Thrissur Pooram: Difference between revisions

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{{short description| Indian festival}}
{{about|the annual festival held in Thrissur|the 2019 Indian film|Thrissur Pooram (film)|}}
{{about|the annual festival held in Thrissur|the 2019 Indian film|Thrissur Pooram (film)|}}
{{short description| Indian festival}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox holiday  
{{Infobox holiday
|image = Kudamatom at thrissur pooram 2013 7618.JPG
| image         = Kudamatom at thrissur pooram 2013 7618.JPG
| image_size           = 250px
| image_size   =  
|holiday_name           = Thrissur Pooram
| holiday_name = Thrissur Pooram
|caption=Thrissur Pooram
| caption       = Thrissur Pooram celebrations
|official_name     = Thrissur Pooram
| official_name = Thrissur Pooram
|observedby       = [[Malayalee]]s
| observedby   = [[Malayalees]]  
|date             = [[Shravana|Pooram]] [[Nakshatra]] in the Malayalam Calendar month of [[Malayalam calendar|Medam]]
| date         = [[Leo (constellation)|Pooram]] [[Nakshatra]] in the Malayalam Calendar month of [[Malayalam calendar|Medam]]
|observances       = {{hlist|''Vilambaram''|''Kudamatam'' (കുടമാറ്റം)|''[[Ilanjithara Melam]]'' (ഇലഞ്ഞിത്തറമേളം)|Madathil Varavu (മഠത്തില്‍ വരവ്)|fireworks (വെടിക്കെട്ട്)|''Ezhunilappu''}}
| observances   = {{hlist|''Vilambaram''|''Kudamatam'' (കുടമാറ്റം)|''[[Ilanjithara Melam]]'' (ഇലഞ്ഞിത്തറമേളം)|Madathil Varavu (മഠത്തില്‍ വരവ്)|fireworks (വെടിക്കെട്ട്)|''Ezhunilappu''}}
|type             = Hindu
| type         = Hindu
|longtype         = [[Hindu]] [[Temple Festivals of Kerala|temple festival]]/[[public holiday]]s in the city of [[Thrissur]]  
| longtype     = [[Hindu]] [[Temple Festivals of Kerala|temple festival]]/[[public holiday]]s in the city of [[Thrissur]]
|significance     =  
| significance = Largest pooram in Kerala
|date2015         =28 April
| date2015     = 28 April
|date2016         =17 April
| date2016     = 17 April
|date2017         =5 May<ref>{{cite web |url=http://calendar-panchang.com/2017-marathi-calendar-panchang/1/ |title=2017 Marathi Calendar Panchang |access-date=6 October 2016}}</ref>
| date2017     = 5 May<ref>{{cite web |url=http://calendar-panchang.com/2017-marathi-calendar-panchang/1/ |title=2017 Marathi Calendar Panchang |access-date=6 October 2016 |archive-date=26 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026181539/http://calendar-panchang.com/2017-marathi-calendar-panchang/1/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|date2018         =25 April
| date2018     = 25 April
|scheduling=|relatedto=|startedby=|firsttime=|frequency=|duration=|alt=|month=|weekday=|ends=|begins=|celebrations=|litcolor=|nickname=|date2021=23 April}}
| scheduling   =  
 
| relatedto     =  
The '''''Thrissur Pooram''''' is an annual [[Temple festivals of Kerala|temple festival]] held in [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It is held at the [[Vadakkunnathan Temple|Vadakkunnathan (Shiva) Temple]] in [[Thrissur]] every year on the ''[[Pooram]]'' (pronounced {{IPA-ml|puːɾam|}}) day—the day when the moon rises with the ''Pooram'' star in the [[Malayalam Calendar]] month of ''Medam''. It is the largest and most famous of all poorams.<ref name = MeltonEncyclopedia>Melton, J. Gordon. [https://books.google.com/books?id=lD_2J7W_2hQC&pg=PA700 ''Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations Vol. I'']. ABC-CLIO, 2011, p. 700.</ref>
| startedby     =  
 
| firsttime     =  
| frequency     =  
| duration     =  
| alt           =  
| month         =  
| weekday       =  
| ends         =  
| begins       =  
| celebrations =  
| litcolor     =  
| nickname     =  
| date2021     = 23 April
}}
The '''Thrissur ''Pooram''''' is an annual Hindu [[Temple festivals of Kerala|temple festival]] held in [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It is held at the [[Vadakkunnathan Temple]] in [[Thrissur]] every year on the ''[[Pooram]]'' day—the day when the moon rises with the ''Pooram'' star in the [[Malayalam Calendar]] month of ''Medam''. It is the largest and most famous of all poorams in India.<ref name = MeltonEncyclopedia>Melton, J. Gordon. [https://books.google.com/books?id=lD_2J7W_2hQC&pg=PA700 ''Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations Vol. I'']. ABC-CLIO, 2011, p. 700.</ref> Thrissur pooram is also one of the largest festivals in Asia with more than 1 million visitors.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-15 |title=Thrissur Pooram celebration in Kerala: History and rituals of Kerala's most prominent pooram |url=https://www.india.com/travel/articles/thrissur-pooram-celebration-in-kerala-history-and-rituals-of-keralas-most-prominent-pooram-3234845/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=India.com |language=en}}</ref> The [[Thrissur Pooram Exhibition|Thrissur ''Pooram'' Exhibition]] is conducted over a period of 40 to 50 days during the Thrissur Pooram.
==History==
==History==
[[File:Peruvanam KuttanMarar.JPG|thumb|right|Peruvanam Kuttan Marar, leader of 'Chenda' group of Paramekkavu temple]]
[[File:Kizhakkoottu Aniyan Marar.JPG|thumb|right|Kizhakkoottu Aniyan Marar, leader of 'Chenda' group of Thiruvambady temple]]
[[File:Kanimangalam Valiyalukkal Bhagavathi Temple.jpg|thumbnail|Kanimangalam Valiyalukkal Bhagavathi Temple]]
[[File:Kanimangalam Valiyalukkal Bhagavathi Temple.jpg|thumbnail|Kanimangalam Valiyalukkal Bhagavathi Temple]]


[[File:Pooram Pandal.jpg|thumb|right|Illumination of Poora Pandal]]
[[File:Pooram Pandal.jpg|thumb|right|Illumination of Poora Pandal]]


Thrissur Pooram (തൃശ്ശൂര്‍ പൂരം) was the brainchild of Rama Varma Kunhjippilla Thampuran, or Rama Varma IX, famously known as [[Sakthan Thampuran]], the [[Maharaja of Cochin]] (1790–1805).{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} Before the start of Thrissur Pooram, the largest temple festival in [[Kerala]] was the one-day festival held at Aarattupuzha known as [[Arattupuzha Pooram]]. Temples in and around the city of Thrissur were regular participants. In the year 1798 because of incessant rains, the temples with from Thrissur were late for the [[Arattupuzha Pooram]] and were denied access to the Pooram procession. Feeling embarrassed and angered by the denial, the temple{{clarify|date=January 2018}} authorities raised the issue with Sakthan Thampuran.<ref>“Thrissur Pooram's Origin: The Amazing Story behind the Iconic Festival.”[https://newsable.asianetnews.com/kerala/thrissur-pooram-history-origin-story-behind-iconic-festival]</ref>
Thrissur Pooram (തൃശ്ശൂര്‍ പൂരം) was the brainchild of [[Sakthan Thampuran]], the [[Maharaja of Cochin]] (1790–1805).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Melton |first1=J. Gordon |author-link1=J. Gordon Melton |last2=Beverley |first2=James A |last3=Buck |first3=Christopher |last4=Jones |first4=Constance A |editor-last=Melton |editor-first=J. Gordon |title=Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopaedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations |orig-date=2011-09-13 |chapter=Pooram |date=13 September 2011 |language=English |publisher=[[ABC-Clio|ABC-CLIO]] |page=700 |isbn=978-1-59884-205-0}}</ref> Before the start of Thrissur Pooram, the largest temple festival in [[Kerala]] was the one-day festival held at Aarattupuzha known as [[Arattupuzha Pooram]]. Temples in and around the city of Thrissur were regular participants. In the year 1796 because of incessant rains, the temples from Thrissur Groups (Paramekkavu, Thiruvambadi, Chempukkavu, Karamukku, Lalur, Ayyanthol, Chakkulathukavu, Neythalakavu and Kanimangalam Temples) were late for the Arattupuzha Pooram and were denied access to the Pooram procession. Feeling embarrassed and angered by the denial, the banned temple groups complained to Sakthan Thampuran.<ref name=":0">“Thrissur Pooram's Origin: The Amazing Story behind the Iconic Festival.”[https://newsable.asianetnews.com/kerala/thrissur-pooram-history-origin-story-behind-iconic-festival]</ref> he decided to challenge the ban by starting Thrissur Pooram on the Pooram day in the month of May in the same year as a mass festival. He invited temples with their deities to the city of Thrissur to pay obeisance to Vadakkunnathan ([[Shiva]]), the presiding deity of the [[Vadakkunnathan Temple|Vadakkunnathan]] Temple.<ref name=":0" /> Something unique about this festival is that everything used in the festival is made fresh every year from scratch. There are people who are given the duty to craft the umbrellas and the nettipattam.<ref>Thing. “Thrissur Pooram: The Story behind the Spectacle.” The Times of India, Business, 4 May 2017, timesofindia.indiatimes.com/thrissur-pooram-the-story-behind-the-spectacle/photostory/58515283.cms?picid=58515323.</ref>
 
This made him take the decision to unify the 10 temples situated around [[Vadakkunnathan Temple]] and organized the celebration of Thrissur Pooram as a mass festival. He invited temples with their deities to the city of Thrissur to pay obeisance to Lord Vadakkunnathan (Lord Siva), the presiding deity of the [[Vadakkunnathan Temple]]. Something unique about this festival is that everything used in the festival is made fresh every year from scratch. There are people who are given the duty to craft the umbrellas and the nettipattam.<ref>Thing. “Thrissur Pooram: The Story behind the Spectacle.” The Times of India, Business, 4 May 2017, timesofindia.indiatimes.com/thrissur-pooram-the-story-behind-the-spectacle/photostory/58515283.cms?picid=58515323.</ref>


==Participants==
==Participants==
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===Western Group (Thiruvambady side)===
===Western Group (Thiruvambady side)===
* [[Thiruvambadi Sri Krishna Temple]]
* [[Thiruvambadi Sri Krishna Temple]]
* [[Kanimangalam Sastha Temple]]
* [[Laloor Bhagavathy Temple]]  
* [[Laloor Bhagavathy Temple]]  
* Sree Karthyayani Temple at [[Ayyanthole]]
* [[Ayyanthole Karthyayani Temple]]
* Nethilakkavu Bhagavathy Temple
* Neythalakkavu Bhagavathy Temple


===Eastern Group (Paramekkavu side)===
===Eastern Group (Paramekkavu side)===
Line 50: Line 58:
* [[Choorakkottukavu Bhagavathy Temple]]
* [[Choorakkottukavu Bhagavathy Temple]]
* Pookattikkara - Karamukku Bhagavathy Temple
* Pookattikkara - Karamukku Bhagavathy Temple
* Kanimangalam Sastha temple


The Pooram is centered on the [[Vadakkunnathan Temple]], with all these temples sending their processions to pay obeisance to the [[Shiva]], the presiding deity. The Thampuran is believed to have chalked out the program and the main events of the Thrissur Pooram festival.<ref>{{cite book
The Pooram is centered on the [[Vadakkunnathan Temple]], with all these temples sending their processions to pay obeisance to the [[Shiva]], the presiding deity. The Thampuran is believed to have chalked out the program and the main events of the Thrissur Pooram festival.<ref>{{cite book
Line 57: Line 66:
|quote=Thrissur Pooram.
|quote=Thrissur Pooram.
|title=India
|title=India
|year=2007
|publisher=Lonely Planet
|publisher=Lonely Planet
|isbn=9781741043082
|access-date=2013-04-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
|access-date=2013-04-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lD_2J7W_2hQC&q=Thrissur+Pooram&pg=PA700
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lD_2J7W_2hQC&q=Thrissur+Pooram&pg=PA700
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===Flag Hoisting===
===Flag Hoisting===
The pooram officially begins from the event of flag hoisting (കൊടിയേറ്റം).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/05/07/stories/2011050762050900.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510150203/http://www.hindu.com/2011/05/07/stories/2011050762050900.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-05-10|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Thrissur Pooram festivities begin|date=2011-05-07|access-date=2013-04-05}}</ref>
The pooram officially begins from the event of flag hoisting (കൊടിയേറ്റം).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/05/07/stories/2011050762050900.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510150203/http://www.hindu.com/2011/05/07/stories/2011050762050900.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-05-10|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Thrissur Pooram festivities begin|date=2011-05-07|access-date=2013-04-05}}</ref> The flag hosting ceremony (Kodiyettam) begins seven days before [[Thrissur]] Pooram. All the participating temples of Thrissur Pooram are present for the ceremony, and there is a light fireworks display to announce the commencement of the festival.
 
The flag hosting ceremony (Kodiyettam) begins seven days before Thrissur Pooram. All the participating temples of Thrissur Pooram are present for the ceremony, and there is a light fireworks to announce the commencement of the festival.


===Poora Vilambharam===
===Poora Vilambharam===
Poora Vilambaram is a custom where the elephant pushes open the south entrance gate of the Vadakkunnathan Temple, which hosts the Thrissur Pooram, with the idol of 'Neithilakkavilamma' atop it.<ref>{{cite web
Poora Vilambaram is a custom where the elephant pushes open the south entrance gate at 12 PM
of the [[Vadakkunnathan Temple]], which hosts the [[Thrissur]] Pooram, with the idol of 'Neithilakkavilamma' atop it.<ref>{{cite news
|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/unprecedented-crowd-witness-vilambaram-ritual/article27109067.ece
|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/unprecedented-crowd-witness-vilambaram-ritual/article27109067.ece
|title=Thrissur ‘Pooram’ festivities begin with Thechikkottukavu Ramachandran’s entry
|title=Thrissur 'Pooram' festivities begin with Thechikkottukavu Ramachandran's entry
|publisher=The Hindu
|work=The Hindu
|access-date=2019-05-13}}</ref>  
|date=12 May 2019
|access-date=2019-05-13|last1=Muringatheri
|first1=Mini
}}</ref>
Ernakulam Sivakumar has ceremoniously opened the thekke gopura nada (South Gate) of the [[Vadakkunnathan temple]] in the years 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024 and 2025. Another prominent elephant who has had the honour of opening the gate in the past is [[Thechikottukavu Ramachandran]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/travel-news/2025/05/02/elephant-ernakulam-sivakumar-thrissur-pooram-story-history.html
|title=Jumbo Ernakulam Sivakumar chosen again to open Thrissur Pooram: His remarkable journey to stardom
|access-date=May 4, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/celebrity-elephant-ramachandran-likely-be-paraded-vilambaram-ritual-pooram-101621
|title=Celebrity elephant Ramachandran likely to be paraded for Vilambaram ritual in Pooram
|date=11 May 2019
|access-date=May 4, 2025}}</ref>


===Display of fireworks (first round)===
===Display of fireworks (first round)===
The first round of pyrotechnics, known as ''Sample Vedikettu'', happens on the fourth day after the flag hoisting of the Pooram. It is a one-hour show presented by Thiruvambady and Paramekkavu Devaswoms. [[Swaraj Round]] is venue for this fireworks and starts at 7:15 pm. The display usually has innovative patterns and varieties of fireworks.<ref>{{cite web
The first round of pyrotechnics, known as ''Sample Vedikettu'', happens on the fourth day after the flag hoisting of the Pooram. It is a one-hour show presented by Thiruvambady and Paramekkavu Devaswoms. [[Swaraj Round]] is the venue for this fireworks and starts at 7:15 pm. The display usually has innovative patterns and varieties of fireworks.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/sample-vedikettu-lights-up-skies-over-thrissur/article3369163.ece
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/sample-vedikettu-lights-up-skies-over-thrissur/article3369163.ece
|title='Sample vedikettu' lights up skies over Thrissur
|title='Sample vedikettu' lights up skies over Thrissur
|publisher=The Hindu
|work=The Hindu
|date=30 April 2012
|access-date=2013-04-05}}</ref> Even though there were several controversies, permission was granted to conduct Thrissur Pooram in 2017<ref>[http://www.manoramanews.com/news/breaking-news/2017/05/05/thrissur-all-set-for-pooram.html Thrissur Pooram 2017]</ref>
|access-date=2013-04-05}}</ref> Even though there were several controversies, permission was granted to conduct Thrissur Pooram in 2017<ref>[http://www.manoramanews.com/news/breaking-news/2017/05/05/thrissur-all-set-for-pooram.html Thrissur Pooram 2017]</ref>


===Display of caparisons===
===Display of caparisons===
The golden elephant [[caparison]] (''Nettipattam''), elephant accoutrements (''Chamayam''), ornamental fan made of peacock feathers (''Aalavattom''), royal fan (''Venchamarom''), sacred bells and decorative umbrellas are prepared new by Thiruvambady and Paramekkavu Devawsoms separately. Paramekkavu Devaswom exhibits this at the Agrasala in Thrissur City, and the Thiruvambady Devaswom displays the caparisons at the [[Church Mission Society High School]] in Thrissur City on the fourth and fifth day before the Pooram. In 2014 and 2015, it was displayed in Kousthubham Hall at Shornur Road<ref>{{cite web
The golden elephant [[caparison]] (''Nettipattam''), elephant accoutrements (''Chamayam''), ornamental fan made of peacock feathers (''Aalavattom''), royal fan (''Venchamarom''), sacred bells and decorative umbrellas are prepared new by [[Thiruvambadi Sri Krishna Temple|Thiruvambady]] and [[Paramekkavu Bagavathi Temple|Paramekkavu]] Devawsoms separately. Paramekkavu Devaswom exhibits this at the Agrasala in [[Thrissur]] City, and the Thiruvambady Devaswom displays the caparisons at the [[Church Mission Society High School]] in [[Thrissur]] City on the fourth and fifth day before the Pooram. In 2014 and 2015, it was displayed in Kousthubham Hall at Shornur Road<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/04/22/stories/2004042207270300.htm
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/04/22/stories/2004042207270300.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040602164439/http://www.hindu.com/2004/04/22/stories/2004042207270300.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040602164439/http://www.hindu.com/2004/04/22/stories/2004042207270300.htm
Line 108: Line 128:
|access-date=2013-04-05}}</ref>
|access-date=2013-04-05}}</ref>


===Main pooram===
==Main pooram==
The pooram starts at the time of Kanimangalam sasthavu ezhunnellippu in the early morning and is followed by the ezhunnellippu of other six temples. One of the major events in Thrissur Pooram is "Madathil varavu", a panchavadhyam melam, participating more than 200 artists, with instruments such as thimila, madhalam, trumpet, cymbal and edakka. At 2:00, inside the vadakkumnathan temple starts the Ilanjithara melam, consisting of drum, trumpets, pipe and cymbal.
On pooram day, the participants from their temples parades with music and elephants decorated with thidambu and caparisons to Srimoolasthanam of Vadakkumnathan Temple twice – in the morning and at night. Pooram day officially starts with the arrival of Kanimangalam Sastha in the early morning.
{| class="wikitable"
!'''Temple'''
!'''Morning Time'''
!'''Evening Time'''
!'''Elephants'''
!'''Music'''
|-
|Kanimangalam
|7.30 am - 8.30 am
|7.30 pm - 8.30 pm
|9
|Panchavadyam, Pandi melam
|-
|Panekkammpilly
|8.30 am - 9.00 am
|8.30 pm - 9.30 pm
|3
|Panchavadyam, Panjari melam
|-
|Chempukkavu
|7.45 am - 8.45 am
|8.15 pm - 9.15 pm
|3
|Panchavadyam, Pandi melam
|-
|Karumukku - Pukkatikara
|8.30 am - 9.30 am
|9.00 pm - 10.00 pm
|9
|Panchavadyam, Pandi melam
|-
|Lalur
|9.00 am - 10.30 am
|9.30 pm - 10.30 pm
|9
|Panchavadyam, Pandi melam
|-
|Choorakkottukkavu
|9.30 am - 11.00 am
|10.00 pm - 12.00 am
|14
|Nadaswaram, Pandi melam
|-
|Ayyanthole
|10.00 am - 12.00 pm
|11.00 pm - 12.30 am
|13
|Panchavadyam, Pandi melam
|-
|Neythalakkavu
|11.00 am - 1.00 pm
|12.00 am - 1.00 am
|11
|Nadaswaram, Pandi melam
|}
The processions of the principal participants––Thiruvambady and Parammekavu––are the most awaited and major events of the pooram.


The pooram has a good collection of elephants (more than 50) decorated with nettipattam (decorative golden headdress), strikingly crafted Kolam, decorative bells, and ornaments.
Thiruvambady arrives to Vadakkumnathan from Brahmaswam Madham (vedic institution), with a panchavadhyam concert called "Madathil varavu", with artists numbering uppto 40 members with instruments such as thimila, madhalam, trumpet, cymbal and edakka. Paramekkavu begins its procession with a [[Pandi Melam|pandi melam]] in front of its temple at around 11:30 a.m and gradually enters the Vadakkamnuthan temple by 1:30 p.m.


At the end of the pooram, after the Ilanjithara melam, both Paramekkavu and Thiruvambadi groups enter the temple through the western gate, come out through the southern gate and array themselves face to face in distant places. The two groups in the presence of melam exchange colourful and crafted umbrellas competitively at the top of the elephants, called Kudamattom, which is the eye-catching attraction of the pooram.
At 2:00 p.m, inside the [[Vadakkumnathan Temple]] starts the "Ilanjithara melam", one of the central attractions of the pooram, consisting of drum, trumpets, pipe and cymbal.


Later all poorams conclude at Nilapaduthara near western gopuram of Vadakkunnathan Temple.
===Kudamattam===
Thrissur Pooram’s grandest moment unfolded with the iconic ''Kudamattam'' ritual. Thirty caparisoned elephants — 15 each from the [[Paramekkavu Bagavathi Temple]] and [[Thiruvambadi Sri Krishna Temple]] stood face-to-face in ceremonial formation.


Another notable feature of the pooram is its secular nature. All religious communities actively participate and play prominent roles in the festival. While most of the pandal works are crafted by the Muslim community, materials for the umbrellas for Kudamattom are offered by the churches and their members. This harmonious relationship amongst various religious groups that has been prevalent historically in the region is something Keralites are extremely proud of.<ref>{{cite web
Atop these majestic elephants, parasol bearers engaged in the rapid display of ''Kudamattam'', the rhythmic switching of vividly coloured ornamental silk umbrellas. The spectacle was further elevated by the gleam of ''nettipattams'' (golden forehead ornaments), the elegant flutter of ''venchamaram'' (fans made from peacock feathers), and the regal presence of ''muthukkuda'' (decorative umbrellas).
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/kerala/keralas-iconic-200-year-old-annual-thrissurpooramheld-in-full-grandeur-2986445
|title=Kerala's iconic 200-year-old annual Thrissur pooram held in full grandeur
|access-date=May 4, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://thrissurpooramfestival.com/thrissur_pooram.html
|url=http://thrissurpooramfestival.com/thrissur_pooram.html
|title=THRISSUR POORAM - Prologue  
|title=THRISSUR POORAM - Prologue  
|publisher=Thrissur Pooram Festival
|publisher=Thrissur Pooram Festival
|access-date=2013-04-05}}</ref>
|access-date=2013-04-05}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindustanherald.com/thrissur-pooram-2025-fireworks-elephants/
|title=Thrissur Pooram 2025: Grand Fireworks, Elephant Parade & Rituals Unveiled
|access-date=May 4, 2025}}</ref>


===Display of fireworks (main round)===
===Display of fireworks (Main Round)===
Thrissur pooram main fireworks (vedikettu / വെടിക്കെട്ട് ) are well renowned all over the country. This amazing display of fireworks is held in the heart of Thrissur city, in [[Thekkinkadu Maidan]].
Thrissur pooram main fireworks (vedikettu / വെടിക്കെട്ട് ) are well renowned all over the country. This amazing display of fireworks is held in the heart of Thrissur city, in [[Thekkinkadu Maidan]].


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|date=2009-05-05
|date=2009-05-05
|access-date=2013-04-05}}</ref>
|access-date=2013-04-05}}</ref>
==Security==
[[File:Kerala Police anti-drone system at Thrissur Pooram.jpg|thumb|[[Kerala Police]]'s anti-drone system in action during 2025 [[Thrissur]] Pooram.]]
For the 2025 [[Thrissur]] Pooram festival, a 4,000-member [[Thrissur City Police]] team was deployed.  The deployment included not just local police but also specialised units such as the [[National Disaster Response Force]] (NDRF), [[Thunderbolt]], and Urban Commandos. The number of [[closed-circuit television]] cameras installed throughout the city was increased from 250 to 350 to aid in monitoring and crime prevention.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/4000-member-police-team-to-provide-security-for-thrissur-pooram/article69494952.ece
|title=4,000-member police team to provide security for Thrissur Pooram
|work=The Hindu
|date=26 April 2025
|access-date=May 2, 2025}}</ref>
[[Thrissur City Police]] deployed a dedicated cyber team to monitor and cleanse digital platforms of potentially inflammatory content in the run-up to the [[Thrissur]] Pooram festival. A 20-member unit comprising officers with digital expertise was tasked with identifying and removing communal or politically charged messages that could incite unrest. This marked the first time that [[Kerala Police]] initiated such a step specifically for Pooram-related online surveillance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/May/06/thrissur-pooram-police-depute-special-team-to-monitor-social-media
|title=Thrissur Pooram: Police depute special team to monitor social media
|date=6 May 2025
|access-date=May 7, 2025}}</ref>
==Attendance==
[[Thrissur District]] Collector Arjun Pandian has stated that an estimated 18 to 20 lakh people are expected to participate in the 2025 edition of [[Thrissur]] Pooram.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/amit-shah-greets-people-of-kerala-on-thrissur-pooram-festival-visual-extravaganza-says-union-minister-suresh-gopi20250506111818/#:~:text=Thrissur%20Collector%20Arjun%20Pandian%20told,all%20the%20arrangements%20for%20this.
|title=Amit Shah greets people of Kerala on Thrissur Pooram festival; "Visual extravaganza," says Union Minister Suresh Gopi
|access-date=May 7, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/headlines/3371513-thrissur-pooram-the-confluence-of-culture-and-color
|title=Thrissur Pooram: The Confluence of Culture and Color
|access-date=May 7, 2025}}</ref>
The pooram has a good collection of elephants (more than 50) decorated with nettipattam (decorative golden headdress), strikingly crafted Kolam, decorative bells, and ornaments.


==Cultural influences==
==Cultural influences==
Despite being a Hindu festival, the Thrissur Pooram is attended by different sections of Kerala society.<ref>{{Cite web |title = The Mother of All Melas |url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/the-mother-of-all-melas/article3371994.ece |access-date=12 October 2012}}</ref> Several replicas of the festival are held in places in Kerala<ref>{{Cite web| title = 'Pakal Pooram' held at Mahadevar Temple|url = http://news.oneindia.in/2008/03/22/pakal-pooram-held-at-mahadevar-temple-1206196360.html}}</ref> as well as outside the state.<ref>{{Cite web| title = People celebrate first-ever 'Delhi Pooram'| url = http://news.oneindia.in/2006/05/06/people-celebrate-first-ever-delhi-pooram-1146980040.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Thrissur Pooram in Chennai with 'tech-elephants'| url = http://news.oneindia.in/2007/09/23/thrissur-pooram-in-chennai-with-tech-elephants-1190525524.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Mumbai Pooram hopes to recreate Kerala temple fest| url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/mumbai-pooram-hopes-to-recreate-kerala-temple-fest/872940 | date=9 November 2011 | newspaper=The Indian Express | access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref>
[[File:Kudamatom at thrissur pooram 2013 7618.JPG|thumb|550x550px|Kudamatom at Thrissur Pooram 2013]]
Despite being a Hindu festival, the Thrissur Pooram is attended by different sections of Kerala society.<ref>{{Cite news |title = The Mother of All Melas |newspaper = The Hindu |date = May 2012 |url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/the-mother-of-all-melas/article3371994.ece |access-date=12 October 2012|last1 = Muringatheri |first1 = Mini }}</ref> Several replicas of the festival are held in places in Kerala<ref>{{Cite web|title = 'Pakal Pooram' held at Mahadevar Temple|date = 22 March 2008|url = https://www.oneindia.com/2008/03/22/pakal-pooram-held-at-mahadevar-temple-1206196360.html|archive-url = https://archive.today/20130218060251/http://news.oneindia.in/2008/03/22/pakal-pooram-held-at-mahadevar-temple-1206196360.html|url-status = live|archive-date = 18 February 2013}}</ref> as well as outside the state.<ref>{{Cite web| title = People celebrate first-ever 'Delhi Pooram'| date = 7 May 2006| url = http://news.oneindia.in/2006/05/06/people-celebrate-first-ever-delhi-pooram-1146980040.html| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130218022604/http://news.oneindia.in/2006/05/06/people-celebrate-first-ever-delhi-pooram-1146980040.html| url-status = dead| archive-date = 18 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title = Thrissur Pooram in Chennai with 'tech-elephants'| date = 23 September 2007| url = https://www.oneindia.com/2007/09/23/thrissur-pooram-in-chennai-with-tech-elephants-1190525524.html| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130218080400/http://news.oneindia.in/2007/09/23/thrissur-pooram-in-chennai-with-tech-elephants-1190525524.html| url-status = live| archive-date = 18 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Mumbai Pooram hopes to recreate Kerala temple fest| url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/mumbai-pooram-hopes-to-recreate-kerala-temple-fest/872940 | date=9 November 2011 | newspaper=The Indian Express | access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref>
 
Thrissur Pooram is considered one of the greatest gatherings in Asia. It has an important place in the tourism map of India, as tourists enjoy the beauty and traditions of this pooram. Rail and bus connectivity is excellent in Thrissur, which attracts many foreign tourists to the gala. It is considered as meeting of Devas (ദേവ സംഗമം).


Thrissur Pooram is considered one of the greatest gatherings in Asia. It has an important place in the tourism map of India, as tourists enjoy the beauty and traditions of this pooram. Rail  and bus connectivity is excellent in Thrissur, which attracts many foreign tourists to the gala. It is considered as meeting of Devas (ദേവ സംഗമം).
The Oscar-winning sound editor [[Resul Pookutty]] and his team recorded the sounds of the 36-hour festivities and made a movie ''[[The Sound Story]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pooram copyright row is nonsense: Resul Pookutty |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/may/17/pooram-copyright-row-is-nonsense-resul-pookutty-1977889.html |access-date=2022-04-16 |website=The New Indian Express|date=16 May 2019 }}</ref>


The Oscar-winning sound editor [[Resul Pookutty]] and his team recorded the sounds of the 36-hour festivities and made a movie ''[[Oru Kadhai Sollatuma]]'' (The Sound Story).<ref>[[Oru Kadhai Sollatuma]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=November 2019}}
{{Clear}}


==References==
==References==
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*[http://www.thrissurkerala.com/ All Information About Thrissur District]
*[http://www.thrissurkerala.com/ All Information About Thrissur District]
*[http://thrissurpooramfestival.com/ Thrissur Pooram Festival]
*[http://thrissurpooramfestival.com/ Thrissur Pooram Festival]
*[http://thrissurpooram.org/ Thrissur Pooram - Community Media Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705154436/http://www.thrissurpooram.org/ |date=5 July 2022 }}
*[http://thrissur.nic.in/history.asp Thrissur - History]
*[http://thrissur.nic.in/history.asp Thrissur - History]
*[https://www.instagram.com/thrissur_insta Instagram]
*[https://www.instagram.com/thrissur_insta Instagram]

Latest revision as of 03:03, 5 February 2026


This article is about the annual festival held in Thrissur. For the 2019 Indian film, see Thrissur Pooram (film).

Thrissur Pooram
Thrissur Pooram celebrations
Official nameThrissur Pooram
Observed byMalayalees
TypeHindu temple festival/public holidays in the city of Thrissur
SignificanceLargest pooram in Kerala
Observances
  • Vilambaram
  • Kudamatam (കുടമാറ്റം)
  • Ilanjithara Melam (ഇലഞ്ഞിത്തറമേളം)
  • Madathil Varavu (മഠത്തില്‍ വരവ്)
  • fireworks (വെടിക്കെട്ട്)
  • Ezhunilappu
DatePooram Nakshatra in the Malayalam Calendar month of Medam

The Thrissur Pooram is an annual Hindu temple festival held in Thrissur, Kerala, India. It is held at the Vadakkunnathan Temple in Thrissur every year on the Pooram day—the day when the moon rises with the Pooram star in the Malayalam Calendar month of Medam. It is the largest and most famous of all poorams in India.[2] Thrissur pooram is also one of the largest festivals in Asia with more than 1 million visitors.[3] The Thrissur Pooram Exhibition is conducted over a period of 40 to 50 days during the Thrissur Pooram.

History[edit | edit source]

Kanimangalam Valiyalukkal Bhagavathi Temple
Illumination of Poora Pandal

Thrissur Pooram (തൃശ്ശൂര്‍ പൂരം) was the brainchild of Sakthan Thampuran, the Maharaja of Cochin (1790–1805).[4] Before the start of Thrissur Pooram, the largest temple festival in Kerala was the one-day festival held at Aarattupuzha known as Arattupuzha Pooram. Temples in and around the city of Thrissur were regular participants. In the year 1796 because of incessant rains, the temples from Thrissur Groups (Paramekkavu, Thiruvambadi, Chempukkavu, Karamukku, Lalur, Ayyanthol, Chakkulathukavu, Neythalakavu and Kanimangalam Temples) were late for the Arattupuzha Pooram and were denied access to the Pooram procession. Feeling embarrassed and angered by the denial, the banned temple groups complained to Sakthan Thampuran.[5] he decided to challenge the ban by starting Thrissur Pooram on the Pooram day in the month of May in the same year as a mass festival. He invited temples with their deities to the city of Thrissur to pay obeisance to Vadakkunnathan (Shiva), the presiding deity of the Vadakkunnathan Temple.[5] Something unique about this festival is that everything used in the festival is made fresh every year from scratch. There are people who are given the duty to craft the umbrellas and the nettipattam.[6]

Participants[edit | edit source]

Sakthan Thampuran ordained the temples into two groups, namely "Paramekkavu side" and "Thiruvambady side". These are headed by the principal participants, Paramekkavu Bagavathi Temple at Thrissur Swaraj Round and Thiruvambadi Sri Krishna Temple at Shoranur road.

Western Group (Thiruvambady side)[edit | edit source]

Eastern Group (Paramekkavu side)[edit | edit source]

The Pooram is centered on the Vadakkunnathan Temple, with all these temples sending their processions to pay obeisance to the Shiva, the presiding deity. The Thampuran is believed to have chalked out the program and the main events of the Thrissur Pooram festival.[7][8][9][10]

Flag Hoisting[edit | edit source]

The pooram officially begins from the event of flag hoisting (കൊടിയേറ്റം).[11] The flag hosting ceremony (Kodiyettam) begins seven days before Thrissur Pooram. All the participating temples of Thrissur Pooram are present for the ceremony, and there is a light fireworks display to announce the commencement of the festival.

Poora Vilambharam[edit | edit source]

Poora Vilambaram is a custom where the elephant pushes open the south entrance gate at 12 PM of the Vadakkunnathan Temple, which hosts the Thrissur Pooram, with the idol of 'Neithilakkavilamma' atop it.[12] Ernakulam Sivakumar has ceremoniously opened the thekke gopura nada (South Gate) of the Vadakkunnathan temple in the years 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024 and 2025. Another prominent elephant who has had the honour of opening the gate in the past is Thechikottukavu Ramachandran.[13][14]

Display of fireworks (first round)[edit | edit source]

The first round of pyrotechnics, known as Sample Vedikettu, happens on the fourth day after the flag hoisting of the Pooram. It is a one-hour show presented by Thiruvambady and Paramekkavu Devaswoms. Swaraj Round is the venue for this fireworks and starts at 7:15 pm. The display usually has innovative patterns and varieties of fireworks.[15] Even though there were several controversies, permission was granted to conduct Thrissur Pooram in 2017[16]

Display of caparisons[edit | edit source]

The golden elephant caparison (Nettipattam), elephant accoutrements (Chamayam), ornamental fan made of peacock feathers (Aalavattom), royal fan (Venchamarom), sacred bells and decorative umbrellas are prepared new by Thiruvambady and Paramekkavu Devawsoms separately. Paramekkavu Devaswom exhibits this at the Agrasala in Thrissur City, and the Thiruvambady Devaswom displays the caparisons at the Church Mission Society High School in Thrissur City on the fourth and fifth day before the Pooram. In 2014 and 2015, it was displayed in Kousthubham Hall at Shornur Road[17]

Main pooram[edit | edit source]

On pooram day, the participants from their temples parades with music and elephants decorated with thidambu and caparisons to Srimoolasthanam of Vadakkumnathan Temple twice – in the morning and at night. Pooram day officially starts with the arrival of Kanimangalam Sastha in the early morning.

Temple Morning Time Evening Time Elephants Music
Kanimangalam 7.30 am - 8.30 am 7.30 pm - 8.30 pm 9 Panchavadyam, Pandi melam
Panekkammpilly 8.30 am - 9.00 am 8.30 pm - 9.30 pm 3 Panchavadyam, Panjari melam
Chempukkavu 7.45 am - 8.45 am 8.15 pm - 9.15 pm 3 Panchavadyam, Pandi melam
Karumukku - Pukkatikara 8.30 am - 9.30 am 9.00 pm - 10.00 pm 9 Panchavadyam, Pandi melam
Lalur 9.00 am - 10.30 am 9.30 pm - 10.30 pm 9 Panchavadyam, Pandi melam
Choorakkottukkavu 9.30 am - 11.00 am 10.00 pm - 12.00 am 14 Nadaswaram, Pandi melam
Ayyanthole 10.00 am - 12.00 pm 11.00 pm - 12.30 am 13 Panchavadyam, Pandi melam
Neythalakkavu 11.00 am - 1.00 pm 12.00 am - 1.00 am 11 Nadaswaram, Pandi melam

The processions of the principal participants––Thiruvambady and Parammekavu––are the most awaited and major events of the pooram.

Thiruvambady arrives to Vadakkumnathan from Brahmaswam Madham (vedic institution), with a panchavadhyam concert called "Madathil varavu", with artists numbering uppto 40 members with instruments such as thimila, madhalam, trumpet, cymbal and edakka. Paramekkavu begins its procession with a pandi melam in front of its temple at around 11:30 a.m and gradually enters the Vadakkamnuthan temple by 1:30 p.m.

At 2:00 p.m, inside the Vadakkumnathan Temple starts the "Ilanjithara melam", one of the central attractions of the pooram, consisting of drum, trumpets, pipe and cymbal.

Kudamattam[edit | edit source]

Thrissur Pooram’s grandest moment unfolded with the iconic Kudamattam ritual. Thirty caparisoned elephants — 15 each from the Paramekkavu Bagavathi Temple and Thiruvambadi Sri Krishna Temple stood face-to-face in ceremonial formation.

Atop these majestic elephants, parasol bearers engaged in the rapid display of Kudamattam, the rhythmic switching of vividly coloured ornamental silk umbrellas. The spectacle was further elevated by the gleam of nettipattams (golden forehead ornaments), the elegant flutter of venchamaram (fans made from peacock feathers), and the regal presence of muthukkuda (decorative umbrellas). [18][19] [20]

Display of fireworks (Main Round)[edit | edit source]

Thrissur pooram main fireworks (vedikettu / വെടിക്കെട്ട് ) are well renowned all over the country. This amazing display of fireworks is held in the heart of Thrissur city, in Thekkinkadu Maidan.

Thiruvambadi and Parmekavu are the main participants in this event. The main fireworks begin in the early morning of the seventh day. Most pooram enthusiasts stay up all night to get a better view of the fireworks. People come from faraway places to watch this amazing display of pyrotechnics. There are four major firework displays in Thrissur Pooram: the 'sample fireworks' on the day before the Pooram, the colorful sparklers that light up the sky (amittu) by both sides on the Pooram evening after the Southward Descent, the most impressive event that mark the peak of Pooram celebrations in the early morning hours, and the final fireworks the following noon after the goddesses bid farewell to each other that mark the end of the pooram.

Farewell ceremony[edit | edit source]

The seventh day of the pooram is the last day. It is also known as "Pakal Pooram" (പകല് പൂരം). For the people of Thrissur, the pooram is not only a festival but also a time for hospitality. Upacharam Cholli Piriyal (ഉപചാരം ചൊല്ലി പിരിയല്‍) (farewell ceremony) is the last event held at Swaraj Round. Thiruvambadi Sri Krishna Temple and Paramekkavu Bagavathi Temple idols were taken from the Swaraj Round to their respective temples to mark the end of the Pooram celebrations. The festival ends with display of fireworks known as Pakal Vedikkettu.[21][22]

Security[edit | edit source]

Kerala Police's anti-drone system in action during 2025 Thrissur Pooram.

For the 2025 Thrissur Pooram festival, a 4,000-member Thrissur City Police team was deployed. The deployment included not just local police but also specialised units such as the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF), Thunderbolt, and Urban Commandos. The number of closed-circuit television cameras installed throughout the city was increased from 250 to 350 to aid in monitoring and crime prevention.[23]

Thrissur City Police deployed a dedicated cyber team to monitor and cleanse digital platforms of potentially inflammatory content in the run-up to the Thrissur Pooram festival. A 20-member unit comprising officers with digital expertise was tasked with identifying and removing communal or politically charged messages that could incite unrest. This marked the first time that Kerala Police initiated such a step specifically for Pooram-related online surveillance.[24]

Attendance[edit | edit source]

Thrissur District Collector Arjun Pandian has stated that an estimated 18 to 20 lakh people are expected to participate in the 2025 edition of Thrissur Pooram.[25][26]

The pooram has a good collection of elephants (more than 50) decorated with nettipattam (decorative golden headdress), strikingly crafted Kolam, decorative bells, and ornaments.

Cultural influences[edit | edit source]

Kudamatom at Thrissur Pooram 2013

Despite being a Hindu festival, the Thrissur Pooram is attended by different sections of Kerala society.[27] Several replicas of the festival are held in places in Kerala[28] as well as outside the state.[29][30][31]

Thrissur Pooram is considered one of the greatest gatherings in Asia. It has an important place in the tourism map of India, as tourists enjoy the beauty and traditions of this pooram. Rail and bus connectivity is excellent in Thrissur, which attracts many foreign tourists to the gala. It is considered as meeting of Devas (ദേവ സംഗമം).

The Oscar-winning sound editor Resul Pookutty and his team recorded the sounds of the 36-hour festivities and made a movie The Sound Story.[32]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ "2017 Marathi Calendar Panchang". Archived from the original on 26 October 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  2. ↑ Melton, J. Gordon. Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations Vol. I. ABC-CLIO, 2011, p. 700.
  3. ↑ "Thrissur Pooram celebration in Kerala: History and rituals of Kerala's most prominent pooram". India.com. 15 April 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  4. ↑ Melton, J. Gordon; Beverley, James A; Buck, Christopher; Jones, Constance A (13 September 2011) [2011-09-13]. "Pooram". In Melton, J. Gordon (ed.). Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopaedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations. ABC-CLIO. p. 700. ISBN 978-1-59884-205-0.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 “Thrissur Pooram's Origin: The Amazing Story behind the Iconic Festival.”[1]
  6. ↑ Thing. “Thrissur Pooram: The Story behind the Spectacle.” The Times of India, Business, 4 May 2017, timesofindia.indiatimes.com/thrissur-pooram-the-story-behind-the-spectacle/photostory/58515283.cms?picid=58515323.
  7. ↑ India. Lonely Planet. 2007. p. 1027. ISBN 9781741043082. Retrieved 5 April 2013. Thrissur Pooram.
  8. ↑ Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations. J. Gordon Melton. 13 September 2011. ISBN 9781598842067. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
  9. ↑ The Indian Encyclopaedia: Biographical, Historical, Religious, Administrative, Ethnological, Commercial and Scientific. Pan Sudari-Presidents. vol. 18, Volume 1. Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd. 2002. ISBN 9788177552577. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
  10. ↑ Tourism In India Planning & Development. Asif Iqbal Fazili, S Husain Ashraf. 2006. ISBN 9788176256650. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
  11. ↑ "Thrissur Pooram festivities begin". The Hindu. 7 May 2011. Archived from the original on 10 May 2011. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
  12. ↑ Muringatheri, Mini (12 May 2019). "Thrissur 'Pooram' festivities begin with Thechikkottukavu Ramachandran's entry". The Hindu. Retrieved 13 May 2019.
  13. ↑ "Jumbo Ernakulam Sivakumar chosen again to open Thrissur Pooram: His remarkable journey to stardom". Retrieved 4 May 2025.
  14. ↑ "Celebrity elephant Ramachandran likely to be paraded for Vilambaram ritual in Pooram". 11 May 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2025.
  15. ↑ "'Sample vedikettu' lights up skies over Thrissur". The Hindu. 30 April 2012. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
  16. ↑ Thrissur Pooram 2017
  17. ↑ "Caparisons getting ready for Thrissur Pooram". The Hindu. 22 April 2004. Archived from the original on 2 June 2004. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
  18. ↑ "Kerala's iconic 200-year-old annual Thrissur pooram held in full grandeur". Retrieved 4 May 2025.
  19. ↑ "THRISSUR POORAM - Prologue". Thrissur Pooram Festival. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
  20. ↑ "Thrissur Pooram 2025: Grand Fireworks, Elephant Parade & Rituals Unveiled". Retrieved 4 May 2025.
  21. ↑ "Thrissur Pooram ends on a note of panic". The Times of India. Retrieved 5 April 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  22. ↑ "Thrissur Pooram concludes". The Hindu. 5 May 2009. Archived from the original on 17 May 2011. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
  23. ↑ "4,000-member police team to provide security for Thrissur Pooram". The Hindu. 26 April 2025. Retrieved 2 May 2025.
  24. ↑ "Thrissur Pooram: Police depute special team to monitor social media". 6 May 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.
  25. ↑ "Amit Shah greets people of Kerala on Thrissur Pooram festival; "Visual extravaganza," says Union Minister Suresh Gopi". Retrieved 7 May 2025.
  26. ↑ "Thrissur Pooram: The Confluence of Culture and Color". Retrieved 7 May 2025.
  27. ↑ Muringatheri, Mini (May 2012). "The Mother of All Melas". The Hindu. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
  28. ↑ "'Pakal Pooram' held at Mahadevar Temple". 22 March 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  29. ↑ "People celebrate first-ever 'Delhi Pooram'". 7 May 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  30. ↑ "Thrissur Pooram in Chennai with 'tech-elephants'". 23 September 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  31. ↑ "Mumbai Pooram hopes to recreate Kerala temple fest". The Indian Express. 9 November 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
  32. ↑ "Pooram copyright row is nonsense: Resul Pookutty". The New Indian Express. 16 May 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2022.

External links[edit | edit source]

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