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{{short description|Group of Indo-Aryan languages}} | {{short description|Group of Indo-Aryan languages}} | ||
{{Redirect-distinguish|Pahari languages|Pahari language (disambiguation){{!}}Pahari language}} | {{Redirect-distinguish|Pahari languages|Pahari language (disambiguation){{!}}Pahari language}} | ||
{{ | {{More citations needed|date=October 2011}} | ||
{{EngvarB|date=October 2019}} | {{EngvarB|date=October 2019}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}} | ||
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|fam2=[[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] | |fam2=[[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] | ||
|fam3=[[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] | |fam3=[[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] | ||
| ancestor = [[Prakrit]] | |||
| ancestor2 = [[Khasa Prakrit]] | |||
|glotto=indo1310 | |glotto=indo1310 | ||
|glottorefname= Indo-Aryan Northern zone | |glottorefname= Indo-Aryan Northern zone | ||
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}} | }} | ||
}} | }} | ||
[[File: | [[File:Indo-Aryan language map.svg|right|thumb|Major [[Indo-Aryan languages]] of [[South Asia]]; Northern Aryan languages are in shades of brown]] | ||
The '''Northern Indo-Aryan languages''', also known as '''Pahāṛi languages''', are a group of [[Indo-Aryan languages]] spoken in the lower ranges of the [[Himalayas]], from [[Nepal]] in the east, through the [[India]]n states of [[Uttarakhand]] | |||
The '''Northern Indo-Aryan languages''', also known as '''Pahāṛi languages''', are a proposed group of [[Indo-Aryan languages]] spoken in the lower ranges of the [[Himalayas]], from [[Nepal]] in the east, through the [[India]]n states of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Punjab]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kaur |first1=Kamaldeep |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D3ZutgEACAAJ |title=Dogri and Its Dialects: A Comparative Study of Kandi and Pahari Dogri |last2=Dwivedi |first2=Amitabh Vikram |date=2018 |publisher=LINCOM GmbH |isbn=978-3-86288-867-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Commissioner |first=India Census |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1qYJAAAAIAAJ&dq=kangri+language+in+Hoshiarpur&pg=PA286 |title=Census of India, 1901: Punjab and North West Frontier Province (2 v.) |date=1902 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India |language=en}}</ref> (not to be confused with the various [[Pahari language (disambiguation)|other languages with that name]]) was coined by [[G. A. Grierson]].<ref name="Masica1991">{{Cite book| last = Masica| first = Colin P.|author-link = Colin Masica| title = The Indo-Aryan languages| series = Cambridge language surveys| date = 1991| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-23420-7| page = 439}}</ref>{{incomprehensible inline|date=November 2025}} | |||
==Classification== | ==Classification== | ||
The Pahari languages fall into three groups. | The Pahari languages fall into three groups. | ||
*[[Nepali language|Nepali]] is spoken by an estimated | ===Eastern Pahari=== | ||
*[[Nepali language|Nepali]] is spoken by an estimated 29,100,000 people in Nepal, 265,000 people in Bhutan, and 2,500,000 people in India. It is an official language in Nepal and India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nepali|url=http://www.ethnologue.org.uk/show_language.asp?code=nep|work=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|publisher=SIL International|access-date=23 December 2012}}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | |||
*[[Jumli language|Jumli]] is spoken by an estimated 40,000 people in the [[Karnali Zone|Karnali]] zone of [[Nepal]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Jumli|url=http://www.ethnologue.org.uk/show_language.asp?code=jml|work=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|publisher=SIL International|access-date=23 December 2012}}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | *[[Jumli language|Jumli]] is spoken by an estimated 40,000 people in the [[Karnali Zone|Karnali]] zone of [[Nepal]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Jumli|url=http://www.ethnologue.org.uk/show_language.asp?code=jml|work=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|publisher=SIL International|access-date=23 December 2012}}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | ||
*[[Doteli]] spoken by an estimated 1 million people in [[Sudurpashchim | *[[Doteli]] is spoken by an estimated 1 million people in [[Sudurpashchim Province|far west Nepal]]. | ||
===Central Pahari=== | |||
*[[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]] is spoken by an estimated 2,360,000 people in [[Kumaon division| Kumaon]] | *[[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]] is spoken by an estimated 2,360,000 people in the [[Kumaon division|Kumaon region]] of Uttarakhand.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kumaoni|url=http://www.ethnologue.org.uk/show_language.asp?code=kfy|work=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|publisher=SIL International|access-date=23 December 2012}}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>{{Dead link|date=November 2023}} | ||
*[[Garhwali language|Garhwali]] is spoken by an estimated 2, | *[[Garhwali language|Garhwali]] is spoken by an estimated 2,500,000 people in Uttarakhand. Most of these are Garhwali people from the [[Garhwal division|Garhwal region]] of Uttarakhand. | ||
===Western Pahari=== | |||
{{main|Western Pahari}} | {{main|Western Pahari}} | ||
*[[Jaunsari language|Jaunsari]] | *[[Jaunsari language|Jaunsari]] | ||
*[[Hinduri language|Hinduri]] | *[[Bangani]] | ||
*[[Pahari Kinnauri language|Pahari Kinnauri]] | *Nuclear Himachali: | ||
*[[Kullu Pahari language|Kullu Pahari]] | **[[Hinduri language|Hinduri]] | ||
*[[Mahasu Pahari language|Mahasu Pahari]] | **[[Pahari Kinnauri language|Pahari Kinnauri]] | ||
*[[Sirmauri language|Sirmauri]] | **[[Kullu Pahari language|Kullu Pahari]] | ||
**[[Mahasu Pahari language|Mahasu Pahari]] | |||
**[[Sirmauri language|Sirmauri]] | |||
*[[Mandeali language|Mandeali]] | *[[Mandeali language|Mandeali]] | ||
*[[Bhadarwahi language|Bhadarwahi]] | *Kangric-Chamealic-Bhattiyali: | ||
*[[Churahi language|Churahi]] | **Chamealic: | ||
*[[Bhattiyali language|Bhattiyali]] | ***[[Bhadarwahi language|Bhadarwahi]] | ||
*[[Bilaspuri language|Bilaspuri]] | ***[[Churahi language|Churahi]] | ||
*[[Chambeali language|Chambeali]] | ***[[Bhattiyali language|Bhattiyali]] | ||
*[[Gaddi language|Gaddi]] | ***[[Bilaspuri language|Bilaspuri]] | ||
*[[Pangwali language|Pangwali]] | ***[[Chambeali language|Chambeali]] | ||
*[[Dogri language|Dogri]] | ***[[Gaddi language|Gaddi]] | ||
*[[Kangri language|Kangri]] | ***[[Pangwali language|Pangwali]] | ||
**Kangri-Dogri: | |||
***[[Dogri language|Dogri]] | |||
***[[Kangri language|Kangri]] | |||
==Comparison== | ==Comparison== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! style="background:#000000;" | | ! style="background:#000000;" | | ||
! colspan="2" style="background:#ffdeae;" | Khas-kura | ! colspan="2" style="background:#ffdeae;" | Khas-kura (Nepali) | ||
! colspan="2" style="background:#ffdeae;" | Kumauni | ! colspan="2" style="background:#ffdeae;" | Kumauni | ||
! colspan="2" style="background:#ffdeae;" | Kashmiri | ! colspan="2" style="background:#ffdeae;" | Kashmiri | ||
| Line 98: | Line 106: | ||
In Eastern and Central Pahari the verb substantive is formed from the root ''ach'', as in both Rajasthani and Kashmiri. In Rajasthani its present tense, being derived from the Sanskrit present ''rcchami'', I go, does not change for gender. But in Pahari and Kashmiri it must be derived from the rare Sanskrit particle ''*rcchitas'', gone, for in these languages it is a participial tense and does change according to the gender of the subject. Thus, in the singular we have: – Here we have a relic of the old Khasa language, which, as has been said, seems to have been related to Kashmiri. Other relics of Khasa, again agreeing with north-western India, are the tendency to shorten long vowels, the practice of ''epenthesis'', or the modification of a vowel by the one which follows in the next syllable, and the frequent occurrence of [[disaspiration]]. Thus, Khas ''siknu'', Kumauni ''sikno'', but Hindi ''sikhna'', to learn; Kumauni ''yeso'', plural ''yasa'', of this kind. | In Eastern and Central Pahari the verb substantive is formed from the root ''ach'', as in both Rajasthani and Kashmiri. In Rajasthani its present tense, being derived from the Sanskrit present ''rcchami'', I go, does not change for gender. But in Pahari and Kashmiri it must be derived from the rare Sanskrit particle ''*rcchitas'', gone, for in these languages it is a participial tense and does change according to the gender of the subject. Thus, in the singular we have: – Here we have a relic of the old Khasa language, which, as has been said, seems to have been related to Kashmiri. Other relics of Khasa, again agreeing with north-western India, are the tendency to shorten long vowels, the practice of ''epenthesis'', or the modification of a vowel by the one which follows in the next syllable, and the frequent occurrence of [[disaspiration]]. Thus, Khas ''siknu'', Kumauni ''sikno'', but Hindi ''sikhna'', to learn; Kumauni ''yeso'', plural ''yasa'', of this kind. | ||
Materials regarding Western Pahari are not so complete. The speakers are not brought into contact with Tibeto-Burman languages, and hence we find no trace of these. But the signs of the influence of north-western languages are, as might be expected, still more apparent than farther east. In some dialects epenthesis is in full swing, as in (Churahi) ''khata'', eating, fern, ''khaiti''. Very interesting is the mixed origin of the [[postposition]]s defining the various cases. Thus, while that of the genitive is generally the Rajasthani ro, that of the dative continually points to the west. Sometimes it is the [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] ''khë''. At other times it is ''jo'', where is here a locative of the base of the Sindhi genitive postposition ''jo''. In all Indo-Aryan languages, the [[dative]] postposition is by origin the [[locative]] of some [[genitive]] one. In vocabulary, Western Pahari often employs, for the more common ideas, words which can most readily be connected with the north-western and [[Pisaca languages|Pisaca]] groups.{{ | Materials regarding Western Pahari are not so complete. The speakers are not brought into contact with Tibeto-Burman languages, and hence we find no trace of these. But the signs of the influence of north-western languages are, as might be expected, still more apparent than farther east. In some dialects epenthesis is in full swing, as in (Churahi) ''khata'', eating, fern, ''khaiti''. Very interesting is the mixed origin of the [[postposition]]s defining the various cases. Thus, while that of the genitive is generally the Rajasthani ro, that of the dative continually points to the west. Sometimes it is the [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] ''khë''. At other times it is ''jo'', where is here a locative of the base of the Sindhi genitive postposition ''jo''. In all Indo-Aryan languages, the [[dative]] postposition is by origin the [[locative]] of some [[genitive]] one. In vocabulary, Western Pahari often employs, for the more common ideas, words which can most readily be connected with the north-western and [[Pisaca languages|Pisaca]] groups.{{citation needed|date=October 2017}} | ||
==About== | ==About== | ||
The Himalayas run along Nepal, India and Pakistan. The word ' | The Himalayas run along Nepal, India and Pakistan. The word 'Pahad' means a 'mountain' in most local languages such as Nepalese, Hindi (Parbat being a synonym) as well as Urdu (Koh being a synonym). Due to its mass prevalence and usage in the Himalayan Region, the language is also known as Himalayan. Like all other languages of the region, the Pahari languages are also from the Indo-European, and in particular Indo-Iranian branch of languages. As mountains have the tendency of isolating communities from change, dialects in the mountains tend to have their own characteristics with some similarity to others mountain dialects while remaining isolated from one another – there does seem to be a [[dialect continuum]]. All of these dialects are commonly referred to as the 'Pahari' languages, and most people from the Himalayan range are known as Paharis. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
| Line 108: | Line 116: | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
[http://www.himachaltouristplaces.com/local-pahari-language-spoken-in-himachal/ Himachali Pahari Language] | * {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20171016225900/http://www.himachaltouristplaces.com/local-pahari-language-spoken-in-himachal/ Himachali Pahari Language]}} | ||
{{Northern Indo-Aryan languages}} | {{Northern Indo-Aryan languages}} | ||
{{Authority control}} | {{Authority control}} | ||
[[Category:Languages of India]] | [[Category:Languages of India]] | ||
[[Category:Languages of Nepal]] | [[Category:Languages of Nepal]] | ||
Latest revision as of 14:44, 20 January 2026
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (October 2011) |
| Northern Indo-Aryan | |
|---|---|
| Pahari | |
| Geographic distribution | Nepal and north-western India |
| Linguistic classification | Indo-European
|
Early forms | |
| Subdivisions |
|
| Glottolog | indo1310 |
The Northern Indo-Aryan languages, also known as Pahāṛi languages, are a proposed group of Indo-Aryan languages spoken in the lower ranges of the Himalayas, from Nepal in the east, through the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh and Punjab[1][2] (not to be confused with the various other languages with that name) was coined by G. A. Grierson.[3][incomprehensible]
Classification[edit | edit source]
The Pahari languages fall into three groups.
Eastern Pahari[edit | edit source]
- Nepali is spoken by an estimated 29,100,000 people in Nepal, 265,000 people in Bhutan, and 2,500,000 people in India. It is an official language in Nepal and India.[4]
- Jumli is spoken by an estimated 40,000 people in the Karnali zone of Nepal.[5]
- Doteli is spoken by an estimated 1 million people in far west Nepal.
Central Pahari[edit | edit source]
- Kumaoni is spoken by an estimated 2,360,000 people in the Kumaon region of Uttarakhand.[6][dead link]
- Garhwali is spoken by an estimated 2,500,000 people in Uttarakhand. Most of these are Garhwali people from the Garhwal region of Uttarakhand.
Western Pahari[edit | edit source]
Comparison[edit | edit source]
| Khas-kura (Nepali) | Kumauni | Kashmiri | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masc | Fem | Masc | Fem | Masc | Fem | |
| I am | chhu | chhu | chik | chu | chus | ches |
| You are | chhas | chhes | chai | chi | chukh | chekh |
| He is | chha | chhe | ch | chi | chuh | cheh |
In Eastern and Central Pahari the verb substantive is formed from the root ach, as in both Rajasthani and Kashmiri. In Rajasthani its present tense, being derived from the Sanskrit present rcchami, I go, does not change for gender. But in Pahari and Kashmiri it must be derived from the rare Sanskrit particle *rcchitas, gone, for in these languages it is a participial tense and does change according to the gender of the subject. Thus, in the singular we have: – Here we have a relic of the old Khasa language, which, as has been said, seems to have been related to Kashmiri. Other relics of Khasa, again agreeing with north-western India, are the tendency to shorten long vowels, the practice of epenthesis, or the modification of a vowel by the one which follows in the next syllable, and the frequent occurrence of disaspiration. Thus, Khas siknu, Kumauni sikno, but Hindi sikhna, to learn; Kumauni yeso, plural yasa, of this kind.
Materials regarding Western Pahari are not so complete. The speakers are not brought into contact with Tibeto-Burman languages, and hence we find no trace of these. But the signs of the influence of north-western languages are, as might be expected, still more apparent than farther east. In some dialects epenthesis is in full swing, as in (Churahi) khata, eating, fern, khaiti. Very interesting is the mixed origin of the postpositions defining the various cases. Thus, while that of the genitive is generally the Rajasthani ro, that of the dative continually points to the west. Sometimes it is the Sindhi khë. At other times it is jo, where is here a locative of the base of the Sindhi genitive postposition jo. In all Indo-Aryan languages, the dative postposition is by origin the locative of some genitive one. In vocabulary, Western Pahari often employs, for the more common ideas, words which can most readily be connected with the north-western and Pisaca groups.[citation needed]
About[edit | edit source]
The Himalayas run along Nepal, India and Pakistan. The word 'Pahad' means a 'mountain' in most local languages such as Nepalese, Hindi (Parbat being a synonym) as well as Urdu (Koh being a synonym). Due to its mass prevalence and usage in the Himalayan Region, the language is also known as Himalayan. Like all other languages of the region, the Pahari languages are also from the Indo-European, and in particular Indo-Iranian branch of languages. As mountains have the tendency of isolating communities from change, dialects in the mountains tend to have their own characteristics with some similarity to others mountain dialects while remaining isolated from one another – there does seem to be a dialect continuum. All of these dialects are commonly referred to as the 'Pahari' languages, and most people from the Himalayan range are known as Paharis.
References[edit | edit source]
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Pahari". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- ↑ Kaur, Kamaldeep; Dwivedi, Amitabh Vikram (2018). Dogri and Its Dialects: A Comparative Study of Kandi and Pahari Dogri. LINCOM GmbH. ISBN 978-3-86288-867-2.
- ↑ Commissioner, India Census (1902). Census of India, 1901: Punjab and North West Frontier Province (2 v.). Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India.
- ↑ Masica, Colin P. (1991). The Indo-Aryan languages. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press. p. 439. ISBN 978-0-521-23420-7.
- ↑ "Nepali". Ethnologue: Languages of the World. SIL International. Retrieved 23 December 2012.[permanent dead link]
- ↑ "Jumli". Ethnologue: Languages of the World. SIL International. Retrieved 23 December 2012.[permanent dead link]
- ↑ "Kumaoni". Ethnologue: Languages of the World. SIL International. Retrieved 23 December 2012.[permanent dead link]