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{{Short description| | {{Short description|none}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}} | {{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}} | ||
[[File:FullPagadeYakshagana.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A [[Yakshagana]] artist.]] | [[File:FullPagadeYakshagana.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A [[Yakshagana]] artist.]] | ||
[[File:Drum instruments of Karnataka being played at Janapada Loka.ogg|thumb|Percussion instruments of Karnataka being played at [[Janapada Loka]].]] | [[File:Drum instruments of Karnataka being played at Janapada Loka.ogg|thumb|'''''Percussion instruments of Karnataka being played at [[Janapada Loka]].'''''|241x241px]] | ||
[[Karnataka]], a southern state in [[India]], has a distinct [[art]] style and [[culture]] informed by a long history of diverse linguistic and religious ethnicities. Apart from [[Kannada people|Kannadigas]], Karnataka is home to [[Tulu people|Tuluvas]], who also consider themselves as Kannadigas. Minor populations of [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhists]], [[Siddhi]] tribes, and a few other ethnic groups also live in Karnataka. | |||
The [[Folk arts of Karnataka|traditional folk arts]] are major theatrical forms | The [[Folk arts of Karnataka|traditional folk arts]] are major theatrical forms in coastal Karnataka. Contemporary theatre culture in Karnataka is one of the most vibrant in India, with organizations like [[Ninasam]], [[Ranga Shankara]], and [[Rangayana]] on foundations laid by the [[Gubbi Veeranna|Gubbi Veeranna Nataka Company]]. [[Veeragase]], [[Kamsale]], and [[Dollu Kunitha]] are popular dance forms. [[Bharatanatyam|Bharatanatya]] also enjoys wide patronage in Karnataka. | ||
== Music == | == Music == | ||
North Karnataka is predominantly famous for Hindustani music and South Karnataka is well known for Carnatic music. | |||
===Carnatic music=== | ===Carnatic music=== | ||
{{main|Carnatic music}} | {{main|Carnatic music}} | ||
With the rise of [[Vaishnavism]] and the [[Haridasa]] movement came Karnataka composers like [[Purandaradasa]], whose Kannada language works were lucid, devotional and | With the rise of [[Vaishnavism]] and the [[Haridasa]] movement came Karnataka composers like [[Purandaradasa]], whose Kannada language works were lucid, devotional and cultural and hence appealing to the masses. Other haridasas of medieval times were [[Kanakadasa]], [[Vyasatirtha]], [[Jayatirtha]], [[Sripadaraya]], [[Vadirajatirtha]] etc., who composed several ''devara nama''. One of the earliest and prominent composers in South India was the saint, and wandering bard of yore [[Purandara Dasa]]. Though historians claim Purandara Dasa composed 75,000 - 475,000 songs in [[Sanskrit]] and [[Kannada]],<ref name="sanskrit_composition">{{cite book | last = Moorthy | first = Vijaya | title = Romance of the Raga | publisher = Abinav publications | year = 2001 | pages = 67 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2s2xJetsy0wC&pg=PP1&dq=Romance+of+the+Raga | isbn = 978-81-7017-382-3}}</ref> only a few hundred of them are known today.<ref name="pro">{{cite web|title=Sri Purandara Dasaru|url=http://www.dvaita.org/haridasa/dasas/purandara/p_dasa1.html|author=Madhusudana Rao CR|publisher=Dvaita Home Page (www.dviata.org)|accessdate=2006-12-31| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20061130141557/http://www.dvaita.org/haridasa/dasas/purandara/p_dasa1.html| archivedate= 30 November 2006 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref name="father"/> He was a source of inspiration to the later composers like [[Tyagaraja]].<ref name="dasainfluence">{{cite journal | last=Jackson | first=William J. | title=Tyagaraja | journal=Journal of the Music Academy, Madras | volume=LIII | pages=88 | year=1982}}</ref> Owing to his contribution to the Carnatic Music he is referred to as the ''Father of Carnatic Music'' (''Karnataka Sangeeta Pitamaha'').<ref name="father">Owing to his contributions to carnatic music, Purandaradasa is known as ''Karnataka Sangita Pitamaha''{{cite web|title=Purandara Dasa|url=http://www.kamat.com/indica/faiths/bhakti/purandara.htm|author=Dr. Jytosna Kamat|publisher=Kamats Potpourri|accessdate=2006-12-31| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20061208155920/http://www.kamat.com/indica/faiths/bhakti/purandara.htm| archivedate= 8 December 2006 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref name="father1">{{cite web|title=Sri Purandara Dasaru|url=http://www.dvaita.org/haridasa/dasas/purandara/purandara.html|author=Madhusudana Rao CR|publisher=Dvaita Home Page|accessdate=2006-12-31| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20061130141712/http://www.dvaita.org/haridasa/dasas/purandara/purandara.html| archivedate= 30 November 2006 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref name="father2">{{cite web|title=History of Music|url=http://carnatica.net/origin.htm|author=S. Sowmya, K. N. Shashikiran|publisher=Srishti's Carnatica Private Limited|accessdate=2006-12-31| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070202231506/http://carnatica.net/origin.htm| archivedate= 2 February 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> | ||
Purandaradasa codified and consolidated the teaching of Carnatic music by evolving several steps like ''sarali'', ''jantai(Janti)'', ''thattu varisai (Thattu Varise)'', ''alankara'' and ''geetham (geethe)'' and laid down a framework for imparting formal training in this art form.<ref name="tattu">Iyer (2006), p93</ref> Later in the 17th and 18th centuries, the haridasa movement would once again contribute to music in Karnataka in the form of haridasas such as [[Vijaya Dasa]], Gopaladasa, Jagannathadasa who are just a few among a vast galaxy of devotional saints.<ref name="gal">{{cite web|title=Haridasa Lineage|url=http://www.dvaita.org/haridasa/general/das_map.html|author=Madhusudana Rao CR|publisher=Dvaita Home Page (www.dviata.org)|accessdate=2007-06-01| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070609153530/http://www.dvaita.org/haridasa/general/das_map.html| archivedate= 9 June 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref name="gal1">{{cite web|title=Yathidasa Lineage|url=http://www.dvaita.org/haridasa/general/yathi_map.html|author=Madhusudana Rao CR|publisher=Dvaita Home Page (www.dviata.org)|accessdate=2007-06-01| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070529020551/http://www.dvaita.org/haridasa/general/yathi_map.html| archivedate= 29 May 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref name="renai">{{cite web|title=The Haridasa Movement|url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/states/history/historyofkarnataka38.htm|author=Arthikaje|publisher=ourKarnataka.com|work=History of Karnataka|accessdate=2007-05-31| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070416062530/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/states/history/historyofkarnataka38.htm| archivedate= 16 April 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref name="renai1">{{cite web|title=History of the Haridasas|url=http://www.dvaita.org/haridasa/overview/hist.html|author=Rao, Madhusudana C.R.|publisher=www.dvaita.org|accessdate=2007-06-02| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070610082728/http://www.dvaita.org/haridasa/overview/hist.html| archivedate= 10 June 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> | Purandaradasa codified and consolidated the teaching of Carnatic music by evolving several steps like ''sarali'', ''jantai(Janti)'', ''thattu varisai (Thattu Varise)'', ''alankara'' and ''geetham (geethe)'' and laid down a framework for imparting formal training in this art form.<ref name="tattu">Iyer (2006), p93</ref> Later in the 17th and 18th centuries, the haridasa movement would once again contribute to music in Karnataka in the form of haridasas such as [[Vijaya Dasa]], Gopaladasa, Jagannathadasa who are just a few among a vast galaxy of devotional saints.<ref name="gal">{{cite web|title=Haridasa Lineage|url=http://www.dvaita.org/haridasa/general/das_map.html|author=Madhusudana Rao CR|publisher=Dvaita Home Page (www.dviata.org)|accessdate=2007-06-01| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070609153530/http://www.dvaita.org/haridasa/general/das_map.html| archivedate= 9 June 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref name="gal1">{{cite web|title=Yathidasa Lineage|url=http://www.dvaita.org/haridasa/general/yathi_map.html|author=Madhusudana Rao CR|publisher=Dvaita Home Page (www.dviata.org)|accessdate=2007-06-01| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070529020551/http://www.dvaita.org/haridasa/general/yathi_map.html| archivedate= 29 May 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref name="renai">{{cite web|title=The Haridasa Movement|url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/states/history/historyofkarnataka38.htm|author=Arthikaje|publisher=ourKarnataka.com|work=History of Karnataka|accessdate=2007-05-31| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070416062530/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/states/history/historyofkarnataka38.htm| archivedate= 16 April 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref name="renai1">{{cite web|title=History of the Haridasas|url=http://www.dvaita.org/haridasa/overview/hist.html|author=Rao, Madhusudana C.R.|publisher=www.dvaita.org|accessdate=2007-06-02| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070610082728/http://www.dvaita.org/haridasa/overview/hist.html| archivedate= 10 June 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> | ||
===Hindustani=== | ===Hindustani music=== | ||
Karnataka has achieved a prominent place in the world of Hindustani music as well. Several of Karnataka's Hindustani musicians won the Kalidas Sanman, [[Padma Bhushan]] and [[Padma Vibhushan]] awards. Some famous performers are [[Gangubai Hangal]],<ref name="gang">{{cite web|title=Sawai Gandharva Music Festival|url=http://www.sawaigandharvamusicfestival.com/gh.html|author= Mandar Vaidya|publisher=|work=Sawai Gandharva Music Festival, Golden Jublee Year|accessdate=2007-07-08}}</ref> Puttaraj Gawai, [[Bhimsen Joshi|Pt. Bhimsen Joshi]],<ref name="josh">{{cite web|title=Genius of Indian Classical, Pt. Madhav Gudi. Music |url=http://www.musicalnirvana.com/hindustani/bhimsenjoshi.html |publisher=Musical Nirvana.com |accessdate=2007-06-08 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070528061609/http://www.musicalnirvana.com/hindustani/bhimsenjoshi.html |archivedate=28 May 2007 }}</ref> [[Mallikarjun Mansur|Pt. Mallikarjun Mansur]],<ref name="josh1">{{cite web|title=Genius of Indian Classical Music|url=http://www.musicalnirvana.com/hindustani/mallikarjun_mansur.html|author=|publisher=Musical Nirvana.com|work=|accessdate=2007-06-08}}</ref> [[Basavaraj Rajguru]],<ref name="josh3">{{cite web|title=Genius of Indian Classical Music|url=http://www.musicalnirvana.com/hindustani/basavraj_rajguru.html|author=|publisher=Musical Nirvana.com|work=|accessdate=2007-06-08}}</ref> [[Sawai Gandharva]]<ref name="josh3"/> and [[Kumar Gandharva]].<ref name="josh4">{{cite web|title=Genius of Indian Classical Music|url=http://www.musicalnirvana.com/hindustani/kumar_gandharva.html|author=|publisher=Musical Nirvana.com|work=|accessdate=2007-06-08}}</ref> | Karnataka has achieved a prominent place in the world of Hindustani music as well. Several of Karnataka's Hindustani musicians won the Kalidas Sanman, [[Padma Bhushan]] and [[Padma Vibhushan]] awards. Some famous performers are [[Gangubai Hangal]],<ref name="gang">{{cite web|title=Sawai Gandharva Music Festival|url=http://www.sawaigandharvamusicfestival.com/gh.html|author= Mandar Vaidya|publisher=|work=Sawai Gandharva Music Festival, Golden Jublee Year|accessdate=2007-07-08}}</ref> Puttaraj Gawai, [[Bhimsen Joshi|Pt. Bhimsen Joshi]],<ref name="josh">{{cite web|title=Genius of Indian Classical, Pt. Madhav Gudi. Music |url=http://www.musicalnirvana.com/hindustani/bhimsenjoshi.html |publisher=Musical Nirvana.com |accessdate=2007-06-08 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070528061609/http://www.musicalnirvana.com/hindustani/bhimsenjoshi.html |archivedate=28 May 2007 }}</ref> [[Mallikarjun Mansur|Pt. Mallikarjun Mansur]],<ref name="josh1">{{cite web|title=Genius of Indian Classical Music|url=http://www.musicalnirvana.com/hindustani/mallikarjun_mansur.html|author=|publisher=Musical Nirvana.com|work=|accessdate=2007-06-08}}</ref> [[Basavaraj Rajguru]],<ref name="josh3">{{cite web|title=Genius of Indian Classical Music|url=http://www.musicalnirvana.com/hindustani/basavraj_rajguru.html|author=|publisher=Musical Nirvana.com|work=|accessdate=2007-06-08}}</ref> [[Sawai Gandharva]]<ref name="josh3"/> and [[Kumar Gandharva]].<ref name="josh4">{{cite web|title=Genius of Indian Classical Music|url=http://www.musicalnirvana.com/hindustani/kumar_gandharva.html|author=|publisher=Musical Nirvana.com|work=|accessdate=2007-06-08}}</ref> | ||
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===Yakshagana=== | ===Yakshagana=== | ||
{{main|Yakshagana}} | {{main|Yakshagana}} | ||
Yakshagana a form of dance drama is one of the major theatrical forms in coastal Karnataka. A fusion of folk and classical tradition makes Yakshagana a unique form of art which includes colourful costumes, music, dance, singing, and most importantly dialogs composed on the fly. Award-winning performers include [[Shambhu Hegde]], [[Chittani Ramachandra Hegde]]. Yakshagana and [[Dollu Kunitha]] are two of the popular dance forms of Karnataka. [[Gamaka (music)|Gamaka]] is a unique music form based on | Yakshagana a form of dance drama is one of the major theatrical forms in coastal Karnataka. A '''''fusion of [[Folk dance|folk]]''''' and classical tradition makes Yakshagana a unique form of art which includes colourful costumes, music, dance, singing, and most importantly dialogs composed on the fly. Award-winning performers include [[Keremane Shambhu Hegde]], [[Chittani Ramachandra Hegde]]. Yakshagana and [[Dollu Kunitha]] are two of the popular dance forms of Karnataka. [[Gamaka (music)|Gamaka]] is a unique music form based on Karnataka Sangeetha. | ||
Pilivesha | === Pilivesha === | ||
{{main|Pilivesha}} | {{main|Pilivesha}} | ||
Pilivesha a dance form popularly displayed on the streets and temples around the coastal Karnataka. The speciality of this dance form is that it requires the dancer to paint his body with the picture of a tiger | Pilivesha is a dance form popularly displayed on the streets and temples around the coastal Karnataka. The speciality of this dance form is that it requires the dancer to paint his body with the picture of a tiger. | ||
== Painting == | |||
The Bengal | The [[Bengali Renaissance|Bengal Renaissance]], along with the general influence of the Ravi Varma school of painting, influenced the [[Mysore painting|Mysore school of painting]]. [[Maharaja of Mysore|King]] [[Krishnaraja Wadiyar III]] patronised famous painters including [[Sundarayya]], [[Tanjavur Kondayya]] and Alasinrayya. King [[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV]] patronised K. Venkatappa, Keshavayya, Y. Nagaraju, [[Y. Subramanya Raju]], Paavanje, and Kamadolli. The [[Chamarajendra Academy of Visual Arts|Chamarajendra Academy of Visual Arts (CAVA)]], Jaganmohan Art Gallery and [[Venkatappa Art Gallery]] are reminders of this heyday.<ref name="play2">{{cite book|title=A Concise History of Karnataka: (from Pre-historic Times to the Present)|last=Kamath|first=Suryanath U.|author-link=Suryanath U. Kamath|year=2001|publisher=Jupiter Books|page=283|location=Bangalore|oclc=634688073}}</ref> [[Chitrakala Parishat]] is an organisation in Karnataka dedicated to promoting visual arts, particularly folk and traditional art. | ||
[[Utsav Rock Garden]] | [[Utsav Rock Garden]] includes multiple sculptures depicting the rural life of Karnataka, as well as a variety of paintings. | ||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
*[[Rangoli Gardens]], a model arts heritage village in Bangalore | |||
*''[[Kadalekai Parishe]]'', an annual groundnut fair and cultural festival in Basavanagudi and Malleshwaram of Bangalore | |||
*[[List of people from Karnataka]] | *[[List of people from Karnataka]] | ||
{{Karnataka topics}} | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
Latest revision as of 08:16, 2 December 2025
Karnataka, a southern state in India, has a distinct art style and culture informed by a long history of diverse linguistic and religious ethnicities. Apart from Kannadigas, Karnataka is home to Tuluvas, who also consider themselves as Kannadigas. Minor populations of Tibetan Buddhists, Siddhi tribes, and a few other ethnic groups also live in Karnataka. The traditional folk arts are major theatrical forms in coastal Karnataka. Contemporary theatre culture in Karnataka is one of the most vibrant in India, with organizations like Ninasam, Ranga Shankara, and Rangayana on foundations laid by the Gubbi Veeranna Nataka Company. Veeragase, Kamsale, and Dollu Kunitha are popular dance forms. Bharatanatya also enjoys wide patronage in Karnataka.
Music[edit | edit source]
North Karnataka is predominantly famous for Hindustani music and South Karnataka is well known for Carnatic music.
Carnatic music[edit | edit source]
With the rise of Vaishnavism and the Haridasa movement came Karnataka composers like Purandaradasa, whose Kannada language works were lucid, devotional and cultural and hence appealing to the masses. Other haridasas of medieval times were Kanakadasa, Vyasatirtha, Jayatirtha, Sripadaraya, Vadirajatirtha etc., who composed several devara nama. One of the earliest and prominent composers in South India was the saint, and wandering bard of yore Purandara Dasa. Though historians claim Purandara Dasa composed 75,000 - 475,000 songs in Sanskrit and Kannada,[1] only a few hundred of them are known today.[2][3] He was a source of inspiration to the later composers like Tyagaraja.[4] Owing to his contribution to the Carnatic Music he is referred to as the Father of Carnatic Music (Karnataka Sangeeta Pitamaha).[3][5][6] Purandaradasa codified and consolidated the teaching of Carnatic music by evolving several steps like sarali, jantai(Janti), thattu varisai (Thattu Varise), alankara and geetham (geethe) and laid down a framework for imparting formal training in this art form.[7] Later in the 17th and 18th centuries, the haridasa movement would once again contribute to music in Karnataka in the form of haridasas such as Vijaya Dasa, Gopaladasa, Jagannathadasa who are just a few among a vast galaxy of devotional saints.[8][9][10][11]
Hindustani music[edit | edit source]
Karnataka has achieved a prominent place in the world of Hindustani music as well. Several of Karnataka's Hindustani musicians won the Kalidas Sanman, Padma Bhushan and Padma Vibhushan awards. Some famous performers are Gangubai Hangal,[12] Puttaraj Gawai, Pt. Bhimsen Joshi,[13] Pt. Mallikarjun Mansur,[14] Basavaraj Rajguru,[15] Sawai Gandharva[15] and Kumar Gandharva.[16]
Folk music[edit | edit source]
Folk music is popular in Karnataka. Many singers have recorded numerous folk songs in Kannada including B. K. Sumitra, Bangalore Latha, B. R. Chaya and many. Folk songs including Bhagyada balegara, Nimbiya Banada, Ghallu Ghallenuta, Munjaneddu Kumbaranna, Mayadantha Male Bantanna, Maralladyane and many, are popular, recreated and reused in films as well.
Dance[edit | edit source]
Yakshagana[edit | edit source]
Yakshagana a form of dance drama is one of the major theatrical forms in coastal Karnataka. A fusion of folk and classical tradition makes Yakshagana a unique form of art which includes colourful costumes, music, dance, singing, and most importantly dialogs composed on the fly. Award-winning performers include Keremane Shambhu Hegde, Chittani Ramachandra Hegde. Yakshagana and Dollu Kunitha are two of the popular dance forms of Karnataka. Gamaka is a unique music form based on Karnataka Sangeetha.
Pilivesha[edit | edit source]
Pilivesha is a dance form popularly displayed on the streets and temples around the coastal Karnataka. The speciality of this dance form is that it requires the dancer to paint his body with the picture of a tiger.
Painting[edit | edit source]
The Bengal Renaissance, along with the general influence of the Ravi Varma school of painting, influenced the Mysore school of painting. King Krishnaraja Wadiyar III patronised famous painters including Sundarayya, Tanjavur Kondayya and Alasinrayya. King Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV patronised K. Venkatappa, Keshavayya, Y. Nagaraju, Y. Subramanya Raju, Paavanje, and Kamadolli. The Chamarajendra Academy of Visual Arts (CAVA), Jaganmohan Art Gallery and Venkatappa Art Gallery are reminders of this heyday.[17] Chitrakala Parishat is an organisation in Karnataka dedicated to promoting visual arts, particularly folk and traditional art.
Utsav Rock Garden includes multiple sculptures depicting the rural life of Karnataka, as well as a variety of paintings.
See also[edit | edit source]
- Rangoli Gardens, a model arts heritage village in Bangalore
- Kadalekai Parishe, an annual groundnut fair and cultural festival in Basavanagudi and Malleshwaram of Bangalore
- List of people from Karnataka
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References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Moorthy, Vijaya (2001). Romance of the Raga. Abinav publications. p. 67. ISBN 978-81-7017-382-3.
- ↑ Madhusudana Rao CR. "Sri Purandara Dasaru". Dvaita Home Page (www.dviata.org). Archived from the original on 30 November 2006. Retrieved 31 December 2006.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Owing to his contributions to carnatic music, Purandaradasa is known as Karnataka Sangita PitamahaDr. Jytosna Kamat. "Purandara Dasa". Kamats Potpourri. Archived from the original on 8 December 2006. Retrieved 31 December 2006.
- ↑ Jackson, William J. (1982). "Tyagaraja". Journal of the Music Academy, Madras. LIII: 88.
- ↑ Madhusudana Rao CR. "Sri Purandara Dasaru". Dvaita Home Page. Archived from the original on 30 November 2006. Retrieved 31 December 2006.
- ↑ S. Sowmya, K. N. Shashikiran. "History of Music". Srishti's Carnatica Private Limited. Archived from the original on 2 February 2007. Retrieved 31 December 2006.
- ↑ Iyer (2006), p93
- ↑ Madhusudana Rao CR. "Haridasa Lineage". Dvaita Home Page (www.dviata.org). Archived from the original on 9 June 2007. Retrieved 1 June 2007.
- ↑ Madhusudana Rao CR. "Yathidasa Lineage". Dvaita Home Page (www.dviata.org). Archived from the original on 29 May 2007. Retrieved 1 June 2007.
- ↑ Arthikaje. "The Haridasa Movement". History of Karnataka. ourKarnataka.com. Archived from the original on 16 April 2007. Retrieved 31 May 2007.
- ↑ Rao, Madhusudana C.R. "History of the Haridasas". www.dvaita.org. Archived from the original on 10 June 2007. Retrieved 2 June 2007.
- ↑ Mandar Vaidya. "Sawai Gandharva Music Festival". Sawai Gandharva Music Festival, Golden Jublee Year. Retrieved 8 July 2007.
- ↑ "Genius of Indian Classical, Pt. Madhav Gudi. Music". Musical Nirvana.com. Archived from the original on 28 May 2007. Retrieved 8 June 2007.
- ↑ "Genius of Indian Classical Music". Musical Nirvana.com. Retrieved 8 June 2007.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Genius of Indian Classical Music". Musical Nirvana.com. Retrieved 8 June 2007.
- ↑ "Genius of Indian Classical Music". Musical Nirvana.com. Retrieved 8 June 2007.
- ↑ Kamath, Suryanath U. (2001). A Concise History of Karnataka: (from Pre-historic Times to the Present). Bangalore: Jupiter Books. p. 283. OCLC 634688073.