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{{Short description|President of India from 1969 to 1974}} | {{Short description|President of India from 1969 to 1974<!-- Do NOT add counts or ordinals, as per [[WP:CONSENSUS]] -->}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}} | {{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}} | ||
{{Infobox officeholder | {{Infobox officeholder | ||
| name | | name = V. V. Giri | ||
| image | | image = Varahagiri Venkata Giri, 3rd Vice President of India.jpg | ||
| caption | | caption = Official portrait, {{circa}}1968 | ||
| office | | office = <!-- Do NOT add counts or ordinals, as per [[WP:CONSENSUS]] -->[[President of India]] | ||
| primeminister | | primeminister = [[Indira Gandhi]] | ||
| vicepresident | | vicepresident = [[Gopal Swarup Pathak]] | ||
| term_start | | term_start = 24 August 1969 | ||
| term_end | | term_end = 24 August 1974 | ||
| predecessor | | predecessor = [[Mohammad Hidayatullah]] (acting) | ||
| successor | | successor = [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]] | ||
| primeminister2 = | | primeminister2 = Indira Gandhi | ||
| term_start2 | | term_start2 = 3 May 1969 | ||
| term_end2 | | term_end2 = 20 July 1969 | ||
| term_label2 | | term_label2 = Interim | ||
| predecessor2 | | predecessor2 = [[Zakir Husain]] | ||
| successor2 | | successor2 = Mohammad Hidayatullah | ||
| primeminister3 = | | primeminister3 = Indira Gandhi | ||
| office3 | | office3 = <!-- Do NOT add counts or ordinals, as per [[WP:CONSENSUS]] --> [[Vice President of India]] | ||
| president3 = Zakir Husain | |||
| president3 | | term_start3 = 13 May 1967 | ||
| term_start3 | | term_end3 = 3 May 1969 | ||
| term_end3 | | predecessor3 = Zakir Husain | ||
| predecessor3 | | successor3 = Gopal Swarup Pathak | ||
| successor3 | {{collapsed infobox section begin |last=yes |Gubernatorial offices | ||
| office4 | |titlestyle=border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed=yes | ||
| 1blankname4 | | office4 = <!-- Do NOT add counts or ordinals, as per [[WP:CONSENSUS]] -->[[List of governors of Karnataka|Governor of Mysore State]] | ||
| 1namedata4 | | 1blankname4 = Chief Minister | ||
| term_start4 | | 1namedata4 = [[S. Nijalingappa]] | ||
| term_end4 | | term_start4 = 2 April 1965 | ||
| predecessor4 | | term_end4 = 13 May 1967 | ||
| successor4 | | predecessor4 = [[Satyawant Mallannah Shrinagesh]] | ||
| office5 | | successor4 = Gopal Swarup Pathak | ||
| 1blankname5 | | office5 = <!-- Do NOT add counts or ordinals, as per [[WP:CONSENSUS]] -->[[List of governors of Kerala|Governor of Kerala]] | ||
| 1namedata5 | | 1blankname5 = Chief Minister | ||
| term_start5 | | 1namedata5 = {{ubl|[[Pattom A. Thanu Pillai|Pattom Thanu Pillai]]|[[R. Sankar]]}} | ||
| term_end5 | | term_start5 = 1 July 1960 | ||
| predecessor5 | | term_end5 = 2 April 1965 | ||
| successor5 | | predecessor5 = [[Burgula Ramakrishna Rao]] | ||
| office6 | | successor5 = [[Ajit Prasad Jain]] | ||
| 1blankname6 | | office6 = <!-- Do NOT add counts or ordinals, as per [[WP:CONSENSUS]] -->[[List of governors of Uttar Pradesh|Governor of Uttar Pradesh]] | ||
| 1namedata6 | | 1blankname6 = Chief Minister | ||
| term_start6 | | 1namedata6 = [[Sampurnanand]] | ||
| term_end6 | | term_start6 = 10 June 1957 | ||
| predecessor6 | | term_end6 = 30 June 1960 | ||
| successor6 | | predecessor6 = [[Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi]] | ||
| successor6 = [[Burgula Ramakrishna Rao]] | |||
{{collapsed infobox section end}} | |||
}} | }} | ||
{{collapsed infobox section begin |last=yes |Ministerial offices | |||
|titlestyle=border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed=yes | |||
| office7 = [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Union Minister of Labour]] | |||
| primeminister7 = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] | |||
| predecessor7 = [[Jagjivan Ram]] | |||
| term7 = 13 May 1952 – 7 September 1954 | |||
| successor7 = [[Khandubhai Kasanji Desai]] | |||
| office8 = <!-- Do NOT add counts or ordinals, as per [[WP:CONSENSUS]] -->[[Minister of Industry|Minister of Labour and Industry]] of [[Madras Presidency]] | |||
| 1blankname8 = Chief Minister | |||
| 1namedata8 = [[Tanguturi Prakasam]] | |||
| term_start8 = 30 April 1946 | |||
| term_end8 = 23 March 1947 | |||
| term9 = 14 July 1937 – 9 October 1939 | |||
| premier9 = [[C. Rajagopalachari]] | |||
{{collapsed infobox section end}} | |||
}} | |||
| birth_name = Varahagiri Venkata Giri | |||
| birth_date = {{birth date|1894|08|10|df=yes}} | |||
| birth_place = [[Berhampur]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]<br />(present-day [[Berhampur|Brahmapur]], [[Odisha]], India) | |||
| death_date = {{death date and age|1980|06|24|1894|08|10|df=yes}} | |||
| death_place = [[Madras, Tamil Nadu]], India<br />(present-day Chennai) | |||
| death_cause = [[Heart attack]] | |||
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]] | |||
| spouse = {{marriage|Saraswati Bai|1926|1978|end=died}} | |||
| relatives = [[Palagummi Sainath]] (grandson) | |||
| children = 14 | |||
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Khallikote College]], [[University of Madras]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.punjabcolleges.com/13391-indiacolleges-khallikote-autonomous-college-berhampur |title=Khallikote Autonomous College, Berhampur, Orissa |publisher=PunjabColleges.com |date= |access-date=2022-08-05}}</ref>|[[University College Dublin]]}} | |||
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]] | |||
| profession = {{hlist|[[Activist]]|[[politician]]}} | |||
| signature = Varahagiri Venkatagiri Signature.jpg | |||
| signature_alt = Varahagiri Venkata Giri's Signature in English. | |||
| order = <!-- Do NOT add counts or ordinals, as per [[WP:CONSENSUS]] --> | |||
| order2 = <!-- Do NOT add counts or ordinals, as per [[WP:CONSENSUS]] --> | |||
| order1 = <!-- Do NOT add counts or ordinals, as per [[WP:CONSENSUS]] --> | |||
| office10 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] | |||
| term10 = 17 April 1952 – 4 April 1957 | |||
| constituency10 = [[Pathapatnam|Pathapatnam, Andhra Pradesh]] | |||
| predecessor10 = ''Constituency established'' | |||
| successor10 = ''Constituency abolished'' | |||
| office11 = [[List of high commissioners of India to Sri Lanka|Indian High Commissioner to Ceylon]] | |||
| term11 = 1947 – 1951 | |||
| predecessor11 = ''Office established'' | |||
| successor11 = [[K. P. Kesava Menon]] | |||
| appointer11 = [[Lord Mountbatten]] | |||
}} | |||
'''Varahagiri Venkata Giri''' ({{audio|Vvg.ogg|pronunciation}}; 10 August 1894 – 24 June 1980), better known as '''V. V. Giri''' was an Indian statesman, activist, and diplomat who served as the [[president of India]] from 1969 to 1974. He previously served as the [[vice president of India]] from 1967 to 1969 and the [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|minister of labour]] from 1952 to 1954. | |||
Born in [[Berhampur]] to a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] [[Brahmin]] family, Giri completed his higher education at [[Khallikote College]] where he was elected to the student union, and was active in the [[Indian independence movement|freedom movement]]. He moved to [[Ireland]] in 1913 to study law at the [[University College Dublin]] (UCD) and the [[King's Inns|Honourable Society of King's Inns, Dublin]]. He was called to the Irish Bar in June 1916 but he did not complete his studies for a [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] in UCD. He enrolled at [[Madras High Court]] in 1916 upon returning to India. Giri became a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] and the [[Home Rule Movement]]. After abandoning his legal career as part of the [[Non-Cooperation Movement]] in 1920, he was arrested for demonstrations in 1922. Giri was closely associated with the [[Trade unions in India|Indian labour movement]], and was elected president of the [[All India Trade Union Congress]] in 1926. | |||
Giri was elected a member of the [[Imperial Legislative Assembly]] in 1934, and became the minister for labour and industry in 1937 under [[C. Rajagopalachari]]. After the congress ministries resigned in protest at India being made to be a part of the Second World War in 1939, Giri returned to the Labour movement and was later arrested, spending 15 months in prison until 1941. He was arrested again after the launch of the [[Quit India Movement]], and he was imprisoned for three years from 1942 to 1945. In the [[1946 Madras legislative assembly election|General Elections of 1946]], Giri was elected to the [[Madras Legislative Assembly]] and became a minister again in charge of the labour portfolio under [[T. Prakasam]]. From 1947 to 1951, he served as India's first High Commissioner to [[Ceylon]]. | |||
Giri was elected to the [[1st Lok Sabha]] from [[Pathapatnam]] Lok Sabha Constituency in [[General elections in India|1951]]. He served as the Union minister of labour in the [[Second Nehru ministry|Nehru government]] from 1952 until his resignation in 1954. He was defeated in the [[Pathapatnam]] constituency at the [[1957 elections in India|1957 elections]] and was appointed the [[Governor of Uttar Pradesh]] in the same year. He then served as the [[Governor of Kerala]] from 1960 to 1965 and the [[Governor of Karnataka]] 1965 to 1967. Giri was elected vice president in the [[1967 Indian vice presidential election|1967 election]]. Following the death of president [[Zakir Husain]], Giri became acting president in May 1969 before resigning in July to contest [[1969 Indian presidential election|the subsequent presidential election]] as an independent candidate. His endorsement by prime minister [[Indira Gandhi]] helped his victory in the election, and Giri served as president of India from 1969 to 1974. Gandhi chose not renominate him in [[1974 Indian presidential election|1974]]. After the end of his full term, Giri was honoured by the [[Government of India]] with the [[Bharat Ratna]] in 1975. He died of a [[heart attack]] at the age of 85 in 1980. | |||
==Early life and family== | ==Early life and family== | ||
V. V. Giri was born in [[Berhampur]], [[Madras Presidency]] (present-day [[Odisha]]) | V. V. Giri was born in [[Berhampur]], [[Madras Presidency]] (present-day [[Odisha]]) in a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] [[Brahmin]] family.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jai|first=Janak Raj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r2C2InxI0xAC&q=vv+giri+andhra&pg=PA72|title=Presidents of India, 1950-2003|date=2003|publisher=Regency Publications|isbn=978-81-87498-65-0|language=en}}</ref> His parents hailed from Chintalapudi village in [[East Godavari district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and shifted to Berhampur for their bright future. His father, V. V. Jogayya Pantulu, was a successful lawyer and political activist of the Indian National Congress who had been working at [[Berhampur]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Great Indian Patriots, Volume 1|author=P. Rajeswar Rao|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=1991|isbn=9788170992806|location=India|pages=279–282}}</ref> Giri's mother Subhadramma was active in the national movement in Berhampur during the [[Non-cooperation movement (1909–22)|Non Cooperation]] and [[Civil Disobedience Movement]]s and was arrested for leading a strike for [[prohibition]] during the Civil Disobedience Movement.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Bina Kumari Sarma|title=Women's Role in the Freedom Movement in South Orissa|journal=Orissa Review|date=August 2010|pages=34–35|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2010/August/engpdf/34-38.pdf|access-date=8 February 2015}}</ref> | ||
Giri was married to | Giri was married to Saraswati Bai and the couple had 14 children.<ref name="Rao1991">{{cite book|author=P. Rajeswar Rao|title=The Great Indian Patriots|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eTrs9MF9374C&pg=PA278|year=1991|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-280-6|page=282}}</ref> | ||
Giri completed his initial primary education at Hillpatna Primary School, Berhampur and higher education at the [[Khallikote College]] {now Khallikote College (Autonomous) and Unitary University}, then affiliated with [[Madras University]], in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Varahagiri Venkata Giri|newspaper=Encyclopedia Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/234218/Varahagiri-Venkata-Giri|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=8 February 2015}}</ref> V.V. Giri was also elected to the student union of Khallikote College for three consecutive times and highly active in freedom movement during his student days in Berhampur. | Giri completed his initial primary education at Hillpatna Primary School, Berhampur and higher education at the [[Khallikote College]] {now Khallikote College (Autonomous) and Unitary University}, then affiliated with [[Madras University]], in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Varahagiri Venkata Giri|newspaper=Encyclopedia Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/234218/Varahagiri-Venkata-Giri|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=8 February 2015}}</ref> V.V. Giri was also elected to the student union of Khallikote College for three consecutive times and highly active in freedom movement during his student days in Berhampur. | ||
In 1913, he | In 1913, he moved to Ireland to study law at [[University College Dublin]] and the [[King's Inns|Honourable Society of King's Inns, Dublin]] between 1913 and 1916.<ref>{{cite news|title=University College Dublin announces special scholarships for Indian students|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/university-college-dublin-announces-special-scholarships-for-indian-students-219875-2013-12-05|access-date=8 January 2015|publisher=India Today|date=6 November 2013}}</ref> Giri was one among the first group of thirteen Indian students who sat the obligatory year long course at UCD in 1914–15. This was a requirement for being called to the Irish Bar through study at the King's Inns. In total, 50 Indian students studied at UCD between 1914 and 1917.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Irish Days, Indian Memories: V. V. Giri and Indian Law Students at University College Dublin, 1913–1916|author= Conor Mulvagh|publisher=Irish Academic Press|year=2016|isbn=978-1-911024-18-7|location=Sallins|page=43}}</ref> Indian students preferred Ireland over England for their studies, as the Irish showed neither racial discrimination nor colour prejudice, likely due to their own historical experiences. Moreover, in 1912, the admission policies for Indians at the Inns of Court in London and other English institutions had become more rigid, which led many Indian students to choose Ireland due to its relaxed regulations.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-19 |title=How Irish nationalists inspired a future Indian President |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history/how-irish-nationalists-inspired-a-future-indian-president-10197528/ |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> | ||
Giri and a fellow law student also enrolled | Giri and a fellow law student also enrolled in the full bachelor of arts course in UCD. Giri studied English, where he was met [[Thomas MacDonagh]], and Political Economy. His lecturer in political economy was the reformer and co-operativist [[Thomas A. Finlay|Thomas A. Finlay SJ]].{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} | ||
During the First World War, Giri travelled from [[Dublin]] to [[London]] and met [[Mahatma Gandhi]].<ref name=":0" /> Gandhi wanted | During the First World War, Giri travelled from [[Dublin]] to [[London]] and met [[Mahatma Gandhi]].<ref name=":0" /> Gandhi wanted Giri to join the Imperial war effort as a Red Cross Volunteer. Giri initially acceded to Gandhi's request but later regretted his decision. According to one of Giri's biographers, "Gandhiji with his characteristic magnanimity relieved Giri of the obligation to join the Red Cross and did not breathe a word about it to anyone.”<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/gandhi-an-expelled-future-president-and-first-aid-crews-the-indians-of-1916-rising-1.2529440|title=Gandhi, an expelled future president and first aid crews: the Indians of 1916 Rising|author=Conor Mulvagh|date=10 February 2016|newspaper=The Irish Times|access-date=17 January 2017}}</ref> | ||
Giri was active in both Indian and Irish politics during his studies. Along with fellow Indian students he produced a pamphlet documenting the abuse of Indians in South Africa. The pamphlet was intercepted by [[Indian Political Intelligence Office|Indian Political Intelligence]] and resulted in increased police scrutiny of Giri and his fellow students in Dublin.<ref name=":0" /> Meanwhile, anonymous articles were written by Indian students for the newspaper of the [[Irish Volunteers]] and in ''The National Student'', a UCD student magazine.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Irish Days, Indian Memories: V. V. Giri and Indian Law Students at University College Dublin, 1913–1916|author=Conor Mulvagh|publisher=Irish Academic Press|year=2016 |isbn=978-1-911024-18-7|location=Sallins, Co. Kildare, Ireland|pages=34, 49–50| | Giri was active in both Indian and Irish politics during his studies. In ''My Life and Times'', Giri recalled that, coming directly from India with a burning zeal for independence, he felt an instant kinship with the Irish nationalist cause. While in Dublin, he joined a secret outfit known as the “Anarchical Society,” which, according to him, advocated the use of violence and bloodshed as a means to secure peace. There, he also acquired knowledge of incendiary methods and bomb-making techniques intended to support India’s liberation movement.<ref name=":3" /> Along with fellow Indian students he produced a pamphlet documenting the abuse of Indians in South Africa. The pamphlet was intercepted by [[Indian Political Intelligence Office|Indian Political Intelligence]] and resulted in increased police scrutiny of Giri and his fellow students in Dublin.<ref name=":0" /> Meanwhile, anonymous articles were written by Indian students for the newspaper of the [[Irish Volunteers]] and in ''The National Student'', a UCD student magazine.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Irish Days, Indian Memories: V. V. Giri and Indian Law Students at University College Dublin, 1913–1916|author=Conor Mulvagh|publisher=Irish Academic Press|year=2016 |isbn=978-1-911024-18-7|location=Sallins, Co. Kildare, Ireland|pages=34, 49–50|url=http://irishacademicpress.ie/product/irish-days-indian-memories-v-v-giri-and-indian-law-students-at-university-college-dublin-1913-1916/}}</ref> | ||
He was suspected of association with prominent ring leaders in the [[Easter Rising|1916 Rising]] including [[James Connolly]], [[Patrick Pearse|Pádraig H. Pearse]] and the young [[Éamon de Valera]].<ref name="Bhattacharya2013">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iLxnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA636|title=NOTHING BUT!|date=December 2013|publisher=Author Solutions|isbn=978-1-4828-1626-6|pages=636–|author=Brigadier Samir Bhattacharya}}</ref><ref name="Lentz2014">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RwfKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1538|title=Heads of States and Governments Since 1945|date=4 February 2014|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-134-26497-1|pages=1538–|author=Harris M. Lentz}}</ref> Giri was called to the Irish Bar on 21 June 1916 but he did not complete his studies for BA in UCD.<ref name=":1" /> Indian students were subjected to police raids following the 1916 Rising and Giri recounts how he was served with one month's notice to leave Ireland on 1 June 1916.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite web |url= | He was suspected of association with prominent ring leaders in the [[Easter Rising|1916 Rising]] including [[James Connolly]], [[Patrick Pearse|Pádraig H. Pearse]] and the young [[Éamon de Valera]].<ref name="Bhattacharya2013">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iLxnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA636|title=NOTHING BUT!|date=December 2013|publisher=Author Solutions|isbn=978-1-4828-1626-6|pages=636–|author=Brigadier Samir Bhattacharya}}</ref><ref name="Lentz2014">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RwfKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1538|title=Heads of States and Governments Since 1945|date=4 February 2014|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-134-26497-1|pages=1538–|author=Harris M. Lentz}}</ref> Giri was called to the Irish Bar on 21 June 1916 but he did not complete his studies for BA in UCD.<ref name=":1" /> Indian students were subjected to police raids following the 1916 Rising and Giri recounts how he was served with one month's notice to leave Ireland on 1 June 1916.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1916/jun/01/mr-t-a-chettiar-of-madras#S5CV0082P0_19160601_CWA_3|title=MR. T. A. CHETTIAR, OF MADRAS. |website=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]|date=1 June 1916|access-date=17 January 2017}}</ref> | ||
==Career== | ==Career== | ||
| Line 94: | Line 126: | ||
=== Role in the labour movement === | === Role in the labour movement === | ||
Giri was closely associated with the labour and trade union movement in India throughout his career.<ref name="Reminiscences of Gandhiji">{{cite book|author=Chandrashanker Shukla|title=Reminiscences of Gandhiji|date=March 1951|publisher=Vora & Co.|location=Bombay|page=108 |url=http://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/bitstream/1/20434/1/G-2493.pdf|access-date=15 January 2015}}</ref> Giri was a founding member of the [[All India Railwaymen's Federation]] which was formed in 1923 and served as its general secretary for over a decade.<ref>{{cite web|title=President of India speaking!|url=http://www.taxindiaonline.com/RC2/inside2.php3?filename=bnews_detail.php3&newsid=5743|publisher=taxindiaonline.com|access-date=8 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="Chandrasekhar1985">{{cite book|author=S. Chandrasekhar|title=Dimensions of Socio-political Change in Mysore, 1918–40 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zqz9SbueWk4C&pg=PA113|year=1985|publisher=Ashish Publishing House|isbn=978-0-8364-1471-4|pages=113–}}</ref><ref name="A principled politician">{{cite news|title=A principled politician |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/23/stories/2002092301370200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021028222404/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/23/stories/2002092301370200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 October 2002|access-date=8 February 2015|work=[[The Hindu]] |date=23 September 2002}}</ref> He was elected president of the [[All India Trade Union Congress]] for the first time in 1926.<ref name="Mansingh2006">{{cite book|author=Surjit Mansingh|title=Historical Dictionary of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6HAeAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA240|date=9 May 2006|publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-6502-0|pages=240–}}</ref> Giri also founded the Bengal Nagpur Railway Association and in 1928 led the workers of the [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]] in a non violent strike for the rights of [[Retrenchment|retrenched]] workers. The strike succeeded in forcing the [[British Raj|British Indian government]] and the management of the railway company to concede the workers' demands and is regarded as a milestone in the labour movement in India.<ref name="The Deccan Herald"/><ref name="Reminiscences of Gandhiji"/><ref name="A principled politician"/> In 1929, the Indian Trade Union Federation (ITUF) was formed by Giri, [[N. M. Joshi]] and others with Giri as the president. The split with the AITUC came about over the issue of cooperating with the Royal Commission on Labour. Giri and the ITUF leadership of liberals decided to cooperate with the commission while the AITUC decided to boycott it.<ref name="Tarique">{{cite book|author=Mohammad Tarique|title=Modern Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pcKMD9XWyjAC&pg=SA7-PA2|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-0-07-066030-4|pages=7–}}</ref> The ITUF merged with the AITUC in 1939 and Giri became president of the AITUC for a second time in 1942.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Sharit Bhowmik|title=The Labour Movement in India: Fractured Trade Unions and Vulnerable Workers|journal=Rethinking Development and Inequality|date=2013|volume=2|issue=Special Issue|page=86}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=AITUC – Our Leaders|url=http://aituc.in/leaders.html|publisher=AITUC|access-date=15 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206153013/http://aituc.in/leaders.html|archive-date=6 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> | Giri was closely associated with the labour and trade union movement in India throughout his career.<ref name="Reminiscences of Gandhiji">{{cite book|author=Chandrashanker Shukla|title=Reminiscences of Gandhiji|date=March 1951|publisher=Vora & Co.|location=Bombay|page=108 |url=http://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/bitstream/1/20434/1/G-2493.pdf|access-date=15 January 2015}}</ref> Giri was a founding member of the [[All India Railwaymen's Federation]] which was formed in 1923 and served as its general secretary for over a decade.<ref>{{cite web|title=President of India speaking!|url=http://www.taxindiaonline.com/RC2/inside2.php3?filename=bnews_detail.php3&newsid=5743|publisher=taxindiaonline.com|access-date=8 February 2015|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222239/http://www.taxindiaonline.com/RC2/inside2.php3?filename=bnews_detail.php3&newsid=5743|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Chandrasekhar1985">{{cite book|author=S. Chandrasekhar|title=Dimensions of Socio-political Change in Mysore, 1918–40 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zqz9SbueWk4C&pg=PA113|year=1985|publisher=Ashish Publishing House|isbn=978-0-8364-1471-4|pages=113–}}</ref><ref name="A principled politician">{{cite news|title=A principled politician |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/23/stories/2002092301370200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021028222404/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/23/stories/2002092301370200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 October 2002|access-date=8 February 2015|work=[[The Hindu]] |date=23 September 2002}}</ref> He was elected president of the [[All India Trade Union Congress]] for the first time in 1926.<ref name="Mansingh2006">{{cite book|author=Surjit Mansingh|title=Historical Dictionary of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6HAeAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA240|date=9 May 2006|publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-6502-0|pages=240–}}</ref> Giri also founded the Bengal Nagpur Railway Association and in 1928 led the workers of the [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]] in a non violent strike for the rights of [[Retrenchment|retrenched]] workers. The strike succeeded in forcing the [[British Raj|British Indian government]] and the management of the railway company to concede the workers' demands and is regarded as a milestone in the labour movement in India.<ref name="The Deccan Herald"/><ref name="Reminiscences of Gandhiji"/><ref name="A principled politician"/> In 1929, the Indian Trade Union Federation (ITUF) was formed by Giri, [[N. M. Joshi]] and others with Giri as the president. The split with the AITUC came about over the issue of cooperating with the Royal Commission on Labour. Giri and the ITUF leadership of liberals decided to cooperate with the commission while the AITUC decided to boycott it.<ref name="Tarique">{{cite book|author=Mohammad Tarique|title=Modern Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pcKMD9XWyjAC&pg=SA7-PA2|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-0-07-066030-4|pages=7–}}</ref> The ITUF merged with the AITUC in 1939 and Giri became president of the AITUC for a second time in 1942.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Sharit Bhowmik|title=The Labour Movement in India: Fractured Trade Unions and Vulnerable Workers|journal=Rethinking Development and Inequality|date=2013|volume=2|issue=Special Issue|page=86}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=AITUC – Our Leaders|url=http://aituc.in/leaders.html|publisher=AITUC|access-date=15 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206153013/http://aituc.in/leaders.html|archive-date=6 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
Giri was the Workers' Delegate of the Indian delegation at the [[International Labour Conference]] of the [[ILO]] in 1927.<ref>{{cite book|title=List of Indian Delegates and Advisers to International Labour Conferences (1919–2011)|publisher=V.V.Giri National Labour Institute, Ministry of Labour & Employment|location=NOIDA|url=http://www.vvgnli.org/sites/default/files/publication_files/List-of-Indian-Delegates-Advisors.pdf|access-date=15 January 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207151828/http://www.vvgnli.org/sites/default/files/publication_files/List-of-Indian-Delegates-Advisors.pdf|archive-date=7 February 2015}}</ref> At the [[Round Table Conferences (India)|Second Round Table Conference]], Giri was present as a representative of the industrial workers of India.<ref name="Reminiscences of Gandhiji"/> Giri worked towards getting the trade unions to support the freedom movement in India and was twice president of the AITUC which was closely allied with the Indian National Congress.<ref name="Jai2003 75">{{cite book|author=Janak Raj Jai|title=Presidents of India, 1950–2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r2C2InxI0xAC&pg=PA75|date=1 January 2003|publisher=Regency Publications|isbn=978-81-87498-65-0|pages=75–}}</ref> | Giri was the Workers' Delegate of the Indian delegation at the [[International Labour Conference]] of the [[ILO]] in 1927.<ref>{{cite book|title=List of Indian Delegates and Advisers to International Labour Conferences (1919–2011)|publisher=V.V.Giri National Labour Institute, Ministry of Labour & Employment|location=NOIDA|url=http://www.vvgnli.org/sites/default/files/publication_files/List-of-Indian-Delegates-Advisors.pdf|access-date=15 January 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207151828/http://www.vvgnli.org/sites/default/files/publication_files/List-of-Indian-Delegates-Advisors.pdf|archive-date=7 February 2015}}</ref> At the [[Round Table Conferences (India)|Second Round Table Conference]], Giri was present as a representative of the industrial workers of India.<ref name="Reminiscences of Gandhiji"/> Giri worked towards getting the trade unions to support the freedom movement in India and was twice president of the AITUC which was closely allied with the Indian National Congress.<ref name="Jai2003 75">{{cite book|author=Janak Raj Jai|title=Presidents of India, 1950–2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r2C2InxI0xAC&pg=PA75|date=1 January 2003|publisher=Regency Publications|isbn=978-81-87498-65-0|pages=75–}}</ref> | ||
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In the General Elections of 1936, Giri defeated the Raja of Bobbili to become a member of the [[Madras Legislative Assembly]]. Between 1937 and 1939, he was Minister for Labour and Industry in the Congress government headed by [[C Rajagopalachari]].<ref name="Chaurasia2002">{{cite book|author=Radhey Shyam Chaurasia|title=History of Modern India, 1707 A. D. to 2000 A. D|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MS_jrForJOoC&pg=PA300|date=1 January 2002 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0085-5|pages=300–}}</ref><ref name="Gandhi1997">{{cite book|author=Rajmohan Gandhi|title=Rajaji: A Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JjPHeRd7_UYC&pg=PA171|year=1997|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-026967-3|pages=171–}}</ref> Giri was appointed Governor of the National Planning Committee of the Indian National Congress in 1938. In 1939, the Congress ministries resigned in protest against the British decision to make India a party in the [[Second World War]]. Having returned to the labour movement, Giri was arrested and spent 15 months in prison until March 1941.<ref name="Jai2003 75"/> | In the General Elections of 1936, Giri defeated the Raja of Bobbili to become a member of the [[Madras Legislative Assembly]]. Between 1937 and 1939, he was Minister for Labour and Industry in the Congress government headed by [[C Rajagopalachari]].<ref name="Chaurasia2002">{{cite book|author=Radhey Shyam Chaurasia|title=History of Modern India, 1707 A. D. to 2000 A. D|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MS_jrForJOoC&pg=PA300|date=1 January 2002 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0085-5|pages=300–}}</ref><ref name="Gandhi1997">{{cite book|author=Rajmohan Gandhi|title=Rajaji: A Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JjPHeRd7_UYC&pg=PA171|year=1997|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-026967-3|pages=171–}}</ref> Giri was appointed Governor of the National Planning Committee of the Indian National Congress in 1938. In 1939, the Congress ministries resigned in protest against the British decision to make India a party in the [[Second World War]]. Having returned to the labour movement, Giri was arrested and spent 15 months in prison until March 1941.<ref name="Jai2003 75"/> | ||
Following the launch of the [[Quit India Movement]], Giri was imprisoned again by the colonial government in 1942.<ref name="GroverArora1994">{{cite book|author1=Verinder Grover|author2=Ranjana Arora|title=Constitutional Schemes and Political Development in India: Towards Transfer of Power |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KBCd9ZKzbUUC&pg=PA8|date=1 January 1994|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|isbn=978-81-7100-539-0|pages=8–}}</ref> He remained in prison when the AITUC met in [[Nagpur]] in 1943 where he was the president elect.<ref name="Singh1981">{{cite book|author=Viv Bahadour Singh|title=Economic History of India: 1857–1956|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeJEXFnGS6AC&pg=PA590|year=1981|publisher=Allied Publishers|pages=590–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Economic History of India: 1857–1956|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeJEXFnGS6AC&pg=PA590|publisher=Allied Publishers|pages=590–}}</ref> Giri served his sentence in the [[Vellore]] and [[Amravati|Amaravathi]] prisons.<ref name="Reddy2003">{{cite book|author=A. Ranga Reddy|title=The State of Rayalaseema |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_g9T8UoCeO4C&pg=PA373|year=2003|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-814-3|pages=373–}}</ref> Giri remained in prison for three years, his longest sentence, until his release in 1945.<ref name="Jai2003 75"/> | Following the launch of the [[Quit India Movement]], Giri was imprisoned again by the colonial government in 1942.<ref name="GroverArora1994">{{cite book|author1=Verinder Grover|author2=Ranjana Arora|title=Constitutional Schemes and Political Development in India: Towards Transfer of Power |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KBCd9ZKzbUUC&pg=PA8|date=1 January 1994|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|isbn=978-81-7100-539-0|pages=8–}}</ref> He remained in prison when the AITUC met in [[Nagpur]] in 1943 where he was the president elect.<ref name="Singh1981">{{cite book|author=Viv Bahadour Singh|title=Economic History of India: 1857–1956|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeJEXFnGS6AC&pg=PA590|year=1981|publisher=Allied Publishers|pages=590–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Economic History of India: 1857–1956| date=2014 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeJEXFnGS6AC&pg=PA590|publisher=Allied Publishers|pages=590–}}</ref> Giri served his sentence in the [[Vellore]] and [[Amravati|Amaravathi]] prisons.<ref name="Reddy2003">{{cite book|author=A. Ranga Reddy|title=The State of Rayalaseema |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_g9T8UoCeO4C&pg=PA373|year=2003|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-814-3|pages=373–}}</ref> Giri remained in prison for three years, his longest sentence, until his release in 1945.<ref name="Jai2003 75"/> | ||
In the [[1946 Madras legislative assembly election|General Elections of 1946]], Giri was reelected to the Madras Legislative Assembly and became a minister again in charge of the labour portfolio under [[T. Prakasam]].<ref name="Jai2003 75"/> | In the [[1946 Madras legislative assembly election|General Elections of 1946]], Giri was reelected to the Madras Legislative Assembly and became a minister again in charge of the labour portfolio under [[T. Prakasam]].<ref name="Jai2003 75"/> | ||
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Giri was sworn in as the [[List of Governors of Kerala|second Governor of Kerala]] on 1 July 1960.<ref>{{cite news|title=R.S. Gavai is new Kerala Governor|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/rs-gavai-is-new-kerala-governor/article1285183.ece|access-date=6 January 2015|work=The Hindu|date=27 June 2008}}</ref> As Governor, Giri's active voicing of Kerala's fiscal needs with the [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]] led to the state being allocated significantly more funds in the Third [[Five Year Plan (India)|Five Year Plan]].<ref name="Chatterjee1992">{{cite book|author=Sibranjan Chatterjee|title=Governor's Role in the Indian Constitution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8UQpnoasCDYC&pg=PA148|date=1 January 1992|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-325-4|pages=148–}}</ref> When defections from the ruling Congress Party reduced the government to a minority, Giri recommended the imposition of [[President's rule|President's Rule]] in Kerala after determining that an alternative government could not be formed.<ref name="Srivastava1980">{{cite book|author=Meera Srivastava|title=Constitutional Crisis in the States in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DAroH5ZqPgsC&pg=PA53|year=1980|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|pages=53–}}</ref> A hung assembly resulted from the elections to the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] in 1965. Since no party had a majority and no alliances commanding a majority could be formed, Giri again recommended the dissolution of the assembly and the imposition of President's Rule in the state.<ref name="Gandhi2006">{{cite book|author=Kishor Gandhi|title=India's Date with Destiny: Ranbir Singh Chowdhary : Felicitation Volume|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BlkAf8Pe4GwC&pg=PA65|year=2006|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-7764-932-1|pages=65–}}</ref> | Giri was sworn in as the [[List of Governors of Kerala|second Governor of Kerala]] on 1 July 1960.<ref>{{cite news|title=R.S. Gavai is new Kerala Governor|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/rs-gavai-is-new-kerala-governor/article1285183.ece|access-date=6 January 2015|work=The Hindu|date=27 June 2008}}</ref> As Governor, Giri's active voicing of Kerala's fiscal needs with the [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]] led to the state being allocated significantly more funds in the Third [[Five Year Plan (India)|Five Year Plan]].<ref name="Chatterjee1992">{{cite book|author=Sibranjan Chatterjee|title=Governor's Role in the Indian Constitution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8UQpnoasCDYC&pg=PA148|date=1 January 1992|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-325-4|pages=148–}}</ref> When defections from the ruling Congress Party reduced the government to a minority, Giri recommended the imposition of [[President's rule|President's Rule]] in Kerala after determining that an alternative government could not be formed.<ref name="Srivastava1980">{{cite book|author=Meera Srivastava|title=Constitutional Crisis in the States in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DAroH5ZqPgsC&pg=PA53|year=1980|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|pages=53–}}</ref> A hung assembly resulted from the elections to the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] in 1965. Since no party had a majority and no alliances commanding a majority could be formed, Giri again recommended the dissolution of the assembly and the imposition of President's Rule in the state.<ref name="Gandhi2006">{{cite book|author=Kishor Gandhi|title=India's Date with Destiny: Ranbir Singh Chowdhary : Felicitation Volume|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BlkAf8Pe4GwC&pg=PA65|year=2006|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-7764-932-1|pages=65–}}</ref> | ||
== Vice presidency (1967–1969) and Acting presidency (1969) == | |||
Giri was elected the third [[vice president of India]] on 13 May 1967, a post he held for nearly two years until 3 May 1969.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chapter – 4 Presiding Officers of Rajya Sabha and other Parliamentary Functionaries|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/rsat_work/chapter-4.pdf|publisher=Rajya Sabha|access-date=8 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206014203/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/rsat_work/chapter-4.pdf|archive-date=6 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Giri was the first vice president to not complete his full term in office on account of being elevated to the office of the president and was the third vice president to be elected to the presidency.<ref>{{cite news|title=Krishan Kant is first vice-president to die in office|url=http://m.rediff.com/news/2002/jul/27vp1.htm|access-date=19 January 2015|work=Rediff.com|date=27 July 2002}}</ref> | Giri was elected the third [[vice president of India]] on 13 May 1967, a post he held for nearly two years until 3 May 1969.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chapter – 4 Presiding Officers of Rajya Sabha and other Parliamentary Functionaries|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/rsat_work/chapter-4.pdf|publisher=Rajya Sabha|access-date=8 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206014203/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/rsat_work/chapter-4.pdf|archive-date=6 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Giri was the first vice president to not complete his full term in office on account of being elevated to the office of the president and was the third vice president to be elected to the presidency.<ref>{{cite news|title=Krishan Kant is first vice-president to die in office|url=http://m.rediff.com/news/2002/jul/27vp1.htm|access-date=19 January 2015|work=Rediff.com|date=27 July 2002}}</ref> | ||
Following the death in office of President [[Zakir Husain]] on 3 May 1969, Giri was sworn in as acting president the same day.<ref name="Singh">{{cite book|author=K. Natwar Singh|title=Walking With Lions: Tales From A Diplomatic Past|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ecHjAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA13-IA4|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India|isbn=978-93-5029-899-2|pages=13–|date=20 December 2012}}</ref> Giri resigned from his post on 20 July 1969 to contest the presidential elections as an independent candidate.<ref name="Bhatia2014">{{cite book|author=Sudarshan Bhatia|title=His Excellency President of India Pranab Mukherjee|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mtv3AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT59|date=4 March 2014|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-93-5083-645-3|pages=59–}}</ref> Immediately before resigning, Giri, in his capacity as acting president, promulgated an ordinance that nationalised 14 banks and insurance companies.<ref name="HewittHewitt2007">{{cite book|author1=Senior Lecturer in Politics Vernon Hewitt|author2=Vernon Hewitt|title=Political Mobilisation and Democracy in India: States of Emergency|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sh6yVyWM4pwC&pg=PA85|date=5 November 2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-09762-3|pages=85–}}</ref> He was succeeded as acting president by [[Mohammad Hidayatullah]], the [[Chief Justice of India]].{{efn|Following Giri's resignation, the offices of president and vice president became vacant, with the [[Constitution of India]] requiring the Chief Justice of India to act as president. Justice Hidayatullah served as acting president during July – August 1969. Elected vice president in 1979, he again served as acting president in October 1982. He is the only person in India to have served twice as acting president.<ref name="Bhardwaj 1">{{cite book|author=A. P. Bhardwaj|title=Legal Awareness and Legal Reasoning for the CLAT and LLb Entrance Examinations, 4/e|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RchoBAAAQBAJ&pg=SL1-PA241|isbn=978-93-325-3732-3|pages=1–|year=2014}}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite news|title=The twice Acting-President|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/the-twice-actingpresident/article3676405.ece|access-date=19 January 2015|work=The Hindu|date=24 July 2012}}</ref> | Following the death in office of President [[Zakir Husain]] on 3 May 1969, Giri was sworn in as acting president the same day.<ref name="Singh">{{cite book|author=K. Natwar Singh|title=Walking With Lions: Tales From A Diplomatic Past|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ecHjAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA13-IA4|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India|isbn=978-93-5029-899-2|pages=13–|date=20 December 2012}}</ref> Giri resigned from his post on 20 July 1969 to contest the presidential elections as an independent candidate.<ref name="Bhatia2014">{{cite book|author=Sudarshan Bhatia|title=His Excellency President of India Pranab Mukherjee|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mtv3AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT59|date=4 March 2014|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-93-5083-645-3|pages=59–}}</ref> Immediately before resigning, Giri, in his capacity as acting president, promulgated an ordinance that nationalised 14 banks and insurance companies.<ref name="HewittHewitt2007">{{cite book|author1=Senior Lecturer in Politics Vernon Hewitt|author2=Vernon Hewitt|title=Political Mobilisation and Democracy in India: States of Emergency|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sh6yVyWM4pwC&pg=PA85|date=5 November 2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-09762-3|pages=85–}}</ref> He was succeeded as acting president by [[Mohammad Hidayatullah]], the [[Chief Justice of India]].{{efn|Following Giri's resignation, the offices of president and vice president became vacant, with the [[Constitution of India]] requiring the Chief Justice of India to act as president. Justice Hidayatullah served as acting president during July – August 1969. Elected vice president in 1979, he again served as acting president in October 1982. He is the only person in India to have served twice as acting president.<ref name="Bhardwaj 1">{{cite book|author=A. P. Bhardwaj|title=Legal Awareness and Legal Reasoning for the CLAT and LLb Entrance Examinations, 4/e|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RchoBAAAQBAJ&pg=SL1-PA241|isbn=978-93-325-3732-3|pages=1–|year=2014 |publisher=Pearson Education India }}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite news|title=The twice Acting-President|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/the-twice-actingpresident/article3676405.ece|access-date=19 January 2015|work=The Hindu|date=24 July 2012}}</ref> | ||
=== Presidential election of 1969 === | === Presidential election of 1969 === | ||
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Following Giri's election, an [[election petition]] was filed in the [[Supreme Court of India]] contesting its validity on the grounds of having used corrupt practices to influence voters. Giri, unusually for an incumbent president of India, chose to appear in person before the Court where he was examined as a witness. The Court ultimately dismissed the petition and upheld Giri's election as president.<ref>{{cite news|title=How VV Giri defended himself|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-how-vv-giri-defended-himself-1106843|access-date=6 January 2015|publisher=DNA|date=29 June 2007}}</ref> | Following Giri's election, an [[election petition]] was filed in the [[Supreme Court of India]] contesting its validity on the grounds of having used corrupt practices to influence voters. Giri, unusually for an incumbent president of India, chose to appear in person before the Court where he was examined as a witness. The Court ultimately dismissed the petition and upheld Giri's election as president.<ref>{{cite news|title=How VV Giri defended himself|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-how-vv-giri-defended-himself-1106843|access-date=6 January 2015|publisher=DNA|date=29 June 2007}}</ref> | ||
== | == Presidency (1969-1974) == | ||
[[File:V._V._Giri_addressing_NCC_Cadets.jpg|thumb|V. V. Giri addressing NCC Cadets]] | [[File:V._V._Giri_addressing_NCC_Cadets.jpg|thumb|V. V. Giri addressing NCC Cadets]] | ||
[[File:State Visits by V V Giri.png|right|thumb|As President of India Giri led 14 state visits to countries in south and southeast Asia, the [[Soviet bloc]] and Africa]] | [[File:State Visits by V V Giri.png|right|thumb|As President of India Giri led 14 state visits to countries in south and southeast Asia, the [[Soviet bloc]] and Africa]] | ||
Giri was sworn in as President of India on 24 August 1969 and held office until 24 August 1974 when he was succeeded by [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Former Presidents |url=http://presidentofindia.nic.in/former-presidents.htm |publisher=The President of India |access-date=17 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016060850/http://presidentofindia.nic.in/former-presidents.htm |archive-date=16 October 2014 }}</ref> On his election, Giri became the only president to have also been an acting president | Giri was sworn in as President of India on 24 August 1969 and held office until 24 August 1974 when he was succeeded by [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Former Presidents |url=http://presidentofindia.nic.in/former-presidents.htm |publisher=The President of India |access-date=17 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016060850/http://presidentofindia.nic.in/former-presidents.htm |archive-date=16 October 2014 }}</ref> On his election, Giri became the only president to have also been an acting president.<ref name="Bhardwaj 1"/> | ||
As president, Giri unquestioningly accepted Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's decision to sack the [[Charan Singh]] ministry in Uttar Pradesh and advised her to go in for early elections in 1971.<ref>{{cite news|title=Past Presidents: Waning power|url= | === Tenure === | ||
As president, Giri unquestioningly accepted Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's decision to sack the [[Charan Singh]] ministry in Uttar Pradesh and advised her to go in for early elections in 1971.<ref>{{cite news|title=Past Presidents: Waning power|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19820715-office-of-the-president-a-glamorous-edifice-but-with-a-timorous-reserve-of-real-power-772001-2013-10-18|access-date=6 January 2015|publisher=India Today|date=18 October 2013}}</ref> The [[Ordinance (India)|ordinance]] abolishing [[Privy Purse in India|privy purses]] and privileges of the erstwhile rulers of [[Princely state|India's princely states]] was promulgated by Giri after the government's original amendment was defeated in the [[Rajya Sabha]].<ref name="Steinberg2008">{{cite book|author=Blema Steinberg|title=Women in Power: The Personalities and Leadership Styles of Indira Gandhi, Golda Meir, and Margaret Thatcher|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n2R0OAYkcgMC&pg=PA33|date=1 January 2008|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP|isbn=978-0-7735-7502-8|pages=33–}}</ref> His advice to Prime Minister Gandhi against the appointment of [[A. N. Ray]] as the [[Chief Justice of India]] superseding three judges senior to him was ignored by her as was his warning that a crackdown on striking railwaymen would only exacerbate the situation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Emerging evidence|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2003/01/05/stories/2003010500540200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050501124245/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2003/01/05/stories/2003010500540200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 May 2005|access-date=15 January 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=5 January 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Mary Carras|title=Indira Gandhi: In the Crucible of Leadership|date=1979|publisher=Beacon Press|location=Boston|page=172|url=https://www.questia.com/read/96271846/indira-gandhi-in-the-crucible-of-leadership|access-date=15 January 2015|archive-date=15 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115134831/https://www.questia.com/read/96271846/indira-gandhi-in-the-crucible-of-leadership|url-status=dead}}</ref> As president, Giri made 14 state visits to 22 countries in south and southeast Asia, Europe and Africa.<ref>{{cite web|title=DETAILS OF MEDIA PERSONS ACCOMPANYING THE PRESIDENT IN HIS/HER VISITS ABROAD SINCE 1947 TO 2012|url=http://rashtrapatisachivalaya.gov.in/media_abroad.pdf|publisher=The President's Secretariat|access-date=5 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817094728/http://rashtrapatisachivalaya.gov.in/media_abroad.pdf|archive-date=17 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=President's visits undertaken after careful appraisal|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/presidents-visits-undertaken-after-careful-appraisal/article3255825.ece|access-date=19 January 2015|work=The Hindu|date=29 March 2012}}</ref> | |||
Giri is regarded as a president who completely subordinated himself to the prime minister and has been described as a "Prime Minister’s President",<ref>{{cite journal|title=Changing Roles of the Presidents of India|journal=Mainstream Weekly|date=17 August 2012|volume=L|url=http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article3633.html|access-date=17 January 2015}}</ref> a loyalist president and a [[Rubber stamp (politics)|rubber stamp]] president under whom the independence of the office eroded.<ref name="BaakliniDesfosses1997">{{cite book|author1=Abdo I. Baaklini|author2=Helen Desfosses|title=Designs for Democratic Stability: Studies in Viable Constitutionalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NFhiXjPle1AC&pg=PA162|date=1 January 1997|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-7656-0052-3|pages=162–}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pranab won't be a 'rubber stamp'|url=http://archive.asianage.com/india/pranab-won-t-be-rubber-stamp-935|access-date=17 January 2015|publisher=The Asian Age|date=23 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=A G Noorani|title=The Parliamentary System in South Asia|journal=Criterion Quarterly|date=4 October 2013|volume=2|issue=3|url=http://www.criterion-quarterly.com/the-parliamentary-system-in-south-asia/|access-date=2 February 2015}}</ref> When Giri's term ended in 1974, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi chose not to renominate him to the presidency and instead chose Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, who was elected in the presidential election of 1974.<ref name="Ananth">{{cite book|author=Ananth|title=India Since Independence: Making Sense of Indian Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CBQ7BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA84|isbn=978-81-317-4282-2|pages=84–|year=2008}}</ref> | === Legacy and succession === | ||
Giri is regarded as a president who completely subordinated himself to the prime minister and has been described as a "Prime Minister’s President",<ref>{{cite journal|title=Changing Roles of the Presidents of India|journal=Mainstream Weekly|date=17 August 2012|volume=L|url=http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article3633.html|access-date=17 January 2015}}</ref> a loyalist president and a [[Rubber stamp (politics)|rubber stamp]] president under whom the independence of the office eroded.<ref name="BaakliniDesfosses1997">{{cite book|author1=Abdo I. Baaklini|author2=Helen Desfosses|title=Designs for Democratic Stability: Studies in Viable Constitutionalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NFhiXjPle1AC&pg=PA162|date=1 January 1997|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-7656-0052-3|pages=162–}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pranab won't be a 'rubber stamp'|url=http://archive.asianage.com/india/pranab-won-t-be-rubber-stamp-935|access-date=17 January 2015|publisher=The Asian Age|date=23 July 2012|archive-date=18 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118013532/http://archive.asianage.com/india/pranab-won-t-be-rubber-stamp-935|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=A G Noorani|title=The Parliamentary System in South Asia|journal=Criterion Quarterly|date=4 October 2013|volume=2|issue=3|url=http://www.criterion-quarterly.com/the-parliamentary-system-in-south-asia/|access-date=2 February 2015}}</ref> When Giri's term ended in 1974, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi chose not to renominate him to the presidency and instead chose Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, who was elected in the presidential election of 1974.<ref name="Ananth">{{cite book|author=Ananth|title=India Since Independence: Making Sense of Indian Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CBQ7BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA84|isbn=978-81-317-4282-2|pages=84–|year=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gallery of Indian Presidents |url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/gal.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212121818/http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/gal.html |archive-date=12 December 2017 |access-date=21 June 2018 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]] |publisher=Government of India}}</ref> | |||
==Awards== | ==Awards and honours== | ||
[[File:President_Shri_Fakhruddin_Ali_Ahmed_conferring_the_Bharat_Ratna_award_on_Dr._V.V._Giri_at_Rashtrapati_Bhavan.jpg|thumb|President [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]] conferring the [[Bharat Ratna]] | [[File:President_Shri_Fakhruddin_Ali_Ahmed_conferring_the_Bharat_Ratna_award_on_Dr._V.V._Giri_at_Rashtrapati_Bhavan.jpg|thumb|President [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]] conferring the Bharat Ratna on Giri]] | ||
Giri was honoured with India's highest civilian award, the [[Bharat Ratna]], in 1975 for his contributions in the area of public affairs.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of recipients of the Bharat Ratna|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Recipients-BR.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|access-date=17 January 2015}}{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=List of all Bharat Ratna award winners|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/list-of-all-bharat-ratna-award-winners-81336|access-date=17 January 2015|publisher=NDTV|date=24 January 2011}}</ref> As president, Giri had [[suo motu]] conferred the Bharat Ratna on Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1971.<ref>{{cite news|title=Awards earned, awards fixed?|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2003/01/19/stories/2003011900251600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015235739/http://www.thehindu.com/2003/01/19/stories/2003011900251600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 October 2015|access-date=24 January 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 January 2003}}</ref> Giri was in turn conferred the Bharat Ratna in 1975 on the recommendation of Prime Minister Gandhi, in an act seen as a quid pro quo measure.<ref>{{cite news|title=Flashback to time of Nehru Ratna|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1141225/jsp/nation/story_5228.jsp#.VMPXQNKUe9p|archive-url=https://archive.today/20160616132620/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1141225/jsp/nation/story_5228.jsp#.VMPXQNKUe9p|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 June 2016|access-date=24 January 2015|publisher=The Telegraph|date=25 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bose or Vajpayee: India politicises, then downgrades Bharat Ratna|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/bose-or-vajpayee-india-politicises-then-downgrades-bharat-ratna-1659607.html|access-date=24 January 2015|publisher=Firstpost|date=12 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bharat Ratna: It's not for 'useful citizens', it's for politicians and entertainers|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bharat-ratna-it-s-not-for-useful-citizens-it-s-for-politicians-and-entertainers/article1-1303199.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105090110/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bharat-ratna-it-s-not-for-useful-citizens-it-s-for-politicians-and-entertainers/article1-1303199.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 January 2015|access-date=24 January 2015|publisher=The Hindustan Times|date=4 January 2015}}</ref> Giri was the fourth of the six Presidents of India to have been conferred the Bharat Ratna (viz. [[Rajendra Prasad]], [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]], [[ | ===National honours=== | ||
*{{flag|India}}: | |||
**[[File:Bharat Ratna Ribbon.svg|50px]] [[Bharat Ratna]] (1975) | |||
===Foreign honours=== | |||
*{{flag|Imperial Iran}}: | |||
**[[File:25th_Centennial_Anniversary_Medal_Ribbon_Bar_-_Imperial_Iran.svg|50px]] Commemorative Medal of the [[2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire|2500th Anniversary of the Founding of the Persian Empire]] (1971) | |||
*{{flag|Bhutan}}: | |||
**[[File:King Jigme Singye Investiture Medal 1974.gif|50px]] King Jigme Singye Wangchuck Investiture Medal (1974)<ref>{{cite web|title=Bhutan King, 18, Crowned Amid Pageantry|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/06/03/archives/bhutan-king-18-crowned-amid-pageantry-diplomats-watch-ceremony.html?smid=wa-share&fbclid=IwY2xjawQaXb5leHRuA2FlbQIxMQBzcnRjBmFwcF9pZA80MDk5NjI2MjMwODU2MDkAAR41tzlO7ilKVKZyEwg_JT8EqU6RIswp3jy3zwr-Pgg5HHzq9Zxcrn_W9lhpDg_aem_wuY4eTMIHmBYuxJJuO5AZA|publisher=[[New York Times]]|date=3 June 1974}}</ref> | |||
Giri was honoured with India's highest civilian award, the [[Bharat Ratna]], in 1975 for his contributions in the area of public affairs.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of recipients of the Bharat Ratna|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Recipients-BR.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|access-date=17 January 2015}}{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=List of all Bharat Ratna award winners|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/list-of-all-bharat-ratna-award-winners-81336|access-date=17 January 2015|publisher=NDTV|date=24 January 2011}}</ref> As president, Giri had [[suo motu]] conferred the Bharat Ratna on Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1971.<ref>{{cite news|title=Awards earned, awards fixed?|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2003/01/19/stories/2003011900251600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015235739/http://www.thehindu.com/2003/01/19/stories/2003011900251600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 October 2015|access-date=24 January 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 January 2003}}</ref> Giri was in turn conferred the Bharat Ratna in 1975 on the recommendation of Prime Minister Gandhi, in an act seen as a quid pro quo measure.<ref>{{cite news|title=Flashback to time of Nehru Ratna|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1141225/jsp/nation/story_5228.jsp#.VMPXQNKUe9p|archive-url=https://archive.today/20160616132620/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1141225/jsp/nation/story_5228.jsp#.VMPXQNKUe9p|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 June 2016|access-date=24 January 2015|publisher=The Telegraph|date=25 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bose or Vajpayee: India politicises, then downgrades Bharat Ratna|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/bose-or-vajpayee-india-politicises-then-downgrades-bharat-ratna-1659607.html|access-date=24 January 2015|publisher=Firstpost|date=12 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bharat Ratna: It's not for 'useful citizens', it's for politicians and entertainers|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bharat-ratna-it-s-not-for-useful-citizens-it-s-for-politicians-and-entertainers/article1-1303199.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105090110/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bharat-ratna-it-s-not-for-useful-citizens-it-s-for-politicians-and-entertainers/article1-1303199.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 January 2015|access-date=24 January 2015|publisher=The Hindustan Times|date=4 January 2015}}</ref> Giri was the fourth of the six Presidents of India to have been conferred the Bharat Ratna (viz. [[Rajendra Prasad]], [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]], [[Zakir Husain]], V. V. Giri, [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] and [[Pranab Mukherjee]]).<ref>{{cite news|title=Awards and acrimony|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/columns/awards-and-acrimony/article5376264.ece|access-date=24 January 2015|publisher=The Hindu Businessline|date=21 November 2013}}</ref> | |||
==Death == | ==Death == | ||
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== Commemoration == | == Commemoration == | ||
[[File:VV Giri 1974 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Giri on a 1974 stamp of India]] | [[File:VV Giri 1974 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Giri on a 1974 stamp of India]] | ||
A [[commemorative postage stamp]] on V.V. Giri was released by the [[India Posts|Indian Posts and Telegraphs Department]] in 1974.<ref>{{cite web|title=Postal Stamp Name : V V Giri|url=http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Alpha/V/V.%20V.%20GIRI%20(PRESIDENT%20OF%20INDIA)|publisher=IndianPost|access-date=9 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Stamps 1974|url=http://iic.ac.in/projects/nic/Contrivers/1974.html|publisher=Philately World|access-date=9 January 2015|archive-date=9 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109162534/http://iic.ac.in/projects/nic/Contrivers/1974.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[V. V. Giri National Labour Institute|National Labour Institute]] was renamed in honour of V.V. Giri in 1995.<ref>{{cite web|title=V. V. Giri National Labour Institute: History|url=http://www.vvgnli.org/institute/history|publisher=VV Giri National Labour Institute|access-date=9 January 2015|archive-date=9 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109172509/http://www.vvgnli.org/institute/history|url-status=dead}}</ref> V.V. Giri's hometown of [[Brahmapur, Odisha|Berhampur]] in Odisha has a major road, a secondary training school and a big market that are named after him.<ref>{{cite news|title=156-year-old school renamed after V. V. Giri|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/156yearold-school-renamed-after-v-v-giri/article3382923.ece|access-date=9 January 2015|work=The Hindu|date=4 May 2012}}</ref> V.V.Giri donated his huge & historic bungalow in Brahmapur for a Girls School (Now its famous as GIRI Girls High School. It is also the first | A [[commemorative postage stamp]] on V.V. Giri was released by the [[India Posts|Indian Posts and Telegraphs Department]] in 1974.<ref>{{cite web|title=Postal Stamp Name : V V Giri|url=http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Alpha/V/V.%20V.%20GIRI%20(PRESIDENT%20OF%20INDIA)|publisher=IndianPost|access-date=9 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Stamps 1974|url=http://iic.ac.in/projects/nic/Contrivers/1974.html|publisher=Philately World|access-date=9 January 2015|archive-date=9 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109162534/http://iic.ac.in/projects/nic/Contrivers/1974.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[V. V. Giri National Labour Institute|National Labour Institute]] was renamed in honour of V.V. Giri in 1995.<ref>{{cite web|title=V. V. Giri National Labour Institute: History|url=http://www.vvgnli.org/institute/history|publisher=VV Giri National Labour Institute|access-date=9 January 2015|archive-date=9 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109172509/http://www.vvgnli.org/institute/history|url-status=dead}}</ref> V.V. Giri's hometown of [[Brahmapur, Odisha|Berhampur]] in Odisha has a major road, a secondary training school and a big market that are named after him.<ref>{{cite news|title=156-year-old school renamed after V. V. Giri|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/156yearold-school-renamed-after-v-v-giri/article3382923.ece|access-date=9 January 2015|work=The Hindu|date=4 May 2012}}</ref> V.V.Giri donated his huge & historic bungalow in Brahmapur for a Girls School (Now its famous as GIRI Girls High School. It is also the first girls' school and a famous secondary government school in Odisha). The British time market 'Victoria Market' is also renamed as GIRI Market in [[Brahmapur, Odisha|Berhampur]]. The family members of VV Giri resides in another small bungalow at Giri Road in Berhampur. | ||
Giri authored ''Industrial Relations'' and ''Labour Problems in Indian Industry'', two popular books on issues of labour in India.<ref name="Durai 387">{{cite book|author=Pravin Durai|title=Human Resource Management: For VTU|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EWQ8BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA387|isbn=978-81-317-9873-7|pages=387–|year=2011}}</ref> His memoirs, published in 1976, are titled ''My Life and Times''.<ref name=":2">{{cite book|author=V V Giri|title=My Life and Times, Volume 1|date=1976|publisher=Macmillan Company of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=blEKkgEACAAJ|isbn=9780333901335}}</ref> | Giri authored ''Industrial Relations'' and ''Labour Problems in Indian Industry'', two popular books on issues of labour in India.<ref name="Durai 387">{{cite book|author=Pravin Durai|title=Human Resource Management: For VTU|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EWQ8BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA387|isbn=978-81-317-9873-7|pages=387–|year=2011 |publisher=Pearson Education India }}</ref> His memoirs, published in 1976, are titled ''My Life and Times''.<ref name=":2">{{cite book|author=V V Giri|title=My Life and Times, Volume 1|date=1976|publisher=Macmillan Company of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=blEKkgEACAAJ|isbn=9780333901335}}</ref> | ||
* Commemorative Medal of the [[2,500 year celebration of the Persian Empire|2500th Anniversary of the founding of the Persian Empire]] (14 October 1971).<ref>[http://badraie.com/guests.htm Badraie] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305043732/http://badraie.com/guests.htm |date=5 March 2016 }}</ref> | |||
* Commemorative Medal of the [[2,500 year celebration of the Persian Empire|2500th Anniversary of the founding of the Persian Empire]] (14 October 1971)<ref>[http://badraie.com/guests.htm Badraie] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305043732/http://badraie.com/guests.htm |date=5 March 2016 }}</ref> | |||
* King Jigme Singye Investiture Medal (Kingdom of Bhutan, 2 June 1974)<ref>Karma Galay ed. (1999) [http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/savifadok/315/1/Coronation.pdf Final Programmes for The Coronation and The Silver Jubilee Celebration]. The Centre for Bhutan Studies</ref> | * King Jigme Singye Investiture Medal (Kingdom of Bhutan, 2 June 1974)<ref>Karma Galay ed. (1999) [http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/savifadok/315/1/Coronation.pdf Final Programmes for The Coronation and The Silver Jubilee Celebration]. The Centre for Bhutan Studies</ref> | ||
== Explanatory notes == | == Explanatory notes == | ||
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==External links== | ==External links== | ||
{{commons category|V. V. Giri}} | |||
{{Wikiquote}} | |||
* [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Varahagiri-Venkata-Giri V. V. Giri] at Encyclopædia Britannica | * [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Varahagiri-Venkata-Giri V. V. Giri] at Encyclopædia Britannica | ||
{{s-start}} | {{s-start}} | ||
{{s- | {{s-off}} | ||
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{{s-ttl|title=[[ | {{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Labour and Employment (India)|Minister of Labour and Employment]]|years=1952–1954}} | ||
{{s-aft|after=[[Burgula Ramakrishna Rao]]}} | {{s-aft|rows=2|after=[[Burgula Ramakrishna Rao]]}} | ||
| | {{s-ttl|title=[[List of governors of Uttar Pradesh|Governor of Uttar Pradesh]]|years=1957–1960}} | ||
{{s-bef|before=[[Burgula Ramakrishna Rao]]}} | {{s-bef|before=[[Burgula Ramakrishna Rao]]}} | ||
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of governors of Kerala|Governor of Kerala]]|years=1960–1965}} | {{s-ttl|title=[[List of governors of Kerala|Governor of Kerala]]|years=1960–1965}} | ||
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{{s-bef|before=[[Satyawant Mallannah Shrinagesh]]}} | {{s-bef|before=[[Satyawant Mallannah Shrinagesh]]}} | ||
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of governors of Karnataka|Governor of Mysore State]]|years=1965–1967}} | {{s-ttl|title=[[List of governors of Karnataka|Governor of Mysore State]]|years=1965–1967}} | ||
{{s-aft|after=[[Gopal Swarup Pathak]]}} | {{s-aft|after=[[Gopal Swarup Pathak]]}} | ||
{{s-bef|before=[[Zakir Husain (politician)|Zakir Husain]]|rows=2}} | {{s-bef|before=[[Zakir Husain (politician)|Zakir Husain]]|rows=2}} | ||
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{{s-aft|after=[[Gopal Swarup Pathak]]}} | {{s-aft|after=[[Gopal Swarup Pathak]]}} | ||
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of India]] <small>(acting)</small>|years=1969}} | {{s-ttl|title=[[President of India]] <small>(acting)</small>|years=1969}} | ||
{{s-aft|after=[[Mohammad Hidayatullah]] <small>(acting)</small>}} | {{s-aft|after=[[Mohammad Hidayatullah]] <small>(acting)</small>}} | ||
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{{Bharat Ratna}} | {{Bharat Ratna}} | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Literature|Society|Politics}} | |||
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Latest revision as of 20:40, 9 March 2026
V. V. Giri | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Official portrait, c.1968 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| President of India | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 24 August 1969 – 24 August 1974 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prime Minister | Indira Gandhi | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vice President | Gopal Swarup Pathak | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Mohammad Hidayatullah (acting) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interim 3 May 1969 – 20 July 1969 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prime Minister | Indira Gandhi | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Zakir Husain | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Mohammad Hidayatullah | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vice President of India | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 13 May 1967 – 3 May 1969 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| President | Zakir Husain | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prime Minister | Indira Gandhi | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Zakir Husain | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Gopal Swarup Pathak | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 17 April 1952 – 4 April 1957 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Constituency established | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Constituency abolished | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Constituency | Pathapatnam, Andhra Pradesh | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Indian High Commissioner to Ceylon | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 1947 – 1951 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Appointed by | Lord Mountbatten | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Office established | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | K. P. Kesava Menon | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Personal details | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Born | Varahagiri Venkata Giri 10 August 1894 Berhampur, Madras Presidency, British India (present-day Brahmapur, Odisha, India) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Died | 24 June 1980 (aged 85) Madras, Tamil Nadu, India (present-day Chennai) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cause of death | Heart attack | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nationality | Indian | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Political party | Independent | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Spouse(s) | Saraswati Bai
( m. 1926; died 1978) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Children | 14 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Relatives | Palagummi Sainath (grandson) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Alma mater | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Profession | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Signature |  | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Varahagiri Venkata Giri (
pronunciation (help·info); 10 August 1894 – 24 June 1980), better known as V. V. Giri was an Indian statesman, activist, and diplomat who served as the president of India from 1969 to 1974. He previously served as the vice president of India from 1967 to 1969 and the minister of labour from 1952 to 1954.
Born in Berhampur to a Telugu Brahmin family, Giri completed his higher education at Khallikote College where he was elected to the student union, and was active in the freedom movement. He moved to Ireland in 1913 to study law at the University College Dublin (UCD) and the Honourable Society of King's Inns, Dublin. He was called to the Irish Bar in June 1916 but he did not complete his studies for a BA in UCD. He enrolled at Madras High Court in 1916 upon returning to India. Giri became a member of the Indian National Congress and the Home Rule Movement. After abandoning his legal career as part of the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920, he was arrested for demonstrations in 1922. Giri was closely associated with the Indian labour movement, and was elected president of the All India Trade Union Congress in 1926.
Giri was elected a member of the Imperial Legislative Assembly in 1934, and became the minister for labour and industry in 1937 under C. Rajagopalachari. After the congress ministries resigned in protest at India being made to be a part of the Second World War in 1939, Giri returned to the Labour movement and was later arrested, spending 15 months in prison until 1941. He was arrested again after the launch of the Quit India Movement, and he was imprisoned for three years from 1942 to 1945. In the General Elections of 1946, Giri was elected to the Madras Legislative Assembly and became a minister again in charge of the labour portfolio under T. Prakasam. From 1947 to 1951, he served as India's first High Commissioner to Ceylon.
Giri was elected to the 1st Lok Sabha from Pathapatnam Lok Sabha Constituency in 1951. He served as the Union minister of labour in the Nehru government from 1952 until his resignation in 1954. He was defeated in the Pathapatnam constituency at the 1957 elections and was appointed the Governor of Uttar Pradesh in the same year. He then served as the Governor of Kerala from 1960 to 1965 and the Governor of Karnataka 1965 to 1967. Giri was elected vice president in the 1967 election. Following the death of president Zakir Husain, Giri became acting president in May 1969 before resigning in July to contest the subsequent presidential election as an independent candidate. His endorsement by prime minister Indira Gandhi helped his victory in the election, and Giri served as president of India from 1969 to 1974. Gandhi chose not renominate him in 1974. After the end of his full term, Giri was honoured by the Government of India with the Bharat Ratna in 1975. He died of a heart attack at the age of 85 in 1980.
Early life and family[edit | edit source]
V. V. Giri was born in Berhampur, Madras Presidency (present-day Odisha) in a Telugu Brahmin family.[2] His parents hailed from Chintalapudi village in East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh and shifted to Berhampur for their bright future. His father, V. V. Jogayya Pantulu, was a successful lawyer and political activist of the Indian National Congress who had been working at Berhampur.[3] Giri's mother Subhadramma was active in the national movement in Berhampur during the Non Cooperation and Civil Disobedience Movements and was arrested for leading a strike for prohibition during the Civil Disobedience Movement.[4]
Giri was married to Saraswati Bai and the couple had 14 children.[5]
Giri completed his initial primary education at Hillpatna Primary School, Berhampur and higher education at the Khallikote College {now Khallikote College (Autonomous) and Unitary University}, then affiliated with Madras University, in Chennai.[6] V.V. Giri was also elected to the student union of Khallikote College for three consecutive times and highly active in freedom movement during his student days in Berhampur.
In 1913, he moved to Ireland to study law at University College Dublin and the Honourable Society of King's Inns, Dublin between 1913 and 1916.[7] Giri was one among the first group of thirteen Indian students who sat the obligatory year long course at UCD in 1914–15. This was a requirement for being called to the Irish Bar through study at the King's Inns. In total, 50 Indian students studied at UCD between 1914 and 1917.[8] Indian students preferred Ireland over England for their studies, as the Irish showed neither racial discrimination nor colour prejudice, likely due to their own historical experiences. Moreover, in 1912, the admission policies for Indians at the Inns of Court in London and other English institutions had become more rigid, which led many Indian students to choose Ireland due to its relaxed regulations.[9]
Giri and a fellow law student also enrolled in the full bachelor of arts course in UCD. Giri studied English, where he was met Thomas MacDonagh, and Political Economy. His lecturer in political economy was the reformer and co-operativist Thomas A. Finlay SJ.[citation needed]
During the First World War, Giri travelled from Dublin to London and met Mahatma Gandhi.[8] Gandhi wanted Giri to join the Imperial war effort as a Red Cross Volunteer. Giri initially acceded to Gandhi's request but later regretted his decision. According to one of Giri's biographers, "Gandhiji with his characteristic magnanimity relieved Giri of the obligation to join the Red Cross and did not breathe a word about it to anyone.”[10]
Giri was active in both Indian and Irish politics during his studies. In My Life and Times, Giri recalled that, coming directly from India with a burning zeal for independence, he felt an instant kinship with the Irish nationalist cause. While in Dublin, he joined a secret outfit known as the “Anarchical Society,” which, according to him, advocated the use of violence and bloodshed as a means to secure peace. There, he also acquired knowledge of incendiary methods and bomb-making techniques intended to support India’s liberation movement.[9] Along with fellow Indian students he produced a pamphlet documenting the abuse of Indians in South Africa. The pamphlet was intercepted by Indian Political Intelligence and resulted in increased police scrutiny of Giri and his fellow students in Dublin.[8] Meanwhile, anonymous articles were written by Indian students for the newspaper of the Irish Volunteers and in The National Student, a UCD student magazine.[11]
He was suspected of association with prominent ring leaders in the 1916 Rising including James Connolly, Pádraig H. Pearse and the young Éamon de Valera.[12][13] Giri was called to the Irish Bar on 21 June 1916 but he did not complete his studies for BA in UCD.[11] Indian students were subjected to police raids following the 1916 Rising and Giri recounts how he was served with one month's notice to leave Ireland on 1 June 1916.[14][15]
Career[edit | edit source]
Upon returning to India in 1916 Giri enrolled at the Madras High Court.[16] He also became a member of the Congress party, attended its Lucknow session and joined the Home Rule Movement of Annie Besant.[17] Giri abandoned a flourishing legal career in response to Mahatma Gandhi's call for a Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920.[18] In 1922, he was arrested for the first time for demonstrating against the sale of liquor shops.[16]
Role in the labour movement[edit | edit source]
Giri was closely associated with the labour and trade union movement in India throughout his career.[19] Giri was a founding member of the All India Railwaymen's Federation which was formed in 1923 and served as its general secretary for over a decade.[20][21][22] He was elected president of the All India Trade Union Congress for the first time in 1926.[23] Giri also founded the Bengal Nagpur Railway Association and in 1928 led the workers of the Bengal Nagpur Railway in a non violent strike for the rights of retrenched workers. The strike succeeded in forcing the British Indian government and the management of the railway company to concede the workers' demands and is regarded as a milestone in the labour movement in India.[16][19][22] In 1929, the Indian Trade Union Federation (ITUF) was formed by Giri, N. M. Joshi and others with Giri as the president. The split with the AITUC came about over the issue of cooperating with the Royal Commission on Labour. Giri and the ITUF leadership of liberals decided to cooperate with the commission while the AITUC decided to boycott it.[24] The ITUF merged with the AITUC in 1939 and Giri became president of the AITUC for a second time in 1942.[25][26]
Giri was the Workers' Delegate of the Indian delegation at the International Labour Conference of the ILO in 1927.[27] At the Second Round Table Conference, Giri was present as a representative of the industrial workers of India.[19] Giri worked towards getting the trade unions to support the freedom movement in India and was twice president of the AITUC which was closely allied with the Indian National Congress.[28]
Electoral career in British India[edit | edit source]
Giri became a member of the Imperial Legislative Assembly in 1934.[29] He remained its member until 1937 and emerged a spokesman for matters of labour and trade unions in the Assembly.[28]
In the General Elections of 1936, Giri defeated the Raja of Bobbili to become a member of the Madras Legislative Assembly. Between 1937 and 1939, he was Minister for Labour and Industry in the Congress government headed by C Rajagopalachari.[30][31] Giri was appointed Governor of the National Planning Committee of the Indian National Congress in 1938. In 1939, the Congress ministries resigned in protest against the British decision to make India a party in the Second World War. Having returned to the labour movement, Giri was arrested and spent 15 months in prison until March 1941.[28]
Following the launch of the Quit India Movement, Giri was imprisoned again by the colonial government in 1942.[32] He remained in prison when the AITUC met in Nagpur in 1943 where he was the president elect.[33][34] Giri served his sentence in the Vellore and Amaravathi prisons.[35] Giri remained in prison for three years, his longest sentence, until his release in 1945.[28]
In the General Elections of 1946, Giri was reelected to the Madras Legislative Assembly and became a minister again in charge of the labour portfolio under T. Prakasam.[28]
Career in independent India[edit | edit source]
From 1947 to 1951, Giri served as India's first High Commissioner to Ceylon.[36] In the General Elections of 1951, he was elected to the 1st Lok Sabha from Pathapatnam Lok Sabha Constituency in the Madras State.[37]
Union Minister for Labour (1952–1954)[edit | edit source]
On being elected to Parliament, Giri was appointed Minister of Labour in 1952.[38] His policy initiatives as minister gave rise to the Giri Approach in industrial dispute resolution.[39] The Giri approach emphasizes negotiations between the management and workers as the means for resolving industrial disputes. It holds that the failure of such negotiations should lead not to compulsory adjudication but to further negotiations through conciliation officers.[40][41] However, differences with the government over patronage to trade unions, trade union and government opposition to the Giri Approach and the government's decision to reduce the wages of bank employees led him to resign from government in August 1954.[42][43][44]
In the General Elections of 1957, Giri lost from the Parvatipuram double-member constituency.[lower-alpha 1][46][47] Giri played an important role in founding the Indian Society of Labour Economics (ISLE).[48] In June 1957, he was appointed Governor of Uttar Pradesh.[49]
Gubernatorial tenures (1957–1967)[edit | edit source]
Between 1957 and 1967, Giri served as governor of Uttar Pradesh (1957–1960), Kerala (1960–1965) and Karnataka (1965–1967).[50]
Governor of Kerala (1960–1965)[edit | edit source]
Giri was sworn in as the second Governor of Kerala on 1 July 1960.[51] As Governor, Giri's active voicing of Kerala's fiscal needs with the Planning Commission led to the state being allocated significantly more funds in the Third Five Year Plan.[52] When defections from the ruling Congress Party reduced the government to a minority, Giri recommended the imposition of President's Rule in Kerala after determining that an alternative government could not be formed.[53] A hung assembly resulted from the elections to the Kerala Legislative Assembly in 1965. Since no party had a majority and no alliances commanding a majority could be formed, Giri again recommended the dissolution of the assembly and the imposition of President's Rule in the state.[54]
Vice presidency (1967–1969) and Acting presidency (1969)[edit | edit source]
Giri was elected the third vice president of India on 13 May 1967, a post he held for nearly two years until 3 May 1969.[55] Giri was the first vice president to not complete his full term in office on account of being elevated to the office of the president and was the third vice president to be elected to the presidency.[56]
Following the death in office of President Zakir Husain on 3 May 1969, Giri was sworn in as acting president the same day.[57] Giri resigned from his post on 20 July 1969 to contest the presidential elections as an independent candidate.[58] Immediately before resigning, Giri, in his capacity as acting president, promulgated an ordinance that nationalised 14 banks and insurance companies.[59] He was succeeded as acting president by Mohammad Hidayatullah, the Chief Justice of India.[lower-alpha 2][61]
Presidential election of 1969[edit | edit source]
The election of a new president became a contest between the Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and the old guard of the Congress Party known as the Syndicate.[62] The All India Congress Committee decided to support Neelam Sanjiva Reddy as the presidential candidate, disregarding the Prime Minister's opposition.[63] Giri, who was vice president, resigned and decided to contest as an independent candidate.[63] Prime Minister Gandhi then decided to support him, endorsing a "vote of conscience" that allowed Congress legislators to vote for Giri.[64] The election, held on 16 August 1969, witnessed a contest between Reddy, Giri and the opposition candidate C D Deshmukh.[65] In the closely fought election V V Giri emerged victorious, winning 48.01 per cent of the first preference votes and subsequently getting a majority on counting the second preference votes. In the final tally, Giri had 420,077 votes against the quota of 418,169 votes required to be elected president.[66][67]
Following Giri's election, an election petition was filed in the Supreme Court of India contesting its validity on the grounds of having used corrupt practices to influence voters. Giri, unusually for an incumbent president of India, chose to appear in person before the Court where he was examined as a witness. The Court ultimately dismissed the petition and upheld Giri's election as president.[68]
Presidency (1969-1974)[edit | edit source]
Giri was sworn in as President of India on 24 August 1969 and held office until 24 August 1974 when he was succeeded by Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed.[69] On his election, Giri became the only president to have also been an acting president.[60]
Tenure[edit | edit source]
As president, Giri unquestioningly accepted Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's decision to sack the Charan Singh ministry in Uttar Pradesh and advised her to go in for early elections in 1971.[70] The ordinance abolishing privy purses and privileges of the erstwhile rulers of India's princely states was promulgated by Giri after the government's original amendment was defeated in the Rajya Sabha.[71] His advice to Prime Minister Gandhi against the appointment of A. N. Ray as the Chief Justice of India superseding three judges senior to him was ignored by her as was his warning that a crackdown on striking railwaymen would only exacerbate the situation.[72][73] As president, Giri made 14 state visits to 22 countries in south and southeast Asia, Europe and Africa.[74][75]
Legacy and succession[edit | edit source]
Giri is regarded as a president who completely subordinated himself to the prime minister and has been described as a "Prime Minister’s President",[76] a loyalist president and a rubber stamp president under whom the independence of the office eroded.[77][78][79] When Giri's term ended in 1974, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi chose not to renominate him to the presidency and instead chose Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, who was elected in the presidential election of 1974.[80][81]
Awards and honours[edit | edit source]
National honours[edit | edit source]
India:
Bharat Ratna (1975)
Foreign honours[edit | edit source]
- Template:Country data Imperial Iran:
Commemorative Medal of the 2500th Anniversary of the Founding of the Persian Empire (1971)
Bhutan:
King Jigme Singye Wangchuck Investiture Medal (1974)[82]
Giri was honoured with India's highest civilian award, the Bharat Ratna, in 1975 for his contributions in the area of public affairs.[83][84] As president, Giri had suo motu conferred the Bharat Ratna on Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1971.[85] Giri was in turn conferred the Bharat Ratna in 1975 on the recommendation of Prime Minister Gandhi, in an act seen as a quid pro quo measure.[86][87][88] Giri was the fourth of the six Presidents of India to have been conferred the Bharat Ratna (viz. Rajendra Prasad, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Zakir Husain, V. V. Giri, A. P. J. Abdul Kalam and Pranab Mukherjee).[89]
Death[edit | edit source]
V.V. Giri died of a heart attack in his Madras residency, on 24 June 1980.[90]
He was given a state funeral the next day and a week-long mourning period was declared by the Government of India.[91] Rajya Sabha, of which Giri had been ex-officio chairman as Vice President of India, adjourned for two days as a mark of respect to him.[92]
Commemoration[edit | edit source]
A commemorative postage stamp on V.V. Giri was released by the Indian Posts and Telegraphs Department in 1974.[93][94] The National Labour Institute was renamed in honour of V.V. Giri in 1995.[95] V.V. Giri's hometown of Berhampur in Odisha has a major road, a secondary training school and a big market that are named after him.[96] V.V.Giri donated his huge & historic bungalow in Brahmapur for a Girls School (Now its famous as GIRI Girls High School. It is also the first girls' school and a famous secondary government school in Odisha). The British time market 'Victoria Market' is also renamed as GIRI Market in Berhampur. The family members of VV Giri resides in another small bungalow at Giri Road in Berhampur.
Giri authored Industrial Relations and Labour Problems in Indian Industry, two popular books on issues of labour in India.[97] His memoirs, published in 1976, are titled My Life and Times.[14]
- Commemorative Medal of the 2500th Anniversary of the founding of the Persian Empire (14 October 1971).[98]
- King Jigme Singye Investiture Medal (Kingdom of Bhutan, 2 June 1974)[99]
Explanatory notes[edit | edit source]
- ↑ In the General Elections of 1952 and 1957, 83 dual member constituencies electing a member each from the general population and the Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribes was established. The general candidates including Giri received fewer votes than the Scheduled Caste candidates in Parvatipuram resulting in both the Scheduled Caste candidates being declared elected. Giri unsuccessfully challenged the verdict in court. By the Two Member Constituency (Abolition) Act, 1961 this system of double member constituencies was abolished.[45][46]
- ↑ Following Giri's resignation, the offices of president and vice president became vacant, with the Constitution of India requiring the Chief Justice of India to act as president. Justice Hidayatullah served as acting president during July – August 1969. Elected vice president in 1979, he again served as acting president in October 1982. He is the only person in India to have served twice as acting president.[60]
See also[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ "Khallikote Autonomous College, Berhampur, Orissa". PunjabColleges.com. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
- ↑ Jai, Janak Raj (2003). Presidents of India, 1950-2003. Regency Publications. ISBN 978-81-87498-65-0.
- ↑ P. Rajeswar Rao (1991). The Great Indian Patriots, Volume 1. India: Mittal Publications. pp. 279–282. ISBN 9788170992806.
- ↑ Bina Kumari Sarma (August 2010). "Women's Role in the Freedom Movement in South Orissa" (PDF). Orissa Review: 34–35. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
- ↑ P. Rajeswar Rao (1991). The Great Indian Patriots. Mittal Publications. p. 282. ISBN 978-81-7099-280-6.
- ↑ "Varahagiri Venkata Giri". Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
- ↑ "University College Dublin announces special scholarships for Indian students". India Today. 6 November 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Conor Mulvagh (2016). Irish Days, Indian Memories: V. V. Giri and Indian Law Students at University College Dublin, 1913–1916. Sallins: Irish Academic Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-911024-18-7.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 "How Irish nationalists inspired a future Indian President". The Indian Express. 19 August 2025. Retrieved 23 August 2025.
- ↑ Conor Mulvagh (10 February 2016). "Gandhi, an expelled future president and first aid crews: the Indians of 1916 Rising". The Irish Times. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Conor Mulvagh (2016). Irish Days, Indian Memories: V. V. Giri and Indian Law Students at University College Dublin, 1913–1916. Sallins, Co. Kildare, Ireland: Irish Academic Press. pp. 34, 49–50. ISBN 978-1-911024-18-7.
- ↑ Brigadier Samir Bhattacharya (December 2013). NOTHING BUT!. Author Solutions. pp. 636–. ISBN 978-1-4828-1626-6.
- ↑ Harris M. Lentz (4 February 2014). Heads of States and Governments Since 1945. Taylor & Francis. pp. 1538–. ISBN 978-1-134-26497-1.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 V V Giri (1976). My Life and Times, Volume 1. Macmillan Company of India. ISBN 9780333901335.
- ↑ "MR. T. A. CHETTIAR, OF MADRAS". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 1 June 1916. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 "Worker's leader who turned President". The Deccan Herald. 8 August 2004. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
- ↑ Janak Raj Jai (2003). Presidents of India, 1950–2003. Regency Publications. p. 76. ISBN 978-81-87498-65-0.
- ↑ "Shekhawat need not compare himself to Giri: Shashi Bhushan". The Hindu. 12 July 2007. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Chandrashanker Shukla (March 1951). Reminiscences of Gandhiji (PDF). Bombay: Vora & Co. p. 108. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
- ↑ "President of India speaking!". taxindiaonline.com. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
- ↑ S. Chandrasekhar (1985). Dimensions of Socio-political Change in Mysore, 1918–40. Ashish Publishing House. pp. 113–. ISBN 978-0-8364-1471-4.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 "A principled politician". The Hindu. 23 September 2002. Archived from the original on 28 October 2002. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
- ↑ Surjit Mansingh (9 May 2006). Historical Dictionary of India. Scarecrow Press. pp. 240–. ISBN 978-0-8108-6502-0.
- ↑ Mohammad Tarique. Modern Indian History. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 7–. ISBN 978-0-07-066030-4.
- ↑ Sharit Bhowmik (2013). "The Labour Movement in India: Fractured Trade Unions and Vulnerable Workers". Rethinking Development and Inequality. 2 (Special Issue): 86.
- ↑ "AITUC – Our Leaders". AITUC. Archived from the original on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
- ↑ List of Indian Delegates and Advisers to International Labour Conferences (1919–2011) (PDF). NOIDA: V.V.Giri National Labour Institute, Ministry of Labour & Employment. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 Janak Raj Jai (1 January 2003). Presidents of India, 1950–2003. Regency Publications. pp. 75–. ISBN 978-81-87498-65-0.
- ↑ Narasingha P. Sil, Giri, Varahagiri Venkata (1894–1980), trade unionist and president of India in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004)
- ↑ Radhey Shyam Chaurasia (1 January 2002). History of Modern India, 1707 A. D. to 2000 A. D. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. pp. 300–. ISBN 978-81-269-0085-5.
- ↑ Rajmohan Gandhi (1997). Rajaji: A Life. Penguin Books India. pp. 171–. ISBN 978-0-14-026967-3.
- ↑ Verinder Grover; Ranjana Arora (1 January 1994). Constitutional Schemes and Political Development in India: Towards Transfer of Power. Deep & Deep Publications. pp. 8–. ISBN 978-81-7100-539-0.
- ↑ Viv Bahadour Singh (1981). Economic History of India: 1857–1956. Allied Publishers. pp. 590–.
- ↑ Economic History of India: 1857–1956. Allied Publishers. 2014. pp. 590–.
- ↑ A. Ranga Reddy (2003). The State of Rayalaseema. Mittal Publications. pp. 373–. ISBN 978-81-7099-814-3.
- ↑ "Nirupama Rao presents credentials to Chandrika". The Hindu. 18 September 2004. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link) - ↑ Key Highlights of General Elections, 1951 to the First Lok Sabha (PDF). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. p. 15. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
- ↑ Rohini Hensman (20 August 2013). Workers, Unions, and Global Capitalism: Lessons from India. Columbia University Press. pp. 75–. ISBN 978-0-231-51956-4.
- ↑ "Labour Problems — The "Giri Approach "" (PDF). The Economic Weekly: 951. 13 September 1952. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
- ↑ Pravin Durai (2016). Human Resource Management. Pearson Education India. pp. 392–. ISBN 978-81-317-6783-2.
- ↑ N. B. Ghodke (1985). Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Economics. Mittal Publications. pp. 522–.
- ↑ Singh (1 January 2009). Industrial Relations. Excel Books India. pp. 94–. ISBN 978-81-7446-619-8.
- ↑ Manoranjan Mohanty (6 May 2004). Class, Caste, Gender. SAGE Publications. pp. 117–. ISBN 978-81-321-0369-1.
- ↑ Shree Govind Mishra (2000). Democracy in India. Sanbun Publishers. pp. 301–. ISBN 978-3-473-47305-2.
- ↑ "Between Red And Blue". Outlook. 16 April 2012. Archived from the original on 15 January 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
- ↑ 46.0 46.1 "Have you heard of 2 being elected from one seat? flashback". The Hindu. 18 March 2009. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
- ↑ "dated March 20, 1957: V.V. Giri defeated". The Hindu. 20 March 2007. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
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{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link) - ↑ "Bose or Vajpayee: India politicises, then downgrades Bharat Ratna". Firstpost. 12 August 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
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External links[edit | edit source]
- V. V. Giri at Encyclopædia Britannica
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Kanhaiyalal Maneklal Munshi |
Minister of Labour and Employment 1952–1954 |
Succeeded by Burgula Ramakrishna Rao |
| Governor of Uttar Pradesh 1957–1960 | ||
| Preceded by Burgula Ramakrishna Rao |
Governor of Kerala 1960–1965 |
Succeeded by Ajit Prasad Jain |
| Preceded by Satyawant Mallannah Shrinagesh |
Governor of Mysore State 1965–1967 |
Succeeded by Gopal Swarup Pathak |
| Preceded by Zakir Husain |
Vice President of India 1967–1969 |
Succeeded by Gopal Swarup Pathak |
| President of India (acting) 1969 |
Succeeded by Mohammad Hidayatullah (acting) | |
| Preceded by Mohammad Hidayatullah (acting) |
President of India 1969–1974 |
Succeeded by Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed |
