayawada railway division]] and is classified as a B‑category station in the [[South Central Railway zone]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Statement showing Category‑wise number of stations |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/StationRedevelopment/AI&ACategoryStns.pdf |publisher=Indian Railways |page=2 |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="indianrailways_1404647822154"/> The station is situated on the [[Bhimavaram–Narasapuram branch line]] and has been the subject of capacity works including additional platforms reported during the 2010s.<ref>{{cite news |title=Railway station to have two more platforms |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/railway-station-to-have-two-more-platforms/article3941115.ece |work=The Hindu |date=26 September 2012 |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>


=== Waterways ===
=== Waterways ===
[[National Waterway 4 (India)|National Waterway 4]] was declared on 24 November 2008, and connects the Indian states of [[Telangana]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]], and the [[union territory]] of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]. It passes through [[Kakinada]], [[Rajahmundry]], [[Eluru]], Commanur, [[Buckingham Canal]] and also part of [[Krishna river|Krishna]] and [[Godavari river]]s rivers.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://shipping.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkfile/File337.htm|archive-url= http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090410022602/http://www.shipping.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkfile/File337.htm|url-status= dead|archive-date= 10 April 2009|title=National waterways Declaration|author=Ministry of Shipping (Government of India)|access-date=5 August 2010}}</ref> It is being developed by [[Inland Waterways Authority of India]], and was scheduled for completion in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=63957|title= Development Authority for Inland Waterways in India|author=Press Information Bureau, Government of India (2 August 2010)|access-date=5 August 2010}}</ref>
[[National Waterway 4 (India)|National Waterway 4]] (notified 24 November 2008) links inland waterways across Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and the Union territory of Puducherry, including reaches of the [[Godavari River|Godavari]] and [[Krishna River|Krishna]] and the [[Buckingham Canal]].<ref>{{cite web |title=National Waterways – Declaration |url=http://shipping.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkfile/File337.htm |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090410022602/http://www.shipping.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkfile/File337.htm |archive-date=10 April 2009 |publisher=Ministry of Shipping, Government of India |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref> Development of NW‑4 was assigned to the [[Inland Waterways Authority of India]] with works and timelines announced by the central government in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |title=Development Authority for Inland Waterways in India |url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=63957 |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |date=2 August 2010 |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>


=== Airways ===
=== Airways ===
[[Rajahmundry Airport]] is the airport serving to Palakollu 70&nbsp;km away.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/100816/rajahmundry-airport-tops-in-occupancy-rates.html|title=Rajahmundry airport tops in occupancy rates}}</ref> A new terminal building was inaugurated on 16 May 2012. The runway is expanded from the 1,749&nbsp;m to 3,165&nbsp;m to facilitate the landing and takeoff of bigger aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/Rajahmundry-gearing-up-for-big-planes-by-2018/article15422036.ece|title=Gearing up for Big Planes by 2018}}</ref> The state government is developing the airport as an international airport. Heli tourism is introduced in the airport.<ref name=airport>{{cite news|title=Rajahmundry airport terminal operational|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/article3429120.ece|access-date=24 June 2014|work=The Hindu Business Line|date=17 May 2012}}</ref>
[[Rajahmundry Airport]] (approximately 70 km by road) serves Palakollu with scheduled domestic flights; a new terminal became operational in May 2012, and runway extension works were undertaken to accommodate larger aircraft types.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rajahmundry airport terminal operational |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/article3429120.ece |work=The Hindu Business Line |date=17 May 2012 |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gearing up for big planes by 2018 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/Rajahmundry-gearing-up-for-big-planes-by-2018/article15422036.ece |work=The Hindu |date=October 2016 |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>


==Education==
== Education ==
Palakollu plays a major role in education for urban and rural students from nearby villages.<ref name="education">{{cite web|title=Palakollu Municipal Corporation Schools|url=http://Palakol.cdma.ap.gov.in/en/Palakol-municipal-corporation-schools|website=Palakol.cdma.ap.gov.in|access-date=1 April 2017|language=en}}</ref> It has an average literacy rate of 83.90% with, according to the 2011 census, a total number of 63,097 who are literate. This includes 32,397 men (88.13%) and 30,700 women (79.82%).
Palakollu serves as an education hub for surrounding rural areas and towns in the West Godavari region, with municipal and state-run institutions alongside private schools and colleges.<ref name="ap_schooleducation">{{cite web |title=School Education Department – West Godavari District |url=https://westgodavari.ap.gov.in/schooleducation/ |website=Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref> As per the 2011 Census of India, the town recorded an average literacy rate of 83.90%, with 63,097 literates (32,397 males; 30,700 females).<ref>{{cite web |title=Primary Census Abstract, 2011 – West Godavari (Town-level) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/ |website=Census of India |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>


[[Primary education|Primary]] and [[Secondary education|secondary]] school education is provided by government, aided, and private schools, under the School Education Department of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=School Education Department|url=http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|website=Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA)|publisher=School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=1 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021012956/http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|archive-date=21 October 2016}}</ref> According to the school information report for the academic year 2016–17, the urban area has around 160 schools. These include government, residential, private, municipal, and other types of schools. There are more than 100 private schools and 49 municipal schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls#|title=R1.1 SCHOOL INFORMATION|access-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108154343/http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls|archive-date=8 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> There are more than 30,000 students in these schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/districtStudentReport.do?mode=getVillageReportsList&mandalCode=281726&mandalName=GUNTUR|title=R3.1 STUDENT INFORMATION}}</ref>
Primary and secondary education is provided by government, aided, and private schools under the School Education Department of Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web |title=RMSA – Notification (School Education Department, AP) |url=http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf |website=Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021012956/http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref> The Palakollu Municipal Corporation lists its network of municipal schools and related civic education services for the urban area.<ref>{{cite web |title=Palakol Municipal Corporation – Schools |url=http://palakol.cdma.ap.gov.in/en/palakol-municipal-corporation-schools |website=palakol.cdma.ap.gov.in |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref> According to state school information reporting for the mid‑2010s, the urban area had on the order of 150–160 recognized schools across government, residential, private, and municipal managements.<ref>{{cite web |title=School Information Report (Consolidated) |url=http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls |website=Commissioner of School Education, Andhra Pradesh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108154343/http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls |archive-date=8 November 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>


Instruction is in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[English language|English]] and [[Urdu]].
Instruction is commonly offered in Telugu and English, with Urdu available in select schools subject to state/CBSE affiliations and local demand.<ref name="ap_schooleducation"/>
 
Palakollu and its vicinity host several higher‑education institutions spanning arts, science, commerce, engineering, and professional programs, including D.N.R. Educational Institutions and the Jogaiah Institute of Technology & Sciences (JITS).<ref>{{cite web |title=Sri D.N.R. Govt. Degree College for Women – History |url=https://www.sridnrgdcw.ac.in/page.php?menu=college-profile&slug=history |website=Sri D.N.R. Govt. Degree College for Women, Palakollu |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jogaiah Institute of Technology and Sciences, Palakole |url=https://engineering.careers360.com/jogaiah-institute-of-technology-and-sciences-palakole |website=Careers360 |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>
There are numerous higher educational institutions in and around Palakollu town.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.justdial.com/West-Godavari/Cbse-Schools-in-Palakollu/nct-10083838|title=Palakollu City Schools, Colleges, Engineering Colleges, Degree Colleges List}}</ref> Some of the renowned institutions are Jogaiah Institute of Technology and Sciences,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://engineering.careers360.com/jogaiah-institute-of-technology-and-sciences-palakole|title=Jits Engineering College}}</ref> D.N.R Educational Institutions,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sridnrgdcw.org/contact.html |title=(Autonomous) Affiliated to Andhra University, Reaccredited at the "A" Level by NAAC |publisher=DNR College Palakollu |access-date=2015-08-29}}</ref> Jogaiah Institute of agricultural engineering, A.S.N.M degree and P.G college, B.R.R & G.K.R Chambers Degree & PG College, Jogaiah institute of Technology and Sciences, College of Pharmacy.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jogaiah Institute of technology and sciences college of pharmacy|url=http://www.icbse.com/colleges/jogaiah-institute-of-technology-sciences-college-of-pharm/9396/1|access-date=1 April 2017|work=Jogaiah Medical College|language=en}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
Line 289: Line 280:


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist|24em}}
{{Reflist|24em|refs=
<ref name="censusindia1">{{cite web
|title=District Census Handbook – West Godavari: Primary Census Abstract (Town)
|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2815_PART_B_DCHB_WEST%20GODAVARI.pdf
|website=Census of India
|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh
|year=2011
|pages=54–55
|access-date=27 August 2025
}}</ref>
<ref name="census2011">{{cite web
|title=Town amenities and demographic tables – Andhra Pradesh (DCHB)
|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB.html
|website=Census of India
|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
|access-date=27 August 2025
}} ''On this page, select “Andhra Pradesh” from the download menu; data for “Palacole (M + OG)” are in the downloadable file.''</ref>
<ref name="census2011r">{{cite web
|title=C‑1 Population by Religious Community (2011)
|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html
|website=Census of India
|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html
|archive-date=13 September 2015
|access-date=27 August 2025
}} ''On this page, select “Andhra Pradesh” from the download menu; data for “Palacole (M + OG)” are in the downloadable file.''</ref>
<ref name=population>{{cite web
|title=Andhra Pradesh (India): Districts, Cities, Towns and Outgrowth Wards – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts
|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-andhrapradesh.php
|website=citypopulation.de
|access-date=27 August 2025
}}</ref>
<ref name="aplit2014">{{cite web
|title=Literacy of Andhra Pradesh (Census 2011)
|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/AP%20State%20Statistical%20Abstract%20May%202014/2%20AP%20Demography.pdf
|website=AP State Statistical Abstract 2014
|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh
|format=PDF
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714213923/http://www.ap.gov.in/AP%20State%20Statistical%20Abstract%20May%202014/2%20AP%20Demography.pdf
|archive-date=14 July 2014
|url-status=dead
|access-date=27 August 2025
}}</ref>
}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
{{Wikivoyage|Palakollu}}
{{Wikivoyage|Palakollu}}
{{commons category|Palakollu}}
{{commons category|Palakollu}}
* [https://www.facebook.com/PalakolluCity534260/ Palakollu City]
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* [https://www.facebook.com/palakollu.cdma.ap.gov.in/ Palakollu Municipality Facebook page]
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  |South = [[Narasapuram]]<br />[[Bay of Bengal]]
  |South = [[Narasapuram]]<br />[[Bay of Bengal]]
}}
}}
{{Navboxes
|title =Articles related to Palakollu
|list =
{{Major Cities of Andhra Pradesh}}
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{{West Godavari district}}
{{Cities and towns in West Godavari district}}
 
}}
{{Subject bar |portal1=Asia|portal2=Geography |portal3=India |commons=yes |commons-search=Category:Palakollu, India |n=yes |n-search=Category:Palakollu |wikt=yes |b=yes |q=yes |s=yes |v=yes |voy=yes |d=yes }}
{{Subject bar |portal1=Asia|portal2=Geography |portal3=India |commons=yes |commons-search=Category:Palakollu, India |n=yes |n-search=Category:Palakollu |wikt=yes |b=yes |q=yes |s=yes |v=yes |voy=yes |d=yes }}
{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:Cities in Andhra Pradesh]]
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[[Category:Mandal headquarters in West Godavari district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in West Godavari district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in West Godavari district]]

Latest revision as of 08:38, 30 January 2026

Palakollu
పాలకొల్లు
Palakol, Palacole
City
Sri Ksheera Rama Lingeswara Swamy Temple at Palakollu
Ksheera Ramalingeswara Swamy Temple
Palakollu is located in Andhra Pradesh
Palakollu
Palakollu
Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
Palakollu is located in India
Palakollu
Palakollu
Palakollu (India)
Coordinates: 16°31′00″N 81°43′48″E / 16.5167°N 81.7300°E / 16.5167; 81.7300
Country India
StateAndhra Pradesh
RegionCoastal Andhra
DistrictWest Godavari district
Municipality constituted1 April 1919
Government
 • TypeNagar Palika
 • BodyPalakollu Municipality (PMC); Eluru Urban Development Authority (EUDA)
Area
[1]
 • Total19.49 km2 (7.53 sq mi)
Elevation
1.5 m (4.9 ft)
Population
 (2011)[1]
 • Total81,199
 • Density4,200/km2 (11,000/sq mi)
Languages
 • OfficialTelugu
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
534250–534267
Telephone code08814
Vehicle registrationAP 37
Websitepalakol.cdma.ap.gov.in

Palakollu is a city and the administrative headquarters of Palakollu Mandal in the Narasapuram revenue division of West Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh, India.[2] Located in the Coastal Andhra region, the city's municipal area spans 19.49 square kilometres (7.53 sq mi).[1]

As per the 2011 Census of India, Palakollu (municipality plus outgrowth) had a population of 81,199.[1] Palakollu is also noted for Ksheerarama, one of the five Pancharama Kshetras.[3]

Etymology[edit | edit source]

Palakollu has historically been referred to by other names – "Upamanyapuram", "Ksheerapuri", "Palakolanu", and in English writings "Palacole" – which are mentioned in traditions associated with the local Sri Ksheera Ramalingeswara Swamy (Ksheerarama) temple.[4]

History[edit | edit source]

Palakollu (historically also written as Palakol) is referred to in sources by several earlier names, including Kṣīrārāma, Kṣīrapuram, Palakolanu, and Upamanyapuram.[5]

In 1613, the Dutch established a trading factory at Palakollu as part of the Dutch Coromandel network; the post dealt in textiles, lamp oil, timber, roof tiles, and bricks and was temporarily abandoned in 1730.[6] By the terms following the 1783 Treaty of Paris, the town passed to British control, with the Dutch continuing to rent it until 1804; it was restored to the Dutch in 1818 and finally ceded to the British again in 1824.[6]

Palakollu is associated with the concept of Trilinga Deśam in regional tradition and is home to Kṣīrārāma (Sri Ksheera Rama Lingeswara Swamy Temple), one of the five Pancharama Kshetras dedicated to Shiva; the presiding deity is locally known as Ksheera Ramalingeswara Swamy.[7]

Under the Qutb Shahi reign[edit | edit source]

Textile industry center[edit | edit source]

During the Golkonda Qutb Shahi period (16th–17th centuries), the Palakollu region participated in the Coromandel textile economy, producing cotton goods such as calicoes and blankets, including dyed fabrics routed via Machilipatnam for coastal and inland markets.[8] A severe drought affecting the Krishna and Godavari deltas circa 1770, together with late‑18th‑century headwinds and 19th‑century competition from English mill‑made textiles, contributed to contraction in regional handloom activity noted in contemporary Dutch records.[8][9]

Fabric and ironwork[edit | edit source]

Regional industrial linkages included nearby Narasapuram shipbuilding; scarcity of iron timbering in the Godavari delta limited ship construction to ancillary work, fostering ancillary ironwork such as nails and tools in and around Palakollu that supplied maritime yards.[10]

Geography[edit | edit source]

Palakollu is located at 16°31′00″N 81°43′48″E / 16.5167°N 81.7300°E / 16.5167; 81.7300 in West Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh, India.[11] The town stands at an average elevation of about 5 metres (16 ft) above mean sea level on predominantly flat, deltaic terrain.[11]

Climate[edit | edit source]

Palakollu has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen–Geiger Aw), with hot, humid summers and most annual precipitation falling during the monsoon months from June to October.[12] Long‑term averages indicate a mean annual temperature of about 27.9 °C and annual rainfall around 1,208 mm; May is typically the warmest month and October the wettest.[12]

Climate data for Palakollu
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 27.7
(81.9) 		30
(86) 		32.8
(91.0) 		35
(95) 		37
(99) 		36.3
(97.3) 		32.4
(90.3) 		32.2
(90.0) 		32
(90) 		31
(88) 		28.8
(83.8) 		27.6
(81.7) 		31.9
(89.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 23.4
(74.1) 		25.4
(77.7) 		27.8
(82.0) 		30.5
(86.9) 		32.4
(90.3) 		31.8
(89.2) 		29
(84) 		28.9
(84.0) 		28.8
(83.8) 		27.8
(82.0) 		25.4
(77.7) 		23.5
(74.3) 		27.9
(82.2)
Average low °C (°F) 19.2
(66.6) 		20.9
(69.6) 		22.8
(73.0) 		26
(79) 		27.8
(82.0) 		27.3
(81.1) 		25.6
(78.1) 		25.6
(78.1) 		25.6
(78.1) 		24.6
(76.3) 		21.1
(70.0) 		19.4
(66.9) 		23.8
(74.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 1
(0.0) 		6
(0.2) 		4
(0.2) 		7
(0.3) 		41
(1.6) 		145
(5.7) 		266
(10.5) 		190
(7.5) 		191
(7.5) 		286
(11.3) 		52
(2.0) 		19
(0.7) 		1,208
(47.6)
Average precipitation days 1.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 1.6 3.0 6.1 6.4 5.4 8.7 9.1 3.7 46.0
Source: Climate‑Data.org[12]

Culture[edit | edit source]

Palakollu near the Konaseema delta region

Palakollu ki cultural life ka kendr Sri Ksheera Rama Lingeswara Swamy Temple (Ksheerarama) hai, jo Pancharama Kshetras me se ek mana jata hai aur yahan parakramik darshanon ke saath teerth yatra hoti rehti hai.[13] Mandir me Maha Shivaratri jaise bade tyohaar vishesh bhav se manaye jate hain, jisse sthaniya paramparaon aur bhakti samaroho ka pradarshan hota hai.[14]

Sri Ksheera Rama Lingeswara Swamy Temple

Konaseema kshetra ke nadi‑delta aur backwater paridrishya se prabhavit Palakollu me dharmik paryatan ke saath sthaley utsav aur rivaazon ka ayojan hota rehta hai, jismein parivarik aur samudayik bhagidari drishyamaan hoti hai.[13]

Administration[edit | edit source]

Municipality[edit | edit source]

Main article: Palakollu Municipality
Palakollu Municipality official logo

The Palakollu Municipal Council (PMC) is the local self-government of the town. It was constituted as a municipality on 1 April 1919. The civic body's jurisdiction covers 19.49 km2 (7.53 sq mi) and comprises 32 municipal wards, each represented by an elected councillor.[15] The elected council is headed by a municipal chairperson as presiding officer, while executive functions are vested in the municipal commissioner appointed by the state government.[15]

PMC's functions include construction and maintenance of roads and drains; town planning and building regulation; upkeep of municipal markets and parks; solid waste management; registration of births and deaths; issuance of trade licences; property tax administration; and delivery of community welfare services such as maternal and child health and early childhood education.[15]

The municipality was constituted in 1919 and was graded as a third‑grade municipality in 1952 before being upgraded to first grade in August 1965.[16] On 1 January 2019, the Eluru Urban Development Authority (EUDA) was created under the Andhra Pradesh Metropolitan Region and Urban Development Authorities Act, 2016; Palakollu Municipality was brought within EUDA's planning jurisdiction thereafter.[citation needed]

Palakollu (Assembly constituency) is a legislative assembly constituency of Andhra Pradesh. Historical municipal leadership has included long‑serving chairpersons; specific tenures and projects require citations for verification.[citation needed]

E‑governance services[edit | edit source]

The Government of Andhra Pradesh operates MeeSeva centres to deliver citizen services locally and online, including digitally signed certificates (income, residence), land records, and other registrations with records stored in state databases.[17][18]

Healthcare[edit | edit source]

Palakollu functions as a healthcare node for surrounding mandals in West Godavari district. The Government General Hospital serves Palakollu and nearby areas, alongside private multi‑specialty and single‑specialty clinics.[citation needed]

Politics[edit | edit source]

Main article: Palakollu (Assembly constituency)

Palakollu Assembly constituency forms part of the Narasapuram (Lok Sabha constituency). Constituency boundaries and reservations are defined by the Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008.[19]

Demographics[edit | edit source]

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1901 10,848—    
1911 12,953+19.4%
1921 14,535+12.2%
1931 16,906+16.3%
1941 19,869+17.5%
1951 23,037+15.9%
1961 28,481+23.6%
1971 36,196+27.1%
1981 46,146+27.5%
1991 56,969+23.5%
2001 76,308+33.9%
2011 81,199+6.4%
Source: Census of India[20][21]
Palakollu

As of the 2011 Census of India, the town had a population of 81,199; 40,103 males and 41,096 females — a sex ratio of 1,024 females per 1,000 males.[20] Children aged 0–6 years numbered 7,318 (3,743 boys and 3,575 girls; child sex ratio 955).[20] The average literacy rate stands at 76.95%, above the then state average of 73.00%.[20][22][23]

Language and religion[edit | edit source]

Telugu is the official language of administration and public instruction in Palakollu; other languages are used within minority communities.[20]

According to the 2011 census, the religious composition of Palakollu was: Hindus (95.64%), Muslims (2.11%), Christians (1.97%), Jains (40 people), Sikhs (10 people), Buddhists (3 people); 143 people did not state a religion.[24]

Religion in Palakollu (2011)[24]
Hinduism
 
 95.64%
Islam
 
 2.11%
Christianity
 
 1.97%
Others
 
 0.34%

Economy[edit | edit source]

Palakollu's economy is primarily agri-based, with food processing, rice milling, trading, and services supporting the town's role as a commercial centre for surrounding Godavari delta mandals.[25] The town and nearby mandals also participate in coir-related activities and small-scale manufacturing aligned with delta agriculture and cottage industries.[26]

Industries Small and cottage enterprises operate alongside agro-processing, including coir and allied units documented in regional industrial cluster plans for West Godavari district.[26] Rice milling remains a significant activity in the Godavari delta, supplying local markets and distribution networks serving coastal Andhra Pradesh.[25]

Aquaculture Aquaculture and inland fisheries are major occupations in the West Godavari region, including areas around Palakollu, with district programmes supporting marine, brackish, and inland fishery resources.[27] Seasonal fishing in the Godavari estuary includes the prized pulasa (hilsa), noted in regional coverage for its local economic importance and seasonality.[28]

Tourism[edit | edit source]

Palakollu draws visitors for pilgrimage and regional excursions in the Godavari delta, notably to the Sri Kshiraramalingeswara Swamy Temple and nearby coastal and backwater destinations in West Godavari district.[29]

Perupalem Beach on the Bay of Bengal is a popular coastal outing listed among the district's tourist places and is commonly visited on day trips from Palakollu.[29] In the backwaters of the Vasishta Godavari within the broader Konaseema region, resort stays are marketed for river-facing leisure and cultural experiences near Palakollu; the operator notes Palakollu as a nearby urban center for access.[30]

The Sri Kshiraramalingeswara Swamy Temple (Ksheerarama) in Palakollu is highlighted by district tourism as a key heritage and pilgrimage site.[29]

Transport[edit | edit source]

Palakollu is connected to regional destinations by road and rail, with onward air access via Rajahmundry Airport.[31][32]

Roadways[edit | edit source]

Palakollu bus station phase 1 platforms

The municipal road network in Palakollu totals 78.80 km (48.96 mi) across urban roads administered by the civic body.[33]

Railways[edit | edit source]

Main article: Palakollu railway station
Palakollu Railway Station entrance

Palakollu railway station lies under the Vijayawada railway division and is classified as a B‑category station in the South Central Railway zone.[34][32] The station is situated on the Bhimavaram–Narasapuram branch line and has been the subject of capacity works including additional platforms reported during the 2010s.[35]

Waterways[edit | edit source]

National Waterway 4 (notified 24 November 2008) links inland waterways across Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and the Union territory of Puducherry, including reaches of the Godavari and Krishna and the Buckingham Canal.[36] Development of NW‑4 was assigned to the Inland Waterways Authority of India with works and timelines announced by the central government in 2010.[37]

Airways[edit | edit source]

Rajahmundry Airport (approximately 70 km by road) serves Palakollu with scheduled domestic flights; a new terminal became operational in May 2012, and runway extension works were undertaken to accommodate larger aircraft types.[38][39]

Education[edit | edit source]

Palakollu serves as an education hub for surrounding rural areas and towns in the West Godavari region, with municipal and state-run institutions alongside private schools and colleges.[40] As per the 2011 Census of India, the town recorded an average literacy rate of 83.90%, with 63,097 literates (32,397 males; 30,700 females).[41]

Primary and secondary education is provided by government, aided, and private schools under the School Education Department of Andhra Pradesh.[42] The Palakollu Municipal Corporation lists its network of municipal schools and related civic education services for the urban area.[43] According to state school information reporting for the mid‑2010s, the urban area had on the order of 150–160 recognized schools across government, residential, private, and municipal managements.[44]

Instruction is commonly offered in Telugu and English, with Urdu available in select schools subject to state/CBSE affiliations and local demand.[40] Palakollu and its vicinity host several higher‑education institutions spanning arts, science, commerce, engineering, and professional programs, including D.N.R. Educational Institutions and the Jogaiah Institute of Technology & Sciences (JITS).[45][46]

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "District Census Handbook – West Godavari: Primary Census Abstract (Town)" (PDF). Census of India. Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh. 2011. pp. 22–23, 54–55. Retrieved 27 August 2025.
  2. ↑ "About Palacole Municipality". CDMA Andhra Pradesh. Government of Andhra Pradesh. Retrieved 27 August 2025.
  3. ↑ "Religious Tourism – West Godavari District". Government of Andhra Pradesh. Retrieved 27 August 2025.
  4. ↑ "Palakollu City – Etymology". AreaProfiler (Government of India). Retrieved 27 August 2025.
  5. ↑ Pañchārāmas in Medieval Āndhradēśa – Google Books search showing the historical toponym “Palakolanu”.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Bowrey, Thomas (1895). Temple, Richard Carnac (ed.). A Geographical Account of Countries Round the Bay of Bengal, 1669–1679. Hakluyt Society. p. 105.
  7. ↑ Readings in Indian History. Selected and Edited by Sir William Wilson Hunter (1899), p. 15 (Google Books scan).
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Joshi, P. M. (1941). "Textile Industry and Trade of the Kingdom of Golkonda". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 5: 609–617. JSTOR 44304839.
  9. ↑ Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (1990). "Rural Industry and Commercial Agriculture in Late Seventeenth‑Century South‑Eastern India". Past & Present (126): 76–114. doi:10.1093/past/126.1.76. JSTOR 650810.
  10. ↑ Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (1988). "A Note on Narsapur Peta: A "Syncretic" Shipbuilding Centre in South India, 1570–1700". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 31 (3): 305–311. doi:10.2307/3632014. JSTOR 3632014.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Palakollu, India – Maps and weather". FallingRain. Retrieved 27 August 2025.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 "Palakollu climate: temperature and rainfall". Climate‑Data.org. Retrieved 27 August 2025.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Religious Tourism – West Godavari District". Government of Andhra Pradesh. Retrieved 27 August 2025.
  14. ↑ "Sri Ksheera Rama Temple – Palakollu". Trawell.in. Retrieved 27 August 2025.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 "Citizen's charter" (PDF). Palakollu Municipal Council. Retrieved 27 August 2025.
  16. ↑ "About Palakollu Municipality". Palakollu Municipality. Retrieved 27 August 2025.
  17. ↑ "Andhra Pradesh State Portal – MeeSeva Services". ap.meeseva.gov.in. Retrieved 27 August 2025.
  18. ↑ "AP to offer 331 Mee Seva services by Oct". The Hindu Business Line. 9 April 2013. Retrieved 27 August 2025.
  19. ↑ "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008" (PDF). Election Commission of India. pp. 20, 30. Retrieved 27 August 2025.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 "District Census Handbook – West Godavari: Primary Census Abstract (Town)" (PDF). Census of India. Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh. 2011. pp. 54–55. Retrieved 27 August 2025.
  21. ↑ "Town amenities and demographic tables – Andhra Pradesh (DCHB)". Census of India. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 27 August 2025. On this page, select “Andhra Pradesh” from the download menu; data for “Palacole (M + OG)” are in the downloadable file.
  22. ↑ "Literacy of Andhra Pradesh (Census 2011)" (PDF). AP State Statistical Abstract 2014. Government of Andhra Pradesh. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 27 August 2025.
  23. ↑ "Andhra Pradesh (India): Districts, Cities, Towns and Outgrowth Wards – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 27 August 2025.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "C‑1 Population by Religious Community (2011)". Census of India. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original on 13 September 2015. Retrieved 27 August 2025. On this page, select “Andhra Pradesh” from the download menu; data for “Palacole (M + OG)” are in the downloadable file.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 "AGRICULTURE". Government of Andhra Pradesh – West Godavari District. Retrieved 27 August 2025.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 "Industrial Clusters". Andhra Pradesh Industrial Infrastructure Corporation (APIIC). Retrieved 27 August 2025.
  27. ↑ "FISHERIES". Government of Andhra Pradesh – West Godavari District. Retrieved 27 August 2025.
  28. ↑ Murali Sankar, K. N. (23 July 2015). "Pulasa fishermen wait for Pushkaram to end". The Hindu. Retrieved 27 August 2025.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 "Tourist Places – West Godavari District". Government of Andhra Pradesh. Retrieved 27 August 2025.
  30. ↑ "Palavelli Boutique Resorts – Konaseema". Palavelli Boutique Resorts. Retrieved 27 August 2025.
  31. ↑ "Rajahmundry airport tops in occupancy rates". Deccan Chronicle. 10 August 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2025.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "Divisional information – Vijayawada Division" (PDF). South Central Railway, Indian Railways. Retrieved 27 August 2025.
  33. ↑ "Details of Roads in each ULB of Andhra Pradesh". Commissioner and Directorate of Municipal Administration. Municipal Administration & Urban Development Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh. Archived from the original on 1 August 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2025.
  34. ↑ "Statement showing Category‑wise number of stations" (PDF). Indian Railways. p. 2. Retrieved 27 August 2025.
  35. ↑ "Railway station to have two more platforms". The Hindu. 26 September 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2025.
  36. ↑ "National Waterways – Declaration". Ministry of Shipping, Government of India. Archived from the original on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 27 August 2025.
  37. ↑ "Development Authority for Inland Waterways in India". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 2 August 2010. Retrieved 27 August 2025.
  38. ↑ "Rajahmundry airport terminal operational". The Hindu Business Line. 17 May 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2025.
  39. ↑ "Gearing up for big planes by 2018". The Hindu. October 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2025.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 "School Education Department – West Godavari District". Government of Andhra Pradesh. Retrieved 27 August 2025.
  41. ↑ "Primary Census Abstract, 2011 – West Godavari (Town-level)". Census of India. Retrieved 27 August 2025.
  42. ↑ "RMSA – Notification (School Education Department, AP)" (PDF). Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA). Government of Andhra Pradesh. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2025.
  43. ↑ "Palakol Municipal Corporation – Schools". palakol.cdma.ap.gov.in. Retrieved 27 August 2025.
  44. ↑ "School Information Report (Consolidated)". Commissioner of School Education, Andhra Pradesh. Archived from the original on 8 November 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2025.
  45. ↑ "Sri D.N.R. Govt. Degree College for Women – History". Sri D.N.R. Govt. Degree College for Women, Palakollu. Retrieved 27 August 2025.
  46. ↑ "Jogaiah Institute of Technology and Sciences, Palakole". Careers360. Retrieved 27 August 2025.

External links[edit | edit source]

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