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{{Short description|Winter capital of Himachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Short description|Winter capital of Himachal Pradesh, India}}
{{About|the town in Himachal Pradesh|other uses|Dharamshala (disambiguation)}}
{{About|the town in Himachal Pradesh|other uses|Dharamshala (disambiguation)}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Dharamshala
| name = Dharamshala
| other_name         = Dharamsala
| other_name = Dharamsala
| settlement_type   = City
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline     = {{Photomontage
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|photo1a=Dharamshala 03 (Cropped).jpg
|photo1a=Dharamshala 03 (Cropped).jpg


Line 20: Line 20:
|color=#FFFFFF
|color=#FFFFFF
|border=1
|border=1
|color_border = white
}}
}}
| image_alt         =  
| image_alt =  
| image_caption     = Clockwise from top: Skyline of Dharamsala, [[Triund]], [[Kalachakra]] temple, [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium|HPCA Stadium]], [[Bhagsu]]nag Temple, [[Mcleodganj]] during winter
| image_caption = <div style="background:#CEE0F2;"> '''From top, left to right:<br />''' Skyline of Dharamsala, [[Mcleodganj]] during winter, [[Triund]], [[Bhagsu]]nag Temple, [[Kalachakra]] Temple, [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium|HPCA Stadium]]</div>
| nickname           = Dhasa
| nickname = Dhasa
| pushpin_map       = India Himachal Pradesh#India
| pushpin_map = India Himachal Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh##Location within India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh##Location within India
| coordinates       = {{coord|32|12|55|N|76|19|07|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates = {{coord|32|12|55|N|76|19|07|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name   = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|}} [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kangra district|Kangra]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kangra district|Kangra]]
| established_title =  
| established_title =  
| established_date   =  
| established_date =  
| named_for         = Derives its name from an old Hindu sanctuary, called ''Dharamsàla'' which stood there once.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s348aedb8880cab8c45637abc7493ecddd/uploads/2018/03/2018032931.pdf#page=104 |title=Gazetteer of the Kangra District |date=1883–1884 |publisher=Calcutta Central Press}}</ref>
| named_for = Derives its name from an old Hindu sanctuary, called ''Dharamsàla'' which once stood there.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s348aedb8880cab8c45637abc7493ecddd/uploads/2018/03/2018032931.pdf#page=104 |title=Gazetteer of the Kangra District |date=1883–1884 |publisher=Calcutta Central Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| seat_type         = [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of legislative Assembly]]
| seat_type = [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of legislative Assembly]]
| seat               = Sudhir Sharma<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hpvidhansabha.nic.in/Member/Details/491|title=Details {{!}} eVidhan- Himachal Pradesh|website=hpvidhansabha.nic.in}}</ref>
| seat = Sudhir Sharma&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hpvidhansabha.nic.in/Member/Details/491|title=Details {{!}} eVidhan- Himachal Pradesh|website=hpvidhansabha.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| government_type   = [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal Corporation]]
| government_type = [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body     = Dharamshala Municipal Corporation<ref>{{cite web |url=https://edharamshala.in/ |title=Home |website=edharamshala.in}}</ref>
| governing_body = Dharamshala Municipal Corporation&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://edharamshala.in/ |title=Home |website=edharamshala.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| unit_pref         = Metric
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes     =  
| area_footnotes =  
| area_total_km2     = 27.60
| area_total_km2 = 81.60
| area_rank         =  
| area_rank =  
| elevation_footnotes =  
| elevation_footnotes =  
| elevation_m       = 1457
| elevation_m = 1457
| population_total   = 62596
| population_total = 53,543
| population_as_of   = 2015
| population_as_of = 2024
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://edharamshala.in/Content/Demographics |title=Demographics – MCD-Dashboard-Document Management System}}</ref>
| population_footnotes = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://edharamshala.in/Content/Demographics |title=Demographics – MCD-Dashboard-Document Management System}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank   = [[List of cities in Himachal Pradesh by population|2nd in HP]]
| population_rank = [[List of cities in Himachal Pradesh by population|2nd in HP]]
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1         = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1       = +5:30
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type   = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code       = 176 215
| postal_code = 176 215
| area_code         = +91-  01892
| area_code = +91-  01892
| area_code_type     = Telephone code
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#HP.E2.80.94Himachal Pradesh|HP]]- 39(RLA), 68(RTO), 01D/02D(Taxi)
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#HP.E2.80.94Himachal Pradesh|HP]]- 39(RLA), 68(RTO), 01D/02D(Taxi)
| blank_name         = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank_info         = [[Humid subtropical climate|Cwa]]
| blank_info = [[Humid subtropical climate|Cwa]]
| website           = {{url|edharamshala.in}}
| website = {{URL|edharamshala.in}}
| elevation_max_m   =  
| elevation_max_m =  
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| leader_title       = Mayor
| demographics1_title2 = Native
| leader_name       = Onkar Singh Nehria
| demographics1_info2 = [[Western Pahari|Pahari]] [[Kangri language|(Palampuri Kangri)]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| website=Literary Herald |title=Language and dialect of Himachal Pradesh |url=https://tlhjournal.com/uploads/products/35.shradha-shandil-article.pdf?utm_}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Onkar Singh Nehria
}}
}}


'''Dharamshala''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ɑːr|ə|m|ʃ|ɑː|l|ə}}, {{IPA-hi|d̪ʱərmʃaːlaː|lang}}; also spelled '''Dharamsala''') is the [[List of countries with multiple capitals#Subnational and supernational capitals|winter capital]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Notification, Government of Himachal Pradesh |url=https://himachal.nic.in/WriteReadData/l892s/21_l892s/Dharamshala-50740507.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/its-official-dharamshala-is-second-capital-of-himachal-pradesh-4551546/ |title=It's official, Dharamshala is second capital of Himachal Pradesh |date=2 March 2017}}</ref> of [[Himachal Pradesh]], India, as well as the site of the [[Central Tibetan Administration|Tibetan Government-in-exile]]. It serves as [[Public administration|administrative headquarters]] of the [[Kangra district]] after being relocated from [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]], a city located {{cvt|18|km|mi}} away from Dharamshala, in 1855.
'''Dharamshala''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ɑːr|ə|m|ʃ|ɑː|l|ə}}, {{IPA|hi|d̪ʱərmʃaːlaː|lang}}; also spelled '''Dharamsala''') is a town in the [[India]]n state of [[Himachal Pradesh]]. It serves as the [[List of countries with multiple capitals#Subnational and supernational capitals|winter capital]] of the state and the [[Public administration|administrative headquarters]] of the [[Kangra district]] since 1855.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Notification, Government of Himachal Pradesh |url=https://himachal.nic.in/WriteReadData/l892s/21_l892s/Dharamshala-50740507.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/its-official-dharamshala-is-second-capital-of-himachal-pradesh-4551546/ |title=It's official, Dharamshala is second capital of Himachal Pradesh |date=2 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=hillpost2017&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.hillpost.in/2017/01/dharamshala-declared-second-capital-of-himachal/107991/ |title=Dharamshala Declared Second Capital of Himachal |first=Arvind |last=Sharma |website=hillpost.in |date=20 January 2017 |access-date=17 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; The town also hosts the [[14th Dalai Lama]] and the [[Central Tibetan Administration|Tibetan government-in-exile]]. Dharamshala was a [[municipal council]] until 2015, when it was upgraded to a [[Dharamshala Municipal Corporation|municipal corporation]].


The city has been selected as one of a hundred in India to be developed as a [[smart city]] under Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]'s flagship "[[Smart Cities Mission]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/why-only-98-cities-instead-of-100-announced-all-questions-answered-about-smart-cities-project-2410576.html |title=Why only 98 cities instead of 100 announced: All questions answered about smart cities project |date=28 August 2015 |website=[[Firstpost]] |access-date=17 May 2019}}</ref> On 19 January 2017, the [[List of chief ministers of Himachal Pradesh|Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh]], [[Virbhadra Singh]], declared Dharamshala as the second capital of Himachal Pradesh, making it the third [[States and union territories of India|national administrative division of India]] to have two capitals after the state of [[Maharashtra]] and the [[union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name=hillpost2017>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hillpost.in/2017/01/dharamshala-declared-second-capital-of-himachal/107991/ |title=Dharamshala Declared Second Capital of Himachal |first=Arvind |last=Sharma |website=hillpost.in |date=20 January 2017 |access-date=17 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/dharamsala-declared-second-capital-of-himachal-pradesh-1650683 |title=Dharamsala Declared Second Capital of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=[[NDTV India]] |date=19 January 2017 |access-date=17 May 2019}}</ref>
The town is located in the [[Kangra Valley]], in the shadow of the [[Dhauladhar]] range of the [[Himalayas]] at an altitude of {{convert|1457|m}}. References to Dharamshala and its surrounding areas are found in ancient [[Hindu scripture]]s such as [[Rig Veda]] and [[Mahabharata]]. The region was under [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] influence before it was captured by the [[Sikh Empire]] in 1785. The [[East India Company]] captured the region for the British following the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] of 1846, from when it became part of [[Punjab Province (British India)|the British Indian province of the Punjab]]. Post [[Independence of India|Indian Independence]] in 1947, it remained as a small hill station. In 1960, the [[Central Tibetan Administration]] was moved to Dharamshala when the 14th Dalai Lama established the Tibetan administration-in-exile after [[Dalai Lama's escape from China|he had to flee Tibet]].


==Description==
In 2015 Dharamshala was included in the Smart Cities Mission&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Smart Cities |url=https://smartcities.gov.in/about-the-mission}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dharamshala Smart City |url=https://smartcities.gov.in/node/111}}&lt;/ref&gt; and hence will soon have smart solutions implemented for infrastructure and clean environment.
Dharamshala is a municipal corporation city in the upper reaches of the [[Kangra Valley]] and is surrounded by dense coniferous forest consisting mainly of stately [[Cedrus deodara|Deodar]] cedar trees.<ref name=hillpost2017 /> The suburbs include [[McLeod Ganj]], [[Bhagsu]]nag, [[Dharamkot, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamkot]], [[Naddi]], Forsyth Ganj, [[Kotwali Bazar]] (the main market), Kaccheri Adda (government offices such as the court, police, post, etc.), Dari, Ramnagar, Sidhpur, and Sidhbari (where the [[Karmapa Lama|Karmapa]] is based). This place is also famous for its [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium]] (2003), which offers opportunities to the youth of state to prepare for their future in the game. McLeod Ganj town, lying in the upper reaches, is known worldwide for being the home of the [[Dalai Lama]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-usa-tibet-idUSKBN18617F |title=U.S. lawmakers not backing down on human rights for Tibet, Pelosi says |first=Douglas |last=Busvine |work=[[Reuters]] |date=10 May 2017 |access-date=17 May 2019}}</ref> On 29 April 1959, the 14th Dalai Lama ([[Tenzin Gyatso]]) established the Tibetan exile administration in the north Indian hill station of [[Mussoorie]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2016/state-editions/when-dalai-lamas-date-with-india-began-in-mussoorie-in-one-april.html |title=When Dalai lama's date with India began in Mussoorie in one April |first=Jaskiran |last=Chopra |newspaper=[[The Pioneer (India)]] |date=7 April 2016 |access-date=17 May 2019}}</ref> In May 1960, the [[Central Tibetan Administration]] (CTA) was moved to Dharamshala, making it the centre of the Tibetan exile world in India. Following the [[1959 Tibetan uprising]] there was an influx of Tibetan refugees who followed the 14th Dalai Lama. His presence and the Tibetan population have made Dharamshala a destination for Indian and foreign tourists, including students studying Tibet.


Although the majority of tea plantations in Kangra District are located in and around [[Palampur, Himachal Pradesh|Palampur]], Dharamshala also has several tea plantations which are prominently situated around Sheela Chowk and extend northwards to Khaniyara. The other tea plantations are at Kunal Pathri. The tea is known as Dharamsala or [[Kangra tea]], and is very popular across India and the rest of the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kangra-s-cup-of-tea-is-losing-its-aroma/story-JmvDHitd4ehHaPyIPHb66H.html |title=Kangra's cup of tea is losing its aroma |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=8 October 2017 |access-date=17 May 2019}}</ref> Traditionally known for Kangra green tea, Dharamshala now produces all teas including black tea, green tea, oolong tea and white teas, in addition to the popular Kashmiri Kahwa and Masala Chai.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}
Dharamshala can be viewed as a twin settlement. Upper Dharamshala, located at an elevation of approximately 1,830 metres, is home to the official residence and headquarters of the 14th Dalai Lama. This area, which includes the well-known suburbs of [[McLeod Ganj]] and Forsyth Ganj, still reflects a distinctly colonial character, echoing its British-era legacy. In contrast, Lower Dharamshala, situated at around 1,380 metres, has evolved into a bustling commercial hub, serving as the town's primary centre for trade and business.&lt;ref name="HPTDC"&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dharamshala – Himachal Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation (HPTDC) |url=https://hptdc.in/index.php/dharamshala/ |website=hptdc.in |access-date=26 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
The economy of the region is highly dependent on [[agriculture]] and [[tourism]]. The town is now a major hill station and spiritual centre.
 
As of 2024, Dharamshala is the second most populous city in Himachal Pradesh, with a population of approximately 53,543, ranking only after the state capital, [[Shimla]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://edharamshala.in/Content/AboutUs |website=Dharamshala Municipal Corporation |access-date=22 Jun 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title = Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above |work= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 | publisher = |accessdate = 2012-07-07 }}&lt;/ref&gt;


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
''Dharamshala'' ([[Devanagari]]: धर्मशाला; [[ITRANS]]: Dharmashala; [[IAST]]: Dharmaśālā) is a [[Hindi]] word (derived from [[Sanskrit]]) that is a compound of ''[[dharma]]'' (धर्म) and ''shālā'' (शाला). Literally, "House or place of Dharma".
''Dharamshala'' ([[Devanagari]]: धर्मशाला; [[ITRANS]]: Dharmashala; [[IAST]]: Dharmaśālā) is a [[Hindi]] word derived from [[Sanskrit]] that is a compound of the words ''[[dharma]]'' (धर्म) and ''shālā'' (शाला), literally 'House or place of Dharma'. In common usage, the word refers to a shelter or rest house for spiritual pilgrims.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dharmsala|title=Dharmsala, meaning|publisher=Merriam Webster|access-date=22 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; When permanent settlements were established in the region, there was one such rest house from which the settlement took its name.&lt;ref name="dsal.uchicago.edu"&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V11_307.gif |title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India |chapter=Dharmsala |volume=XI |pages=301–302 |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1908 |via=Digital South Asia Library}}&lt;/ref&gt;


In common Hindi usage, the word ''dharamshala'' refers to a shelter or rest house for spiritual pilgrims. Traditionally, such ''dharamshalas'' (pilgrims' rest houses) were commonly constructed near pilgrimage destinations (often in remote areas) to give visitors a place to sleep for the night. When the first permanent settlement was created in the place now called Dharamshala, there was one such pilgrims' rest house on the site, and the settlement took its name from that ''Dharamshala''.<ref name="dsal.uchicago.edu">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V11_307.gif |title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India |chapter=Dharmsala |volume=XI |pages=301–302 |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1908 |via=Digital South Asia Library}}</ref>
Due to a lack of uniform observance of conventions for Hindi [[transcription (linguistics)|transcription]] and [[Devanagari transliteration|transliteration of the script used]] to write it, [[Devanagari]], the name of the town has been variously [[romanised]] in English and other languages as ''Dharamshala'', ''Dharamsala'', ''Dharmshala'' and ''Dharmsala''.&lt;ref name="dsal.uchicago.edu"/&gt; These four permutations result from two variables: the transcription of the word धर्म (dharma)—particularly the second syllable (र्म) and that of the third syllable (शा). A strict transliteration of धर्म as written would be 'dharma' {{IPA|[ˈdʱərmə]}}. In the modern spoken Hindi of the region, there is a common [[Metathesis (linguistics)|metathesis]] in which the vowel and consonant sounds in the second syllable of certain words (including धर्म) are transposed, which changes 'dharma' to 'dharam' pronounced somewhere between {{IPA|[ˈdʱərəm]}} and {{IPA|[ˈdʱərm]}}. Regarding the third syllable, the Devanagari श corresponds to the English ''sh'' sound, {{IPAblink|ʃ}} and thus शाला is transcribed in English as 'shala'. Therefore, the most accurate phonetic transcription of the Hindi धर्मशाला into Roman script for common (non-technical) English usage is either 'Dharamshala' or, less commonly, 'Dharmshala', both of which render the ''sh'' ({{IPA|/ʃ/}}) sound of ''श'' in English as 'sh' to convey the correct native pronunciation, 'Dharam''sh''ala' {{IPA|[dʱərəmˈʃaːlaː]}} or 'Dharm''sh''ala' ({{IPA|[dʱərmˈʃaːlaː]}}). Regardless of spelling variations, the correct native pronunciation is with the ''sh'' sound ({{IPA|/ʃ/}}).&lt;ref name="multiconverter"&gt;[http://tdil-dc.in/san/transliteration/table.html Mapping table with 7 methods] of Harvard-Kyoto, ITRANS, Velthuis, SLP, WX-system and IAST, Devanagari used by [http://tdil-dc.in/san/transliteration/index_dit.html ILTP-DC for Sanskrit]. [http://tdil-dc.in/san/transliteration/index_dit.html Sanskrit transliteration tool. Convert from one scheme to another]. Maintained by the 'Indian Language Technology Proliferation and deployment centre' (ILTP-DC) of the government of India. Works with 7 systems: Harvard-Kyoto, ITRANS, Velthuis, SLP, WX-system, and IAST, Devanagari.&lt;/ref&gt;


==History==
==History==
===Before the British Raj===
===Early history===
Before the [[British Raj]], Dharamshala and its surrounding area was under the [[Sikh Empire]] of Lahore. Under the British Raj, the regions were part of [[Punjab Province (British India)|undivided province of Punjab]], and was ruled by the [[List of governors of Punjab (British India)|governors of Punjab]] from [[Lahore]]. The Katoch dynasty that earlier ruled this region had been reduced to status of [[jagirdar]]s (of [[Kangra-Lambagraon]]) under the Treaty of Jawalamukhi, signed in 1810 between Sansar Chand Katoch and Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]] of the [[Sikh Empire]]. The indigenous people of the Dharamshala area (and the surrounding region) are the [[Gaddis]], a predominantly [[Hindu]] group who traditionally lived a nomadic or semi-nomadic [[transhumance|transhumant]] lifestyle.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/Wzkj0Wad8pumyLNu5nkfGK/A-journey-with-Gaddi-pastoralists.html |title=A journey with Gaddi Pastoralists |date=6 October 2016 |publisher=LiveMint}}</ref> Due to the lack of permanent settlements in the area, some Gaddis lost their seasonal pastures and farmland when the British and the [[Gurkhas]] arrived to settle. {{Citation needed|date=March 2017}}
References to Dharamshala and its surrounding areas are found in ancient [[Hindu scripture]]s such as [[Rig Veda]] and [[Mahabharata]].&lt;ref name="HP"&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hpkangra.nic.in/history/|title=History of Kangra|access-date=22 October 2023|publisher=Government of Himachal Pradesh}}&lt;/ref&gt; There are mentions of the region by [[Pāṇini]] in 4th century BC and by [[China|Chinese]] traveller [[Heun Tsang|Xuanzang]] during the reign of king [[Harshavardhana]] in 7th century AD.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Buddhist Western Himalaya: A politico-religious history|first=Omacanda|last=Hāṇḍā|year=2001|page=43|publisher=Indus Publishing Company|isbn=81-85182-03-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; The indigenous people of the Dharamshala area (and the surrounding region) are the [[Gaddis]], a predominantly [[Hindu]] group who traditionally lived a nomadic or semi-nomadic [[transhumance|transhumant]] lifestyle.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/Wzkj0Wad8pumyLNu5nkfGK/A-journey-with-Gaddi-pastoralists.html |title=A journey with Gaddi Pastoralists|date=6 October 2016|newspaper=Live Mint|access-date=20 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;


===Settlement by the British and the Gurkhas===
The region was subject to attacks from Mughal rulers [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] in 1009 and [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]] in 1360. In 1566, [[Akbar]] captured the region and brought it under the Mughal rule. As the Mughal rule disintegrated, [[Sikh Empire|Sikh]] chieftain [[Jai Singh Kanheya|Jai Singh]] brought the region to his control and gave it to [[Sansar Chand]] of the Katoch dynasty, legitimate [[Rajput]] prince in 1785. [[Gurkhas]] invaded and captured the region in 1806 before being defeated by [[Ranjit Singh]] in 1809. The Katoch dynasty was reduced to the status of [[jagirdar]]s under the treaty of Jawalamukhi signed between Chand and Singh in 1810. Post the death of Chand, Ranjit Singh annexed the region into the Sikh empire.&lt;ref name="HP"/&gt;
[[File:Lord Eligin's tomb.jpg|thumb|upright|Saint John's Church in The Wilderness at Dharamsala, built in 1852]]
[[File:Lord Elgin's Tomb, Dharamshala.jpg|thumb|right|The tomb of [[James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin]] at [[St. John in the Wilderness Church (Dharamshala)|St. John in the Wilderness Church]]]]
In 1848, the area now known as Dharamshala was annexed by the British.


:"Dharamsāla lies on a spur of the Dhola Dhār, 16 miles north-east of Kāngra, in the midst of wild and picturesque scenery. It originally formed a subsidiary cantonment for the troops stationed at Kāngra, and was first occupied as a station in 1849, when a site was required for a cantonment to accommodate a Native regiment which was being raised in the District. A site was found upon the slopes of the Dhola Dhār, in a plot of waste land, upon which stood an old Hindu resthouse, or ''dharmsāla'', whence the name adopted for the new cantonment. The civil authorities, following the example of the regimental officers, and attracted by the advantages of climate and scenery, built themselves houses in the neighbourhood of the cantonment; and in 1855 the new station was formally recognised as the headquarters of the Kāngra District."<ref name="dsal.uchicago.edu"/>
===British occupation===
The [[East India Company]] captured the region following the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] of 1846. Under the [[British Raj]], the regions were part of [[Punjab Province (British India)|the undivided British Indian province of the Punjab]], and were ruled by the [[List of governors of Punjab (British India)|governors of Punjab]] from [[Lahore]].&lt;ref name="dsal.uchicago.edu"/&gt; In 1860, the 66th [[Gurkha]] [[Light Infantry]] was moved from [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]] to Dharamshala, which was at first made a subsidiary [[cantonment]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mcllo.com|title=Mcledoganj Information|publisher=mcllo.com|access-date=22 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="dsal.uchicago.edu"/&gt; The Battalion was later renamed [[1st Gurkha Rifles]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Parker |first=John |title=The Gurkhas: The Inside Story of the World's Most Feared Soldiers |publisher=Headline Book Publishing |location=London |date=2005|isbn=978-0-7553-1415-7|page=45}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dharamshala became a popular [[hill station]] in the British Raj era.&lt;ref name="dsal.uchicago.edu"/&gt; The [[1905 Kangra earthquake]] devastated the Kangra Valley, destroying the cantonment, much of the infrastructure of the region, and killing nearly 20,000 people: 1,625 at Dharmasala, including 15 foreigners and 112 of the Gurkha garrison.&lt;ref name="dsal.uchicago.edu"/&gt; Many of the Gurkhas were part of the [[Indian National Army]] founded by [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose]] taking part in the [[Indian Independence movement]].{{citation needed|date=December 2025}}


In 1860, the 66th [[Gurkha]] [[Light Infantry]] was moved from [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh]] to Dharamshala, which was at first made a subsidiary [[cantonment]]. An ideal position for the new base was found on the slopes of the [[Dhauladhar]] Hills, near the site of a Hindu sanctuary, or ''Dharamshala'', hence the name of the town.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mcllo.com |title=McLEODGANJ – DHARAMSALA – LITTLE LHASA- HIMALAYAS – DALAI LAMA – DHARAMSALA INFORMATIVE AND COMMUNITY WEBSITE- TRAVEL -DHARAMSHALA- kANGRA- HIMACHAL PRADESH – INDIA |publisher=mcllo.com}}</ref><ref name="dsal.uchicago.edu"/> The Battalion was later renamed the historic [[1 Gorkha Rifles|1st Gurkha Rifles]], this was the beginning of the legend of the Gurkhas, also known as the 'Bravest of the Brave'. Consequently, fourteen Gurkha platoon villages grew from this settlement, and exist to this day, namely Dari, Ramnagar, Shyamnagar, Dal, Totarani, Khanyara, Sadher, Chaandmaari, Sallagarhi, [[Sidhbari]], [[Yol, India|Yol]], and so on. The Gurkhas worshipped at the ancient [[Shiva]] temple of Bhagsunag. The Gurkhas referred to Dharamshala as 'Bhagsu' and referred to themselves as Bhagsuwalas.
===Post independence===
 
The 21st Gurkha Regiment from Dharamshala performed heroic feats during [[World War I]] and the North West Frontier Province campaigns. The Gurkha cantonment then reached its zenith during [[World War II]], when battalions from Dharamshala made history. Many place names in the town still retain their former cantonment terminologies: Depot Bazaar, Pensioners' Lines, Tirah Lines (named after the 19th century [[Tirah Campaign]]), Bharatpore Lines (named after the 1826 Battle of [[Bharatpur, India|Bharatpore]]).
 
The eighth earl [[Lord Elgin]], [[Viceroy of India]] died here (at the 1st Gurkha Rifles Officers' Mess) in 1863 and is buried in the cemetery of [[St. John in the Wilderness Church (Dharamshala)|St. John in the Wilderness]], a small [[Anglican]] church distinguished by its [[stained-glass]] windows. Dharamshala became a popular [[hill station]] for the British working in or near Delhi, offering a cool respite during the hot summer months.
 
:''"Before the earthquake of 1905, the upper part of the station, which rises to a height of 7,112 feet [2,168 metres], contained the European houses, the station church, and the officers' mess and lines of the 1st Gurkhas, together with the public gardens, post office, and two bazars, the Forsyth Ganj and McLeod Ganj. The public offices, a bazar, and a few European houses made up the lower station, as low as 4,500 feet [1,372 metres]. The 1st battalion of the 1st Gurkhas used to be stationed here, but was moved to the upper station in 1894-5.... The public gardens, which were, before the earthquake, laid out with much taste in lawns and terraces, contained a valuable collection of indigenous and imported trees and shrubs, and were overlooked by the Assembly Rooms, a handsome building comprising a public hall, a library and reading-room and a billiard-room. The church was beautifully situated in a recess of the mountain."''<ref name="dsal.uchicago.edu"/>
 
In 1905, the [[Kangra Valley]] suffered a major earthquake. On 4 April of that year, the earth shook, demolishing much of the cantonment and the neighbouring city of [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh]] as well as the Bhagsunag temple. Altogether, the [[1905 Kangra earthquake]] killed 20,000 people. "1,625 persons perished at Dharamsāla alone, including 15 Europeans and 112 of the Gurkha garrison."<ref name="dsal.uchicago.edu"/>
 
The Gurkhas rebuilt the town along with the temple, which today is acknowledged as the 1st Gurkha Rifles' heritage. The British had planned to make Dharamshala the summer capital of India, but moved to [[Shimla]] after the disaster.
 
Not only did the Gurkhas of Dharmshala make a major contribution to India's defence, many were freedom fighters for the [[Indian National Army]], which had been founded by [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose]]. The Indian National Army Captain [[Ram Singh Thakur]], a Gurkha from the village of Khanyara, composed some of India's most popular and stirring patriotic songs, including "[[Kadam Kadam Badaye Ja]]". He is acknowledged so by the Netaji Research Bureau, Kolkata. The important contribution of the noted Gurkha social commentator, the late Master Mitrasen Thapa, from the village of Totarani, has been acknowledged by the Himachal Pradesh government. Recently, a park dedicated to the memory of the late Brigadier Sher Jung Thapa, MVC, the 'Hero of Skardu', has been opened alongside the road between Lower and Upper Dharamshala.
 
===Establishment of Tibetan exile community===
[[File:20170821 133842000 iOS.jpg|thumb|The architecture in Dharamsala has a Buddhist influence]]
[[File:20170821 133842000 iOS.jpg|thumb|The architecture in Dharamsala has a Buddhist influence]]
The Tibetan settlement of Dharamshala began in 1959, when the [[Dalai Lama's escape from China|Dalai Lama had to flee Tibet]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://time.com/3742242/dalai-lama-1959/ |title=How and Why the Dalai Lama Left Tibet}}</ref> and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the then [[Prime Minister of India]] allowed him and his followers to settle in [[McLeod Ganj]], a former colonial British summer picnic spot 10 kilometers to the north of Dharamshala. "Nehru was delighted with the 'forgotten ghost-town wasting in the woods', and offered it to the [[14th Dalai Lama|Dalai Lama]]."<ref>{{Cite book |title=Tears of Blood : a Cry for Tibet |last=Craig |first=Mary |publisher=Counterpoint |year=1999 |isbn=9781582430256 |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=142 |oclc=41431635}}</ref> There they established the "[[Government of Tibet in exile|government-in-exile]]" in 1960 and the [[Namgyal Monastery]]. Dharamshala had been connected with [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]] for a long time, many [[monastery|monasteries]] having been established there in the past, by Tibetan immigrants in the 19th century.
Post [[Independence of India|Indian Independence]] in 1947, it remained as a small hill station. On 29 April 1959, the 14th [[Dalai Lama]] [[Tenzin Gyatso]] established the Tibetan administration-in-exile in [[Mussoorie]] when [[Dalai Lama's escape from China|he had to flee Tibet]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2016/state-editions/when-dalai-lamas-date-with-india-began-in-mussoorie-in-one-april.html |title=When Dalai lama's date with India began in Mussoorie in one April |first=Jaskiran |last=Chopra |newspaper=[[The Pioneer (India)]]|date=7 April 2016 |access-date=17 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; In May 1960, the [[Central Tibetan Administration]] was moved to Dharamshala when [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], then [[Prime Minister of India]] allowed him and his followers to settle in [[McLeod Ganj]] north of Dharamshala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |date=1959 |url=https://time.com/3742242/dalai-lama-1959/|title=How and Why the Dalai Lama Left Tibet|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=22 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Tears of Blood: A Cry for Tibet|last=Craig|first=Mary|publisher=Counterpoint|date=1999|isbn=978-1-5824-3025-6|location=Washington, D.C.|page=142|oclc=41431635}}&lt;/ref&gt; There they established the "[[Government of Tibet in exile|government-in-exile]]" in 1960 and the [[Namgyal Monastery]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-usa-tibet-idUSKBN18617F |title=U.S. lawmakers not backing down on human rights for Tibet, Pelosi says |first=Douglas |last=Busvine |work=[[Reuters]]|date=10 May 2017|access-date=17 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1970, the Dalai Lama opened the [[Library of Tibetan Works and Archives]] which is one of the most important institutions for [[Tibetology]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tibetanlibrary.org/contact/|title=Library of Tibetan Works and Archives|publisher=Tibetan Library|access-date=22 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;


In 1970, Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th [[Dalai Lama]] opened the [[Library of Tibetan Works and Archives]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.inspirock.com/india/dharamsala/library-of-tibetan-works-and-archives-a619912343 |title=Visit Library of Tibetan Works and Archives on your trip to Dharamsala}}</ref> which houses over 80,000 manuscripts and other important resources related to Tibetan history, politics and culture. It is considered one of the most important institutions for [[Tibetology]] in the world; the new director is Geshe Lahkdor, the old translator of the Dalai Lama.
Several thousand [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]] exiles have now settled in the area where monasteries, temples, and schools have come up. It has become an important tourist destination with many hotels and restaurants, leading to growth in tourism and commerce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://petzenia.com/blog/best-bird-watching-spots-india/ |title=Some of the Best Bird Watching Spots in India |date=4 December 2016 |work=Petzenia Blog |access-date=10 October 2017 |language=en-US |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010212346/https://petzenia.com/blog/best-bird-watching-spots-india/|url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2017, Dharamshala was made the winter capital of Himachal Pradesh with the legislative assembly located at [[Sidhbari]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/dharamsala-declared-second-capital-of-himachal-pradesh-1650683 |title=Dharamsala Declared Second Capital of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=[[NDTV India]]|date=19 January 2017|access-date=17 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
===Today===
[[File:20170821 131933000 iOS.jpg|left|thumb|Silver jewellery sold by a Tibetan woman at a stall in McLeod Ganj]]
[[File:Kalachakra Temple.jpg|thumb|upright|Kalachakra Temple in the main street of Mcleod ganj]]
Several thousand [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]] exiles have now settled in the area; most live in and around [[McLeod Ganj]] in Upper Dharamshala, where they have built monasteries, temples and schools. It has become an important tourist destination with many hotels and restaurants, leading to growth in tourism and commerce.
 
Dharamshala is the winter capital of Himachal Pradesh. The Legislative Assembly is at [[Sidhbari]], near the Chinmaya Tapovan Ashram, and the winter sessions of the government are held there. Dharamshala is also a famous bird-watching spot in India.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://petzenia.com/blog/best-bird-watching-spots-india/ |title=Some of the Best Bird Watching Spots in India |date=4 December 2016 |work=Petzenia Blog |access-date=10 October 2017 |language=en-US |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010212346/https://petzenia.com/blog/best-bird-watching-spots-india/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 
===Transcription and pronunciation===
[[File:Pejas, scriptures of Tibetan Buddhism, at a library in Dharamsala.jpg|thumb|left|Pejas, scriptures of Tibetan Buddhism, at a library in Dharamsala]]
Due to a lack of uniform observance of [[transliteration]] and [[transcription (linguistics)|transcription]] [[Devanagari transliteration|conventions]] for Hindi (and the [[Devanagari]] script in which Hindi is written), the name of the town has been transcribed into English (and other languages using [[Romanization|Romanic scripts]]) variously as ''Dharamshala'', ''Dharamsala'' and, less frequently, ''Dharmshala'' and ''Dharmsala''.<ref name="dsal.uchicago.edu"/> These four permutations result from two variables: the transcription of the word धर्म (dharma)—particularly the second syllable (र्म)—and that of the third syllable (शा).
 
A strict transliteration of धर्म as written would be 'dharma' {{IPA|[ˈdʱərma]}}. In the modern spoken Hindi of the region, however, there is a common [[Metathesis (linguistics)|metathesis]] in which the vowel and consonant sounds in the second syllable of certain words (including धर्म) are transposed, which changes 'dharma' to 'dharam' (pronounced somewhere between {{IPA|[ˈdʱərəm]}} and {{IPA|[ˈdʱərm]}}, depending on the speaker). Thus, if the goal of the transcription is phonetic accord with modern spoken Hindi, then 'dharam' and 'dharm' are both legitimate options. Regarding the third syllable, the Devanagari श corresponds to the English ''sh'' sound, {{IPAblink|ʃ}}. Thus शाला is transcribed in English as 'shala'.
 
Therefore, the most accurate phonetic transcription of the Hindi धर्मशाला into Roman script for common (non-technical) English usage is either 'Dharamshala' or, less commonly, 'Dharmshala',<ref name=Devanagari>See [[Devanagari transliteration#Consonants]]</ref> both of which render the ''sh'' ({{IPA|/ʃ/}}) sound of ''श'' in English as 'sh' to convey the correct native pronunciation, 'Dharam''sh''ala' {{IPA|[dʱərəmˈʃaːlaː]}} or 'Dharm''sh''ala' {{IPA|[dʱərmˈʃaːlaː]}}). Nonetheless, the alternate spelling 'Dharamsala' continues to be used in some cases despite its inaccuracy, and all four spelling permutations can be found in the English language materials of the local and state governments, in publications, and on the Internet.<ref>See, for example, {{cite web |url=http://hptdc.nic.in/access.htm |title=Access to Himachal Pradesh |publisher=Himachal Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation |access-date=2 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101020161645/http://hptdc.nic.in/access.htm |archive-date=20 October 2010 |postscript=, which includes both common spellings on the same page.}}</ref> Regardless of spelling variations, the correct native pronunciation is with the ''sh'' sound ({{IPA|/ʃ/}}).<ref name=Devanagari/> In actual practice, the spelling variant that is most common and most concordant with standards of transcription and native pronunciation is 'Dharamshala'. The official Indian English spelling is 'Dharamshala'.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}


==Geography==
==Geography==
[[File:Dharamsala-valley.jpg|thumb|left|View of the [[Kangra Valley]] from Bhagsu Nag]]
[[File:Dharamsala-valley.jpg|thumb|View of the [[Kangra Valley]] from Bhagsu Nag]]
[[File:Bhagsu's water fall, McLeod Ganj, Dharamsala.jpg|thumb|upright|Bhagsu's waterfall, McLeod Ganj]]
[[File:Sunset in Dharamshala.jpg|thumb|Sunset from Maximus mall overlooking Dharamshala valley ]]
Dharamshala has an average elevation of {{cvt|1457|m|ft}}, covering an area of almost {{cvt|8.51|km2|sqmi}}.<ref>{{cite news |title=Area of Dharamshala Town |url=http://himachal.nic.in/tcp/DevPlanDharamshala.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424075155/http://himachal.nic.in/tcp/DevPlanDharamshala.pdf |archive-date=24 April 2012}}</ref>
Dharamshala has an average elevation of {{cvt|1457|m|ft}}, covering an area of almost {{cvt|8.51|km2|sqmi}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report|title=Area of Dharamshala Town|url=http://himachal.nic.in/tcp/DevPlanDharamshala.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424075155/http://himachal.nic.in/tcp/DevPlanDharamshala.pdf|archive-date=24 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dharamsala is located in the [[Kangra Valley]], in the shadow of the [[Dhauladhar]] mountains. The town is divided into two distinct sections "Lower Dharamshala" and [[McLeod Ganj]] with a narrow road surrounded by [[pine]], [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] [[oak]], and [[rhododendron]] connecting the regions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=India Forts, Palaces, the Himalaya|first1=Vanessa|last1=Betts|first2=Victoria|last2=McCulloch| year=2013|page=240|isbn=978-1-9072-6374-3|publisher=Footprint}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Dharamsala is located in the [[Kangra Valley]], in the shadow of the [[Dhauladhar]] mountains.
 
The city is divided into two distinct sections. Kotwali Bazaar and the surrounding markets are referred to as "Lower Dharamshala" or just "Dharamshala." Further up the mountain is [[McLeod Ganj]]. A steep, narrow road connects McLeod Ganj from Dharamshala and is only accessible to taxis and small cars, while a longer road winds around the valley for use by buses and trucks. McLeod Ganj is surrounded by pine, [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] oak, and [[rhododendron]].
 
===Climate===


[[File:Cloudy Triund, above Mcleod Ganj, Himachal Pradesh.jpg|thumb|Cloudy Triund, above Mcleod Ganj, Himachal Pradesh]]
==Climate==
Dharamshala has a monsoon influenced, [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cwa''). Summer starts in early April and peaks in May when temperatures can reach {{cvt|36|°C}}, and lasts until the start of June. From June to mid-September is the [[monsoon]] season, when up to 3,000&nbsp;mm (120&nbsp;inches) of rainfall can be experienced, making Dharamshala one of the wettest places in the state. Autumn is mild and lasts from October to the end of November.
Dharamshala has a [[monsoon]] influenced, [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cwa''). Summer begins in early April and peaks in May when temperatures can reach {{cvt|36|°C}} and lasts until the start of June. From June to mid-September is the [[Monsoon of South Asia|monsoon season]], when up to {{cvt|3000|mm}} of rainfall can be experienced, making Dharamshala one of the wettest places in the state. Autumn is mild and lasts from October to the end of November.


Autumn temperatures average around {{cvt|16|-|17|°C}}. Winter starts in December and continues until late February. Snow and sleet are common during the winter in upper Dharamshala (including McLeodganj, Bhagsu Nag and Naddi). Lower Dharamshala receives little frozen precipitation except hail. The snowfall of 7 January 2012 was heaviest recorded in recent times. It was caused by deep low pressure entering the [[Kangra district]]. Winter is followed by a short, pleasant spring until April. Historically, the Dhauladhar mountains used to remain snow-covered all year long; however, in recent years they have been losing their snow blanket during dry spells.
Autumn temperatures average around {{cvt|16|-|17|°C}}. Winter starts in December and continues until late February. Snow and sleet are common during the winter in upper Dharamshala (including McLeodganj, Bhagsu Nag, and Naddi). Lower Dharamshala receives little frozen precipitation except for hail. Historically, the Dhauladhar mountains used to remain snow-covered all year long; however, in recent years they have been losing their snow blanket during dry spells.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Climate Change and its Ecological Implications for the Western Himalaya|last=Chopra|first=V. L.|year=2013|page=145|isbn=978-9-3873-0735-3|publisher=Scientific Publishers}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Dharamshala weatherbox}}
{{Dharamshala weatherbox}}


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{{bar box
{{bar box
|width=300px
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|title=Religions in Dharamsala<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/district/230-kangra.html |title=Kangra District Religion Data – Census 2011}}</ref>
|title=Religions in Dharamsala&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/district/230-kangra.html |title=Kangra District Religion Data – Census 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|Darkkhaki|1.28}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|Darkkhaki|1.28}}
{{bar percent|Others|Black|1.85}}}}
{{bar percent|Others|Black|1.85}}}}
[[File:Dharamsala (North India) (414208101).jpg|thumb|A Tibetan woman holding a prayer wheel.]]
As of the 2001 India census,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999 |archive-date=16 June 2004 |title=Census of India 2001: Data from the 2011 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional) |access-date=1 November 2008 |publisher=Census Commission of India}}</ref> Dharamshala had a population of 30,764. As per the 2015, it has a population of 53,543 Since its area increased as it became Municipal corporation.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ud-hp.in/pdf/POPULATION%20AS%20PER%20CENSUS%202011.pdf |title=ULB Population Himachal pradesh (2011 census)}}</ref> Males constitute 55% of the population and females 45%. Dharamshala has an average literacy rate of 87%, higher than the national average of 74.04%: male literacy is 90% and female literacy is 83%. In Dharamshala, 9% of the population is under 6 years of age.


As of Census of India 2011 and Municipal corporation 2015:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ |title=Census of India Website: Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>
As of the [[2011 Census of India]], Dharamshala had a population of 30,764. In 2015, the area under the administration of the municipal body was expanded with a revised population of 53,543 in 10,992 households.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|url=http://ud-hp.in/pdf/POPULATION%20AS%20PER%20CENSUS%202011.pdf|title=ULB Population Himachal Pradesh (2011 census)|publisher=Government of Himachal Pradesh|access-date=22 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Males constituted 55% of the population and females 45%. Dharamshala has an average literacy rate of 87%, higher than the national average of 74.04%: male literacy is 90% and female literacy is 83%. 9% of the population is under 6 years of age with a [[sex ratio]] of 941.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&amp;state5=999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&amp;state5=999 |archive-date=16 June 2004 |title=Census of India 2001: Data from the 2011 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional) |access-date=1 November 2008 |publisher=Census Commission of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hinduism]] is the most followed religion followed by [[Buddhism]]. [[Hindi]] is the official language while other languages spoken include [[Gaddi language|Gaddi]], [[Kangri language|Kangri]], [[Punjabi Language|Punjabi]], [[English language|English]], [[Lhasa Tibetan]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and [[Pahari language|Pahari]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Culture of Dharamsala - People, Language, Food, Art &amp; Culture|url=https://www.ftd.travel/dharamsala-culture|access-date=14 May 2021|website=FTD travel|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Number of Households – 10,992
*Average Household Size (per household) – 4.0
*Population-Total – 53,543
*Population-Urban – 53,543
*Proportion of Urban Population (%) – 100
*Population-Rural – 0
*Sex Ratio – 941
*Population (0–6 years) – 1,819
*Sex Ratio (0–6 years) – 913
*SC Population – 2,611
*Sex Ratio (SC) – 861
*Proportion of SC (%) – 14.0
*ST Population – 99
*Sex Ratio (ST) – 833
*Proportion of ST (%) – 1
*Literacy Rate (%) – 87.0
The languages residents of Dharamsala most commonly speak are Gaadi, Kangri, Hindi, English, Tibetan, [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and Pahari.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FTD.travel |title=Culture of Dharamsala {{!}} Dharamsala Culture {{!}} Dharamsala People, Language, Food, Art & Culture |url=https://www.ftd.travel/dharamsala-culture |access-date=14 May 2021 |website=www.ftd.travel |language=en-us}}</ref>
{{missing information|languages and dialects spoken there|date=March 2018}}


==Government and politics==
==Administration and politics==
Dharamshala was upgraded from a Municipal Council to a Corporation in 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/Dharamsala-Municipal-Council-upgraded-to-Municipal-Corporation/articleshow/49040526.cms |title=TOI article |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 September 2015 }}</ref> It has 17 wards under its jurisdiction.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://edharamshala.in/Content/Wards |title=Municipal Corporation Website – Wards |date=2 March 2020}}</ref> Onkar Singh Nehria<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=BJP's Onkar Nehria is Dharamsala Mayor |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/bjps-onkar-nehria-is-dharamsala-mayor-238557 |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref> is currently serving  as the Mayor of the town unanimously.
Dharamshala became a [[municipal corporation]] in 2015; before that it had been a [[municipal council]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/Dharamsala-Municipal-Council-upgraded-to-Municipal-Corporation/articleshow/49040526.cms|title=TOI article |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 September 2015|access-date=22 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; The corporation has 17 wards under its jurisdiction.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://edharamshala.in/Content/Wards |title=Municipal Corporation Website – Wards |date=2 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The current [[mayor]] is Onkar Singh Nehria of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), elected in 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=BJP's Onkar Nehria is Dharamsala Mayor|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/bjps-onkar-nehria-is-dharamsala-mayor-238557|access-date=22 October 2023|date=4 August 2022|newspaper=Tribune|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The town is part of the [[Dharamshala Assembly constituency]] that elects its member to the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] and [[Kangra Lok Sabha constituency]] that elects its member to the [[Lok Sabha]], lower house of the [[Indian Parliament]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Dharamshala Assembly constituency |url=http://www.elections.in/himachal-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/dharamshala.html |work=Elections.in  |access-date= 1 November 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimination of Parliamentary constituencies, 2008|work=Election commission of India|access-date=1 November 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118160217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=18 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;


==Economy==
==Economy==
The main crops grown in the valleys below are rice, wheat and [[Kangra tea|tea]].
[[File:20170821 133215000 iOS.jpg|thumb|A trekking trail in Dharamsala]]
The economy of the region is highly dependent on [[agriculture]] and [[tourism]]. The main crops grown in the valley are [[rice]], [[wheat]], and [[tea]]. Dharamshala has many tea plantations which produce the [[Kangra tea]] which has been granted [[geographical indication]] status.&lt;ref&gt;{{multiref2|1={{cite news |title=Kangra's cup of tea is losing its aroma |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kangra-s-cup-of-tea-is-losing-its-aroma/story-JmvDHitd4ehHaPyIPHb66H.html |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=8 October 2017 |access-date=17 May 2019}} |2={{cite web |title=Our Story|url=https://www.dharmsala.com/pages/our-story |website=Dharmsala Tea Company|access-date=11 October 2018}} |3={{citation|title=State Wise Registration Details of GI Applications |publisher=Office of the Controller-General of Patents, Designs and Trademarks |page=1 |work=Geographical Indication Registry |url=http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/treasures_protected/registered_GI_18November2015.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201065403/http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/treasures_protected/registered_GI_18November2015.pdf |archive-date= 1 February 2016}} }}&lt;/ref&gt;


Dharamshala also has lush tea gardens that produce its popular [[Kangra tea]]. Traditionally known for Kangra green tea, Dharamshala now produces a variety of teas, including black, green, oolong and white teas, along with Kashmiri Kahwa and Masala Chai. Tea gardens at Mann Tea Estate are owned and operated by the Dharmsala Tea Company, which conducts guided tours of the tea gardens and factory, and offers tea tastings.<ref>{{cite web |title=Our Story |url=https://www.dharmsala.com/pages/our-story |publisher=Ddharmsala Tea Company |access-date=11 October 2018}}</ref> Kangra green tea is considered to be among the best in India,{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}} and has also been found to contain the highest anti-oxidant levels of all green teas produced in India.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}
Dharamshala is a major hill station and spiritual center.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Intersections of Tourism, Migration, and Exile |date=2022 |isbn=9781-0-0082-1444 |publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|first1=Kathleen M. |last1=Adams |first2=Natalia |last2=Bloch}}&lt;/ref&gt; It hosts a number of trekking trails across the [[Himalayas]] into the upper [[Ravi River|Ravi]] Valley and [[Chamba district]]. Trekking trails include [[Hiking|hikes]] to Indrahar Pass (4,342 meters or 14,245&amp;nbsp;ft) Toral Pass ({{cvt|4575|m|disp=or}}), Bhimghasutri Pass ({{cvt|4580|m|disp=or}}), Dharamshala—Bleni Pass ({{cvt|3710|m|disp=or}}), Kareri Lake, Himani Chamunda, Thatarna and [[Triund]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kAMik_6LbwUC&amp;pg=PA489 |title=The Rough Guide to India |publisher=Rough Guide Travel Guides |date=2003 |first=David |last=Abram |isbn=9781843530893 |via=[[Google Books]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.siddhiyoga.com/dharamsala-full-experience-beyond-yoga |title=Dharamsala: The Full Experience Beyond Yoga |first=Meera |last=Watts |website=siddhiyoga.com |date=17 April 2019|access-date=17 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;


===Shopping and entertainment===
==Culture and attractions==
The city is divided into two distinct sections. Kotwali Bazaar and the surrounding markets are referred to as "Lower Dharamshala" or just "Dharamshala" and upper Dharamshala or places such as McLeodganj, Dharamkot, etc.
Dharamshala is home to the [[Tibetan government-in-exile]] and houses numerous culturally significant sites:


In the city of Dharamshala, Maximus Mall and Gold Multiplex Cinema are open now on the National Highway Road in the Chilgari area, near Kotwali Bazaar and the main bus stand in Lower Dharamshala, in addition to the traditional shopping street called as Kotwali Bazaar. Maximus mall is the second biggest mall in the state after Purnam Mall, Bilaspur. It has CCD, [[KFC]], [[Pizza Hut]], [[Kapsons]], [[Moti Mahal (restaurant)|Moti Mahal]] restaurant, [[Skechers]], Aurelia, [[Baskin-Robbins]] and many reputed international brands. Another mall The Hillside Mall is situated in the Kotwali that includes a [[Domino's Pizza]] restaurant.
* The Tibet Museum, located next to the Tsuglagkhang Complex in McLeod Ganj, displays rare photographs and archival materials chronicling Tibetan history, culture, and exile. It is managed by the Department of Information and International Relations of the Central Tibetan Administration.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=About the Tibet Museum |url=https://tibetmuseum.org |website=The Tibet Museum |access-date=29 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium]] is a [[cricket]] stadium&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cricket ground, Dharamsala |url=http://himachal.us/2007/11/15/cricket-ground-dharamsala/3611/media/photo-news/rsood |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090807002500/http://himachal.us/2007/11/15/cricket-ground-dharamsala/3611/media/photo-news/rsood |archive-date=7 August 2009 |access-date=12 May 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; situated at an altitude of 1317m, it is one of the highest altitude cricket stadiums.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricket-grounds/himachal-pradesh-cricket-association-stadium-dharamsala-58056 |access-date=22 October 2023 |publisher=ESPN cricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has a capacity of 23,000 and serves as the home ground to the [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team]] and [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] team [[Kings XI Punjab]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=HotStar Live Cricket Match Online Today, IPL 2016 Live Streaming, Sony Six Live Telecast, Sony ESPN: ICC T20 World Cup 2016 Venues |url=http://www.t20wclivestream2016.in/p/icc-t20-world-cup-2016-venues.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201115131/http://www.t20wclivestream2016.in/p/icc-t20-world-cup-2016-venues.html |archive-date=1 February 2016 |publisher=t20wclivestream2016.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=HotStar Live Cricket Match Online Today, IPL 2016 Live Streaming, Sony Six Live Telecast, Sony ESPN: ICC T20 World Cup 2016 Schedule |url=http://www.t20wclivestream2016.in/p/icc-t20-world-cup-2016-schedule.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201114439/http://www.t20wclivestream2016.in/p/icc-t20-world-cup-2016-schedule.html |archive-date=1 February 2016 |access-date=13 January 2016 |publisher=t20wclivestream.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Naddi]] Viewpoint, located ~3&amp;nbsp;km from McLeod Ganj in Naddi village (2,000 m), offers panoramic views of the Dhauladhar range, especially at sunrise and sunset. It is popular for stargazing, short treks (e.g. to Triund), and a serene rural experience.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Naddi View Point |url=https://www.topplacesindia.com/states/himachal-pradesh/attractions/naddi-viewpoint |website=TopPlacesIndia |access-date=29 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[St. John in the Wilderness Church (Dharamshala)|St. John in the Wilderness Church]], a Neo-Gothic Protestant church built in 1852 at Forsyth Gunj, is surrounded by deodar forest and features Belgian stained-glass windows. The bell tower was replaced in 1915 after the 1905 Kangra earthquake.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit St John in the Wilderness Church in Dharamshala |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/himachal-pradesh/dharamshala/st-john-in-the-wilderness-church |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=Incredible India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Bhagsu|Bhagsu Nath Temple]], dedicated to Lord Shiva, lies ~2&amp;nbsp;km above McLeod Ganj near Bhagsunag. The ancient temple complex includes sacred pools fed by Tiger‑head fountains and is associated with the Bhagsu Nag legend.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Bhagsunath Temple |url=https://www.yatra.com/india-tourism/attractions-in-dharamshala/bhagsunath-temple |website=Yatra.com |access-date=29 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Hari Kothi]], a heritage bungalow in Kotwali Bazaar, was built in the early 20th century and has hosted figures like Swami Vivekananda and Annie Besant. Today, it functions as a boutique homestay.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Hari Kothi: A House of History |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/hari-kothi-house-of-history-367495 |work=The Tribune |access-date=29 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The McLeod Ganj tea gardens and surrounding hillside plantations are part of the Kangra Valley tea region, known for producing pale, sweet brew that has gained attention for its unique flavour in recent years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Tea Garden, Dharamshala |url=https://www.tripinvites.com/places/dharamshala/bhagsunath-temple/ |website=TripInvites |date=22 June 2021 |access-date=29 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Norbulingka Institute]], established in 1995 in Sidhpur near Dharamshala, preserves Tibetan arts and culture. It features workshops in thangka painting, woodcarving, and hosts the Seat of Happiness Temple.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Norbulingka Institute - Preserving Tibetan Arts and Culture |url=https://india.norbulingka.org/ |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=Norbulingka Institute of Tibetan Culture (India) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Peepal Farm]], located near Dhanotu village (~30&amp;nbsp;km from Dharamshala), is an animal rescue centre and organic farm that also promotes sustainable living. It offers volunteering opportunities in animal welfare and natural farming.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=About Peepal Farm |url=https://peepalfarm.org |website=Peepal Farm |access-date=29 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Kotwali Bazar|Kotwali Bazaar]], Traditional shopping streets are located here. Malls and multiplex cinemas are found on the National Highway Road in the Chilgari area, near Kotwali Bazaar and the main bus stand. [[Dharamshala International Film Festival|DIFF]] was established in 2012 to promote contemporary art, cinema and independent media practices in the Himalayan region.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Ali Khan |first=Murtaza |date=9 November 2018 |title=The warmth of human stories |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-warmth-of-human-stories/article25444062.ece |access-date=17 May 2019 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;


Further, Dharamshala Skyway, a mountain Cable Car between the cities of Dharamshala and McLeod Ganj has become operational from 19th Jan 2022. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/now-you-can-take-a-cable-car-ride-between-dharamshala-and-mcleodganj-news-44794 | title=Dharamshala Skywalk Inaugurated | date=21 January 2022 }}</ref>
==Transport==
Dharamshala is well connected by road to major cities in North India. The [[Himachal Road Transport Corporation]] (HRTC) operates regular bus services, including luxury and superfast coaches to [[Shimla]], [[Delhi]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Pathankot]], [[Amritsar]] and [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]]. Private operators and local taxis also provide service to nearby destinations within Kangra district and the wider Himachal Pradesh region.


==Cityscape==
A ropeway system called the Dharamshala Skyway, inaugurated in January 2022, connects Dharamshala with McLeod Ganj, significantly reducing travel time and easing traffic congestion on steep, narrow roads.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Dharamshala Skyway Inauguration |url=https://hprtc.in/ |website=Himachal Pradesh Ropeway and Rapid Transport Corporation Ltd |access-date=29 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
===Major suburbs===
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
*Bhagsunag
*Cheelgari
*Triund Trekking Point
*Naddi
*Dal Lake
*Dari
*Barol
*Kachehri Adda
*[[Khaniyara]]
*[[Kotwali Bazar]]
*Mant Khas
*[[McLeod Ganj]]
*Upper Sakoh & Lower Sakoh
*Khel Parisar
*[[Sidhbari]]
*Sheela Chowk
*[[Yol, India|Yol]]
*[[Jama Masjid Dharamshala]]
*Tea Garden Cheelgari
*Aganjer Mahadev Temple
*War Memorial Museum
*Ram Nagar
*Shyam Nagar
{{div col end}}


===Rural areas===
===Road===
*Sudher
National Highway [[National Highway 503 (India)|NH 503]] starts from Dharmashala and connects the town to [[Hoshiarpur]] in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] via Kangra. State highways link the town with [[National Highway 154 (India)|NH 154]] running from [[Pathankot]] to [[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways|publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=3 April 2012|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201124738/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dharamshala is well connected by road, with luxury buses regularly operating from major cities like [[Delhi]] and [[Shimla]]. The [[Himachal Road Transport Corporation|Himachal Pradesh Road Transport Corporation]] (HRTC) runs a daily luxury coach service between Delhi and Dharamshala. In addition, both public and private buses are available from the main Dharamshala Bus Stand, providing connectivity to various towns and cities across Himachal Pradesh and beyond.&lt;ref name="HPTDC"/&gt;
*Gharoh
*Dhanotu
*Chari
*Sarah


===Trekking===
==Air==
[[File:20170821 133215000 iOS.jpg|thumb|A forest in Dharamsala]]
The nearest airport is [[Kangra Airport]] (also known as Gaggal Airport, IATA: DHM), located about 15&amp;nbsp;km southwest of Dharamshala. It offers direct flights to Delhi and Chandigarh, and seasonal services to other northern cities. The airport handled over 200,000 passengers in the 2023–24 financial year, according to the Airports Authority of India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Traffic Summary: Kangra Airport |url=https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/kangra |website=Airports Authority of India |access-date=29 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Dharamshala is a starting point to a number of trekking trails that especially includes lead trekkers across Dhauladhar into the upper [[Ravi River|Ravi]] Valley and [[Chamba district]]. En route, trekkers cross through forests of [[Cedrus deodara|deodar]], pine, oak and rhododendron, and pass streams and rivers and wind along vertiginous cliff tracks, and the occasional lake waterfall and glacier.


A two-kilometer amble takes one to Bhagsu, and then a further three-kilometer walk will lead the trekkers to Dharamkot. If one wishes to go on a longer walk then he/she can trek eight-kilometers to Triund. The snow line of Ilaqa Got is just a five-kilometer walk.
The nearest major international airport is [[Chandigarh International Airport]], approximately 250&amp;nbsp;km away by road.


Other trekking trails that lead trekkers to Chamba from Dharamshala are:
==Rail==
 
While Dharamshala does not have a direct railway station, the nearest major railhead is [[Pathankot Junction]], about 85&amp;nbsp;km away. The [[Kangra Valley Railway]], a narrow-gauge line built during the colonial era, connects Pathankot with Joginder Nagar. The closest station on this line to Dharamshala is [[Chamunda Marg]], located approximately 21&amp;nbsp;km from the town. From Pathankot, taxis and buses are available for onward travel.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Kangra Valley Railway |url=https://www.irctc.co.in |website=IRCTC |access-date=29 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Toy Trains in Himachal: A Heritage Journey |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/travel/heritage-toy-trains-in-himachal-pradesh/article66305847.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=29 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Toral Pass (4575m) which begins from Tang Narwana (1150m) that is nearly 10&nbsp;km from Dharamshala<ref name=rough>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kAMik_6LbwUC&pg=PA489 |title=The Rough Guide to India |publisher=Rough Guide Travel Guides |year=2003 |first=David |last=Abram |isbn=9781843530893 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>
*Across Bhimghasutri Pass (4580m) via near-vertical rocky ascents, steep cliffs and dangerous gorges. This is a highly difficult level trek and takes around six days to complete.<ref name=rough />
*Dharamshala—Bleni Pass (3710m)&nbsp;– Dunali. Compared to other trekking trails, this one is much easier and takes around four or five-days to complete. The trek leads through alpine pastures, woods, and streams, before ending at Dunali, on the Chamba road.
*Dharamshala is an ideal destination for [[rock climbing]] enthusiasts. One can go rock climbing over the ridges of the Dhauladhar range.
*Kareri Lake (near Kareri village) is also a famous trekking destination for travellers.
*Triund-Thatri-Trek (TTT) a circular trek for two nights and three days around Dharamshala.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.siddhiyoga.com/dharamsala-full-experience-beyond-yoga |title=Dharamsala: The Full Experience Beyond Yoga |first=Meera |last=Watts |website=siddhiyoga.com |date=17 April 2019 |access-date=17 May 2019}}</ref> The first day involves walking up to Triund and staying for a night, and the second day walk to a village called Thatri and stay overnight at Camp Himalayan Nest. The third day after walking for couple of hours, walkers reach to broadhead near Dharamshala.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}
<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Triund hill campsite.jpg|Triund Campsite is a base camp and acclimatisation point for trekkers climbing the Inderahara point in the Dhauladhar range.
File:Dhauladhar ranges in the background- Trekkers resting a bit I IMG 7165.jpg|Dhauladhar ranges in the background; trekkers resting
File:View from Trans Point, Khadota.jpg|View from Trans Point, Khadota
</gallery>
 
===Dharamshala International Film Festival===
 
[[Dharamshala International Film Festival|DIFF]] was established in 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-warmth-of-human-stories/article25444062.ece |title=The warmth of human stories |first=Murtaza |last=Ali Khan |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=9 November 2018 |access-date=17 May 2019}}</ref> It is presented by [[White Crane Films|White Crane Arts & Media trust]], established by filmmakers [[Ritu Sarin]] and [[Tenzing Sonam]] to promote contemporary art, cinema and independent media practices in the Himalayan region.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}
 
==Transport==
 
===Road===
Buses of all classes (deluxe, air-conditioned, and regular) ply daily between Dharamshala and major cities such as [[Chandigarh]], Delhi, and [[Shimla]] through [[National Highway 154 (India)|NH 154]] and [[National Highway 503 (India)|NH 503]].
 
===Air===
Dharamshala town is reached by [[Gaggal Airport]] codes|DHM|VIGG, about 12&nbsp;km to the town's south and about 10&nbsp;km north of [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]] town.
 
===Rail===
[[Pathankot]], some 90&nbsp;km away, is the nearest broad gauge railway head. The [[Kangra Valley Railway]], a narrow gauge railway line connecting [[Pathankot]] to [[Jogindernagar]], can also be used to reach the town via rail. This line is well-known for picturesque views of the Kangra valley from it. The nearest station to Dharamshala on this line is Chamunda Marg, located about 22&nbsp;km southeast.


===Ropeway===
===Ropeway===
A 1.8&nbsp;km long ropeway called ''Dharamshala Skyway'' connecting Dharamshala and Mcleodganj via cable car was inaugurated in January 2022.
A {{cvt|1.8|km}} long ropeway called ''Dharamshala Skyway'' connecting Dharamshala and Mcleodganj via cable car was inaugurated in January 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/now-you-can-take-a-cable-car-ride-between-dharamshala-and-mcleodganj-news-44794|title=Dharamshala Skywalk Inaugurated|date=21 January 2022|work=Outlook|access-date=22 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;


==Educational institutions==
==Education==
[[File:Tibetan Library Dharamsala.jpg|thumb|Tibetan Library, Dharamsala]]
&lt;!---♦♦♦ Only add an institution to this list if it already has its own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---&gt;
*[[Central University of Himachal Pradesh]], [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]]
&lt;!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦---&gt;
*[[Central University of Himachal Pradesh]]  
*[[Government College of Teacher Education Dharamsala]]
*[[Government College of Teacher Education Dharamsala]]
*[[Himachal Pradesh University]]
*[[International Sahaja Public School]]
*[[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad memorial Library at Jama Masjid Dharamshala]]
==Sports==
[[File:Dharamshala Cricket Stadium Landscape.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Dharamshala International Cricket Stadium]]
===Dharamshala International Cricket Stadium===
[[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium]] (HPCAS) is a cricket stadium of international reputation, which serves as the home ground to the Himachal Pradesh state cricket team and for the [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] team [[Kings XI Punjab]] to a limited extent. By virtue of its natural backdrop, it is one of the most attractive cricket stadiums in the world. It is also one of the highest altitude Cricket Stadiums in the world. In addition to Ranji matches, some international matches are held here. The HPCA International Cricket Stadium is located near the Government Degree College, Dharmashala. The first One day International held at the ground was played between India and England on Sunday, 27 January 2013 which England won by 7 wickets. In May 2011, a match between Kings XI Punjab and Chennai Superkings was held here which was attended by the Dalai Lama.
<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://himachal.us/2007/11/15/cricket-ground-dharamsala/3611/media/photo-news/rsood |title=Cricket ground, Dharamsala |access-date=12 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090807002500/http://himachal.us/2007/11/15/cricket-ground-dharamsala/3611/media/photo-news/rsood |archive-date=7 August 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.t20wclivestream2016.in/p/icc-t20-world-cup-2016-venues.html |title=HotStar Live Cricket Match Online Today, IPL 2016 Live Streaming, Sony Six Live Telecast, Sony ESPN: ICC T20 World Cup 2016 Venues |publisher=t20wclivestream2016.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201115131/http://www.t20wclivestream2016.in/p/icc-t20-world-cup-2016-venues.html |archive-date=1 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.t20wclivestream2016.in/p/icc-t20-world-cup-2016-schedule.html |title=HotStar Live Cricket Match Online Today, IPL 2016 Live Streaming, Sony Six Live Telecast, Sony ESPN: ICC T20 World Cup 2016 Schedule |publisher=t20wclivestream.in |access-date=13 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201114439/http://www.t20wclivestream2016.in/p/icc-t20-world-cup-2016-schedule.html |archive-date=1 February 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
The snow-capped mountains can be easily viewed throughout the year. An additional feature is the Dharamshala College nearby which is surrounded by pine trees on one side.
==Notable residents==
*[[Mehr Chand Mahajan]] (1889–1967) from Dharamshala was the third Chief Justice of India and 1st Prime Minister of J&K
*[[Tenzin Gyatso]], HH The 14th [[Dalai Lama]]
*[[James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin]], died here.
*[[Alfred W. Hallett]], artist who exhibited twice in [[Royal Academy of Arts]] London and lived 41 years at [[Dharamkot (Himachal Pradesh)|Dharamkot]] in upper Dharamshala; died here in 1986.
*[[Kishan Kapoor]], Member of Parliament, Kangra.
*[[Purva Rana]], Vice Queen at Miss United Continent, 2013
*[[Sheetal Thakur]], Indian model and actor.
*[[ Asif Basra]], died here 12 november 2020
==Notable organisations==
*[[Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy]]
*[[Central Tibetan Administration]]
==Bibliography==
*Verma, V. 1996. ''Gaddis of Dhauladhar: A Transhumant Tribe of the Himalayas''. Indus Publishing Co., New Delhi.
*Handa, O. C. 1987. ''Buddhist Monasteries in Himachal Pradesh''. Indus Publishing Co., New Delhi.{{ISBN|81-85182-03-5|}}.


==See also==
==Notable people==
*[[Hari Kothi]], a historic property in Dharamshala
&lt;!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their OWN article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---&gt;
&lt;!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦---&gt;
*[[James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin]]
*[[Chandrarekha Dhadwal]] (born 1951), writer, poet, novelist and retired lecturer
*[[Tenzin Gyatso]], 14th [[Dalai Lama]]
*[[Alfred W. Hallett]], artist
*[[Kishan Kapoor]], Member of Parliament
*[[Chandresh Kumari Katoch]], former minister of cultural and external affairs government of India.
*[[Mehr Chand Mahajan]] (1889–1967), former [[Chief Justice of India]]
*[[Sudhir Sharma]], politician.
*[[Sher Jung Thapa]] Indian Army


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Reflist|3}}


==External links==
==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=60ItP99P8i4 "India's Female Traffic Police," filmed in Dharamshala, 2018]{{Himachal Pradesh topics}}
* {{Official website|https://himachaltourism.gov.in|Himachal Pradesh Tourism Official Website}}
 
{{commons category|Dharamshala}}{{Wikivoyage|Dharamsala}}{{Himachal Pradesh topics}}{{Authority control}}


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{{Kangra district}}
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[[Category:Tibetan diaspora in India]]
[[Category:Tibetan diaspora in India]]
[[Category:Smart cities in India]]
[[Category:Smart cities in India]]
[[Category:Tourism in Himachal Pradesh]]

Revision as of 04:30, 18 March 2026


Dharamshala
Dharamsala
Town
<div style="background:#CEE0F2;"> From top, left to right:<br /> Skyline of Dharamsala, Mcleodganj during winter, Triund, Bhagsunag Temple, Kalachakra Temple, HPCA Stadium</div>
Nickname: 
Dhasa
Dharamshala is located in Himachal Pradesh
Dharamshala
Dharamshala
Location within the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh
Dharamshala is located in India
Dharamshala
Dharamshala
Location within India
Coordinates: 32°12′55″N 76°19′07″E / 32.21528°N 76.31861°E / 32.21528; 76.31861
Country India
StateHimachal Pradesh
DistrictKangra
Named forDerives its name from an old Hindu sanctuary, called Dharamsàla which once stood there.<ref>"Gazetteer of the Kangra District" (PDF). Calcutta Central Press. 1883–1884.</ref>
Member of legislative AssemblySudhir Sharma<ref>"Details | eVidhan- Himachal Pradesh". hpvidhansabha.nic.in.</ref>
Government
 • TypeMunicipal Corporation
 • BodyDharamshala Municipal Corporation<ref>"Home". edharamshala.in.</ref>
 • MayorOnkar Singh Nehria
Area
 • Total81.60 km2 (31.51 sq mi)
Elevation
1,457 m (4,780 ft)
Population
 • Total53,543
 • Rank2nd in HP
 • Density660/km2 (1,700/sq mi)
Languages
 • OfficialHindi
 • NativePahari (Palampuri Kangri)<ref>"Language and dialect of Himachal Pradesh" (PDF). Literary Herald.</ref>
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
176 215
Telephone code+91- 01892
Vehicle registrationHP- 39(RLA), 68(RTO), 01D/02D(Taxi)
ClimateCwa
Websiteedharamshala.in

Dharamshala (/ˈdɑːrəmʃɑːlə/, hi; also spelled Dharamsala) is a town in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. It serves as the winter capital of the state and the administrative headquarters of the Kangra district since 1855.<ref>"Notification, Government of Himachal Pradesh" (PDF).</ref><ref>"It's official, Dharamshala is second capital of Himachal Pradesh". 2 March 2017.</ref><ref name=hillpost2017>Sharma, Arvind (20 January 2017). "Dharamshala Declared Second Capital of Himachal". hillpost.in. Retrieved 17 May 2019.</ref> The town also hosts the 14th Dalai Lama and the Tibetan government-in-exile. Dharamshala was a municipal council until 2015, when it was upgraded to a municipal corporation.

The town is located in the Kangra Valley, in the shadow of the Dhauladhar range of the Himalayas at an altitude of 1,457 metres (4,780 ft). References to Dharamshala and its surrounding areas are found in ancient Hindu scriptures such as Rig Veda and Mahabharata. The region was under Mughal influence before it was captured by the Sikh Empire in 1785. The East India Company captured the region for the British following the First Anglo-Sikh War of 1846, from when it became part of the British Indian province of the Punjab. Post Indian Independence in 1947, it remained as a small hill station. In 1960, the Central Tibetan Administration was moved to Dharamshala when the 14th Dalai Lama established the Tibetan administration-in-exile after he had to flee Tibet.

In 2015 Dharamshala was included in the Smart Cities Mission<ref>"Smart Cities".</ref><ref>"Dharamshala Smart City".</ref> and hence will soon have smart solutions implemented for infrastructure and clean environment.

Dharamshala can be viewed as a twin settlement. Upper Dharamshala, located at an elevation of approximately 1,830 metres, is home to the official residence and headquarters of the 14th Dalai Lama. This area, which includes the well-known suburbs of McLeod Ganj and Forsyth Ganj, still reflects a distinctly colonial character, echoing its British-era legacy. In contrast, Lower Dharamshala, situated at around 1,380 metres, has evolved into a bustling commercial hub, serving as the town's primary centre for trade and business.<ref name="HPTDC">"Dharamshala – Himachal Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation (HPTDC)". hptdc.in. Retrieved 26 May 2025.</ref>

The economy of the region is highly dependent on agriculture and tourism. The town is now a major hill station and spiritual centre.

As of 2024, Dharamshala is the second most populous city in Himachal Pradesh, with a population of approximately 53,543, ranking only after the state capital, Shimla.<ref>"About Us". Dharamshala Municipal Corporation. Retrieved 22 June 2025.</ref><ref>"Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above" (PDF). Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011. Retrieved 7 July 2012.</ref>

Etymology

Dharamshala (Devanagari: धर्मशाला; ITRANS: Dharmashala; IAST: Dharmaśālā) is a Hindi word derived from Sanskrit that is a compound of the words dharma (धर्म) and shālā (शाला), literally 'House or place of Dharma'. In common usage, the word refers to a shelter or rest house for spiritual pilgrims.<ref>"Dharmsala, meaning". Merriam Webster. Retrieved 22 October 2023.</ref> When permanent settlements were established in the region, there was one such rest house from which the settlement took its name.<ref name="dsal.uchicago.edu">"Dharmsala". The Imperial Gazetteer of India. Vol. XI. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1908. pp. 301–302 – via Digital South Asia Library.</ref>

Due to a lack of uniform observance of conventions for Hindi transcription and transliteration of the script used to write it, Devanagari, the name of the town has been variously romanised in English and other languages as Dharamshala, Dharamsala, Dharmshala and Dharmsala.<ref name="dsal.uchicago.edu"/> These four permutations result from two variables: the transcription of the word धर्म (dharma)—particularly the second syllable (र्म) and that of the third syllable (शा). A strict transliteration of धर्म as written would be 'dharma' [ˈdʱərmə]. In the modern spoken Hindi of the region, there is a common metathesis in which the vowel and consonant sounds in the second syllable of certain words (including धर्म) are transposed, which changes 'dharma' to 'dharam' pronounced somewhere between [ˈdʱərəm] and [ˈdʱərm]. Regarding the third syllable, the Devanagari श corresponds to the English sh sound, [ʃ] and thus शाला is transcribed in English as 'shala'. Therefore, the most accurate phonetic transcription of the Hindi धर्मशाला into Roman script for common (non-technical) English usage is either 'Dharamshala' or, less commonly, 'Dharmshala', both of which render the sh (/ʃ/) sound of in English as 'sh' to convey the correct native pronunciation, 'Dharamshala' [dʱərəmˈʃaːlaː] or 'Dharmshala' ([dʱərmˈʃaːlaː]). Regardless of spelling variations, the correct native pronunciation is with the sh sound (/ʃ/).<ref name="multiconverter">Mapping table with 7 methods of Harvard-Kyoto, ITRANS, Velthuis, SLP, WX-system and IAST, Devanagari used by ILTP-DC for Sanskrit. Sanskrit transliteration tool. Convert from one scheme to another. Maintained by the 'Indian Language Technology Proliferation and deployment centre' (ILTP-DC) of the government of India. Works with 7 systems: Harvard-Kyoto, ITRANS, Velthuis, SLP, WX-system, and IAST, Devanagari.</ref>

History

Early history

References to Dharamshala and its surrounding areas are found in ancient Hindu scriptures such as Rig Veda and Mahabharata.<ref name="HP">"History of Kangra". Government of Himachal Pradesh. Retrieved 22 October 2023.</ref> There are mentions of the region by Pāṇini in 4th century BC and by Chinese traveller Xuanzang during the reign of king Harshavardhana in 7th century AD.<ref>Hāṇḍā, Omacanda (2001). Buddhist Western Himalaya: A politico-religious history. Indus Publishing Company. p. 43. ISBN 81-85182-03-5.</ref> The indigenous people of the Dharamshala area (and the surrounding region) are the Gaddis, a predominantly Hindu group who traditionally lived a nomadic or semi-nomadic transhumant lifestyle.<ref>"A journey with Gaddi Pastoralists". Live Mint. 6 October 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2023.</ref>

The region was subject to attacks from Mughal rulers Mahmud of Ghazni in 1009 and Firuz Shah Tughlaq in 1360. In 1566, Akbar captured the region and brought it under the Mughal rule. As the Mughal rule disintegrated, Sikh chieftain Jai Singh brought the region to his control and gave it to Sansar Chand of the Katoch dynasty, legitimate Rajput prince in 1785. Gurkhas invaded and captured the region in 1806 before being defeated by Ranjit Singh in 1809. The Katoch dynasty was reduced to the status of jagirdars under the treaty of Jawalamukhi signed between Chand and Singh in 1810. Post the death of Chand, Ranjit Singh annexed the region into the Sikh empire.<ref name="HP"/>

British occupation

The East India Company captured the region following the First Anglo-Sikh War of 1846. Under the British Raj, the regions were part of the undivided British Indian province of the Punjab, and were ruled by the governors of Punjab from Lahore.<ref name="dsal.uchicago.edu"/> In 1860, the 66th Gurkha Light Infantry was moved from Kangra to Dharamshala, which was at first made a subsidiary cantonment.<ref>"Mcledoganj Information". mcllo.com. Retrieved 22 October 2023.</ref><ref name="dsal.uchicago.edu"/> The Battalion was later renamed 1st Gurkha Rifles.<ref>Parker, John (2005). The Gurkhas: The Inside Story of the World's Most Feared Soldiers. London: Headline Book Publishing. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-7553-1415-7.</ref> Dharamshala became a popular hill station in the British Raj era.<ref name="dsal.uchicago.edu"/> The 1905 Kangra earthquake devastated the Kangra Valley, destroying the cantonment, much of the infrastructure of the region, and killing nearly 20,000 people: 1,625 at Dharmasala, including 15 foreigners and 112 of the Gurkha garrison.<ref name="dsal.uchicago.edu"/> Many of the Gurkhas were part of the Indian National Army founded by Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose taking part in the Indian Independence movement.[citation needed]

Post independence

The architecture in Dharamsala has a Buddhist influence

Post Indian Independence in 1947, it remained as a small hill station. On 29 April 1959, the 14th Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso established the Tibetan administration-in-exile in Mussoorie when he had to flee Tibet.<ref>Chopra, Jaskiran (7 April 2016). "When Dalai lama's date with India began in Mussoorie in one April". The Pioneer (India). Retrieved 17 May 2019.</ref> In May 1960, the Central Tibetan Administration was moved to Dharamshala when Jawaharlal Nehru, then Prime Minister of India allowed him and his followers to settle in McLeod Ganj north of Dharamshala.<ref>"How and Why the Dalai Lama Left Tibet". Time. 1959. Retrieved 22 October 2023.</ref><ref>Craig, Mary (1999). Tears of Blood: A Cry for Tibet. Washington, D.C.: Counterpoint. p. 142. ISBN 978-1-5824-3025-6. OCLC 41431635.</ref> There they established the "government-in-exile" in 1960 and the Namgyal Monastery.<ref>Busvine, Douglas (10 May 2017). "U.S. lawmakers not backing down on human rights for Tibet, Pelosi says". Reuters. Retrieved 17 May 2019.</ref> In 1970, the Dalai Lama opened the Library of Tibetan Works and Archives which is one of the most important institutions for Tibetology.<ref>"Library of Tibetan Works and Archives". Tibetan Library. Retrieved 22 October 2023.</ref>

Several thousand Tibetan exiles have now settled in the area where monasteries, temples, and schools have come up. It has become an important tourist destination with many hotels and restaurants, leading to growth in tourism and commerce.<ref>"Some of the Best Bird Watching Spots in India". Petzenia Blog. 4 December 2016. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2017.</ref> In 2017, Dharamshala was made the winter capital of Himachal Pradesh with the legislative assembly located at Sidhbari.<ref>"Dharamsala Declared Second Capital of Himachal Pradesh". NDTV India. 19 January 2017. Retrieved 17 May 2019.</ref>

Geography

View of the Kangra Valley from Bhagsu Nag
Sunset from Maximus mall overlooking Dharamshala valley

Dharamshala has an average elevation of 1,457 m (4,780 ft), covering an area of almost 8.51 km2 (3.29 sq mi).<ref>Area of Dharamshala Town (PDF) (Report). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 April 2012.</ref> Dharamsala is located in the Kangra Valley, in the shadow of the Dhauladhar mountains. The town is divided into two distinct sections "Lower Dharamshala" and McLeod Ganj with a narrow road surrounded by pine, Himalayan oak, and rhododendron connecting the regions.<ref>Betts, Vanessa; McCulloch, Victoria (2013). India Forts, Palaces, the Himalaya. Footprint. p. 240. ISBN 978-1-9072-6374-3.</ref>

Climate

Dharamshala has a monsoon influenced, humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cwa). Summer begins in early April and peaks in May when temperatures can reach 36 °C (97 °F) and lasts until the start of June. From June to mid-September is the monsoon season, when up to 3,000 mm (120 in) of rainfall can be experienced, making Dharamshala one of the wettest places in the state. Autumn is mild and lasts from October to the end of November.

Autumn temperatures average around 16–17 °C (61–63 °F). Winter starts in December and continues until late February. Snow and sleet are common during the winter in upper Dharamshala (including McLeodganj, Bhagsu Nag, and Naddi). Lower Dharamshala receives little frozen precipitation except for hail. Historically, the Dhauladhar mountains used to remain snow-covered all year long; however, in recent years they have been losing their snow blanket during dry spells.<ref>Chopra, V. L. (2013). Climate Change and its Ecological Implications for the Western Himalaya. Scientific Publishers. p. 145. ISBN 978-9-3873-0735-3.</ref> Template:Dharamshala weatherbox

Demographics

Religions in Dharamsala<ref>"Kangra District Religion Data – Census 2011".</ref>
Religion Percent
Hinduism
69.18%
Buddhism
27.70%
Sikhism
1.28%
Others
1.85%

As of the 2011 Census of India, Dharamshala had a population of 30,764. In 2015, the area under the administration of the municipal body was expanded with a revised population of 53,543 in 10,992 households.<ref>ULB Population Himachal Pradesh (2011 census) (PDF) (Report). Government of Himachal Pradesh. Retrieved 22 October 2023.</ref> Males constituted 55% of the population and females 45%. Dharamshala has an average literacy rate of 87%, higher than the national average of 74.04%: male literacy is 90% and female literacy is 83%. 9% of the population is under 6 years of age with a sex ratio of 941.<ref>"Census of India 2001: Data from the 2011 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)". Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 16 June 2004. Retrieved 1 November 2008.</ref> Hinduism is the most followed religion followed by Buddhism. Hindi is the official language while other languages spoken include Gaddi, Kangri, Punjabi, English, Lhasa Tibetan, Nepali and Pahari.<ref>"Culture of Dharamsala - People, Language, Food, Art & Culture". FTD travel. Retrieved 14 May 2021.</ref>

Administration and politics

Dharamshala became a municipal corporation in 2015; before that it had been a municipal council.<ref>"TOI article". The Times of India. 21 September 2015. Retrieved 22 October 2023.</ref> The corporation has 17 wards under its jurisdiction.<ref>"Municipal Corporation Website – Wards". 2 March 2020.</ref> The current mayor is Onkar Singh Nehria of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), elected in 2022.<ref>"BJP's Onkar Nehria is Dharamsala Mayor". Tribune. 4 August 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2023.</ref> The town is part of the Dharamshala Assembly constituency that elects its member to the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly and Kangra Lok Sabha constituency that elects its member to the Lok Sabha, lower house of the Indian Parliament.<ref>"Sitting and previous MLAs from Dharamshala Assembly constituency". Elections.in. Retrieved 1 November 2017.</ref><ref>"Delimination of Parliamentary constituencies, 2008" (PDF). Election commission of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 November 2017. Retrieved 1 November 2017.</ref>

Economy

A trekking trail in Dharamsala

The economy of the region is highly dependent on agriculture and tourism. The main crops grown in the valley are rice, wheat, and tea. Dharamshala has many tea plantations which produce the Kangra tea which has been granted geographical indication status.<ref>Template:Multiref2</ref>

Dharamshala is a major hill station and spiritual center.<ref>Adams, Kathleen M.; Bloch, Natalia (2022). Intersections of Tourism, Migration, and Exile. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781-0-0082-1444.</ref> It hosts a number of trekking trails across the Himalayas into the upper Ravi Valley and Chamba district. Trekking trails include hikes to Indrahar Pass (4,342 meters or 14,245&nbsp;ft) Toral Pass (4,575 m or 15,010 ft), Bhimghasutri Pass (4,580 m or 15,030 ft), Dharamshala—Bleni Pass (3,710 m or 12,170 ft), Kareri Lake, Himani Chamunda, Thatarna and Triund.<ref>Abram, David (2003). The Rough Guide to India. Rough Guide Travel Guides. ISBN 9781843530893 – via Google Books.</ref><ref>Watts, Meera (17 April 2019). "Dharamsala: The Full Experience Beyond Yoga". siddhiyoga.com. Retrieved 17 May 2019.</ref>

Culture and attractions

Dharamshala is home to the Tibetan government-in-exile and houses numerous culturally significant sites:

Transport

Dharamshala is well connected by road to major cities in North India. The Himachal Road Transport Corporation (HRTC) operates regular bus services, including luxury and superfast coaches to Shimla, Delhi, Chandigarh, Pathankot, Amritsar and Manali. Private operators and local taxis also provide service to nearby destinations within Kangra district and the wider Himachal Pradesh region.

A ropeway system called the Dharamshala Skyway, inaugurated in January 2022, connects Dharamshala with McLeod Ganj, significantly reducing travel time and easing traffic congestion on steep, narrow roads.<ref>"Dharamshala Skyway Inauguration". Himachal Pradesh Ropeway and Rapid Transport Corporation Ltd. Retrieved 29 May 2025.</ref>

Road

National Highway NH 503 starts from Dharmashala and connects the town to Hoshiarpur in Punjab via Kangra. State highways link the town with NH 154 running from Pathankot to Mandi, Himachal Pradesh.<ref>"Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways" (PDF). New Delhi: Department of Road Transport and Highways. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 3 April 2012.</ref> Dharamshala is well connected by road, with luxury buses regularly operating from major cities like Delhi and Shimla. The Himachal Pradesh Road Transport Corporation (HRTC) runs a daily luxury coach service between Delhi and Dharamshala. In addition, both public and private buses are available from the main Dharamshala Bus Stand, providing connectivity to various towns and cities across Himachal Pradesh and beyond.<ref name="HPTDC"/>

Air

The nearest airport is Kangra Airport (also known as Gaggal Airport, IATA: DHM), located about 15&nbsp;km southwest of Dharamshala. It offers direct flights to Delhi and Chandigarh, and seasonal services to other northern cities. The airport handled over 200,000 passengers in the 2023–24 financial year, according to the Airports Authority of India.<ref>"Traffic Summary: Kangra Airport". Airports Authority of India. Retrieved 29 May 2025.</ref>

The nearest major international airport is Chandigarh International Airport, approximately 250&nbsp;km away by road.

Rail

While Dharamshala does not have a direct railway station, the nearest major railhead is Pathankot Junction, about 85&nbsp;km away. The Kangra Valley Railway, a narrow-gauge line built during the colonial era, connects Pathankot with Joginder Nagar. The closest station on this line to Dharamshala is Chamunda Marg, located approximately 21&nbsp;km from the town. From Pathankot, taxis and buses are available for onward travel.<ref>"Kangra Valley Railway". IRCTC. Retrieved 29 May 2025.</ref><ref>"Toy Trains in Himachal: A Heritage Journey". The Hindu. Retrieved 29 May 2025.</ref>

Ropeway

A 1.8 km (1.1 mi) long ropeway called Dharamshala Skyway connecting Dharamshala and Mcleodganj via cable car was inaugurated in January 2022.<ref>"Dharamshala Skywalk Inaugurated". Outlook. 21 January 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2023.</ref>

Education

<!---♦♦♦ Only add an institution to this list if it already has its own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---> <!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦--->

Notable people

<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their OWN article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---> <!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦--->

References

External links

Template:Kangra district