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{{Short description|Medieval era Sanskrit text, one of eighteen major Puranas}} | |||
{{italic title}} | {{italic title}} | ||
[[File:Kurma Purana, Sanskrit, Devanagari.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|A page from the ''Kurma Purana'' (Sanskrit, Devanagari)]] | [[File:Kurma Purana, Sanskrit, Devanagari.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|A page from the ''Kurma Purana'' (Sanskrit, Devanagari)]] | ||
{{Hindu scriptures}} | {{Hindu scriptures}} | ||
The '''''Kurma Purana''''' ([[IAST]]: | The '''''Kurma Purana''''' ([[IAST]]: Kūrma Purāṇa) is one of the eighteen [[Puranas#Mahapuranas|Mahapurana]], and a medieval era text of [[Hinduism]]. The text is named after the [[Kurma|tortoise avatar]] of [[Vishnu]].{{Sfn|Dimmitt|van Buitenen|2012|p=63, 74}}{{Sfn|Bryant|2007|p=18 note 25}} | ||
The manuscripts of ''Kurma Purana'' have survived into the modern era in many versions.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=18, 184-186}}{{Sfn|Wilson|1864|pp=xxxiv-xxxv}}<ref name="Sharma2003GB141">{{cite book|author=Gregory Bailey|editor=Arvind Sharma|title=The Study of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=npCKSUUQYEIC|year=2003|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|isbn=978-1-57003-449-7|pages=141–142}}</ref> The number of chapters vary with regional manuscripts, and the [[critical edition]] (edited by Anand Swarup Gupta, and published by the All-India Kashiraj Trust, Varanasi) of the ''Kurma Purana'' has 95 chapters.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=184}} Tradition believes that the ''Kurma Purana'' text had 17,000 verses, the extant manuscripts have about 6,000 verses.{{Sfn|K P Gietz|1992|p=500 with note 2778}} | The manuscripts of ''Kurma Purana'' have survived into the modern era in many versions.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=18, 184-186}}{{Sfn|Wilson|1864|pp=xxxiv-xxxv}}<ref name="Sharma2003GB141">{{cite book|author=Gregory Bailey|editor=Arvind Sharma|title=The Study of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=npCKSUUQYEIC|year=2003|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|isbn=978-1-57003-449-7|pages=141–142}}</ref> The number of chapters vary with regional manuscripts, and the [[critical edition]] (edited by Anand Swarup Gupta, and published by the All-India Kashiraj Trust, Varanasi) of the ''Kurma Purana'' has 95 chapters.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=184}} Tradition believes that the ''Kurma Purana'' text had 17,000 verses, the extant manuscripts have about 6,000 verses.{{Sfn|K P Gietz|1992|p=500 with note 2778}} | ||
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The ''Kurma Purana'', like all Puranas, has a complicated chronology. Dimmitt and van Buitenen state that each of the Puranas is encyclopedic in style, and it is difficult to ascertain when, where, why and by whom these were written:{{Sfn|Dimmitt|van Buitenen|2012|p=5}} | The ''Kurma Purana'', like all Puranas, has a complicated chronology. Dimmitt and van Buitenen state that each of the Puranas is encyclopedic in style, and it is difficult to ascertain when, where, why and by whom these were written:{{Sfn|Dimmitt|van Buitenen|2012|p=5}} | ||
{{Quote| | {{Quote|As they exist today, the Puranas are a stratified literature. Each titled work consists of material that has grown by numerous accretions in successive historical eras. Thus no Purana has a single date of composition. [...] It is as if they were libraries to which new volumes have been continuously added, not necessarily at the end of the shelf, but randomly. | ||
As they exist today, the Puranas are a stratified literature. Each titled work consists of material that has grown by numerous accretions in successive historical eras. Thus no Purana has a single date of composition. | |||
|Cornelia Dimmitt and [[J. A. B. van Buitenen|J.A.B. van Buitenen]]|''Classical Hindu Mythology: A Reader in the Sanskrit Puranas''{{Sfn|Dimmitt|van Buitenen|2012|p=5}}}} | |Cornelia Dimmitt and [[J. A. B. van Buitenen|J.A.B. van Buitenen]]|''Classical Hindu Mythology: A Reader in the Sanskrit Puranas''{{Sfn|Dimmitt|van Buitenen|2012|p=5}}}} | ||
==Structure== | ==Structure== | ||
The ''Kurma Purana'' exists in many versions, but all of them consist of two | The ''Kurma Purana'' exists in many versions, but all of them consist of two parts—the ''Purva-vibhaga'' (older part) and ''Upari-vibhaga'' (upper part).{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=184}} The number of chapters vary with the manuscripts.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=184}} The [[critical edition]] of the different manuscripts contains fifty one chapters in ''Purva-vibhaga'' and forty four in ''Upari-vibhaga''.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=184}} | ||
==Contents== | ==Contents== | ||
Kurma is, states Rocher, the most interesting religion-themed Purana, because even though it is named after one of the [[Vishnu]] avatar, it | Kurma is, states Rocher, the most interesting religion-themed Purana, because even though it is named after one of the [[Vishnu]] avatar, it contains a combination of Vishnu and Shiva related legends, mythology, Tirtha (pilgrimage) and theology.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=185}} The stories are similar to those found in the other Puranas, but neither Vishnu nor Shiva dominate the text.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=185}} The text presents a tour guide to medieval [[Varanasi]] (also known as the holy city of Banaras or Kashi), but mostly about the [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] sites, while elsewhere [[Pancaratra|Pancharatra]] stories present Vishnu prominently but with Sri as the Supreme Shakti who is energy and power of all gods including Vishnu, Shiva, [[Brahma]].{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=185}} | ||
The Kurma Purana, like other Puranas, includes a philosophical Gita.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=185}} It is titled Ishvaragita, and its eleven chapters are an adaptation of [[Bhagavad Gita]] in a Shiva-as-spokesman format.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=185}} These eleven chapters are in the {{IAST|Uttaravibhāga}}.<ref name=nicholsonp3>{{cite book|last=Nicholson|first=Andrew J.|author-link=Andrew J. Nicholson|title=Lord Śiva's Song: The Īśvara Gītā|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAEvAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=State University of New York Press |page=3|isbn=9781438451022}}</ref> | The Kurma Purana, like other Puranas, includes a philosophical Gita.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=185}} It is titled Ishvaragita, and its eleven chapters are an adaptation of [[Bhagavad Gita]] in a Shiva-as-spokesman format.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=185}} These eleven chapters are in the {{IAST|Uttaravibhāga}}.<ref name=nicholsonp3>{{cite book|last=Nicholson|first=Andrew J.|author-link=Andrew J. Nicholson|title=Lord Śiva's Song: The Īśvara Gītā|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAEvAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=State University of New York Press |page=3|isbn=9781438451022}}</ref> | ||
The ''Ishvara-gita'' borrows and refers to the Upanishads such as the [[Katha Upanishad]] and [[Shvetashvatara Upanishad]].{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=185}} It presents [[yoga]] and vrata like the Bhagavad Gita, but as a discourse from Shiva. The discourse begins after Vishnu and Shiva | The ''Ishvara-gita'' borrows and refers to the Upanishads such as the [[Katha Upanishad]] and [[Shvetashvatara Upanishad]].{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=185}} It presents [[yoga]] and vrata like the Bhagavad Gita, but as a discourse from Shiva. The discourse begins after Vishnu and Shiva embrace each other, according to the text, and then Vishnu invites Shiva to explain the nature of the world, life and self. Shiva explains [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (soul, self), [[Brahman]]-[[Purusha]], [[Prakriti]], [[Maya (illusion)|Maya]], Yoga and [[Moksha]].{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=186}} The philosophical theme, states Rocher is built on [[Advaita Vedanta]] ideas, that is emphasizing the identity of the Atman (individual soul) and the Ultimate Reality concept of Brahman.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=186}} The text is notable for asserting that anyone from any [[varna (Hinduism)|varna]] can achieve liberation through Bhakti yoga.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=186}} | ||
The | The {{IAST|[[Nārada Purāṇa]]}} (I.106. 1-22) gives a brief overview of the sections of the ''Kurma Purana'', along with summaries of other Puranas.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hazra |first=R.C. |year=1962 |title=The Puranas |editor-last=Radhakrishnan |editor-first=S. |editor-link=Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan |title-link=The Cultural Heritage of India |chapter=The Puranas |pages=259 |publisher=Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture |location=Calcutta |isbn=81-85843-03-1 |volume=2}}</ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Latest revision as of 19:44, 21 September 2025
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The Kurma Purana (IAST: Kūrma Purāṇa) is one of the eighteen Mahapurana, and a medieval era text of Hinduism. The text is named after the tortoise avatar of Vishnu.[1][2]
The manuscripts of Kurma Purana have survived into the modern era in many versions.[3][4][5] The number of chapters vary with regional manuscripts, and the critical edition (edited by Anand Swarup Gupta, and published by the All-India Kashiraj Trust, Varanasi) of the Kurma Purana has 95 chapters.[6] Tradition believes that the Kurma Purana text had 17,000 verses, the extant manuscripts have about 6,000 verses.[7]
The text, states Ludo Rocher, is the most interesting of all the Puranas in its discussion of religious ideas, because while it is a Vaishnavism text, Vishnu does not dominate the text.[8] Instead, the text covers and expresses reverence for Vishnu, Shiva and Shakti with equal enthusiasm.[8][9] The Kurma Purana, like other Puranas, includes legends, mythology, geography, Tirtha (pilgrimage), theology and a philosophical Gita. The notable aspect of its Gita, also called the Ishvaragita, is that it is Shiva who presents ideas similar to those found in the Bhagavad Gita.[8][10]
Date[edit | edit source]
The original core of the text may have been composed about the start of the 8th-century CE, and revised thereafter over the centuries.[11]
The Kurma Purana, like all Puranas, has a complicated chronology. Dimmitt and van Buitenen state that each of the Puranas is encyclopedic in style, and it is difficult to ascertain when, where, why and by whom these were written:[12]
As they exist today, the Puranas are a stratified literature. Each titled work consists of material that has grown by numerous accretions in successive historical eras. Thus no Purana has a single date of composition. [...] It is as if they were libraries to which new volumes have been continuously added, not necessarily at the end of the shelf, but randomly.
— Cornelia Dimmitt and J.A.B. van Buitenen, Classical Hindu Mythology: A Reader in the Sanskrit Puranas[12]
Structure[edit | edit source]
The Kurma Purana exists in many versions, but all of them consist of two parts—the Purva-vibhaga (older part) and Upari-vibhaga (upper part).[6] The number of chapters vary with the manuscripts.[6] The critical edition of the different manuscripts contains fifty one chapters in Purva-vibhaga and forty four in Upari-vibhaga.[6]
Contents[edit | edit source]
Kurma is, states Rocher, the most interesting religion-themed Purana, because even though it is named after one of the Vishnu avatar, it contains a combination of Vishnu and Shiva related legends, mythology, Tirtha (pilgrimage) and theology.[8] The stories are similar to those found in the other Puranas, but neither Vishnu nor Shiva dominate the text.[8] The text presents a tour guide to medieval Varanasi (also known as the holy city of Banaras or Kashi), but mostly about the Shaiva sites, while elsewhere Pancharatra stories present Vishnu prominently but with Sri as the Supreme Shakti who is energy and power of all gods including Vishnu, Shiva, Brahma.[8]
The Kurma Purana, like other Puranas, includes a philosophical Gita.[8] It is titled Ishvaragita, and its eleven chapters are an adaptation of Bhagavad Gita in a Shiva-as-spokesman format.[8] These eleven chapters are in the Uttaravibhāga.[10]
The Ishvara-gita borrows and refers to the Upanishads such as the Katha Upanishad and Shvetashvatara Upanishad.[8] It presents yoga and vrata like the Bhagavad Gita, but as a discourse from Shiva. The discourse begins after Vishnu and Shiva embrace each other, according to the text, and then Vishnu invites Shiva to explain the nature of the world, life and self. Shiva explains Atman (soul, self), Brahman-Purusha, Prakriti, Maya, Yoga and Moksha.[11] The philosophical theme, states Rocher is built on Advaita Vedanta ideas, that is emphasizing the identity of the Atman (individual soul) and the Ultimate Reality concept of Brahman.[11] The text is notable for asserting that anyone from any varna can achieve liberation through Bhakti yoga.[11]
The Nārada Purāṇa (I.106. 1-22) gives a brief overview of the sections of the Kurma Purana, along with summaries of other Puranas.[13]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Dimmitt & van Buitenen 2012, p. 63, 74.
- ↑ Bryant 2007, p. 18 note 25.
- ↑ Rocher 1986, pp. 18, 184-186.
- ↑ Wilson 1864, pp. xxxiv-xxxv.
- ↑ Gregory Bailey (2003). Arvind Sharma (ed.). The Study of Hinduism. University of South Carolina Press. pp. 141–142. ISBN 978-1-57003-449-7.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Rocher 1986, p. 184.
- ↑ K P Gietz 1992, p. 500 with note 2778.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 Rocher 1986, p. 185.
- ↑ K P Gietz 1992, p. 903 with note 5221.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Nicholson, Andrew J. (2014). Lord Śiva's Song: The Īśvara Gītā. State University of New York Press. p. 3. ISBN 9781438451022.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Rocher 1986, p. 186.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Dimmitt & van Buitenen 2012, p. 5.
- ↑ Hazra, R.C. (1962). "The Puranas". In Radhakrishnan, S. (ed.). The Puranas. Vol. 2. Calcutta: Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture. p. 259. ISBN 81-85843-03-1.
Bibliography[edit | edit source]
- Bryant, Edwin Francis (2007). Krishna: A Sourcebook. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-803400-1.
- Dimmitt, Cornelia; van Buitenen, J. A. B. (2012). Classical Hindu Mythology: A Reader in the Sanskrit Puranas. Temple University Press (1st Edition: 1977). ISBN 978-1-4399-0464-0.
- Dalal, Rosen (2014). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin. ISBN 978-8184752779.
- K P Gietz; et al. (1992). Epic and Puranic Bibliography (Up to 1985) Annoted and with Indexes: Part I: A - R, Part II: S - Z, Indexes. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-03028-1.
- Rocher, Ludo (1986). The Puranas. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3447025225.
- Wilson, H. H. (1864). The Vishnu Purana: A System of Hindu Mythology and Tradition (Volume 1: Introduction, Book I). Read Country Books (reprinted in 2006). ISBN 1-84664-664-2.
Further reading[edit | edit source]
- Mani, Vettam. Puranic Encyclopedia. 1st English ed. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1975.
External links[edit | edit source]
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